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Abou Jawdah Y, Ezzeddine N, Fardoun A, Kharroubi S, Sobh H, Atamian HS, Skinner M, Parker B. Biological Control of Three Major Cucumber and Pepper Pests: Whiteflies, Thrips, and Spider Mites, in High Plastic Tunnels Using Two Local Phytoseiid Mites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:889. [PMID: 38592899 PMCID: PMC10976136 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To enhance food security, food safety, and environmental health, a bio-based integrated pest management (BIPM) strategy was evaluated at two coastal locations in Lebanon as an alternative to toxic pesticide sprays in commercial high-arched plastic tunnels common in many countries. The evaluation occurred during two cucumber and pepper cropping seasons: spring and fall. At each site, two commercial tunnels were used; farmers' conventional practices were applied in one tunnel, while the BIPM approach was followed in the second tunnel. In the farmers' practices, a total of 14 sprays of insecticide/acaricide mixtures were applied during the spring growing season, and 6 sprays were applied during the fall. In the BIPM tunnels, hotspot releases of local strains of Amblyseius swirskii and Phytoseiulus persimilis were applied. By the end of the spring season, the number of whitefly nymphs (WFNs)/leaf and thrips/leaf in the pesticide treatment were 4.8 and 0.06, respectively, compared to 0.1 and 0.33, respectively, in the BIPM treatment. Similarly, at the end of the fall season, the WFNs reached 19.7/leaf in the pesticide control as compared to 1.2/leaf in the BIPM treatment, proving the efficacy of A. swirskii. Farmers using conventional acaricides during both cropping seasons failed to control Tetranychus urticae, the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM). However, hotspot releases of P. persimilis were successful in controlling TSSM. By the end of June, the number of TSSMs reached 7.8/leaf in the BIPM treatment compared to 53/leaf in the pesticide treatment. Likewise, in December, TSSM numbers reached 9/leaf in the BIPM treatment compared to 40/leaf in the pesticide treatment. Preliminary observations of pepper showed that both predatory mites (A. swirskii and P. persimilis) gave similar or better efficacy against the three pests. The two local predatory phytoseiid mites seem to be effective in controlling these three major pests and to be adapted to local environmental conditions. A rate of increase of 0.86 was observed for P. persimilis and 0.22 for A. swirskii, in June, when maximum temperatures were close to 40 °C. This also shows a compatibility between the two predators. In conclusion, our BIPM approach was efficient under a Mediterranean climate in arched plastic tunnels with relatively poor aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Abou Jawdah
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Nour Ezzeddine
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Aya Fardoun
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Samer Kharroubi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Hana Sobh
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA;
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (M.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Bruce Parker
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (M.S.); (B.P.)
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Wen Z, Feng J, Zhu B, Xu W, Xu F, Tan H, Chu D, Guo L. Pyrifluquinazon baseline susceptibility and inhibition of Tomato chlorosis virus transmission by Bemisia tabaci. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3520-3528. [PMID: 37144964 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is associated with tomato yellow leaf disorder diseases in more than 20 countries. ToCV can be transmitted in a semipersistent manner by whitefly vectors such as Bemisia tabaci. Controlling the vector pests by using chemical insecticides is an efficient and effective approach to reduce and interrupt the virus transmission. Pyrifluquinazon is a new pyridine azomethine derivative, showing insecticidal toxicity to sucking pests by disturbing their feeding behavior. However, limited attention has been paid to the performance of pyrifluquinazon against B. tabaci and ToCV transmission. RESULT This study showed the lethal concentration of 50% (LC50 ) values of pyrifluquinazon to 22 B. tabaci field populations ranged from 0.54 to 2.44 mg L-1 , and the baseline susceptibility of B. tabaci to pyrifluquinazon was 1.24 mg L-1 with a 95% confidence limit of 0.35-1.85 mg L-1 . Pyrifluquinazon and afidopyropen did not show cross-resistance to dinotefuran and pymetrozine in B. tabaci, which both inhibited the feeding activities of B. tabaci. The antifeedant concentration of 50% (AFC50 ) values at 48 h were 0.70 mg L-1 for pyrifluquinazon and 2.13 mg L-1 for afidopyropen. Foliar application of pyrifluquinazon and afidopyropen reduced the ToCV transmission by 40.91% and 33.33%, respectively and significantly decreased the ToCV loads in tomato plants under laboratory conditions. CONCLUSION These results provided new information about the effects of modulators of the vanilloid-type transient receptor potential channel on the toxicity to B. tabaci and inhibition of ToCV transmission. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanrong Wen
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzheng Feng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fa Xu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Tan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Yang K, Wang J, Chu D. Cardinium infection alters cotton defense and detoxification metabolism of its whitefly host. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:473-485. [PMID: 35653139 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Field monitoring revealed that the infection ratio of the bacterial symbiont Cardinium in the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci MED) was relatively low in northern China. However, the role of this symbiont and the symbiont-whitefly-host plant interaction mechanism are poorly understood. We investigated the influence of Cardinium on the competitiveness of the host whitefly and the physiological interaction between the host plants and host whiteflies. Cardinium-infected whiteflies were displaced by uninfected whiteflies after 5 generations, which showed that Cardinium infection reduced whitefly competitiveness. The defense response genes of cotton significantly decreased under infestation by infected whiteflies compared to uninfected whiteflies. The expression of detoxification metabolism genes, especially the uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronyltransferase and P450 genes, in infected whiteflies significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that Cardinium could inhibit the defense response of the host plant and decrease the detoxification metabolism ability of the host whitefly. The reduced competitiveness of infected whiteflies may be associated with the inhibition of the whitefly detoxification metabolism by Cardinium, resulting in the reduced performance of infected whiteflies. However, Cardinium infection can suppress plant defenses, which may benefit both infected and uninfected whiteflies when they coexist. This research illustrates the symbiont-whitefly-host plant interaction mechanism and the population dynamics of the whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong Province, China
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Thesnim P, Jangra S, Kumar M, Ghosh A. Effect of silencing Bemisia tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 on fitness and begomovirus transmission. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1136262. [PMID: 36998692 PMCID: PMC10043976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important invasive pests worldwide. It infests several vegetables, legumes, fiber, and ornamental crops. Besides causing direct damage by sucking plant sap, B. tabaci is the principal vector of begomoviruses. Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV, Begomovirus) transmitted by B. tabaci is a major constraint in chilli production. B. tabaci genes associated with metabolism, signaling pathways, cellular processes, and organismal systems are highly enriched in response to ChiLCV infection. The previous transcriptome study suggested the association of B. tabaci Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and transducer of erbB2.1 (TOB1) in ChiLCV infection. In the present study, B. tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 were silenced using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the effect on fitness and begomovirus transmission has been reported. Oral delivery of dsRNA at 3 µg/mL reduced the expression of B. tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 by 6.77 and 3.01-fold, respectively. Silencing of TLR3 and TOB1 induced significant mortality in B. tabaci adults compared to untreated control. The ChiLCV copies in B. tabaci significantly reduced post-exposure to TLR3 and TOB1 dsRNAs. The ability of B. tabaci to transmit ChiLCV also declined post-silencing TLR3 and TOB1. This is the first-ever report of silencing B. tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 to induce mortality and impair virus transmission ability in B. tabaci. B. tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 would be novel genetic targets to manage B. tabaci and restrict the spread of begomovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathukandathil Thesnim
