Cheonggukjang, a soybean paste fermented with B. licheniformis-67 prevents weight gain and improves glycemic control in high fat diet induced obese mice

Culture-dependent and -independent analyses of bacterial compositions and its contributions to formation of γ-aminobutyric acid and poly-γ-glutamic acid in Cheonggukjang

This study was performed to unveil bacterial compositions and their contributions to the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) in Cheonggukjang. To predict possible key factors contributing to the content of the bioactive compounds in Cheonggukjang, commercial products were analyzed for various parameters. The content of GABA and γ-PGA showed a negative (R2 = 0.61 - 0.73) and positive correlation (R2 = 0.53 - 0.96) with antioxidative activity. Consistently, GABA content showed a moderate negative correlation with γ-PGA content (R2 = 0.58). Among the physicochemical and microbial parameters, only salinity showed a moderate negative correlation with γ-PGA content (R2 = 0.75), which might be due to the inhibition of bacterial growth. It was also suggested that multiple factors (including bacterial species) were involved in the formation of GABA and γ-PGA in Cheonggukjang. To reveal dominant bacterial species and further presume their contributions to the bioactive compound formation in Cheonggukjang, both culture-independent (metagenomic) and -dependent (culturomic) methods were used. Culture-independent method showed that Bacillus piscis was dominant (23.37 - 94.89 %), followed by B. hisashii (0.00 - 62.45 %) and B. coagulans (0.00 - 13.82 %). Considering the quantitative speciation data on the bioactive compound content in Cheonggukjang (and bacterial production capability) together, it was further elucidated that B. piscis contributed primarily to the bioactive compound formation. Unlike this, culture-dependent analysis revealed that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis were dominant (30.0 - 47.6 and 17.5 - 39.5 %, respectively). Based on the quantitative speciation data on the bacterial production capability of GABA and γ-PGA, B. subtilis was the primarily contributing bacterial species to the bioactive compound formation. Consequently, it was observed that the bacterial compositions and their contributions to the bioactive compound formation determined by the two methods differed considerably, i.e., B. piscis and B. subtilis were identified to be prominent bacterial contributors, respectively, depending on the method used.

Fermented soybean foods and diabetes

The number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing, and its prevention and management are important. One of the factors contributing to the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the change in dietary habits, including a Westernized diet. Fermented foods are foods that are transformed by the action of microorganisms to produce beneficial effects in humans and have been consumed for thousands of years. The production and consumption of fermented soy foods, including natto, miso, douchi, cheonggukjang, doenjang, tempeh, and fermented soy milk, are widespread in Asian countries. This review focuses on fermented soybean foods and summarizes their effects on diabetes. Fermentation increases the content of ingredients originally contained in soybeans and adds new ingredients that are not present in the original soybeans. Recent studies have revealed that fermented soybean food modifies the gut microbiota-related metabolites by modifying dysbiosis. Furthermore, it has been reported that fermented soybean foods have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. In recent years, fermented foods, including fermented soybeans, have shown various beneficial effects. Therefore, it is necessary to continue focusing on the benefits and mechanisms of action of fermented foods.

Fermented Foods in the Management of Obesity: Mechanisms of Action and Future Challenges

Fermented foods are part of the staple diet in many different countries and populations and contain various probiotic microorganisms and non-digestible prebiotics. Fermentation is the process of breaking down sugars by bacteria and yeast species; it not only enhances food preservation but can also increase the number of beneficial gut bacteria. Regular consumption of fermented foods has been associated with a variety of health benefits (although some health risks also exist), including improved digestion, enhanced immunity, and greater weight loss, suggesting that fermented foods have the potential to help in the design of effective nutritional therapeutic approaches for obesity. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the health effects of fermented foods and the corresponding mechanisms of action in obesity and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities.

Fermented Foods of Korea and Their Functionalities

Fermented foods are loved and enjoyed worldwide and are part of a tradition in several regions of the world. Koreans have traditionally had a healthy diet since people in this region have followed a fermented-foods diet for at least 5000 years. Fermented-product footprints are evolving beyond boundaries and taking the lead in the world of food. Fermented foods, such as jang (fermented soybean products), kimchi (fermented vegetables), jeotgal (fermented fish), and vinegar (liquor with grain and fruit fermentation), are prominent fermented foods in the Korean culture. These four major fermented foods have been passed down through the generations and define Korean cuisine. However, scientific advancements in the fermentation process have increased productivity rates and facilitated global exports. Recently, Korean kimchi and jang have garnered significant attention due to their nutritional and health-beneficial properties. The health benefits of various Korean fermented foods have been consistently supported by both preclinical and clinical research. Korean fermented foods effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular and chronic metabolic diseases, such as immune regulation, memory improvement, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Additionally, kimchi is known to prevent and improve multiple metabolic diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and improve beneficial intestinal bacteria. These functional health benefits may reflect the synergistic effect between raw materials and various physiologically active substances produced during fermentation. Thus, fermented foods all over the world not only enrich our dining table with taste, aroma, and nutrition, but also the microorganisms involved in fermentation and metabolites of various fermentations have a profound effect on human health. This article describes the production and physiological functions of Korean fermented foods, which are anticipated to play a significant role in the wellness of the world’s population in the coming decades.

