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Tavares ASR, Carolino E, Teques P, Calmeiro L, Serpa S. Profile of gym-goers who do not use performance-enhancement substances. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1357566. [PMID: 38873513 PMCID: PMC11169804 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1357566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) in fitness and gym settings is a public health concern as adverse health consequences are emerging. Understanding the characteristics of gym-goers who do not use these substances could lead to an important complement to the ongoing research about risk factors for PES use. The aim of this study was to identify the profile of PES non-use in gym-goers. Methods In total, 453 gym-goers (mean age = 35.64 years; SD = 13.08 - measure of central tendency location and measure of absolute dispersion, respectively) completed an online survey assessing sociodemographic factors, exercise characteristics, gym modalities, peers, social influence, attitudes, subjective norms, beliefs, intentions, and self-reported use of PES. Results Decision Trees showed that being a woman, training less frequently, not practicing bodybuilding and having a negative intention to consume PES were identified as characteristics of non-users of PES. Discussion These results may support evidence-based anti-doping interventions to prevent abusive use of PES in the fitness context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia R. Tavares
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Teques
- N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis Calmeiro
- National Institute of Education, Physical Education and Sports Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sidonio Serpa
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Universidade Lusofona, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Khadem Amiri T, Salehidoost R. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among Iranian male gym-goers. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2110952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Khadem Amiri
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Salehidoost
- Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Selk-Ghaffari M, Shab-Bidar S, Halabchi F. The Prevalence of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:1120-1134. [PMID: 34540733 PMCID: PMC8410978 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i6.6411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to widespread abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among professional athletes and amateur sportsmen and their health-related problems, determining the prevalence and the pattern of anabolicandrogenic steroid misuse at the national level seems to be vital for designing efficient preventive and educational measures. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted via comprehensive searches of the electronic databases including PubMed, MedLine, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including SID, Magiran, IranDoc (between 1980 and Dec 2019 in English and Persian languages) and also from citations in the selected papers. Overall, 39 articles met the criteria and were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse in the Iranian athletic population was 36.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29–43) with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2=99.0%, P<0.001). Prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among elite, male and younger athletes was higher (P<0.05). Moreover, prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among body-building athletes (36.3%) was higher compared to other athletes (30.9%), (P<0.001). Conclusion: Due to the higher prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids misuse in Iran compared to global statistics and the potential for serious adverse effects, preventive strategies and policies should be regarded as a real concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Selk-Ghaffari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Halabchi
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Halabchi F, Shab-Bidar S, Selk-Ghaffari M. Prevalence of Supplement Consumption in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 34249281 PMCID: PMC8218796 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_189_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to widespread use of supplement among athletes, determining the prevalence and pattern of dietary supplement consumption and its moderators will be a road map for developing a strategic planning in the national level to achieve healthy lifestyle and avoid harmful nutritional approaches. Methods: A systematic search of the electronic resources including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including Magiran, SID, IranDoc and CIVILICA (between 1979 and November 2019 in Persian and English language) was accomplished. Inclusion criteria were (a) studies containing the prevalence rate of dietary supplement consumption, specifically (b) studies were conducted in athletes. Finally, 32 articles were included. Results: The prevalence rate of supplement use in overall Iranian athletic population was 64.8% (95% CI, 55.8%-73.8%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.001). The prevalence rate was reported to be higher in male athletes, athletes aged 25 and older and elite athletes (P < 0.05). The most prevalent source of information about supplement use among athletes were trainers, followed by physicians, friends-teammates and dietitians. Conclusions: According to the high prevalence of supplement consumption among Iranian athletes, policy making for educational programs is mandated. Trainers are the most popular source to provide information about supplements and educational programs should be conducted for this target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Halabchi