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Jangra
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Patané JSL, Moreira LM, de Melo Teixeira M, Martins J, Setubal JC, Varani AM. New insights into plant natriuretic peptide evolution: From the lysogenic conversion in Xanthomonas to the lateral transfer to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Gene 2022; 821:146326. [PMID: 35181506 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant natriuretic peptide-like (PNP) are signaling molecules related to adaptive responses to stress. The Arabidopsis thaliana PNP (AtPNP-A) is capable of modulating catalase 2 (CAT2) and rubisco activase (RCA) activity in some circumstances. Interestingly, many plant-pathogens co-opted PNP-like molecules to their benefit. For instance, the citrus pathogen Xanthomonas citri carries a PNP-like (XacPNP) that can mimic and regulate plant homeostasis, and many phytopathogenic fungi carry effectors (e.g., Ave1 and AvrLm6) that are indeed PNP-like homologs. This work investigates the PNP-like evolution across the tree of life, revealing many parallel gains and duplications in plant and fungi kingdoms. All PNP-like proteins in the final dataset are structurally similar, containing the AtPNP-A active domains modulating CAT2 activity and RCA interaction. Comparative genomics evinced that XacPNP is a lysogenic conversion factor associated with a Myoviridae-like prophage identified in many Xanthomonas species. Surprisingly, a PNP-like homolog was identified in Bemisia tabaci, an important agricultural pest, being to date the second example of lateral gene transfer (LGT) from plant to the whitefly. Moreover, the Bemisia PNP-like homolog can also be considered a potential new effector of this phloem-feeding insect. Noteworthy, the whiteflies infest many plants carrying PNP-like copies and interact with some of their bacterial and fungal pathogens, strongly suggesting complex recipient/donor traits of PNP by LGT and bringing new insights into the evolution of host-pathogen arms race across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S L Patané
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Joaquim Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João C Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Genome-Wide Screening of Transposable Elements in the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Revealed Insertions with Potential Insecticide Resistance Implications. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050396. [PMID: 35621732 PMCID: PMC9143410 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences hosted in the genomes of various organisms. These elements have the ability to mediate regulatory changes, which can result in changes in gene expression. Bemisia tabaci is an important agricultural pest that has been linked to several cases of insecticide resistance. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide screening of TEs in the B. tabaci genome using bioinformatics tools. Results revealed a total of 1,292,393 TE copies clustered into 4872 lineages. The TE insertion site analysis revealed 94 insertions within or near defensome genes. Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) are genetically mobile units that move from one site to another within a genome. These units can mediate regulatory changes that can result in massive changes in genes expression. In fact, a precise identification of TEs can allow the detection of the mechanisms involving these elements in gene regulation and genome evolution. In the present study, a genome-wide analysis of the Hemipteran pest Bemisia tabaci was conducted using bioinformatics tools to identify, annotate and estimate the age of TEs, in addition to their insertion sites, within or near of the defensome genes involved in insecticide resistance. Overall, 1,292,393 TE copies were identified in the B. tabaci genome grouped into 4872 lineages. A total of 699 lineages were found to belong to Class I of TEs, 1348 belong to Class II, and 2825 were uncategorized and form the largest part of TEs (28.81%). The TE age estimation revealed that the oldest TEs invasion happened 14 million years ago (MYA) and the most recent occurred 0.2 MYA with the insertion of Class II TE elements. The analysis of TE insertion sites in defensome genes revealed 94 insertions. Six of these TE insertions were found within or near previously identified differentially expressed insecticide resistance genes. These insertions may have a potential role in the observed insecticide resistance in these pests.
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Sicat JPA, Visendi P, Sewe SO, Bouvaine S, Seal SE. Characterization of transposable elements within the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Mob DNA 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35440097 PMCID: PMC9017028 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whiteflies are agricultural pests that cause negative impacts globally to crop yields resulting at times in severe economic losses and food insecurity. The Bemisia tabaci whitefly species complex is the most damaging in terms of its broad crop host range and its ability to serve as vector for over 400 plant viruses. Genomes of whiteflies belonging to this species complex have provided valuable genomic data; however, transposable elements (TEs) within these genomes remain unexplored. This study provides the first accurate characterization of TE content within the B. tabaci species complex. Results This study identified that an average of 40.61% of the genomes of three whitefly species (MEAM1, MEDQ, and SSA-ECA) consists of TEs. The majority of the TEs identified were DNA transposons (22.85% average) while SINEs (0.14% average) were the least represented. This study also compared the TE content of the three whitefly genomes with three other hemipteran genomes and found significantly more DNA transposons and less LINEs in the whitefly genomes. A total of 63 TE superfamilies were identified to be present across the three whitefly species (39 DNA transposons, six LTR, 16 LINE, and two SINE). The sequences of the identified TEs were clustered which generated 5766 TE clusters. A total of 2707 clusters were identified as uniquely found within the whitefly genomes while none of the generated clusters were from both whitefly and non-whitefly TE sequences. This study is the first to characterize TEs found within different B. tabaci species and has created a standardized annotation workflow that could be used to analyze future whitefly genomes. Conclusion This study is the first to characterize the landscape of TEs within the B. tabaci whitefly species complex. The characterization of these elements within the three whitefly genomes shows that TEs occupy significant portions of B. tabaci genomes, with DNA transposons representing the vast majority. This study also identified TE superfamilies and clusters of TE sequences of potential interest, providing essential information, and a framework for future TE studies within this species complex. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-022-00270-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Paolo A Sicat
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Paul Visendi
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Steven O Sewe
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Susan E Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham, Chatham, ME4 4TB, UK
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Yang S, Dou W, Li M, Li X, Jiang Z, Chen G, Zhang X. Regulation of dynamics and densities of whitefly Bemisia tabaci by agricultural landscapes in south China. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211901. [PMID: 35425631 PMCID: PMC9006022 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural landscape patterns can affect the population dynamics of pest insects. We selected four landscapes (flower field, mountain, river and urban) based on principal components analysis in Yunnan Province, south China. Through systematic investigation carried out in tomato fields, we intended to clarify the population dynamics and densities of Bemisia tabaci under different landscape types. During the main activity period of B. tabaci, the population densities of B. tabaci nymphs in tomato fields in the river and the urban landscape types were the highest compared to the other landscape types; the population densities of female adults in tomato fields in the river landscape type were also the highest. While the population densities of B. tabaci nymphs and female adults in the flower landscape type, no more than five individuals (ind.) 100 cm-2 leaf in both years, were the lowest. The density of B. tabaci nymphs in the middle position of tomato plants was higher than those in the other positions, while the density of adults in the upper position of tomato plants was higher, regardless of landscape types. Our findings showed that the population growth of B. tabaci can be easily controlled by the flower landscape type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Dou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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Yang SW, Li MJ, Shang HP, Liu YH, Li XX, Jiang ZX, Chen GH, Zhang XM. Effect of sublethal Spirotetramat on host locating and parasitic behavior of Encarsia formosa Gahan. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:329-335. [PMID: 34523221 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of chemical insecticides to control Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is widespread, although it might exert a sublethal effect on its dominant parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). To investigate the sublethal effect of spirotetramat on E. formosa, we observed the ability of E. formosa to locate and handle the host, oviposit and preen after exposure to sublethal concentrations of spirotetramat. RESULTS After exposure to spirotetramat at LC50 , the response time of E. formosa to the volatile reached 223.40 s and was significantly prolonged. Only 56.44% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the slowest among all of the treatments. The averages of oviposition posture adopted and host handled by each E. formosa in 1 h decreased significantly to 1.79 and 1.27, respectively. At the sublethal concentration of LC10 , 94.59% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the fastest. The average of host handled by each E. formosa was 3.92, and the frequency of drumming while walking and drumming the host was 12.34 times per second and 12.30 times per second, respectively, demonstrating a significant acceleration in these abilities. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that spirotetramat induced hormesis in E. formosa on exposure to its LC10 concentration and accelerated its host locating, host handling and frequency of antennae drumming. These findings could assist in balancing the chemical and biological control of B. tabaci and enhancing the efficacy of E. formosa as a biocontrol agent. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao-Pei Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xing-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Zidi M, Denis F, Klai K, Chénais B, Caruso A, Djebbi S, Mezghani M, Casse N. Genome-wide characterization of Mariner-like transposons and their derived MITEs in the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab287. [PMID: 34849769 PMCID: PMC8664452 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a hemipteran pest of vegetable crops vectoring a broad category of viruses. Currently, this insect pest showed a high adaptability and resistance to almost all the chemical compounds commonly used for its control. In many cases, transposable elements (TEs) contributed to the evolution of host genomic plasticity. This study focuses on the annotation of Mariner-like elements (MLEs) and their derived Miniature Inverted repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs) in the genome of B. tabaci. Two full-length MLEs belonging to mauritiana and irritans subfamilies were detected and named Btmar1.1 and Btmar2.1, respectively. Additionally, 548 defective MLE sequences clustering mainly into 19 different Mariner lineages of mauritiana and irritans subfamilies were identified. Each subfamily showed a significant variation in MLE copy number and size. Furthermore, 71 MITEs were identified as MLEs derivatives that could be mobilized via the potentially active transposases encoded by Btmar 1.1 and Btmar2.1. The vast majority of sequences detected in the whitefly genome present unusual terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) of up to 400 bp in length. However, some exceptions are sequences without TIRs. This feature of the MLEs and their derived MITEs in B. tabaci genome that distinguishes them from all the other MLEs so far described in insects, which have TIRs size ranging from 20 to 40 bp. Overall, our study provides an overview of MLEs, especially those with large TIRs, and their related MITEs, as well as diversity of their families, which will provide a better understanding of the evolution and adaptation of the whitefly genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zidi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LR01ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Françoise Denis
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
- Laboratoire BOREA MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Khouloud Klai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LR01ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Chénais
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Aurore Caruso
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Salma Djebbi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LR01ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mezghani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LR01ES05), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nathalie Casse
- Biologie des Organismes, Stress, Santé, Environnement, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
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11
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Guo L, Li C, Coupland G, Liang P, Chu D. Up-regulation of calmodulin involved in the stress response to cyantraniliprole in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1745-1755. [PMID: 33200870 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyantraniliprole is the first diamide insecticide to have cross-spectrum activity against a broad range of insect orders. The insecticide, like other diamides, selectively acts on ryanodine receptor, destroys Ca2+ homeostasis, and ultimately causes insect death. Although expression regulations of genes associated with calcium signaling pathways are known to be involved in the response to diamides, little is known regarding the function of calmodulin (CaM), a typical Ca2+ sensor central in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis, in the stress response of insects to the insecticide. In this study, we cloned and identified the full-length complementary DNA of CaM in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), named BtCaM. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based analyses showed that the messenger RNA level of BtCaM was rapidly induced from 1.51- to 2.43-fold by cyantraniliprole during 24 h. Knockdown of BtCaM by RNA interference increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in whiteflies by 42.85%. In contrast, BtCaM expression in Sf9 cells significantly increased the cells' tolerance to cyantraniliprole as much as 2.91-fold. In addition, the expression of BtCaM in Sf9 cells suppressed the rapid increase of intracellular Ca2+ after exposure to cyantraniliprole, and the maximum amplitude in the Sf9-BtCaM cells was only 34.9% of that in control cells (Sf9-PIZ/V5). These results demonstrate that overexpression of BtCaM is involved in the stress response of B. tabaci to cyantraniliprole through regulation of Ca2+ concentration. As CaM is one of the most evolutionarily conserved Ca2+ sensors in insects, outcomes of this study may provide the first details of a universal insect response to diamide insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong, 266109, China
| | - Changyou Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong, 266109, China
| | - Grey Coupland
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shangdong, 266109, China
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12
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Roy B, Chakraborty P, Ghosh A. How many begomovirus copies are acquired and inoculated by its vector, whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) during feeding? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258933. [PMID: 34699546 PMCID: PMC8547624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in a persistent-circulative way. Once B. tabaci becomes viruliferous, it remains so throughout its life span. Not much is known about the copies of begomoviruses ingested and/or released by B. tabaci during the process of feeding. The present study reports the absolute quantification of two different begomoviruses viz. tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV, bipartite) and chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV, monopartite) at different exposure of active acquisition and inoculation feeding using a detached leaf assay. A million copies of both the begomoviruses were acquired by a single B. tabaci with only 5 min of active feeding and virus copy number increased in a logarithmic model with feeding exposure. Whereas, a single B. tabaci could inoculate 8.21E+09 and 4.19E+11 copies of ToLCNDV and ChiLCV, respectively in detached leaves by 5 min of active feeding. Virus copies in inoculated leaves increased with an increase in feeding duration. Comparative dynamics of these two begomoviruses indicated that B. tabaci adult acquired around 14-fold higher copies of ChiLCV than ToLCNDV 24 hrs post feeding. Whereas, the rate of inoculation of ToLCNDV by individual B. tabaci was significantly higher than ChiLCV. The study provides a better understanding of begomovirus acquisition and inoculation dynamics by individual B. tabaci and would facilitate research on virus-vector epidemiology and screening host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadeb Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prosenjit Chakraborty
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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13