Pyropia yezoensis porphyran alleviates metabolic disorders via modulating gut microbiota in high-sucrose-fed Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND

Prebiotics, such as algal polysaccharides, can be used to manage metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota. However, the effect of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP), a red algal polysaccharide, on gut microbiota has not been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine effects of PYP on metabolic disorders caused by high sucrose (HS) and underlying mechanisms involved in such effects.

RESULTS

Biochemical analysis demonstrated that an HS diet increased triglyceride and circulating sugar contents (metabolic abnormalities) in Drosophila larvae. It also increased the relative abundance of harmful microbiota within the larvae as identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. PYP supplementation at 25 and 50 g kg^-1 equivalently reduced metabolic abnormalities in the HS group. Therefore, 25 g kg^-1 PYP was selected to investigate its effects on the metabolic pathway and gut microbiota of larvae in the HS group. The activity of PYP in ameliorating metabolic abnormalities by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was consistent with the expression trend of key factors involved in metabolism regulation. PYP reduced the relative abundance of bacteria causing metabolic abnormalities, such as Escherichia-Shigella and Fusobacterium, but increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus and Akkermansia. However, PYP had no effect on triglyceride and circulating sugar contents in HS-fed larvae treated with a mixture of antibiotics designed to remove gut microbiota.

CONCLUSION

PYP exhibits anti-metabolic disorder activity by modulating gut microbiota, thereby supporting the development of PYP as a functional prebiotic derived from red algae food. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Fermented Soy Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review

In the growing search for therapeutic strategies, there is an interest in foods containing natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds capable of preventing or reversing pathogenic processes associated with metabolic disease. Fermentation has been used as a potent way of improving the properties of soybean and their components. Microbial metabolism is responsible for producing the β-glucosidase enzyme that converts glycosidic isoflavones into aglycones with higher biological activity in fermented soy products, in addition to several end-metabolites associated with human health development, including peptides, phenolic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, minerals, and organic acids. Thus, several products have emerged from soybean fermentation by fungi, bacteria, or a combination of both. This review covers the key biological characteristics of soy and fermented soy products, including natto, miso, tofu, douchi, sufu, cheonggukjang, doenjang, kanjang, meju, tempeh, thua-nao, kinema, hawaijar, and tungrymbai. The inclusion of these foods in the diet has been associated with the reduction of chronic diseases, with potential anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. These biological activities and the recently studied potential of fermented soybean molecules against SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. Finally, a patent landscape is presented to provide the state-of-the-art of the transfer of knowledge from the scientific sphere to the industrial application.

Evaluation of Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean Meal Products Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and Bacillus subtilis N1 in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet

The hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and/or Bacillus subtilis N1 fermented soybean meal (SBM) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated by assessing plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress-induced organ damage. Supplementation with FPS 2520- and/or N1-fermented SBM (500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight per day) to HFD-induced obese rats for 6 weeks significantly down-regulated the concentration of plasma glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), as well as the concentration of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and the value of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In addition, plasma and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were alleviated in rats fed fermented SBM, especially SBM fermented by mixed strains. Moreover, fermented SBM treatment reduced HFD-exacerbated increases in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and uric acid levels. Based on these results, we clearly demonstrate the effect of fermented SBM on improving insulin resistance and oxidation-induced organ damage. Therefore, it is suggested that fermented SBM has the potential to be developed as functional foods for the management of obesity-induced hyperglycemia and organ damage.

Novel Bacillus ginsengihumi CMRO6 Inhibits Adipogenesis via p38MAPK/Erk44/42 and Stimulates Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes through Akt/AS160 Signaling

The health benefits of probiotics have been known for decades, but there has only been limited use of probiotics in the treatment of obesity. In this study, we describe, for the first time, the role of cell-free metabolites (CM) from Bacillus ginsengihumi-RO6 (CMRO6) in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. The experimental results show that CMRO6 treatment effectively reduced lipid droplet accumulation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and β (C/EBPα and C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), serum regulatory binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), phosphorylated p38MAPK, and Erk44/42. Additionally, CMRO6 treatment significantly increased glucose uptake and phosphorylated Akt (S473), AS160, and TBC1D1 protein expressions. Considering the results of this study, B. ginsengihumi may be a novel probiotic used for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.