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Selk-Ghaffari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Moradinazar M, Najafi F, Jalilian F, Pasdar Y, Hamzeh B, Shakiba E, Hajizadeh M, Haghdoost AA, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Nasiri M, Okati-Aliabad H, Saeedi M, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Farhang S, Safarpour AR, Maharlouei N, Farjam M, Amini S, Amini M, Mohammadi A, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M. Prevalence of drug use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and measure of socioeconomic-related inequalities of drug use among Iranian people: findings from a national survey. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:39. [PMID: 32503660 PMCID: PMC7275311 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Drug use can lead to several psychological, medical and social complications. The current study aimed to measure and decomposes socioeconomic-related inequalities in drug use among adults in Iran. Methods This was a cross-sectional study The PERSIAN Cohort is the largest and most important cohort among 18 distinct areas of Iran. This study was conducted on 130,570 adults 35 years and older. A structured questionnaire was applied to collect data. The concentration index (C) was used to quantify and decompose socioeconomic inequalities in drug use. Results The prevalence experience of drug use was 11.9%. The estimated C for drug use was − 0.021. The corresponding value of the C for women and men were − 0.171 and − 0.134, respectively. The negative values of the C suggest that drug use is more concentrated among the population with low socioeconomic status in Iran (p < 0.001). For women, socioeconomic status (SES) (26.37%), province residence (− 22.38%) and age (9.76%) had the most significant contribution to socioeconomic inequality in drug use, respectively. For men, SES (80.04%), smoking (32.04%) and alcohol consumption (− 12.37%) were the main contributors to socioeconomic inequality in drug use. Conclusions Our study indicated that drug use prevention programs in Iran should focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged population. Our finding could be useful for health policy maker to design and implement effective preventative programs to protect Iranian population against the drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebraim Shakiba
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hajizadeh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzeyeh Nasiri
- Modelling in health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hassan Okati-Aliabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sara Farhang
- Liver and gastrointestinal Diseases Research center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohe Pathology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Maharlouei
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- Non-communicable diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahin Amini
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs particularly anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is not a new phenomenon. AAS use is not limited to athletes, with mainstream populations using these drugs for aesthetic purposes. Prevalence has been predominantly in Western countries, with some recent studies indicating a rise in popularity in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A scoping review of extant empirical literature from the Eastern Mediterranean region described and mapped what is known about the extent of AAS in the region. Four themes emerged from the review: (1) profile of AAS users; (2) AAS within gymnasium practice; (3) AAS regimes of use; and (4) knowledge and understanding of the AAS concept and related adverse effects. The review highlights a relatively new phenomenon of AAS use in the Eastern Mediterranean. The review underscores the need to carry out further research, particularly qualitative and quantitative studies with both genders, and cognisant of the complexities of culture and religiosity.
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7
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Tavares ASR, Serpa S, Horta L, Carolino E, Rosado A. Prevalence of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Associated Factors among Portuguese Gym/Fitness Users. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1059-1067. [PMID: 32068479 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1726392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, doping is not confined to elite sport, it is also spread throughout gymnasia and fitness centers, and it is seen as a public health concern. Studies focusing on performance-enhancing substances (PES) use among gym users are few and mostly concern the practice of bodybuilding and the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), without providing information about social indicators to further explore why this specific population use these substances. Objectives: To investigate the extent of PES use and examine the way social indicators, exercise profile and gym modalities influence the use of these substances among a sample of gym users. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, among a convenience sample of 453 Portuguese gym users, recruited directly by five institutional gyms´ email and Facebook. Data were collected via a structured web-based survey, between October and November 2017. Multiple binary logistic regression, the Chi-Square test or Monte Carlo Simulation or Fisher's Exact test were used. The odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: 11,1% of gym users reported the use of prohibited PES, which varies significantly according to gender, education, exercise profile and type of practice. Gender was associated with the class of PES used. Polypharmacy was a common practice among users, increasing the risk of side-effects. Peer effect and media appear to be strikingly important in the misuse of PES. Conclusion: Results provide precise insight into the specific factors associated with PES use, which could support prevention strategies in gym/fitness context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia R Tavares
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sidónio Serpa
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Lusophone University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Horta
- University Hospital Centre of Central Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL - Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Rosado
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Mirzaei N, Dehdari T, Taghdisi MH, Zare N. Development of an instrument based on the theory of planned behavior variables to measure factors influencing Iranian adults' intention to quit waterpipe tobacco smoking. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019; 12:901-912. [PMID: 31576183 PMCID: PMC6767482 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s196417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the most widely used theoretical frameworks to explain addictive behaviors, such as tobacco smoking. The aim of this study is to develop and validate an instrument based on TPB variables to measure factors influencing Iranian rural adults’ intention to quit waterpipe tobacco smoking. Methods This study was performed on a sample of rural adult waterpipe consumers living in two villages in Shiraz, Southern Iran. In the beginning, the initial items of instrument were extracted from the literature review and interviews with 20 waterpipe consumers. After that, face validity and qualitative content validity of the items were appraised. To measure quantitative content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR), a panel of experts reviewed the items. In addition, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to characterize the construct validity of the instrument. Finally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were computed. Results CVI and CVR of items were within the ranges of 0.89–0.95 and 0.85–0.96, respectively. EFA indicated the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (=0.71) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (=912.36, df=105, p<0.0001). Principal component analysis revealed that 15 items could be grouped into four subscales that accounted for 64.97% of the variance. Based on CFA, two items were deleted. CFA results showed that the remained data were fit to the model. The Cronbach’s alpha and ICC of subscales were, respectively, in the ranges of 0.72–0.87 and 0.64–0.82. Finally, a 13-item instrument with four subscales was confirmed. Conclusions The findings reveal that the developed TPB instrument is a reliable and valid scale to identify the determinants of the intention to quit waterpipe smoking among Iranian rural adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Mirzaei