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Ying L, Baiming L, Hongran L, Tianbo D, Yunli T, Dong C. Effect of Cardinium Infection on the Probing Behavior of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6306314. [PMID: 34146106 PMCID: PMC8214339 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Facultative endosymbionts can affect the growth, physiology, and behavior of their arthropod hosts. There are several endosymbionts in the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED, Q biotype) that influence host fitness by altering stylet probing behavior. We investigated the probing behavior of B. tabaci MED infected with the facultative endosymbiont Candidatus Cardinium hertigii (Cardinium (Sphingobacteriales: Flexibacteraceae)). We generated genetically similar Cardinium-infected (C*+) and uninfected (C-) clonal sublines and analyzed the probing behavior of newly emerged adult on cotton (Malvales: Malvaceae), Gossypium hirsutum L., using electropenetrography (EPG). The C- subline demonstrated a longer duration of E2 (2.81-fold) and more events of E2 (2.22-fold) than the C*+ subline, indicating a greater level of sustained ingestion of plant phloem. These findings provide insight into the fitness costs (fitness of a particular genotype is lower than the average fitness of the population) of the Cardinium-infected B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ying
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liu Baiming
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300112, China
| | - Li Hongran
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ding Tianbo
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Yunli
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chu Dong
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Ribeiro AV, Ramos RS, de Araújo TA, Soares JR, Paes JDS, de Araújo VC, Bastos CS, Koch RL, Picanço MC. Spatial distribution and colonization pattern of Bemisia tabaci in tropical tomato crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2087-2096. [PMID: 33342051 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In precision integrated pest management, management tactics are implemented only where and when needed, by identifying the sites where the pest population has reached economic thresholds. Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Linn.), is a vegetable cultivated worldwide, but its production is reduced by insect pests such as the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). To improve management, there is a need to understand B. tabaci spatial dynamics in tomato fields, which will elucidate colonization patterns and may improve management of this pest. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the spatial autocorrelation, distribution, and colonization patterns of B. tabaci in 19 commercial tomato fields through the growing season. RESULTS A total of 69 isotropic variograms were fit for B. tabaci. The insect distribution was aggregated with a strong level of spatial dependence. Ranges of spatial dependence varied from 0.53 to 19.05 m and 0.5 to 20 m for adults and nymphs, respectively. Overall, densities of adults and nymphs were higher and reached the economic threshold mainly at the field edges. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a colonization pattern for B. tabaci starting at the edges and spreading inwards in to the tomato fields. This study can improve B. tabaci management in tomato fields, especially scouting and decision-making to treat fields. Scouting for this pest should be directed to the field edges, with sample points at least 20 m apart from each other for independent insect counts. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur V Ribeiro
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Ramos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tamíris A de Araújo
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - João Rs Soares
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jhersyka da S Paes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor Cr de Araújo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina S Bastos
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAV), Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Robert L Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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15
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Kalyebi A, Macfadyen S, Hulthen A, Ocitti P, Jacomb F, Tay WT, Colvin J, De Barro P. Within-Season Changes in Land-Use Impact Pest Abundance in Smallholder African Cassava Production Systems. INSECTS 2021; 12:269. [PMID: 33810012 PMCID: PMC8005198 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), an important commercial and food security crop in East and Central Africa, continues to be adversely affected by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In Uganda, changes in smallholder farming landscapes due to crop rotations can impact pest populations but how these changes affect pest outbreak risk is unknown. We investigated how seasonal changes in land-use have affected B. tabaci population dynamics and its parasitoids. We used a large-scale field experiment to standardize the focal field in terms of cassava age and cultivar, then measured how Bemisia populations responded to surrounding land-use change. Bemisia tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) was identified using molecular diagnostics as the most prevalent species and the same species was also found on surrounding soybean, groundnut, and sesame crops. We found that an increase in the area of cassava in the 3-7-month age range in the landscape resulted in an increase in the abundance of the B. tabaci SSA1 on cassava. There was a negative relationship between the extent of non-crop vegetation in the landscape and parasitism of nymphs suggesting that these parasitoids do not rely on resources in the non-crop patches. The highest abundance of B. tabaci SSA1 nymphs in cassava fields occurred at times when landscapes had large areas of weeds, low to moderate areas of maize, and low areas of banana. Our results can guide the development of land-use strategies that smallholder farmers can employ to manage these pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kalyebi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda;
- Mikocheni Agricultural Institute, Dares Salaam 6226, Tanzania
| | - Sarina Macfadyen
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - Andrew Hulthen
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Preceinct, Dutton Park QLD, Brisbane 4001, Australia; (A.H.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Patrick Ocitti
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Frances Jacomb
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Clunnies Ross Street, Acton 2601, Australia; (S.M.); (F.J.); (W.T.T.)
| | - John Colvin
- NRI, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Paul De Barro
- CSIRO, Ecosciences Preceinct, Dutton Park QLD, Brisbane 4001, Australia; (A.H.); (P.D.B.)
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16
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Bemisia tabaci on Vegetables in the Southern United States: Incidence, Impact, and Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030198. [PMID: 33652635 PMCID: PMC7996905 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, was initially discovered in the United States in 1894 but was not considered an economic insect pest on various agricultural crops across the southern and western states. After the introduction of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) into the United States around 1985, the insect rapidly spread throughout the Southern United States to Texas, Arizona, and California. Extreme field outbreaks occurred on vegetable and other crops in those areas. The sweetpotato whitefly is now regarded as one of the most destructive insect pests in vegetable production systems in the Southern United States. The direct and indirect plant damage caused by B. tabaci has led to substantial economic losses in vegetable crops. Bemisia tabaci outbreaks on vegetables in Georgia resulted in significant economic losses of 132.3 and 161.2 million US dollars (USD) in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) tactics are warranted, including cultural control by manipulation of production practices, resistant vegetable varieties, biological control using various natural enemies, and the judicious use of insecticides. Abstract Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the most economically important insect pests of various vegetable crops in the Southern United States. This insect is considered a complex of at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) was initially introduced in the United States around 1985 and has since rapidly spread across the Southern United States to Texas, Arizona, and California, where extreme field outbreaks have occurred on vegetable and other crops. This pest creates extensive plant damage through direct feeding on vegetables, secreting honeydew, causing plant physiological disorders, and vectoring plant viruses. The direct and indirect plant damage in vegetable crops has resulted in enormous economic losses in the Southern United States, especially in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Effective management of B. tabaci on vegetables relies mainly on the utilization of chemical insecticides, particularly neonicotinoids. However, B. tabaci has developed considerable resistance to most insecticides. Therefore, alternative integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are required, such as cultural control by manipulation of production practices, resistant vegetable varieties, and biological control using a suite of natural enemies for the management of the pest.
