1
|
Ginsburg I, Fibach E. Polycations and polyanions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110470. [PMID: 33412501 PMCID: PMC7837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that polycations, such as nuclear histones, released by neutrophils COVID-19 aggravate COVID-19 by multiple mechanisms: (A) Neutralization of the electrostatic repulsion between the virus particles and the cell membrane, thereby enhancing receptor-mediated entry. (B) Binding to the virus particles, thereby inducing opsonin-mediated endocytosis. (C) Adding to the cytotoxicity, in conjunction with oxidants, cytokines and other pro-inflammatory substances secreted by cells of the innate immunity system. These effects may be alleviated by the administration of negatively charged polyanions such as heparins and heparinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- The Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Ein-Kerm Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Fibach
- The Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Medicine, Department of Hematology, The Ein-Kerm Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ginsburg I, Koren E. Are cationic antimicrobial peptides also ‘double-edged swords’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:453-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
3
|
Khoobdel M, NikbakhtBoroujeni G, ZahraeiSalehi T, Khosravi M, Sasani F, Bokaei S, Koochakzadeh A, Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M, Akbari A. Diagnosis of Mesobuthus eupeus envenomation by skin test: reverse passive Arthus reaction. Toxicon 2013; 77:133-40. [PMID: 24269785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While being stung by two large families of scorpions, Buthidae and Scorpionidae have different symptoms and complications, a similar maintenance treatment usually considers as the scorpion species could not be identified easily. Therefore, this study was an attempt to develop an immunologic response for designing a skin sensitivity test that can be used to determine the poisoning. The sensitivity and the specificity of RPA reaction for detecting experimental envenomated mice were evaluated. The inflammatory response for detection of envenomation was obtained by the injection of a solution containing complement, polyelectrolytes and purified monovalent antibodies. As the result, 84.44% sensitivity and 100% specificity recorded 15 min after challenge. Macroscopic findings were also confirmed histologically. No cross-reactions were observed with other species of scorpions and snake venoms. Designed Skin test induced obvious inflammatory reaction without any histological lesions. Besides adding the complement components and polyelectrolyte to the monovalent antibody leads to an increased susceptibility of inflammatory cells in this reaction, resulting in forming a visible inflammation in a short time. According to satisfactory specificity and sensitivity and visible results in about 15 min, non-harmful and cost benefity of reverse passive Arthus test can be used for diagnosis of scorpion envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Khoobdel
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gh NikbakhtBoroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - T ZahraeiSalehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - F Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Bokaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Koochakzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Akbari
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute-Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sol A, Ginesin O, Chaushu S, Karra L, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Ginsburg I, Bachrach G. LL-37 opsonizes and inhibits biofilm formation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at subbactericidal concentrations. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3577-85. [PMID: 23836819 PMCID: PMC3811755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01288-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are immediate responders of the innate immunity that express antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, and wound-healing activities. Neutrophils are a major source for oral host defense peptides, and phagocytosis by neutrophils is a major mechanism for bacterial clearance in the gingival tissue. Dysfunction of or reduction in the numbers of neutrophils or deficiency in the LL-37 host defense peptide was each previously linked with proliferation of oral Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans which resulted in an aggressive periodontal disease. Surprisingly, A. actinomycetemcomitans shows resistance to high concentrations of LL-37. In this study, we demonstrated that submicrocidal concentrations of LL-37 inhibit biofilm formation by A. actinomycetemcomitans and act as opsonins and agglutinins that greatly enhance its clearance by neutrophils and macrophages. Improved uptake of A. actinomycetemcomitans by neutrophils was mediated by their opsonization with LL-37. Enhanced phagocytosis and killing of A. actinomycetemcomitans by murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were dependent on their preagglutination by LL-37. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans is resistant to the bactericidal effect of LL-37, our results offer a rationale for the epidemiological association between LL-37 deficiency and the expansion of oral A. actinomycetemcomitans and indicate a possible therapeutic use of cationic peptides for host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stella Chaushu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Hebrew University—Hadassah School of Dental Medicine
| | - Laila Karra