Nutritional Contributions and Health Associations of Traditional Fermented Foods

The growing interest in the consumption and study of traditionally fermented food worldwide has led to the development of numerous scientific investigations that have focused on analyzing the microbial and nutritional composition and the health effects derived from the consumption of these foods. Traditionally fermented foods and beverages are a significant source of nutrients, including proteins, essential fatty acids, soluble fiber, minerals, vitamins, and some essential amino acids. Additionally, fermented foods have been considered functional due to their prebiotic content, and the presence of specific lactic acid bacterial strains (LAB), which have shown positive effects on the balance of the intestinal microbiota, providing a beneficial impact in the treatment of diseases. This review presents a bibliographic compilation of scientific studies assessing the effect of the nutritional content and LAB profile of traditional fermented foods on different conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Bacillus spore-forming probiotics: benefits with concerns?

Representatives of the genus Bacillus are multifunctional microorganisms with a broad range of applications in both traditional fermentation and modern biotechnological processes. Bacillus spp. has several beneficial properties. They serve as starter cultures for various traditional fermented foods and are important biotechnological producers of enzymes, antibiotics, and bioactive peptides. They are also used as probiotics for humans, in veterinary medicine, and as feed additives for animals of agricultural importance. The beneficial effects of bacilli are well-reported and broadly acknowledged. However, with a better understanding of their positive role, many questions have been raised regarding their safety and the relevance of spore formation in the practical application of this group of microorganisms. What is the role of Bacillus spp. in the human microbial consortium? When and why did they start colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and other animals? Can spore-forming probiotics be considered as truly beneficial organisms, or should they still be approached with caution and regarded as "benefits with concerns"? In this review, we not only hope to answer the above questions but to expand the scope of the conversation surrounding bacilli probiotics.

Impact of Bacillus in fermented soybean foods on human health

PURPOSE

Fermented soybean foods (FSF) is popularly consumed in the South-East Asian countries. Bacillus species, a predominant microorganism present in these foods, have demonstrated beneficial and deleterious impacts on human health. These microorganisms produce bioactive compounds during fermentation that have beneficial impacts in improving human health. However, the health risks associated with FSF, food pathogens, biogenic amines (BAs) production, and late-onset anaphylaxis, remain a concern. The purpose of this review is to present an in-depth analysis of positive and negative impacts as a result of consumption of FSF along with the measures to alleviate health risks for human consumption.

METHODS

This review was composed by scrutinizing contemporary literature of peer-reviewed publications related to Bacillus and FSF. Based on the results from academic journals, this review paper was categorized into FSF, role of Bacillus species in these foods, process of fermentation, beneficial, and adverse influence of these foods along with methods to improve food safety. Special emphasis was given to the potential benefits of bioactive compounds released during fermentation of soybean by Bacillus species.

RESULTS

The nutritional and functional properties of FSF are well-appreciated, due to the release of peptides and mucilage, which have shown health benefits: in managing cardiac disease, gastric disease, cancer, allergies, hepatic disease, obesity, immune disorders, and especially microbial infections due to the presence of probiotic property, which is a potential alternative to antibiotics. Efficient interventions were established to mitigate pitfalls like the techniques to reduce BAs and food pathogens and by using a defined starter culture to improve the safety and quality of these foods.

CONCLUSION

Despite some of the detrimental effects produced by these foods, potential health benefits have been observed. Therefore, soybean foods fermented by Bacillus can be a promising food by integrating effective measures for maintaining safety and quality for human consumption. Further, in vivo analysis on the activity and dietary interventions of bioactive compounds among animal models and human volunteers are yet to be achieved which is essential to commercialize them for safe consumption by humans, especially immunocompromised patients.

Current Perspectives on the Physiological Activities of Fermented Soybean-Derived Cheonggukjang

Cheonggukjang (CGJ, fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented dish, has recently emerged as a functional food that improves blood circulation and intestinal regulation. Considering that excessive consumption of refined salt is associated with increased incidence of gastric cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke in Koreans, consuming CGJ may be desirable, as it can be made without salt, unlike other pastes. Soybeans in CGJ are fermented by Bacillus strains (B. subtilis or B. licheniformis), Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Enterococcus faecium, which weaken the activity of putrefactive bacteria in the intestines, act as antibacterial agents against pathogens, and facilitate the excretion of harmful substances. Studies on CGJ have either focused on improving product quality or evaluating the bioactive substances contained in CGJ. The fermentation process of CGJ results in the production of enzymes and various physiologically active substances that are not found in raw soybeans, including dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, and phytic acids. These components prevent atherosclerosis, oxidative stress-mediated heart disease and inflammation, obesity, diabetes, senile dementia, cancer (e.g., breast and lung), and osteoporosis. They have also been shown to have thrombolytic, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, antimutagenic, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-atopic dermatitis, anti-androgenetic alopecia, and anti-asthmatic activities, as well as skin improvement properties. In this review, we examined the physiological activities of CGJ and confirmed its potential as a functional food.