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17
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Coffin AW, Olson DM, Seymour L, Bosch DD, Schmidt JM, Strickland TC. Responses to environmental variability by herbivorous insects and their natural enemies within a bioenergy crop, Miscanthus x giganteus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246855. [PMID: 33592028 PMCID: PMC7886118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision agriculture (PA) is the application of management decisions based on identifying, quantifying, and responding to space-time variability. However, knowledge of crop pest responses to within-field environmental variability, and the spatial distribution of their natural enemies, is limited. Quantitative methods providing insights on how pest-predator relationships vary within fields are potentially important tools. In this study, phloem feeders and their natural enemies, were observed over two years across 81 locations within a field of the perennial feedstock grass in Georgia, USA. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used to spatially correlate their abundance with environmental factors. Variables included distance to forest edge, Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI), slope, aspect, elevation, soil particle size distribution, and weather values. GWR methods were compared with generalized linear regression methods that do not account for spatial information. Non-spatial models indicated positive relationships between phloem-feeder abundance and wind speed, but negative relationships between elevation, proportions of silt and sand, and NDVI. With data partitioned into three seasonal groups, terrain and soil variables remained significant, and natural enemies and spiders became relevant. Results from GWR indicated that magnitudes and directions of responses varied within the field, and that relationships differed among seasons. Strong negative relationships between response and explanatory factors occurred: with NDVI during mid-season; with percent silt, during mid-, and late seasons; and with spider abundance during early and late seasons. In GWR models, slope, elevation, and aspect were mostly positive indicating further that associations with elevation depended on whether models incorporated spatial information or not. By using spatially explicit models, the analysis provided a complex, nuanced understanding of within-field relationships between phloem feeders and environmental covariates. This approach provides an opportunity to learn about the variability within agricultural fields and, with further analysis, has potential to inform and improve PA and habitat management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa W. Coffin
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Olson
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lynne Seymour
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David D. Bosch
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Schmidt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Strickland
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
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18
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Park YG, Lee JH. UV-LED lights enhance the establishment and biological control efficacy of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245165. [PMID: 33411787 PMCID: PMC7790406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoophytophagous mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one of the biological control agents against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a major pest of greenhouse crops. The successful establishment of a biological control agent and its co-occurrence with the target pests increases the efficacy of biological control programs in greenhouses. In this study, we explored the effects of different wavelengths of LED light on establishment of N. tenuis in laboratory condition, with the goal of enhancing the biological control of B. tabaci in greenhouse crops. Nesidiocoris tenuis was most strongly attracted by LED light at a wavelength of 385 nm. This same wavelength was also highly attractive to B. tabaci in Y-tube experiments with lights of specific wavelengths provided is each arm of the apparatus. In trials in growth chambers, we verified the attraction of N. tenuis to 385 nm wavelength. When LED light at a wavelength of 385 nm was used in a growth chamber for 6 hours out of 24 hours, it significantly increased the remaining number of N. tenuis in growth chamber and level of predation compared to treatment with white LED light or without LED light. In conclusion, UV-LED light at a wavelength of 385 nm attracts both B. tabaci and N. tenuis. Thus, it would be used for enhancing early establishment of this mirid bug, better spatial congruence of both mirid bug and whitefly, and better control of the whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-gyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Entomology Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Entomology Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Comparison of Toxicological Bioassays for Whiteflies. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110789. [PMID: 33198079 PMCID: PMC7697111 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insecticides are commonly used to manage whiteflies in many crops including vegetables, but frequent use can cause these pests to become resistant to insecticides. Resistance can lead to control failure and severe crop damage, thus the need for insecticide efficacy testing and insecticide resistance monitoring. A study was conducted to determine whether any current methods of toxicity assays are better than others for testing whiteflies for insecticide resistance and efficacy for better information to make effective pest control decisions. Abstract Two Bemisia tabaci populations from Georgia and Florida, USA, were tested for their response to insecticides across different toxicological bioassay methods. Five insecticides in four Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups (imidacloprid (4A), dinotefuran (4A), flupyradifurone (4D), pyriproxyfen (7C) and cyantraniliprole (28)), were evaluated against a water check. The routes of application to the plant used were either leaf drench or (systemic) root drench. The four different whitefly bioassay methodologies tested were two published IRAC methods, a clip cage method, and a new tube method. A split–split experimental design was used to assess any interactions between application route, bioassay method and insecticide treatment. Application route had no significant effect on efficacy. However, bioassay method affected overall whitefly mortality, with the dish method having reduced mortality compared to other methods, except for the clip cage method. High rates of cyantraniliprole, dinotefuran and flupyradifurone insecticides resulted in the highest incidence of adult whitefly mortality. Significant interactions relative to percent adult mortality were found between the insecticide and bioassay method for both populations assayed. The clip cage method was more sensitive in terms of dose mortality response followed by the cup and tube methods. The dish method was the least responsive to insecticide dose. Other interactions are discussed.
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20
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Andreason SA, Shelby EA, Moss JB, Moore PJ, Moore AJ, Simmons AM. Whitefly Endosymbionts: Biology, Evolution, and Plant Virus Interactions. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110775. [PMID: 33182634 PMCID: PMC7696030 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are sap-feeding global agricultural pests. These piercing-sucking insects have coevolved with intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria that help to supplement their nutrient-poor plant sap diets with essential amino acids and carotenoids. These obligate, primary endosymbionts have been incorporated into specialized organs called bacteriomes where they sometimes coexist with facultative, secondary endosymbionts. All whitefly species harbor the primary endosymbiont Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum and have a variable number of secondary endosymbionts. The secondary endosymbiont complement harbored by the cryptic whitefly species Bemisia tabaci is particularly complex with various assemblages of seven different genera identified to date. In this review, we discuss whitefly associated primary and secondary endosymbionts. We focus on those associated with the notorious B. tabaci species complex with emphasis on their biological characteristics and diversity. We also discuss their interactions with phytopathogenic begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae), which are transmitted exclusively by B. tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner. Unraveling the complex interactions of these endosymbionts with their insect hosts and plant viruses could lead to advancements in whitefly and whitefly transmitted virus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Andreason
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Emily A. Shelby
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Jeanette B. Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Patricia J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (P.J.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Shelby EA, Moss JB, Andreason SA, Simmons AM, Moore AJ, Moore PJ. Debugging: Strategies and Considerations for Efficient RNAi-Mediated Control of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. INSECTS 2020; 11:E723. [PMID: 33105847 PMCID: PMC7690610 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a globally important pest that is difficult to control through insecticides, transgenic crops, and natural enemies. Post-transcriptional gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) has shown potential as a pest management strategy against B. tabaci. While genomic data and other resources are available to create highly effective customizable pest management strategies with RNAi, current applications do not capitalize on species-specific biology. This lack of specificity has the potential to have substantial ecological impacts. Here, we discuss both short- and long-term considerations for sustainable RNAi pest management strategies for B. tabaci, focusing on the need for species specificity incorporating both life history and population genetic considerations. We provide a conceptual framework for selecting sublethal target genes based on their involvement in physiological pathways, which has the greatest potential to ameliorate unintended negative consequences. We suggest that these considerations allow an integrated pest management approach, with fewer negative ecological impacts and reduced likelihood of the evolution of resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Shelby
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Jeanette B. Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Sharon A. Andreason
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA; (S.A.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA; (S.A.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Patricia J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (E.A.S.); (J.B.M.); (A.J.M.)