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Dehdari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Taghdisi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najaf Zare
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kabiri S, Shadmanfaat SM(S, Donner CM. Using Control Balance Theory to Examine Sports Doping Among Professional Athletes in Iran. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042619837757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci8030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes and analyses the historical development of gym and fitness culture in general and doping use in this context in particular. Theoretically, the paper utilises the concept of subculture and explores how a subcultural response can be used analytically in relation to processes of cultural normalisation as well as marginalisation. The focus is on historical and symbolic negotiations that have occurred over time, between perceived expressions of extreme body cultures and sociocultural transformations in society—with a perspective on fitness doping in public discourse. Several distinct phases in the history of fitness doping are identified. First, there is an introductory phase in the mid-1950s, in which there is an optimism connected to modernity and thoughts about scientifically-engineered bodies. Secondly, in the 1960s and 70s, a distinct bodybuilding subculture is developed, cultivating previously unseen muscular male bodies. Thirdly, there is a critical phase in the 1980s and 90s, where drugs gradually become morally objectionable. The fourth phase, the fitness revolution, can be seen as a transformational phase in gym culture. The massive bodybuilding body is replaced with the well-defined and moderately muscular fitness body, but at the same time there are strong commercialised values which contribute to the development of a new doping market. Finally, it is possible to speculate on the development of a fifth phase, in which fitness doping is increasingly being filtered into mainstream gym and fitness culture, influencing the fitness doping demography.
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Saati Asr MH, Bashirian S, Heidari Moghadam R, Barati M, Moeini B. Personal and psychosocial factors associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use among Iranian male bodybuilders. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Saati Asr
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Bashirian
- Health Education, Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rashid Heidari Moghadam
- Exercise Physiology, Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Ergonomics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Majid Barati
- Health Education and Promotion, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse and Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Moeini
- Health Education, Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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12
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Jalilian F, Alavijeh MM, Ahmadpanah M, Matin BK, Ataee M, Eslami AA, Jouybari TA, Mahboubi M. Psychometrics of the Instrument Measuring Beliefs Related to Drug Abuse among Iranian College Students. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0972063416651595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Researchers in the field of drug abuse need standard instruments in order to investigate the underlying factors behind the inclination to use drugs in different groups of society so that they could be able to design preventive interventions based on those instruments. The aim of this study is psychometrics of the questionnaire of the beliefs related to drug abuse among Iranian male medical college students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 425 male students who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study conducted in two medical universities in Iran. The studied constructs included attitude, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, self-control and subjective norms. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (ver. 21.0) and Amos software (ver. 21.0). Results: All of the loads of the exploratory factorial analysis were larger than 0.4. The calculated Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value was 0.906. Overall, five factors under investigation accounted for 61.15 per cent of the variance in the hypothesized model. Cronbach’s alpha for the measured constructs including attitude, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, self-control and subjective norms were 0.92, 0.90, 0.91, 0.81 and 0.73, respectively. Conclusion: The investigated questionnaire is adequately reliable and valid for measurement of the constructs of attitude, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, self-control and subjective norms for prediction of drug abuse among Iranian male medical college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jalilian
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei Alavijeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadpanah
- Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Behzad Karami Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mari Ataee
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Eslami
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Touraj Ahmadi Jouybari
