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Tamboli RS, Giridhar R, Gandhi HP, Kanhed AM, Mande HM, Yadav MR. Design, green synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines bearing 3-morpholinoethylamine moiety as potential antithrombotic agents (.). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:704-13. [PMID: 26133356 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1060480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research work was to investigate a series of novel 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines (3a-3q) containing 3-morpholinoethylamine side chain, and to address their antiplatelet activity by in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. All compounds were synthesized by environment benign route and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by spectral data. Compounds (3l) and (3m) were confirmed by their single crystal X-ray structures. Out of all the synthesized compounds, 10 were found to be more potent in vitro than aspirin; six of them were found to be prominent in ex vivo assays and one compound (3d) was found to have the most promising antithrombotic profile in vivo. Moreover, compound (3d) demonstrated less ulcerogenicity in rats as compared to aspirin. The selectivity of the most promising compound (3d) for COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was determined with the help of molecular docking studies and the results were correlated with the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyaj S Tamboli
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , Kalabhavan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India and
| | - Rajani Giridhar
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , Kalabhavan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India and
| | - Hardik P Gandhi
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , Kalabhavan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India and
| | - Ashish M Kanhed
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , Kalabhavan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India and
| | - Hemant M Mande
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Sayajiganj, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , Kalabhavan, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India and
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Becker GL, Sielaff F, Than ME, Lindberg I, Routhier S, Day R, Lu Y, Garten W, Steinmetzer T. Potent inhibitors of furin and furin-like proprotein convertases containing decarboxylated P1 arginine mimetics. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1067-75. [PMID: 20038105 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Furin belongs to the family of proprotein convertases (PCs) and is involved in numerous normal physiological and pathogenic processes, such as viral propagation, bacterial toxin activation, cancer, and metastasis. Furin and related furin-like PCs cleave their substrates at characteristic multibasic consensus sequences, preferentially after an arginine residue. By incorporating decarboxylated arginine mimetics in the P1 position of substrate analogue peptidic inhibitors, we could identify highly potent furin inhibitors. The most potent compound, phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (15), inhibits furin with a K(i) value of 0.81 nM and has also comparable affinity to other PCs like PC1/3, PACE4, and PC5/6, whereas PC2 and PC7 or trypsin-like serine proteases were poorly affected. In fowl plague virus (influenza A, H7N1)-infected MDCK cells, inhibitor 15 inhibited proteolytic hemagglutinin cleavage and was able to reduce virus propagation in a long-term infection test. Molecular modeling revealed several key interactions of the 4-amidinobenzylamide residue in the S1 pocket of furin contributing to the excellent affinity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero L Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Friedrich R, Riester D, Göttig P, Thürk M, Schwienhorst A, Bode W. Structure of a novel thrombin inhibitor with an uncharged D-amino acid as P1 residue. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1330-5. [PMID: 17950494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin, the ultimate proteinase of the coagulation cascade, is an attractive target for the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Previously, a series of novel thrombin inhibitors, discovered by employing a powerful and new computer-assisted multiparameter optimization process (CADDIS), have been synthesized. We have now crystallized the complex of human alpha-thrombin with the most potent of these inhibitors, 8-5 (K(i)=3 nM), and have determined its 2.3A X-ray crystal structure. The Fourier map displayed clear electron density for the inhibitor. The central part of the inhibitor binds in an improved melagatran-like mode, while the structure identifies a d-tyrosine as P1 residue which forms a charged hydrogen bond with Asp 189 of thrombin. This is the first crystal structure of a thrombin-inhibitor complex, where an uncharged inhibitor residue makes hydrogen bonds within the thrombin S1 pocket. Additionally, novel favourable intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the inhibitor with the thrombin backbone become possible due to the d-configuration of the P1 residue. Two flanking voluminous side chains increase the strength of the subjacent hydrogen bonding system by shielding it from the bulk solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Friedrich
- Arbeitsgruppe Proteinaseforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Peterlin-Masic L, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Trampus-Bakija A, Stegnar M, Kikelj D. Novel thrombin inhibitors incorporating non-basic partially saturated heterobicyclic P1-arginine mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:789-94. [PMID: 12617892 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological activity of non-covalent thrombin inhibitors incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole, 2-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindole, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-2-amine as novel, partially saturated, heterobicyclic P(1)-arginine side-chain mimetics is described. The binding mode of the most potent candidate in the series co-crystallized with human alpha-thrombin, which exhibited an in vitro K(i) of 140nM and more that 478-fold selectivity against trypsin, is discussed.