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Simmons AM, Jarret RL, Cantrell CL, Levi A. Citrullus ecirrhosus: Wild Source of Resistance Against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) for Cultivated Watermelon. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2425-2432. [PMID: 31329874 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Members of the highly polyphagous Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) species complex cause major crop damage by feeding and by transmitting plant viruses. The Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) of the B. tabaci complex is by far the most problematic whitefly affecting crops including cultivated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus; Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbitales). Watermelon cultivars share a narrow genetic base and are highly susceptible to whiteflies. We studied the potential of C. ecirrhosus, a perennial desert species that can be hybridized with C. lanatus, as a source of whitefly resistance for cultivated watermelon. The results of this study indicate that C. ecirrhosus offers resistance (although not total) against the MEAM1 B. tabaci based on, at least, antibiosis and antixenosis. Whitefly performance concerning developmental survival, body size attainment, and nonpreference were suppressed on C. ecirrhosus compared with the watermelon cultivar 'Sugar Baby'. Also, our olfactometer results indicated that the adults were less attracted to leaf volatiles of C. ecirrhosus. Although there is a pungent odor associated with the leaves of C. ecirrhosus, the leaf volatiles had no toxic effect on adult whitefly survival as compared with cultivated watermelon. We also demonstrated that plants of C. ecirrhosus can be clonally propagated from vine cuttings of the parent plant. Using traditional breeding procedures, C. ecirrhosus was hybridized with C. lanatus and viable F1 and F2 seeds were produced. This is the first report of pest resistance in C. ecirrhosus. This wild species offers a source of resistance against whiteflies for the improvement of cultivated watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Simmons
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory
| | - Robert L Jarret
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research
| | - Amnon Levi
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory
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Hussain S, Farooq M, Malik HJ, Amin I, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA, Liu SS, Mansoor S. Whole genome sequencing of Asia II 1 species of whitefly reveals that genes involved in virus transmission and insecticide resistance have genetic variances between Asia II 1 and MEAM1 species. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:507. [PMID: 31215403 PMCID: PMC6582559 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) are phloem sap-sucking pests that because of their broad host range and ability to transmit viruses damage crop plants worldwide. B. tabaci are now known to be a complex of cryptic species that differ from each other in many characteristics such as mode of interaction with viruses, invasiveness, and resistance to insecticides. Asia II 1 is an indigenous species found on the Indian sub-continent and south-east Asia while the species named as Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), likely originated from the Middle-East and has spread worldwide in recent decades. The purpose of this study is to find genomic differences between these two species. Results Sequencing of the nuclear genome of Asia II 1 with Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq generated 198.90 million reads that covers 88% of the reference genome. The sequence comparison with MEAM1 identified 2,327,972 SNPs and 202,479 INDELs. In Total, 1294 genes were detected with high impact variants. The functional analysis revealed that some of the genes are involved in virus transmission including 4 genes in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmission, 96 in Tomato crinivirus (ToCV) transmission, and 14 genes in insecticide resistance. Conclusions These genetic differences between Asia II 1 and MEAM1 may underlie the major biological differences between the two species such as virus transmission, insecticide resistance, and range of host plants. The present study provides new genomic data and information resources for Asia II 1 that will not only contribute to the species delimitation of whitefly, but also help in conceiving future research studies to develop more targeted management strategies against whitefly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5877-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hussain
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Jamil Malik
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- USDA-ARS, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Rd., Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Jodi A Scheffler
- USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Rd, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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24
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Shadmany M, Boykin LM, Muhamad R, Omar D. Genetic Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Species Complex Across Malaysia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:75-84. [PMID: 30272175 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex with members capable of inducing huge economic losses. Precise identification of members of this complex proves essential in managing existing populations and preventing new incursions. Despite records of serious outbreaks of this pest in Malaysia little is known about species status of B. tabaci in this region. To address this, a comprehensive sampling of B. tabaci from different host plants was conducted in 10 states of Malaysia from 2010 to 2012. Members of the complex were identified by sequencing partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and constructing a Bayesian phylogenetic tree. Seven putative species were identified including Asia I, Mediterranean (MED), China 1, China 2, Asia II 6, Asia II 7, and Asia II 10. The most important finding of the study is the identification of the invasive MED species from locations without previous records of this species. All putative species except Asia I and MED are recorded from Malaysia for the first time. This study provided the first introductory map of B. tabaci species composition in Malaysia and emphasizes the urgent need for further studies to assess the status of MED invasion in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shadmany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- School of Molecular Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - R Muhamad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dzolkhifli Omar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rodrigues S, Silva AF. Weeds associated with cotton crop and hosting whitefly. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000242017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The whitefly can be hosted by weeds and cause damage to cotton crops. The objective of this work was to identify which species of weeds among the floristic compositions occurring in the cotton crop are hosts of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci biotype B). Bi-weekly evaluations were performed in a cotton area (FM 975 WS) in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil, during the reproductive phase of the crop. An inventory square (0.25 m side) was randomly cast 15 times between the cotton rows. The weeds were cut close to the ground, conditioned and taken to the laboratory to identify the family and species, and to quantify the eggs and nymphs of whiteflies. Eleven families were detected, with the most frequent being Amaranthaceae (16.67%), Convolvulaceae (12.5%), Rubiaceae (12.5%) and Poaceae (12.5%). The most frequent species were Amaranthus spp. (13.79%) and Alternanthera tenella, Ipomea spp., Richardia brasiliensis and Eleusine indica, with 10.34% each. From the 15 collected species, the presence of whitefly eggs or nymphs was only not observed in Portulaca oleracea and E. indica. The highest incidence of B. tabaci occurred in Euphorbia heterophylla. The occurrence of these species should be monitored, so that the whitefly population does not interfere in the cotton fiber quality.