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Espey MG. Tumor macrophage redox and effector mechanisms associated with hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1621-8. [PMID: 17145549 PMCID: PMC1934898 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are recruited from the circulation into solid tumors where they differentiate into macrophages with unique phenotypes. While macrophages utilize oxygen in a broad range of immune effector functions, the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species is less clear in the setting of hypoxia, which can be a prominent feature of solid tumors. The relationships among innate immunity, redox systems, and the plasticity of phenotypic changes tumor-associated macrophages undergo in conjunction with tumor hypoxia will be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Graham Espey
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10/B3-B69, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zughaier SM, Shafer WM, Stephens DS. Antimicrobial peptides and endotoxin inhibit cytokine and nitric oxide release but amplify respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2006; 7:1251-62. [PMID: 16098213 PMCID: PMC1388267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in addition to their antibacterial properties, are also chemotactic and signalling molecules that connect the innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of AMP [alpha defensins, LL-37, a cathepsin G-derived peptide (CG117-136), protegrins (PG-1), polymyxin B (PMX) and LLP1] in modulating the respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages in the presence of bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS)] was investigated. AMP were found to neutralize endotoxin induction of nitric oxide and TNFalpha release in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, macrophages primed overnight with AMP and LOS or LPS significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release compared with cells primed with endotoxin or AMP alone, while no responses were seen in unprimed cells. This enhanced ROS release by macrophages was seen in all cell lines including those obtained from C3H/HeJ (TLR4-/-) mice. Similar effects were also seen when AMP and endotoxin were added directly with zymosan to trigger phagocytosis and the respiratory burst in unprimed RAW 264.7 and C3H/HeJ macrophages. Amplification of ROS release was also demonstrated in a cell-free system of xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Although AMP inhibited cytokine and nitric oxide induction by endotoxin in a TLR4-dependent manner, AMP and endotoxin amplified ROS release in a TLR4-independent manner possibly by exerting a prolonged catalytic effect on the ROS generating enzymes such as the NADPH-oxidase complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susu M Zughaier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ginsburg I. Bactericidal cationic peptides can also function as bacteriolysis-inducing agents mimicking beta-lactam antibiotics?; it is enigmatic why this concept is consistently disregarded. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:367-74. [PMID: 14975505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a general consensus that highly cationic peptides kill bacteria primarily by injuring their membranes, an additional hypothesis is proposed suggesting that a large variety of cationic peptides might also render bacteria non viable by activating their autolytic wall enzymes - muramidases (a "Trojan Horse" phenomenon), resulting in bacteriolysis. This group of cationic peptides includes: lysozyme, lactoferrin, neutrophil-derived permeability increasing peptides, defensins, elastase, cathepsin G, and secretory phopholipase A2. In this respect, cationic peptides mimic the bactericidal/bacteriolytic effects exerted by of beta-lactam antibiotics. Bacteriolysis results in a massive release of the pro-inflammatory cell-wall components, endotoxin (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PPG), which if not effectively controlled, can trigger the coagulation and complement cascades, the release from phagocytes of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and proteinases. Synergism (a "cross-talk") among such agonists released following bacteriolysis, is probably the main cause for septic shock and multiple organ failure. It is proposed that a use of bacteriolysis-inducing antibiotics should be avoided in bacteremic patients and particularly in those patients already suspected of developing shock symptoms as these might further enhance bacteriolysis and the release of LPS, LTA and PPG. Furthermore, in additonal to the supportive regimen exercised in intensive care settings, a use of non bacteriolysis-inducing antibiotics when combined with highly sulfated compounds (e.g. heparin, and other clinically certified polysufates) should be considered instead, as these might prevent the activation of the microbial own autolytic systems induced either by highly cationic peptides released by activated phagocytes or by the highly bacteriolytic beta-lactams. Polysulfates might also depress the deleterious effects of the complement cascade and the use of combinations among anti-oxidants ( N-acetyl cysteine), proteinase inhibitors and phospholipids might prove effective to depress the synergistic cytotoxic effects induced by inflammatory agonists. Also, a use of gamma globulin enriched either in anti-LPS or in anti-LTA activities might serve to prevent the binding of these toxins to receptors upon macrophage which upon activation generate inflammatory cytokines. Thus, a use of "cocktails" of anti-inflammatory agents might replace the unsuccessful use of single antagonists proven