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Steinmetzer T, Schweinitz A, Künzel S, Wikström P, Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. Structure-activity relationships of new NAPAP-analogs. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2002; 16:241-9. [PMID: 11697044 DOI: 10.1080/14756360109162372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several new analogs of the known thrombin inhibitor NAPAP were synthesized, in which the P2 glycine residue was substituted by natural and unnatural amino acids. The thrombin inhibitory potency was comparable to that of NAPAP. Several of the compounds had inhibition constants lower than 10 nM and a very high selectivity compared to trypsin, factor Xa and plasmin. In addition, analogs were prepared by alkylation of the N alpha-atom of the 4-amidinophenylalanine in P1 position, which showed a more than 10-fold lower thrombin inhibition. Furthermore, azaglycine was introduced instead of P2 glycine. For most of the inhibitors similar fast elimination rates were seen in rats after intravenous dosing, as found previously for NAPAP. Only some compounds, which contained a second basic group showed a slightly decreased cumulative biliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinmetzer
- Inst. of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Künzel S, Schweinitz A, Reissmann S, Stürzebecher J, Steinmetzer T. 4-amidinobenzylamine-based inhibitors of urokinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:645-8. [PMID: 11844691 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-amidinobenzylamine-based peptidomimetic inhibitors of urokinase was synthesized. The most potent one, benzylsulfonyl-D-Ser-Ala-4-amidinobenzylamide 16, inhibits uPA with a K(i) of 7.7 nM but is less selective than 10 with a Gly as P2 residue. Hydroxyamidine and carbonate prodrugs were prepared, which are rapidly converted into the active inhibitors in rats after subcutaneous application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Künzel
- Institut fur Biochemie und Biophysik, Universitat Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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Steinmetzer T, Hauptmann J, Sturzebecher J. Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:845-64. [PMID: 11322862 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.5.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the Western world, which has stimulated enormous research efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to introduce new antithrombotic therapies. One strategy is the development of direct inhibitors of the serine protease thrombin, which holds a central position in the final steps of the blood coagulation cascade and in platelet activation. At present there is only limited clinical use of some parenteral preparations of thrombin inhibitors in acute situations, especially when the common antithrombotic drugs heparin, warfarin and aspirin are ineffective or associated with side effects. However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels. Details of several new and potent thrombin inhibitors have been published during the last years. For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays. However, most of them showed only limited efficacy in animal studies with respect to the doses administered. For that reason, effort is concentrated on the evaluation and optimisation of the overall physicochemical characteristics of the inhibitors in order to improve the pharmacokinetics and, thus, the development of promising drug candidates. Nevertheless, only careful clinical studies can give clear answers about the true therapeutical benefit of new developments in this field. This review summarises the current status of direct thrombin inhibitors which are already in clinical use and clinical development and gives an overview on recently published and promising new compounds.
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Supuran CT, Briganti F, Scozzafava A, Ilies MA. Protease inhibitors: Part 4. Synthesis of weakly basic thrombin inhibitors incorporating pyridinium-sulfanilylaminoguanidine moieties. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:335-56. [PMID: 10995066 DOI: 10.1080/14756360009040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three series of derivatives have been prepared by reaction of sulfanilylaminoguanidine with pyrylium salts, with the pyridinium derivatives of glycine and with the pyridinium derivatives of beta-alanine, respectively. The new compounds were assayed as inhibitors of two serine proteases, thrombin and trypsin. The study showed that in contrast to the leads, possessing KI's around 100-300 nM against thrombin, and 450-1420 nM against trypsin, respectively, the new derivatives showed inhibition constants in the range of 15-50 nM against thrombin, whereas their affinity for trypsin remained relatively low. Derivatives of beta-alanine were more active than the corresponding glycine derivatives, which in turn were more inhibitory than the pyridinium derivatives of sulfanilylaminoguanidine possessing the same substitution pattern at the pyridinium ring. Thus, the present study proposes two novel approaches for the preparation of high affinity, specific thrombin inhibitors: a novel S1 anchoring moiety in the already large family of arginine/amidine-based inhibitors, i.e., the SO2NHNHC(=NH)NH2 group, and novel non-peptidomimetic scaffolds obtained by incorporating alkyl-/aryl-substituted-pyridinium moieties in the hydrophobic binding site(s). The first one is important for obtaining bioavailable thrombin inhibitors, devoid of the high basicity of the commonly used arginine/amidine-based inhibitors, whereas the second one may lead to improved water solubility of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Florence, Italy.
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Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. Synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa: from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 1999; 93:203-41. [PMID: 10074907 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hauptmann
- Centre for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erfurt, Germany
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