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Lazuras L, Barkoukis V, Loukovitis A, Brand R, Hudson A, Mallia L, Michaelides M, Muzi M, Petróczi A, Zelli A. "I Want It All, and I Want It Now": Lifetime Prevalence and Reasons for Using and Abstaining from Controlled Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAES) among Young Exercisers and Amateur Athletes in Five European Countries. Front Psychol 2017; 8:717. [PMID: 28588518 PMCID: PMC5438994 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doping use in recreational sports is an emerging issue that has received limited attention so far in the psychological literature. The present study assessed the lifetime prevalence of controlled performance and appearance enhancing substances (PAES), and used behavioral reasoning theory to identify the reasons for using and for avoiding using controlled PAES in young exercisers across five European countries, in the context of the “SAFE YOU” Project. Participants were 800 young amateur athletes and exercisers (M = 21.56; SD = 2.69) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, and UK who completed an anonymous questionnaire that included measures of self-reported use of controlled PAES, as well as reasons for using and not using controlled PAES. The results of the descriptive analyses demonstrated that almost one out five exercisers in the sample had a previous experience with controlled PAES. Higher prevalence rates were found in Greece and Cyprus and lower in Italy. The most frequently reported reasons for using controlled PAES included achieving the desired results faster; pushing the self to the (physical) limits; and recovering faster after exercise/training. Furthermore, the most frequently reported reasons for not using controlled PAES involved worry about any possible adverse health effects; not feeling the need for using them; and wanting to see what can be achieved naturally without using any controlled PAES. The findings of the present study indicate that the use of controlled PAES is fast becoming a crisis in amateur sports and exercise settings and highlight the need for preventive action and concerted anti-doping education efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Lazuras
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield, UK
| | - Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Loukovitis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ralf Brand
- Department of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Andy Hudson
- School of Education, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Luca Mallia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico"Rome, Italy
| | | | - Milena Muzi
- Department of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering and Computing, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston UniversityLondon, UK
| | - Arnaldo Zelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico"Rome, Italy
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14
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Sagoe D, Mentzoni RA, Hanss D, Pallesen S. Aggression Is Associated With Increased Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use Contemplation Among Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1462-9. [PMID: 27356242 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1186696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between aggression and anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use intent among adolescents. A nationally representative sample of Norwegian 18-year-olds (N = 1,334, females = 58.7%) took part in a survey in 2013 (response rate = 64.9%). Participants completed the physical and verbal subscales of the Short-Form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Intent to use AAS Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. They also provided demographic information and answered questions about AAS use, gambling participation, as well as cigarette and snus use. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Lifetime and past year prevalence of AAS use was 0.1%. Between 0.4% and 1.7% of participants disclosed intent to use while between 1.1% and 2.5% expressed neutral intent to initiate AAS use. Compared to persons low on aggression, individuals high on aggression were more likely to report intent and curiosity towards initiating AAS use. Our findings indicate that aggression is a risk factor for AAS use contemplation among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sagoe
- a Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Rune A Mentzoni
- a Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b KoRus-Øst, Innlandet Hospital Trust , Ottestad , Norway
| | - Daniel Hanss
- a Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Social and Cultural Sciences and Social Work , Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- a Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Karimiankakolaki Z, Baghianimoghadam MH, Gerayllo S, Sheikh Samani N, Hadipour H. A Survey of Knowledge, Individual Perceived Risk, General Perceived Risk, and Behavioral Intentions Regarding Hepatitis B among Students in the Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health at Shahrekord Islamic Azad University in 2014. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e35058. [PMID: 27651804 PMCID: PMC5020401 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.35058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B is the most common cause of liver disease, and medical students are a risk group for the disease given their future occupations. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess of predictors of hepatitis B in the Faculty of nursing, midwifery and health at Shahrekord Islamic Azad University in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 students from the Faculty of nursing, midwifery and health at Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. The students answered questionnaires with items covering demographic characteristics, individual knowledge, public risk perception, perceived personal risk, and behavioral intentions regarding hepatitis B. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 18 software. RESULTS The mean knowledge score of the students was 4.77 ± 1.71, the mean public risk perception score was 24.22 ± 3.44, the mean perceived personal risk score was 6.51 ± 1.97, and the mean behavioral intention score was 12.06 ± 2.97. There were significant differences in the mean knowledge scores in terms of gender, level of awareness, and level of education. There were also differences in the mean behavioral intention scores in terms of gender and field of study, the mean perceived personal risk scores in terms of level of education and field of study, and the mean public risk perception scores in terms of field of study. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, it is necessary to implement educational intervention in order to allow students to identify risk factors and overcome barriers to understanding the implications of the disease in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sakineh Gerayllo
- School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Nadia Sheikh Samani
- Nursing student, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Nadia Sheikh Samani, Nursing student, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9138818814, E-mail:
| | - Hajar Hadipour
- Nursing student, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
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16