γ-PGA-Rich Chungkookjang, Short-Term Fermented Soybeans: Prevents Memory Impairment by Modulating Brain Insulin Sensitivity, Neuro-Inflammation, and the Gut-Microbiome-Brain Axis

Fermented soybean paste is an indigenous food for use in cooking in East and Southeast Asia. Korea developed and used its traditional fermented foods two thousand years ago. Chungkookjang has unique characteristics such as short-term fermentation (24–72 h) without salt, and fermentation mostly with Bacilli. Traditionally fermented chungkookjang (TFC) is whole cooked soybeans that are fermented predominantly by Bacillus species. However, Bacillus species are different in the environment according to the regions and seasons due to the specific bacteria. Bacillus species differently contribute to the bioactive components of chungkookjang, resulting in different functionalities. In this review, we evaluated the production process of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-rich chungkookjang fermented with specific Bacillus species and their effects on memory function through the modulation of brain insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and the gut–microbiome–brain axis. Bacillus species were isolated from the TFC made in Sunchang, Korea, and they included Bacillus (B.) subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. amyloliquefaciens. Chungkookjang contains isoflavone aglycans, peptides, dietary fiber, γ-PGA, and Bacillus species. Chungkookjangs made with B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens have higher contents of γ-PGA, and they are more effective for improving glucose metabolism and memory function. Chungkookjang has better efficacy for reducing inflammation and oxidative stress than other fermented soy foods. Insulin sensitivity is improved, not only in systemic organs such as the liver and adipose tissues, but also in the brain. Chungkookjang intake prevents and alleviates memory impairment induced by Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia. This review suggests that the intake of chungkookjang (20–30 g/day) rich in γ-PGA acts as a synbiotic in humans and promotes memory function by suppressing brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation and by modulating the gut–microbiome–brain axis.

Protective Role of Probiotic Supplements in Hepatic Steatosis: A Rat Model Study

Background

Treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered one of the public health priorities in the past decade. So far, probiotics have represented promising results in controlling the signs and symptoms of NAFLD. However, attempts to find the ideal probiotic strain are still ongoing. The present study is designed to find the best strain amongst suitable probiotic strains according to their ability to ameliorate histopathological and oxidative stress biomarkers in hepatic steatosis-induced rats.

Methods

Initially, four probiotics species, including Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, L. casei, L. reuteri, and Bacillus coagulans, were cultured and prepared as a lyophilized powder for animals. The experiment lasted for fifty days. Initially, hepatic steatosis was induced by excessive ingestion of D-fructose in rats for eight weeks, followed by eight weeks of administering probiotics and D-fructose concurrently. Forty-two six-week-old male rats were alienated to different groups and were supplemented with different probiotics (1∗10⁹ CFU in 500 mL drinking water). After eight weeks, blood and liver samples were taken for further evaluation, and plasma and oxidative stress markers corresponding to liver injuries were examined.

Results

Administration of probiotics over eight weeks reversed hepatic and blood triglyceride concentration and blood glucose levels. Also, probiotics significantly suppressed markers of oxidative stress in the liver tissue.

Conclusions

Although some of the single probiotic formulations were able to mitigate oxidative stress markers, mixtures of probiotics significantly ameliorated more symptoms in the NAFLD animals. This enhanced effect might be due to probiotics' cumulative potential to maintain oxidative stress and deliver improved lipid profiles, liver function markers, and inflammatory markers.

Modeling Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodents

Standardized animal models represent one of the most valuable tools available to understand the mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to seek for new therapeutic strategies. However, there is considerable variability in the studies conducted with this essential purpose. This review presents an updated discussion of the most recent studies using diverse experimental conditions to induce MetS in rodents with unbalanced diets, discusses the key findings in metabolic outcomes, and critically evaluates what we have been learned from them and how to advance in the field. The study includes scientific reports sourced from the Web of Science and PubMed databases, published between January 2013 and June 2020, which used hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic disorders, and address the impact of the diet on metabolic parameters. The collected data are used as support to discuss variables such as sex, species, and age of the animals, the most favorable type of diet, and the ideal diet length to generate metabolic changes. The experimental characteristics propose herein improve the performance of a preclinical model that resembles the human MetS and will guide researchers to investigate new therapeutic alternatives with confidence and higher translational validity.