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26
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Wang ZZ, Zhan LQ, Chen XX. Two types of lysozymes from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Molecular characterization and functional diversification. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:252-261. [PMID: 29247722 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is well-known as an immune effector in the immune system. Here we identified three genes including one c-type lysozyme, Btlysc, and two i-type lysozymes, Btlysi1 and Btlysi2, from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. All three lysozymes were constitutively expressed in different tissues and developmental stages, but the two types of lysozymes showed different expression patterns. The expression levels of Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 were dramatically induced after the whitefly fed with different host plants while the expression level of Btlysc kept unchanged. After fungal infection and begomovirus acquisition, Btlysc expression was significantly upregulated while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 expression were basically not induced. Furthermore, we found that Btlysc showed muramidase and antibacterial activities. Altogether, our results suggest that the two types of lysozymes act in two different ways in B. tabaci, that is, Btlysc is involved in the whitefly immune system while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 may play a role in digestion or nutrition absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Le-Qing Zhan
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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New cost-effective bioconversion process of palm kernel cake into bioinsecticides based on Beauveria bassiana and Isaria javanica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2595-2606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hasegawa DK, Chen W, Zheng Y, Kaur N, Wintermantel WM, Simmons AM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals networks of genes activated in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci when fed on tomato plants infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2017; 513:52-64. [PMID: 29035786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci can transmit hundreds of viruses to numerous agricultural crops in the world. Five genera of viruses, including Begomovirus and Crinivirus, are transmitted by B. tabaci. There is little knowledge about the genes involved in virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we evaluated the gene expression profiles of whiteflies (B. tabaci MEAM1) after feeding on tomato infected by a begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in comparison to a recent study, in which whiteflies were fed on tomato infected by the crinivirus, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). The data revealed similar temporal trends in gene expression, but large differences in the number of whitefly genes when fed on TYLCV or ToCV-infected tomato. Transcription factors, cathepsins, receptors, and a hemocyanin gene, which is implicated in mediating antiviral immune responses in other insects and possibly virus transmission, were some of the genes identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hasegawa
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, California, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA; USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Ben Abdelkrim A, Hattab T, Fakhfakh H, Belkadhi MS, Gorsane F. A landscape genetic analysis of important agricultural pest species in Tunisia: The whitefly Bemisia tabaci. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185724. [PMID: 28972992 PMCID: PMC5626470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining landscape ecology and genetics provides an excellent framework to appreciate pest population dynamics and dispersal. The genetic architectures of many species are always shaped by environmental constraints. Because little is known about the ecological and genetic traits of Tunisian whitefly populations, the main objective of this work is to highlight patterns of biodiversity, genetic structure and migration routes of this pest. We used nuclear microsatellite loci to analyze B. tabaci populations collected from various agricultural areas across the country and we determine their biotype status. Molecular data were subsequently interpreted in an ecological context supplied from a species distribution model to infer habitat suitability and hereafter the potential connection paths between sampling localities. An analysis of landscape resistance to B. tabaci genetic flow was thus applied to take into account habitat suitability, genetic relatedness and functional connectivity of habitats within a varied landscape matrix. We shed light on the occurrence of three geographically delineated genetic groups with high levels of genetic differentiation within each of them. Potential migration corridors of this pest were then established providing significant advances toward the understanding of genetic features and the dynamic dispersal of this pest. This study supports the hypothesis of a long-distance dispersal of B. tabaci followed by infrequent long-term isolations. The Inference of population sources and colonization routes is critical for the design and implementation of accurate management strategies against this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ben Abdelkrim
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie. Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Hattab
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, IFREMER, UMR 248 MARBEC, Avenue Jean Monnet CS, Sète, France
| | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie. Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisie
| | | | - Faten Gorsane
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie. Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisie
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30
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Kaur N, Chen W, Zheng Y, Hasegawa DK, Ling KS, Fei Z, Wintermantel WM. Transcriptome analysis of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 during feeding on tomato infected with the crinivirus, Tomato chlorosis virus, identifies a temporal shift in gene expression and differential regulation of novel orphan genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:370. [PMID: 28494755 PMCID: PMC5426028 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whiteflies threaten agricultural crop production worldwide, are polyphagous in nature, and transmit hundreds of plant viruses. Little is known how whitefly gene expression is altered due to feeding on plants infected with a semipersistently transmitted virus. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV; genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a semipersistent manner and infects several globally important agricultural and ornamental crops, including tomato. RESULTS To determine changes in global gene regulation in whiteflies after feeding on tomato plants infected with a crinivirus (ToCV), comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed using RNA-Seq on whitefly (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) populations after 24, 48, and 72 h acquisition access periods on either ToCV-infected or uninfected tomatoes. Significant differences in gene expression were detected between whiteflies fed on ToCV-infected tomato and those fed on uninfected tomato among the three feeding time periods: 447 up-regulated and 542 down-regulated at 24 h, 4 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated at 48 h, and 50 up-regulated and 160 down-regulated at 72 h. Analysis revealed differential regulation of genes associated with metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transport and catabolism, receptors, glucose transporters, α-glucosidases, and the uric acid pathway in whiteflies fed on ToCV-infected tomatoes, as well as an abundance of differentially regulated novel orphan genes. Results demonstrate for the first time, a specific and temporally regulated response by the whitefly to feeding on a host plant infected with a semipersistently transmitted virus, and advance the understanding of the whitefly vector-virus interactions that facilitate virus transmission. CONCLUSION Whitefly transmission of semipersistent viruses is believed to require specific interactions between the virus and its vector that allow binding of virus particles to factors within whitefly mouthparts. Results provide a broader understanding of the potential mechanism of crinivirus transmission by whitefly, aid in discerning genes or loci in whitefly that influence virus interactions or transmission, and subsequently facilitate development of novel, genetics-based control methods against whitefly and whitefly-transmitted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Daniel K. Hasegawa
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - William M. Wintermantel
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
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31