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Hosseini SN, Emdadi S, Jalilian F, Karami Matin B, Ataee M, Mirzaei Alavijeh M. Fitness Intention and Its Relationship With Eating Attitudes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Iranian Female Medical College Students. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016; 10:e4307. [PMID: 27284282 PMCID: PMC4898748 DOI: 10.17795/ijpbs-4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Fitness is a very important goal among young adults that may lead to eating disorders. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing fitness intention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and its relationship to eating attitudes. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 231 female college students during the winter of 2012. Participants were randomly selected in proportion to their distribution among the different faculties at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. A structured questionnaire was applied for collecting data and data was analyzed by SPSS version 21 using a T-test, ANOVA, bivariate correlations, and linear regression at a 95% significant level. Results Nearly 21.6% of the participants had abnormal eating attitudes. The TPB variables accounted for 40% of the variation in fitness intention. Bivariate correlations indicated a positive correlation between fitness intention and eating attitude (r = 0.417, P < 0.05). Conclusions Based on our results, it seems that designing and implementing educational programs to reduce positive attitudes and encourage subjective norms toward fitness may be useful for preventing abnormal eating attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shohreh Emdadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Behzad Karami Matin
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Mari Ataee
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei Alavijeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
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17
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Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 44:1603-24. [PMID: 25138312 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. OBJECTIVES Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g. attitudes) and social-contextual factors (e.g. social norms), and demographic (e.g. sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use; (ii) examine variables that moderate such effect sizes; and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). DATA SOURCES Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND PARTICIPANTS Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHOD Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a subset of studies that utilized the TPB. RESULTS Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope and, indirectly, doping behaviors. LIMITATIONS Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended TPB framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.
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Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, Bashirian S. Belief-based Tobacco Smoking Scale: Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior's Constructs. Health Promot Perspect 2015; 5:59-71. [PMID: 26000247 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2015.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there are no comprehensive validated instruments for measuring adolescents' beliefs regarding tobacco smoking in the Iranian society. This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability and feasibility of the belief-based tobacco smoking scale using the Theory of Planned Behavior's (TPB) constructs as a theoretical framework. METHODS This cross-sectional validation study was carried out on 410 male adolescents of Hamadan, west of Iran, recruited through multi-stage random sampling method. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed to test construct validity. Content validity was examined using Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). RESULTS RESULTS obtained from factor analysis showed that the data was fit to the model (X(2)=391.43, P<0.001) and TPB consisted of 22 items measuring seven components which explaining 69.7% of the common variance. The mean scores for the CVI and CVR were 0.89 and 0.80; respectively. Additional anal-yses indicated acceptable results for internal consistency reliability values ranging from 0.55 to 0.92. CONCLUSION The belief-based tobacco smoking questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument and now is acceptable and suitable and can be used in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Barati
- Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Allahverdipour
- Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Hidarnia
- Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamsodin Niknami
- Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Bashirian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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19
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Jalilian F, Ataee M, Matin BK, Ahmadpanah M, Jouybari TA, Eslami AA, Mahboubi M, Alavijeh MM. Cognitive factors related to drug abuse among a sample of Iranian male medical college students. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:143-51. [PMID: 26156919 PMCID: PMC4803908 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Drug abuse is one of the most serious social problems in many countries. College students, particularly at their first year of education, are considered as one of the at risk groups for drug abuse. The present study aimed to determine cognitive factors related to drug abuse among a sample of Iranian male medical college students based on the social cognitive theory (SCT). METHOD This cross-sectional study was carried out on 425 Iranian male medical college students who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. The participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using bivariate correlations, logistic and linear regression at 95% significant level. RESULTS Attitude, outcome expectation, outcome expectancies, subjective norms, and self-control were cognitive factors that accounted for 49% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to abuse drugs. Logistic regression showed that attitude (OR=1.062), outcome expectancies (OR=1.115), and subjective norms (OR=1.269) were the most influential predictors for drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that designing and implementation of educational programs may be useful to increase negative attitude, outcome expectancies, and subjective norms towards drug abuse for college students in order to prevent drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jalilian
- Assistant professor,Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Abadan College of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Ahvaz, Iran AND kermanshah university of medical sciences, kermanshah,iran.