Evaluation of Antiobesity Activity of Soybean Meal Products Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and Bacillus subtilis N1 in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet

Single strain or mixed strains of Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and Bacillus subtilis N1 were used to ferment soybean meal (SBM), and the antiobesity activity of the fermented SBM product was investigated in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). After fermentation, free amino nitrogen, total peptide, and isoflavone contents were markedly raised, and genistein and daidzein were the major isoflavones in the fermented SBM. After fed with HFD for 10 weeks, obese Sprague-Dawley rats were orally treated with various fermented products for 6 weeks. The body weight gains, as well as weights of abdominal fat and epididymis fat, of rats fed with fermented SBM products were significantly downregulated. The treatment with the mixed-strains fermented SBM product significantly decreased plasma levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but increased the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of TG, TC, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in liver were diminished, and the activities of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue were augmented. Taken together, these data demonstrated the antiobesity activity of fermented SBM products, among which the product fermented by the mixed strains being the most effective one. Therefore, these fermented SBM products are potential to be developed as functional foods or additives for treatment of obesity and prevention against obesity-induced complications.

Oral Supplements of Combined Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng® and Xylooligosaccharides Improve High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Rats

Gut dysbiosis induced by high-fat diet (HFD) may result in low-grade inflammation leading to diverse inflammatory diseases. The beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on obesity have been reported previously. However, their benefits in promoting human health and the underlying mechanisms still need to be further characterized. This study is aimed at understanding how probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng® (BL) and prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) influence the health of a rat model with HF (60 kcal %) diet-induced obesity. Five groups of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal fat diet (CON) or an HFD with or without BL and XOS supplementation for 3 weeks. Lipid profiles, inflammatory biomarkers, and microbiota composition were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Rats fed an HFD exhibited increased body weight and disordered lipid metabolism. In contrast, combined BL and XOS supplementation inhibited body weight gain and returned lipid metabolism to normal. Furthermore, BL and XOS administration changed the gut microbiota composition and modulated specific bacteria such as Prevotellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. In addition, supplements of combined BL and XOS obviously reduced the serum LPS level, which was significantly related to microbial variations. Our findings suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota as a result of probiotic BL and prebiotic XOS supplementation has a positive effect on HFD-induced obesity in rats.

Nutrikinetic study of fermented soybean paste (Cheonggukjang) isoflavones according to the Sasang typology

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

In Oriental medicine, certain foods may be beneficial or detrimental based on an individual's constitution; however, the scientific basis for this theory is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body constitution, based on the Sasang type of Korean traditional medical classification system, on the bioavailability of soy isoflavones of Cheonggukjang, a quick-fermented soybean paste.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A pilot study was conducted on 48 healthy Korean men to evaluate the bioavailability of isoflavone after ingestion of food based on constitution types classified by the Sasang typology. The participants were classified into the Taeeumin (TE; n = 15), Soyangin (SY; n = 15), and Soeumin (SE; n = 18) groups. Each participant ingested 50 g of Cheonggukjang per 60 kg body weight. Thereafter, blood was collected, and the soy isoflavone metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ntrikinetic analysis of individual isoflavone-derived metabolites was performed.

RESULTS

Our nutrikinetic analysis identified 21 metabolites derived from isoflavones in the blood samples from 48 healthy Korean men (age range, 21-29 years). Significant differences were observed in the time to maximum concentration (T _max) and elimination half-life (t _1/2) for nine metabolites among the three groups. The T _max and t _1/2 of the nine metabolites were higher in the SE group than in the other groups. Moreover, the absorption rates, as determined by the area under the plasma-level curve (AUC) values of intact isoflavone, were 5.3 and 9.4 times higher in the TE group than in the SY and SE groups, respectively. Additionally, the highest AUC values for phase I and II metabolites were observed in the TE group.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that isoflavone bioavailability, following Cheonggukjang insgestion, is high in individuals with the TE constitution, and relatively lower in those with the SE and SY constitutions.