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Chen W, Hasegawa DK, Kaur N, Kliot A, Pinheiro PV, Luan J, Stensmyr MC, Zheng Y, Liu W, Sun H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Kruse A, Yang X, Kontsedalov S, Lebedev G, Fisher TW, Nelson DR, Hunter WB, Brown JK, Jander G, Cilia M, Douglas AE, Ghanim M, Simmons AM, Wintermantel WM, Ling KS, Fei Z. The draft genome of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, a global crop pest, provides novel insights into virus transmission, host adaptation, and insecticide resistance. BMC Biol 2016; 14:110. [PMID: 27974049 PMCID: PMC5157087 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors, B. tabaci causes substantial crop losses and poses a serious threat to global food security. Results We report the 615-Mb high-quality genome sequence of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), the first genome sequence in the Aleyrodidae family, which contains 15,664 protein-coding genes. The B. tabaci genome is highly divergent from other sequenced hemipteran genomes, sharing no detectable synteny. A number of known detoxification gene families, including cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, are significantly expanded in B. tabaci. Other expanded gene families, including cathepsins, large clusters of tandemly duplicated B. tabaci-specific genes, and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs), were found to be associated with virus acquisition and transmission and/or insecticide resistance, likely contributing to the global invasiveness and efficient virus transmission capacity of B. tabaci. The presence of 142 horizontally transferred genes from bacteria or fungi in the B. tabaci genome, including genes encoding hopanoid/sterol synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification enzymes that are not present in other insects, offers novel insights into the unique biological adaptations of this insect such as polyphagy and insecticide resistance. Interestingly, two adjacent bacterial pantothenate biosynthesis genes, panB and panC, have been co-transferred into B. tabaci and fused into a single gene that has acquired introns during its evolution. Conclusions The B. tabaci genome contains numerous genetic novelties, including expansions in gene families associated with insecticide resistance, detoxification and virus transmission, as well as numerous horizontally transferred genes from bacteria and fungi. We believe these novelties likely have shaped B. tabaci as a highly invasive polyphagous crop pest and efficient vector of plant viruses. The genome serves as a reference for resolving the B. tabaci cryptic species complex, understanding fundamental biological novelties, and providing valuable genetic information to assist the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies and the viruses they transmit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0321-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel K Hasegawa
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - Navneet Kaur
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Adi Kliot
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Patricia Valle Pinheiro
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,EMBRAPA Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Junbo Luan
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wenli Liu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Honghe Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Angela Kruse
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Galina Lebedev
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Tonja W Fisher
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Judith K Brown
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden.,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Alvin M Simmons
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - William M Wintermantel
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Chen W, Hasegawa DK, Arumuganathan K, Simmons AM, Wintermantel WM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Estimation of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genome Size Based on k-mer and Flow Cytometric Analyses. INSECTS 2015; 6:704-15. [PMID: 26463411 PMCID: PMC4598660 DOI: 10.3390/insects6030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species complex are among the most important agricultural insect pests in the world. These phloem-feeding insects can colonize over 1000 species of plants worldwide and inflict severe economic losses to crops, mainly through the transmission of pathogenic viruses. Surprisingly, there is very little genomic information about whiteflies. As a starting point to genome sequencing, we report a new estimation of the genome size of the B. tabaci B biotype or Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) population. Using an isogenic whitefly colony with over 6500 haploid male individuals for genomic DNA, three paired-end genomic libraries with insert sizes of ~300 bp, 500 bp and 1 Kb were constructed and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system. A total of ~50 billion base pairs of sequences were obtained from each library. K-mer analysis using these sequences revealed that the genome size of the whitefly was ~682.3 Mb. In addition, the flow cytometric analysis estimated the haploid genome size of the whitefly to be ~690 Mb. Considering the congruency between both estimation methods, we predict the haploid genome size of B. tabaci MEAM1 to be ~680–690 Mb. Our data provide a baseline for ongoing efforts to assemble and annotate the B. tabaci genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Daniel K Hasegawa
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
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Curnutte LB, Simmons AM, Abd-Rabou S. Climate Change and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Impacts of Temperature and Carbon Dioxide on Life History. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 107:933-943. [DOI: 10.1603/an13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate change is relevant to life around the globe. A rise in ambient temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) may have various impacts on arthropods such as altered life cycles, modified reproductive patterns, and changes in distribution. The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a global pest responsible for significant losses of agricultural yields annually. This study was conducted to determine the impacts of changing temperature and CO2 levels on selected life history parameters of B. tabaci biotype B. Populations were established at three temperature regimes (25,28, and 33°C), and each population was evaluated in all three environments. Collard, Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala de Condolle (Brassicaceae), was used as the host. These results were based on data from 5 to ≈30 generations. Oviposition, nymphal survival, and reproduction were significantly affected by temperature, with net reproductive success declining to 36.4% at 33°C. Overall, 28°C was most favorable for whitefly fitness. However, the optimal temperature for B. tabaci reproduction may be between 28 and 33°C. There were no temperature effects on total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in collard, and impacts of the host plant on whitefly development in the different environments were determined to be minimal. An environment of enriched CO2 (750 ppm) was not observed to have an adverse effect on whitefly reproduction. Temperature was negatively correlated with adult body size. Length and width of males and females were affected by temperature. Data regarding population dynamics of B. tabaci in response to climate change are important for accurate predictions and improving management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi B Curnutte
- Environmental Studies Program, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Shaaban Abd-Rabou
- Ministry of Agriculture, ARC, Plant Protection Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Seid, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abd-Rabou S, Simmons AM. Survey of Natural Enemies of Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Egypt with New Local and World Records. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 2014; 124:38-56. [DOI: 10.3157/021.124.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abd-Rabou S, Simmons A. Some Cultural Strategies to Help Manage Bemisia Tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses in Vegetable Crops. AFRICAN ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 20:371-379. [DOI: 10.4001/003.020.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Simmons AM, Legaspi JC, Legaspi BC. Adult survival of Delphastus catalinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on diets of whiteflies, honeydew, and honey. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:669-675. [PMID: 22732626 DOI: 10.1603/en11247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Delphastus catalinae (Horn) is a coccinellid predator that is commercially sold for the management of whiteflies. A study was conducted to assay the effect of selected diets on the survival of adult D. catalinae. Treatments of water (as a control), 10% honey, honeydew, and whiteflies [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] were provided to the beetles in laboratory assays. Newly emerged, unfed adult insects were used at the start of a survival experiment with trials lasting 50 d. Another survival experiment used mixed-aged adults from a greenhouse colony, and the trials lasted 21 d. Survival was poor on a diet of solely water; ~1% survived beyond a week at 26°C. Survival using the newly emerged insects was similar between those fed honeydew and honey diets, but those on the whitefly diet had the greatest survival (~60% on day 50). However, in the experiment with mixed-aged beetles, adults on honey, and whitefly diets performed the same over a 21-d experiment. Excluding those on the water diet, survival of beetles on the various diets ranged from ~50-80% after 21 d. In an open choice assay across 7 h, D. catalinae adults were found on the whitefly diet in a much greater incidence than on the other diets, and the number of beetles found on the whitefly diet increased over time. The data supports that when D. catalinae are employed in greenhouses or fields for whitefly management, during low prey populations, honeydew from the whitefly can help sustain the population of this predator. Moreover, a supplemental food such as a honey solution can help sustain the population of D. catalinae when the prey is decreased to low numbers. These results may help in the development of strategies to enhance the utility of predators for the management of whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Simmons
- U S Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
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