in scores of clinical trials of sepsis to by ineffective in prolonging the lives of patients. It is enigmatic why the concept, and the publications which support a role for cationic peptides also as potent inducers of bacteriolysis, an arch evil and a deleterious phenomenon which undoubtedly plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of post-infectious sequelae, has been consistently disregarded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University - Hadassah, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pedersen GM, Gildberg A, Steiro K, Olsen RL. Histone-like proteins from Atlantic cod milt: stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon leucocytes in vivo and in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:407-16. [PMID: 12628372 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to reveal some characteristics of cationic proteins from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) milt chromatin and to investigate their ability to activate Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) macrophages. Cationic proteins extracted from cod milt chromatin were fractionated on a cation exchange chromatography column. SDS-PAGE and amino acid analyses of the resulting fractions indicated that these proteins are similar to calf thymus histones. Two cationic protein fractions were used to stimulate leucocytes from Atlantic salmon in vitro and in vivo. Increased production of superoxide, measured as reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), was used as indication of macrophage activation. Both fractions induced elevated superoxide anion production in the macrophages after 3 and 6 days of in vitro stimulation. Intraperitoneal injection of the cationic protein fractions in Atlantic salmon (100 mg kg(-1)) four days prior to slaughtering stimulated superoxide production when assayed after one and two days of cell cultivation. In macrophages from fish slaughtered two days after injection, activation could first be seen after two days of cell cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guro M Pedersen
- Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The clinical relevance of experimental ventilator-induced lung injury has recently received a resounding illustration by the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network trial that showed a 22% reduction of mortality in patients with acute respiratory disease syndrome when lung mechanical stress was lessened by tidal volume reduction during mechanical ventilation. This clinical confirmation of the concept of ventilator-induced lung injury has also undisputedly substantiated the experimental observation that excessive tidal volume and/or end-inspiratory lung volume is the main determinant of ventilator-induced lung injury. More recently, attention has focused on the roles and implication in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury of inflammatory cells and mediators that may be activated and released either in the alveolar space or in the systemic circulation because of the rupture of the alveolar-capillary barrier and on the cellular response to mechanical stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Ricard
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ginsburg I, Ward PA, Varani J. Can we learn from the pathogenetic strategies of group A hemolytic streptococci how tissues are injured and organs fail in post-infectious and inflammatory sequelae? FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 25:325-38. [PMID: 10497863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review-hypothesis is to discuss the literature which had proposed the concept that the mechanisms by which infectious and inflammatory processes induce cell and tissue injury, in vivo, might paradoxically involve a deleterious synergistic 'cross-talk', among microbial- and host-derived pro-inflammatory agonists. This argument is based on studies of the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by catalase-negative group A hemolytic streptococci and also on a large body of evidence describing synergistic interactions among a multiplicity of agonists leading to cell and tissue damage in inflammatory and infectious processes. A very rapid cell damage (necrosis), accompanied by the release of large amounts of arachidonic acid and metabolites, could be induced when subtoxic amounts of oxidants (superoxide, oxidants generated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase, HOCl, NO), synergized with subtoxic amounts of a large series of membrane-perforating agents (streptococcal and other bacterial-derived hemolysins, phospholipases A2 and C, lysophosphatides, cationic proteins, fatty acids, xenobiotics, the attack complex of complement and certain cytokines). Subtoxic amounts of proteinases (elastase, cathepsin G, plasmin, trypsin) very dramatically further enhanced cell damage induced by combinations between oxidants and the membrane perforators. Thus, irrespective of the source of agonists, whether derived from microorganisms or from the hosts, a triad comprised of an oxidant, a membrane perforator, and a proteinase constitutes a potent cytolytic cocktail the activity of which may be further enhanced by certain cytokines. The role played by non-biodegradable microbial cell wall components (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan) released following polycation- and antibiotic-induced bacteriolysis in the activation of macrophages to release oxidants, cytolytic cytokines and NO is also discussed in relation to the pathophysiology of granulomatous inflammation and sepsis. The recent failures to prevent septic shock by the administration of only single antagonists is disconcerting. It suggests, however, that since tissue damage in post-infectious syndromes is caused by synergistic interactions among a multiplicity of agents, only cocktails of appropriate antagonists, if administered at the early phase of infection and to patients at high risk, might prevent the development of post-infectious syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Founded by the Alpha Omega Fraternity, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Borza DB, Morgan WT. Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein as a plasma pH sensor. Modulation of its interaction with glycosaminoglycans by ph and metals. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:5493-9. [PMID: 9488672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The middle domain of plasma histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG) contains unusual tandem pentapeptide repeats (consensus G(H/P)(H/P)PH) and binds heparin and transition metals. Unlike other proteins that interact with heparin via lysine or arginine residues, HPRG relies exclusively on histidine residues for this interaction. To assess the consequences of this unusual requirement, we have studied the interaction between human plasma HPRG and immobilized glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) using resonant mirror biosensor techniques. HPRG binding to immobilized heparin was strikingly pH-sensitive, producing a titration curve with a midpoint at pH 6.8. There was little binding of HPRG to heparin at physiological pH in the absence of metals, but the interaction was promoted by nanomolar concentrations of free zinc and copper, and its pH dependence was shifted toward alkaline pH by zinc. The affinity of HPRG for various GAGs measured in a competition assay decreased in the following order: heparin > dermatan sulfate > heparan sulfate > chondroitin sulfate A. Binding of HPRG to immobilized dermatan sulfate had a midpoint at pH 6.5, was less influenced by zinc, and exhibited cooperativity. Importantly, plasminogen interacted specifically with GAG-bound HPRG. We propose that HPRG is a physiological pH sensor, interacting with negatively charged GAGs on cell surfaces only when it acquires a net positive charge by protonation and/or metal binding. This provides a mechanism to regulate the function of HPRG (the local pH) and rationalizes the role of its unique, conserved histidine-proline-rich domain. Thus, under conditions of local acidosis (e.g. ischemia or hypoxia), HPRG can co-immobilize plasminogen at the cell surface as well as compete for heparin with other proteins such as antithrombin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Borza
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Currie JR, Chen-Hwang MC, Denman R, Smedman M, Potempska A, Ramakrishna N, Rubenstein R, Wisniewski HM, Miller DL. Reduction of histone cytotoxicity by the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide precursor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1355:248-58. [PMID: 9060996 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In a search for Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide precursor ligands, Potempska et al. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1993) 304, 448) found that histones bind with high affinity and specificity to the secreted precursor. Because exogenous histones can be cytotoxic, we compared the effects of histones on the viability of cells which produce little beta-amyloid peptide precursor (U-937) to those on cells that produce twenty times as much precursor (COS-7). Addition of purified histones caused necrosis of U-937 cells (histone H4, LD50 = 1.5 microM). Extracellular A beta precursor in the submicromolar range prevented histone-induced U-937 cell necrosis. Cell-surface precursor also reduced histone toxicity: COS-7 cells were less sensitive to the toxic effects of histone H4 (LD50 = 5.4 microM). COS-7 cells in which the expression of an APP mRNA-directed ribozyme reduced the synthesis of the protein by up to 80% were more sensitive to histone H4 (LD50 = 3.2 microM) than cells that expressed the vector alone. Histone H4 binds to cell-associated A beta precursor. Cells expressing the A beta precursor-directed ribozyme bound less 125I-labeled histone H4 than those expressing the vector alone. In the limited extracellular space of tissues in vivo, both secreted and cell-surface A beta precursor protein may play significant roles in trapping chromatin or histones and removing them from the extracellular milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Currie
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuromorphology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Didenko LW, Buchwalow IB, Schulze W, Augsten K, Susa M, Unger E. Localization of G-proteins in macrophages and E. coli during phagocytosis. Acta Histochem 1996; 98:399-409. [PMID: 8960304 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(96)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) have been shown to play an important role in cellular signalling. However, G-protein involvement in the intracellular spreading of bacterial pathogens is still poorly understood. In this study, antibodies, that recognize G-protein alpha-subunits (anti-G alpha), were used to investigate the localization of G-proteins in the macrophage-like cell line P388D1 and E. coli, also in their L-forms, during phagocytosis. In E. coli, anti-G alpha-binding sites were detected preferably in the cell wall and septa of the whole bacterial forms as well as in the cytoplasm of L-forms. Western blotting of bacterial lysates demonstrated protein bands with positive immunoreaction to antibodies against Gs alpha, Gi alpha, and Gcommon alpha with a higher affinity to the antibody against Gs alpha. Immunoreaction with the anti-Gs alpha-antibody was markedly higher in pathogenic strains of E. coli. Because of the conserved structure in all GTP-binding proteins which seem to derive from a single primordial protein involved in signal transduction mechanisms, it is reasonable to assume that some anti-Ga-positive proteins in E. coli might be related to G-proteins of higher organisms. A putative candidate for bacterial G-proteins seems to be a 36 kDa protein. Enhancement in G-protein immunostaining in the cytoplasm of macrophages around the internalized bacteria testifies to the involvement of G-proteins in mediation of endocytosis responses of phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W Didenko