Dry-Fermented Soybean Food (Cheonggukjang) Ameliorates Senile Osteoporosis in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 6 Model

Senile osteoporosis increases the risk of skeletal fractures with age. Cheonggukjang (CGJ), a traditional Korean dry fermented soybean product, has numerous therapeutic effects; however, its effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in senile osteoporosis are unclear. In this study, we treated the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) model of senile osteoporosis with CGJ to determine its potential for ameliorating and preventing osteoporosis progression. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis for isoflavone profiles revealed that short-term fermentation significantly increased the isoflavone aglycone content in soybeans. Thereafter, we fed 6-week-old SAMP6 mice with experimental diets containing 5% or 10% CGJ for 15 weeks. Microcomputed tomography revealed that CGJ supplementation effectively increased the BMD and relative bone length. In vitro, CGJ increased the osteopontin reactivity and upregulated the expression of Alp, Col1a1, Fak, Bmp2/4, Smad1/5/8, and Runx2 in osteoblasts, and decreased Cathepsin K reactivity and downregulated Rankl and Nfatc1 expression in osteoclasts. In addition, CGJ increased the osteoprotegerin/Rankl ratio. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CGJ can ameliorate the detrimental effects of senile osteoporosis by improving osteogenesis and decreasing osteoclast activity.

Behavior of different Bacillus strains with claimed probiotic properties throughout processed cheese ("requeijão cremoso") manufacturing and storage

Even though spore-forming bacteria have been mainly linked to spoilage or foodborne pathogens vehiculated through foods, some strains of Bacillus can potentially present probiotic properties. The advantage of incorporating probiotic Bacillus strains in foods relies mainly on the fact that these microorganisms present high resistance to harsh processing conditions. "Requeijão cremoso" is a type of processed cheese highly appreciated in Brazil. During processing, this product is submitted to several harsh conditions (heating at 90 °C, for instance), leading to the inactivation of probiotic bacteria belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. That fact has precluded the development of probiotic "requeijão cremoso" products; however, probiotic Bacillus strains may comprise a promising alternative to overcome the low resistance of traditional probiotics to food processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of different Bacillus strains with claimed probiotic properties throughout processed cheese ("requeijão cremoso") manufacturing. A total of five different Bacillus strains with claimed probiotic properties (B. coagulans MTCC 5856, B. coagulans GBI-30 6086, B. subtilis PXN 21, B. subtilis PB6, and B. flexus HK1) were individually inoculated at different stages of manufacture - curd pasteurization, coagulation, and fusion - of "requeijão cremoso" and their survival in each of these stages was determined. The survival of B. coagulans GBI-30 6086 was further assessed throughout "requeijão cremoso" production and shelf life (45 days at 6 °C). Besides, the chemical composition, level of proteolysis, and fatty acid profile of the treatments during shelf life were evaluated. The fusion stage was found as the most appropriate for the addition of B. coagulans GBI-30 6086, which allows the production of probiotic "requeijão cremoso" and facilitates the technological process while preventing the occurrence of final product recontamination.

Bacillus licheniformis, a potential probiotic, inhibits obesity by modulating colonic microflora in C57BL/6J mice model

AIMS

This study evaluated the effects of a potential probiotic, Bacillus sp., on the growth, serum and hepatic triglyceride, histological features of liver tissues and colonic microflora in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: mice fed a low-fat diet (Cont), mice fed a high-fat diet (Hf), Hf and orally challenged with Bacillus subtilis (Bs), B. licheniformis (Bl) and a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (Bls). Gavage feeding was provided at week 9 and the experiment was continued for 8 weeks. Treatment with B. licheniformis and a mixture of Bacillus sp. attenuated body weight gain at the end of study and enhanced glucose tolerance by sensitizing insulin action in the Hf-fed mice. Lower serum and hepatic triglyceride and epididymal fat weight were observed in Bl and Bls groups than that of Hf group. Lesser hepatic fat deposition was observed in the Bl and Bls groups than in the Hf group. High-throughput sequencing showed that Bacillus sp. supplementation dramatically changed the colonic bacterial community in obese mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Bacillus licheniformis reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance, obesity and insulin resistance in Hf-fed mice by changing colonic microbiota composition.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Orally administration of Bacillus licheniformis may reduce body weight and decrease fat deposition by modulating colonic bacterial community in Hf model.

Dihydrodaidzein and 6-hydroxydaidzein mediate the fermentation-induced increase of antiosteoporotic effect of soybeans in ovariectomized mice

The consumption of soybeans is known to have beneficial effects on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, the effects of soybean fermentation on the bioavailability and the antiosteoporotic effect have not yet been elucidated. To address this question, we fed ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice with a 5% nonfermented raw soybean (RS)- or fermented soybean (FS)-supplemented diet. After 18 wk of treatment, microcomputed tomography showed that FSs significantly increased bone mineral density compared with RSs. This was because of the up-regulation of bone morphogenic protein 2 (Bmp2) and its downstream target osteopontin in bone tissues. We analyzed isoflavone metabolite profiles in the sera of RS- or FS-fed mice and observed that the levels of 19 isoflavone metabolites were significantly increased in the sera of FS-fed mice. Among these metabolites, we observed that both dihydrodaidzein (DHD) and 6-hydroxydaidzein (6-HD) increased osteogenesis via Bmp2 signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells and reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells through the inhibition of NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation. These data suggest that improved bioavailability of FSs resulted from the production of active metabolites such as DHD and 6-HD after consumption. DHD and 6-HD can be used as potential therapeutics for the amelioration of osteoporotic bone loss.-Kim, J.-S., Lee, H., Nirmala, F. S., Jung, C. H., Kim, M. J., Jang, Y.-J., Ha, T. Y., Ahn, J. Dihydrodaidzein and 6-hydroxydaidzein mediate the fermentation-induced increase of anti-osteoporotic effect of soybeans in ovariectomized mice.