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20
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Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Abdollahian E, Samadi R, Dolatabadi H. Frequency of use, awareness, and attitudes toward side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids consumption among male medical students in Iran. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1751-8. [PMID: 25026387 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.880175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the frequency of anabolic-androgenic steroids consumption in male students studying at the university and their awareness, attitude, and role of sports activities; the present descriptive study was conducted on 271 volunteers in 2008. The data collected by self-report questionnaires was analyzed by descriptive inferential statistics. The prevalence of consumption was 3.3%, and it was significantly higher in those with a history of bodybuilding or athletic performance. The overall awareness rate was low, and the attitude was too optimistic. It seems that unawareness, incorrect attitude, and history of athletic performance increases the risk of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayyazi Bordbar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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21
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Cognitive Predictors of Cousin Marriage Among Couples Visiting Counseling Centers in Kohgiluyeh-Boyer Ahmad Province. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.20286/jech-010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Eslami AA, Jalilian F, Ataee M, Alavijeh MM, Mahboubi M, Afsar A, Aghaei A. Intention and willingness in understanding Ritalin misuse among Iranian medical college students: a cross-sectional study. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:43-53. [PMID: 25363098 PMCID: PMC4825534 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ritalin misuse can create powerful stimulant effects and serious health risks. The main aim of present study was compared that two cognitive construct (behavioral intention or behavioral willingness) for predicting Ritalin misuse. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 Iranian medical college students; participants selected in random sampling, and data were collected by using self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 at 95% significant level. Our findings showed, the three predictor variables of (1) attitude, (2) subjective norms, and (3) prototype accounted for 29% of the variation in intention and 25% of the variation in willingness to Ritalin misuse. In addition, behavioral intention was a stronger prediction factor compared to willingness for Ritalin misuse, with odds ratio estimate of 1.607 [95% CI: 1.167, 2.213]. There is some support to use the prototype willingness model to design interventions to improve individuals’ beliefs that academic goals are achievable without the misuse of Ritalin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Afsar
- MSc of Health Education, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. E-mail: .
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Matin BK, Jalilian F, Alavije MM, Ashtarian H, Mahboubi M, Afsar A. Using the PRECEDE model in understanding determinants of quality of life among Iranian male addicts. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:19-27. [PMID: 25363110 PMCID: PMC4825525 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality of Life (QOL) in opiate-addicted patients who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy is one of the important issues to be considered in the treatment of addiction. To determine a needs assessment using the PRECEDE model to find out factors related to QOL among Iranian male opiate addicts. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kermanshah, Iran in 2013. A total of 762 male opiate addicts, who were referred to addiction treatment centers for receiving methadone maintenance treatment, were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. SF-12, predisposing factors, enabling factors, reinforcement factors, and methadone maintenance treatment intention were used to find the related factors. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using the t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), bivariate correlations, and linear regression at 95% significant level. Linear regression analysis showed the determinant variable accounted for 17% of the variation in QOL. Our findings suggest, providing social support for addicts could be beneficial results for the increasing quality of life among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Karami Matin
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Kimergård A. A qualitative study of anabolic steroid use amongst gym users in the United Kingdom: motives, beliefs and experiences. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2014.911977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Zinatmotlagh F, Ataee M, Jalilian F, Mirzaeialavijeh M, Aghaei A, Karimzadeh Shirazi K. Predicting Aggression among Male Adolescents: an Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health Promot Perspect 2013; 3:269-75. [PMID: 24688977 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2013.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggressive behaviorin adolescencecan be expressed asa predictorfor crime, substanceabuse, depression and academic failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the prediction of aggression among Iranian adolescent based on theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, conducted in Yasuj County, south of Iran, during 2011, a total of 256 male adolescents, were randomly enrolled. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 using bivariate correlations, and linear regression statistical tests at 95% signifi-cant level. RESULT The three predictor variables of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control, accounted for 40% of the variation in the outcome measure of the aggression intention. Besides, intention accounted for 15% of the variation in the outcome measure of the aggression behavior. There was a sig-nificant correlation between drug abuse and alcohol consumption, have friend drug user, unprotect sex and parents divorced with aggression (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Designing intervention to reduction positive attitude and subjective norms toward aggressive behavior among adolescents could be usefulness result to aggression prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Zinatmotlagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Science, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mari Ataee
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaeialavijeh
- Department of Health Education, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences- Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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