- Gamaleya Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ginsburg I, Kohen R. Cell damage in inflammatory and infectious sites might involve a coordinated "cross-talk" among oxidants, microbial haemolysins and ampiphiles, cationic proteins, phospholipases, fatty acids, proteinases and cytokines (an overview). Free Radic Res 1995; 22:489-517. [PMID: 7633573 DOI: 10.3109/10715769509150323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ginsburg I. Can hemolytic streptococci be considered “forefathers” of modern phagocytes? Both cell types freely migrate in tissues and destroy host cells by a “synergistic cross-talk” among their secreted agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(94)00051-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Cirino G, Cicala C, Sorrentino L. Human recombinant platelet phospholipase A2 exacerbates poly-L-arginine induced rat paw edema. Inflammation 1994; 18:59-66. [PMID: 8206646 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study by using the human recombinant non-pancreatic-secreted platelet PLA2 (r-hnps-PLA2) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against either the human (group II) or the porcine enzyme (group I), we have shown a possible involvement of platelet PLA2 in poly-L-arginine (25 kDa)-induced rat paw edema. Local treatment of rats with the anti-platelet-PLA2 antibody (anti-hnps-PLA2) but not with anti-porcine-PLA2 antibody (anti-porc-PLA2) significantly reduced the edema induced by a maximal dose of poly-L-arginine (1 mg/paw). Furthermore when r-hnps-PLA2 (1-10 micrograms) was injected together with a subliminal dose of poly-L-arginine (50 micrograms/paw), a dose-dependent increase in both edema and protein leakage was observed. This effect was selectively inhibited by the anti-hnps-PLA2 (10-100 micrograms/paw) but not anti-porc-PLA2 (10-100 micrograms paw). Thus, platelets seem to be involved in both vascular and cellular components of the inflammatory response by contributing, most likely in the early phase, to the edema formation through secretion of PLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Cirino
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ginsburg I, Misgav R, Gibbs DF, Varani J, Kohen R. Chemiluminescence in activated human neutrophils: role of buffers and scavengers. Inflammation 1993; 17:227-43. [PMID: 8392491 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human neutrophils (PMNs) suspended in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), which are stimulated either by polycation-opsonized streptococci or by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), generate nonamplified (CL), luminol-dependent (LDCL), and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (LUCDCL). Treatment of activated PMNs with azide yielded a very intense CL response, but only a small LDCL or LUCDCL responses, when horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was added. Both CL and LDCL depend on the generation of superoxide and on myeloperoxidase (MPO). Treatment of PMNs with azide followed either by dimethylthiourea (DMTU), deferoxamine, EDTA, or detapac generated very little CL upon addition of HRP, suggesting that CL is the result of the interaction among H2O2, a peroxidase, and trace metals. In a cell-free system practically no CL was generated when H2O2 was mixed with HRP in distilled water (DW). On the other hand significant CL was generated when either HBSS or RPMI media was employed. In both cases CL was markedly depressed either by deferoxamine or by EDTA, suggesting that these media might be contaminated by trace metals, which catalyzed a Fenton-driven reaction. Both HEPES and Tris buffers, when added to DW, failed to support significant HRP-induced CL. Nitrilotriacetate (NTA) chelates of Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ very markedly enhanced CL induced by mixtures of H2O2 and HRP when distilled water was the supporting medium. Both HEPES and Tris buffer when added to DW strongly quenced NTA-metal-catalyzed CL. None of the NTA-metal chelates could boost CL generation by activated PMNs, because the salts in HBSS and RPMI interfered with the activity of the added metals. CL and LDCL of activated PMNs was enhanced by aminotriazole, but strongly inhibited by diphenylene iodonium (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) by azide, sodium cyanide (CN), cimetidine, histidine, benzoate, DMTU and moderately by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and by deferoxamine LUCDCL was markedly inhibited only by SOD but was boosted by CN. Taken together, it is suggested that CL generated by stimulated PMNs might be the result of the interactions among, NADPH oxidase, (inhibitable by diphenylene iodonium), MPO (inhibitable by sodium azide), H2O2 probably of intracellular origin (inhibitable by DMTU but not by catalase), and trace metals that contaminate salt solutions. The nature of the salt solutions employed to measure CL in activated PMNs is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Human neutrophils