Protective effects of Bacillus probiotics against high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice

Recently, modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics treatment has been emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of metabolic disorders. Apart from lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species (Bacillus spp.) have also been paid attention as potential probiotics, but nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms for their protective effect against metabolic dysfunction remain to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that a probiotic mixture composed of 5 different Bacillus spp. protects mice from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotic Bacillus treatment substantially attenuated body weight gain and enhanced glucose tolerance by sensitizing insulin action in skeletal muscle and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) of HFD-fed mice. Bacillus-treated HFD-fed mice also exhibited significantly suppressed chronic inflammation in the liver, EAT and skeletal muscle, which was observed to be associated with reduced HFD-induced intestinal permeability and enhanced adiponectin production. Additionally, Bacillus treatment significantly reversed HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. In Bacillus-treated mice, hepatic expression of lipid oxidative genes was significantly increased, and lipid accumulation in subcutaneous and mesenteric adipose tissues were significantly decreased, commensurate with down-regulated expression of genes involved in lipid uptake and lipogenesis. Although, in Bacillus-treated mice, significant alterations in gut microbiota composition was not observed, the enhanced expression of tight junction-associated proteins showed a possibility of improving gut barrier function by Bacillus treatment. Our findings provide possible explanations how Bacillus probiotics protect diet-induced obese mice against metabolic disorders, identifying the treatment of probiotic Bacillus as a potential therapeutic approach.

Chungkookjang with High Contents of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Improves Insulin Sensitizing Activity in Adipocytes and Neuronal Cells

We hypothesized that soybeans fermented with Bacillus spp. for 48 h (chungkookjang) would be rich in poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) and would have greater efficacy for improving insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, min6 cells, and PC12 neuronal cells. We screened 20 different strains of B. subtillus and B. amyloliquefaciens spp. for γ-polyglutamate (PGA) production and their anti-diabetic and anti-dementia activities in cell-based studies. Chungkookjang made with two B. amyloliquefaciens spp. (BA730 and BA731) were selected to increase the isoflavonoid and γ-PGA. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was higher in 3T3-L1 adipocytes given both chungkookjang extracts than in the cells given vehicle (control). The ethanol extract of BA731 (BA731-E) increased the uptake the most. Triglyceride accumulation decreased in BA731-E and BA731-W and the accumulation increased in BA730-W and BA730-E. The mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase and acetyl CoA carboxylase was much lower in BA731-E and BA731-W and it was higher in BA730-W than the control. BA730-E and BA730-W also increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ activity. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion increased with the high dosage of BA730-W and BA730-E in insulinoma cells, compared to the control. Insulin contents and cell survival in high glucose media were higher in cells with both BA731-E and BA730-E. Triglyceride deposition and TNF-α mRNA expression were lower in BA731 than the control. The high-dosage treatment of BA730-E and BA731-E increased differentiated neuronal cell survival after treating amyloid-β(25-35) compared to the control. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, indices of neuronal cell proliferation, were higher in BA730 and BA731 than in the control. Tau expression was also reduced in BA731 more than the control and it was a similar level of the normal-control. In conclusion, BA730 increased PPAR-γ activity and BA731 enhanced insulin sensitivity in the brain and periphery. BA730 and BA731 prevented and alleviated the symptoms of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease with different pathways.

Antiobesity Effects of Purple Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) on Adipocyte Differentiation and Mice Fed a High-fat Diet

Purple perilla (PE) is a medicinal plant that has several health benefits. In this study, the antiobesity effect of PE was studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diets. Triglyceride quantification and Oil Red O staining in matured adipocytes revealed that PE reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes by downregulating adipogenic gene and upregulating lipolytic gene expressions. Mice were fed normal diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with different concentrations of PE. Treatment with PE significantly prevented body weight gain, improved serum lipids, hepatic lipids and reduced the epididymal fat. Furthermore, in the adipose tissue and liver, expression of genes related to lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation were upregulated in PE- treated mice. Thus, our results suggested that PE has antiobesity effects in rodents and can be effective in obesity management.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Purple perilla, rich in polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, showed lipid lowering in adipocyte cells and prevented body weight gain in mice. Therefore we conclude that purple perilla may be a potential candidate for the development of functional foods or nutraceuticals in managing obesity in humans.

Nutrikinetics of Isoflavone Metabolites After Fermented Soybean Product (Cheonggukjang) Ingestion in Ovariectomized Mice

SCOPE

Cheonggukjang (CGJ) is a soybean-based quick-fermented food popular in Korea that contains a variety of biologically active compounds including isoflavones and saponins. Isoflavone bioavailability may be important for the bone health of postmenopausal women; therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of fermentation on the isoflavone metabolite nutrikinetic profile after single dose CGJ or unfermented soybean administration in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We identify 34 isoflavone metabolites using UPLC-QTOF-MS and analyze their nutrikinetics at different time points (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h) to understand their fermentation- and OVX-mediated time-dependent concentration changes. Nutrikinetics analysis shows that genistein, daidzein, genistein 4'-sulfate, dihydrodaidzein sulfate, equol 4'-sulfate, and equol-7-glucuronide are present at high concentrations in all groups based on area-under-the-curve analysis. OVX mice appear to show lower isoflavone bioavailability than mice in the sham group. CGJ enhances various isoflavone metabolite bioavailability including genistein, 3-hydroxygenistein, and equol 7-glucuronide, compared to the unfermented soybean-treated group. Among these metabolites, intact isoflavones, 3-hydroxygenistein, genistein 4'-sulfate, and equol 7-glucuronide promote osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclast formation.

CONCLUSIONS

CGJ has good isoflavone bioavailability and may be beneficial for the bone health of postmenopausal women.

Bacillus As Potential Probiotics: Status, Concerns, and Future Perspectives

Spore-forming bacilli are being explored for the production and preservation of food for many centuries. The inherent ability of production of large number of secretory proteins, enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids specifies the importance of bacilli in food chain. Additionally, Bacillus spp. are gaining interest in human health related functional food research coupled with their enhanced tolerance and survivability under hostile environment of gastrointestinal tract. Besides, bacilli are more stable during processing and storage of food and pharmaceutical preparations, making them more suitable candidate for health promoting formulations. Further, Bacillus strains also possess biotherapeutic potential which is connected with their ability to interact with the internal milieu of the host by producing variety of antimicrobial peptides and small extracellular effector molecules. Nonetheless, with proposed scientific evidences, commercial probiotic supplements, and functional foods comprising of Bacillus spp. had not gained much credential in general population, since the debate over probiotic vs pathogen tag of Bacillus in the research and production terrains is confusing consumers. Hence, it’s important to clearly understand the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of selective beneficial Bacillus spp. and their substantiation with those having GRAS status, to reach a consensus over the same. This review highlights the probiotic candidature of spore forming Bacillus spp. and presents an overview of the proposed health benefits, including application in food and pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case basis and necessity of more profound analysis for the selection and identification of Bacillus probiotic candidates are also taken into consideration.

Niclosamide as an anti-obesity drug: an experimental study

BACKGROUND

Niclosamide is a well-known anthelminthic drug that exert its effects at least in part through induction of mitochondrial uncoupling. The cycling of mitochondrial proton plays an essential role in regulation of basal metabolic rate, so modulation of mitochondrial uncoupling may be helpful approach to fight obesity.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the anti-obesity effects of niclosamide on mice with induced obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty male Albino mice, 8-10 weeks old, were divided randomly and equally in to three groups; Group 1 fed with standard diet, whereas both Groups 2 and 3 were fed with high fat diet (HFD). At 10 weeks, the studied groups continue in the same type of diet as before for another 4 weeks, but additionally both of Group1 and 2 received placebo treatment as normal control and high fat diet control respectively, whereas Group 3 received oral niclosamide (140 mg/kg/day) as treatment group. The anti-obesity effects of niclosamide were evaluated by testing its effects on food intake, bodyweight, glycemic indices, and lipid profile.

RESULT

It was found that administration of niclosamide 140 mg/kg/day to HFD fed mice (Group3) for 4 weeks resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decline in the food intake and bodyweight of this group as compared with HFD control. Furthermore, niclosamide also resulted in significant (P < 0.05) lowering of the fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin and improve insulin resistance. Likewise, niclosamide ameliorates the harmful effects of HFD on lipid profile by significant lowering of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Niclosamide has promising effects as an anti-obesity drug. It not just lowers bodyweight in mice, but, at the same time, it reverses metabolic disturbance induced by obesity.