stimulated by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide generate luminol-amplified and non-amplified chemiluminescence but no superoxide production: A paradox. Inflammopharmacology 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02755884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Ginsburg I, Misgav R, Pinson A, Varani J, Ward PA, Kohen R. Synergism among oxidants, proteinases, phospholipases, microbial hemolysins, cationic proteins, and cytokines. Inflammation 1992; 16:519-38. [PMID: 1428126 DOI: 10.1007/bf00918977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A striking similarity exists between the pathogenetic properties of group A streptococci and those of activated mammalian professional phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages). Both types of cells are endowed by the ability to adhere to target cells; to elaborate oxidants, hydrolases, and membrane-active agents (hemolysins, phospholipases); and to freely invade tissues and destroy cells. From the evolutionary point of view, streptococci might justifiably be considered the forefathers of "modern" leukocytes. Our earlier findings that synergy between a streptococcal hemolysin (streptolysin S, SLS) and a streptococcal thiol-dependent proteinase and between cytotoxic antibodies+complement and streptokinase-activated plasmin readily killed tumor cells, led us to hypothesize that by analogy to the pathogenetic mechanisms of streptococci, the mechanisms of tissue destruction initiated by activated leukocytes in inflammatory sites, as well as in tissues undergoing episodes of ischemia and reperfusion, might also be the result of the synergistic effects among leukocyte-derived oxidants, phospholipases, proteinases, cytokines, and cationic proteins. The current report extends our previous synergy studies with endothelial cells to two additional cell types--monkey kidney epithelial cells and rat beating heart cells. Monolayers of 51Cr-labeled cells that had been treated by combinations of sublytic amounts of hydrogen peroxide (generated either by glucose oxidase, xanthine-xanthine oxidase, or by paraquat) and with sublytic amounts of a variety of membrane-active agents (streptolysin S, phospholipases A2 and C, lysophosphatides, histone, chlorhexidine) were killed in a synergistic manner (double synergy). Crystalline trypsin markedly enhanced cell killing by combinations of oxidant and the membrane-active agents (triple synergy). Injury to the cells was characterized by the appearance of large membrane blebs that detached from the cells and floated freely in the media, looking like lipid droplets. Cytotoxicity induced by the various combinations of agonists was depressed, to a large extent, by scavengers of hydrogen peroxide (catalase, dimethyl thiourea, and by Mn2+) but not by SOD or by deferoxamine. When cationic agents were employed together with hydrogen peroxide, polyanions (heparin, polyanethole sulfonate) were also found to inhibit cell killing. It is proposed that in order to effectively combat the deleterious toxic effects of leukocyte-derived agonists on cells and tissues, antagonistic "cocktails" comprised of cationized catalase, cationized SOD, dimethylthiourea, Mn(2+)+glycine, proteinase inhibitors, putative inhibitors of phospholipases, and polyanions might be concocted. The current literature on synergistic phenomena pertaining to mechanisms of cell and tissue injury in inflammation is selectively reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ginsburg
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dohlman JG, Pillion DJ, Rokeach LA, Ramprasad MP. Identification of macrophage cell-surface binding sites for cationized bovine serum albumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181:787-96. [PMID: 1721810 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91259-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the presence of autoantibodies often restricted to host proteins exhibiting charge rich domains. Charged polypeptides elicit strong immune responses, and cationized bovine serum albumin and other cationic proteins are significantly more immunogenic than their less charged counterparts. These phenomena may involve enhanced protein uptake by macrophages, resulting in greater processing and presentation of antigenic peptide-MHC complexes to T-cells. We compared macrophage cell-surface binding and uptake of native and cationized bovine serum albumin. Specific binding of [125I]cationized bovine serum albumin to THP-1 macrophages in vitro was 11-16 fold greater than for native albumin. Half-maximal inhibition of [125I]cationized albumin binding was observed at 10-7M ligand. The specificity of [125I]cationized bovine serum albumin binding and uptake was further studied in terms of competitive inhibition of proteolysis by proteins of varying charge content. Cationized bovine serum albumin, but not native albumin, inhibited proteolysis of [125I]cBSA. Calf thymus histones also inhibited cBSA degradation. High concentration of myelin basic protein was moderately effective at blocking cBSA degradation, while myoglobin and beta lactalbumin showed no inhibition. These results indicate that specific cell-surface binding sites which occur on macrophages may mediate selective uptake of certain proteins with highly charged domains including some autoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Dohlman
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham 35294
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taylor MB, Brown IN. Histone preopsonisation increases the respiratory burst response of phagocytes to Pneumocystis carinii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb05129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|