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Rissanen P, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Niku M, Soveri T, Vanhatalo A, Kokkonen T. Effects of prepartum concentrate feeding on reticular pH, plasma energy metabolites, acute phase proteins, and milk performance in grass silage-fed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2832-2849. [PMID: 37949403 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how concentrate feeding during the last 21 d of pregnancy affects reticular pH, inflammatory response, dry matter (DM) intake, and production performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that adding concentrates to dairy cows' diet before calving reduces the decrease in reticular pH postpartum and thus alleviates inflammatory response. We also hypothesized that prepartum concentrate feeding increases DM intake postpartum and consequently improves milk performance. Two feeding experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. In each experiment, 16 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were paired based on parity, expected calving date, body weight, and milk yield of the previous lactation. Within the pairs, cows were randomly allocated on one of the 2 dietary treatments 21 d before expected calving. In experiment 1 (Exp1), diets were ad libitum feeding of grass silage as a sole feed or supplemented with increasing amounts of concentrate offered separately (increased to 4 kg/d by d -7). In experiment 2 (Exp2), diets were ad libitum feeding of a total mixed ration containing either grass silage, barley straw, and rapeseed meal (64%, 28%, and 8% on DM basis, respectively) or grass silage, barley straw, and cereal-based concentrate mixture (49%, 29%, and 30% on DM basis, respectively). Following calving, all the cows were fed similarly and observed until d 56 postpartum. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily, and reticular pH was monitored continuously by reticular pH bolus. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiments, 7 d before the expected calving date, 1 d (in Exp1) or 5 d (in Exp2), 10 d, and 21 d postpartum. In Exp1, concentrate feeding increased metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase DM and crude protein intake prepartum. Moreover, prepartum concentrate feeding increased the concentrations of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and insulin, but differences in nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, or acute phase proteins were not observed. After calving, prepartum diet did not affect DM or nutrient intake, plasma energy metabolites, or milk production in Exp1. Although prepartum concentrate feeding increased reticular pH on the first day of lactation, it elevated plasma concentrations of serum amyloid-A and haptoglobin postpartum in the grass silage-based diet. In Exp2, adding concentrates to the diet based on a mixture of grass silage and straw did not affect prepartum DM intake or plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, or insulin. Adding concentrates to prepartum diet increased plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate before calving as in Exp1. After calving, prepartum concentrate feeding increased DM and nutrient intake during the second week of lactation in Exp2, but no effects were observed thereafter. In contrast to our hypothesis, prepartum concentrate feeding decreased reticular pH after calving in Exp2, but no differences in inflammatory markers were observed. Based on this study, close-up concentrate feeding in diets based on grass silage with or without straw does not alleviate the decrease in reticular pH or mitigate inflammatory response postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rissanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - M Niku
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Soveri
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Varmira K, Kahrizi D, Sanjari A, Rashidi K, Hosseinzadeh L, Amin N, Jalilian F. Non-clinical Safety Evaluation of Camelina Oil: Acute and 12-Week Oral Toxicities. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2024; 23:e140666. [PMID: 39005736 PMCID: PMC11246644 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-140666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Camelina oil, a well-known oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids that enhance cellular immunity and human health, in Wistar rats. Wistar rats, 5 per sex per group, were randomly assigned to three groups for acute (14 days) toxicity studies and five groups for sub-chronic (90 days) toxicity studies. In the acute study, Camelina sativa oil was administered orally at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight (BW). The positive control group received a single dose of 5 000 mg/kg BW Canola oil by gavage. In the sub-chronic study, Groups III-V received 250, 500, and 1 000 mg/kg BW of Camelina oil, while Groups I and II received ultra-pure water and Canola oil at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, respectively. Throughout the experiment, clinical signs, mortality, and body weight were monitored. At the end of the sub-chronic study, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological investigations were conducted. Administration of Camelina oil and Canola had no significant effect on daily weight gain (P > 0.05) of the test rats. Serum calcium levels decreased while phosphorous levels increased in male rats treated with Camelina oil. Other hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant differences or dose-response effects between control and seed oil groups in both sexes (P < 0.05). Moreover, in animal necropsy, there were no apparent lesions in the liver, heart, and kidney organs in any of the doses administered. In conclusion, the results suggest that oral administration of Camelina oil is unlikely to be toxic. Therefore, the possibility for the development of future human nutrition should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Varmira
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Danial Kahrizi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Khodabakhsh Rashidi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Hosseinzadeh
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Niloufar Amin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jalilian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Pitkänen O, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Räisänen SE, Jaakkola S, Kokkonen T, Vanhatalo A. Processed fava bean as a substitute for rapeseed meal with or without rumen-protected methionine supplement in grass silage-based dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3217-3232. [PMID: 37028967 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Fava bean offers a sustainable home-grown protein source for dairy cows, but fava bean protein is extensively degraded in the rumen and has low Met concentration. We studied the effects of protein supplementation and source on milk production, rumen fermentation, N use, and mammary AA utilization. The treatments were unsupplemented control diet, and isonitrogenously given rapeseed meal (RSM), processed (dehulled, flaked, and heated) fava bean without (TFB) or with rumen-protected (RP) Met (TFB+). All diets consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% cereal-based concentrate including studied protein supplement. The control diet had 15% of crude protein and protein-supplemented diets 18%. Rumen-protected Met in TFB+ corresponded to 15 g/d of Met absorbed in the small intestine. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods. The experiment was conducted using 12 multiparous mid-lactation Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were rumen cannulated. Protein supplementation increased dry matter intake (DMI), and milk (31.9 vs. 30.7 kg/d) and milk component yields. Substituting RSM with TFB or TFB+ decreased DMI and AA intake but increased starch intake. There were no differences in milk yield or composition between RSM diet and TFB diets. Rumen-protected Met did not affect DMI, or milk or milk component yields but increased milk protein concentration in comparison to TFB. There were no differences in rumen fermentation except for increased ammonium-N concentration with the protein-supplemented diets. Nitrogen-use efficiency for milk production was lower for the supplemented diets versus control diet but tended to be greater for TFB and TFB+ versus RSM. Protein supplementation increased plasma essential AA concentration but there were no differences between TFB diets and RSM. Rumen-protected Met clearly increased plasma Met concentration (30.8 vs. 18.2 µmol/L) but did not affect other AA. Absence of differences between RSM and TFB in milk production together with limited effects of RP Met suggest that TFB is a potential alternative protein source for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pitkänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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Bayat A, Razzaghi A, Sari M, Kairenius P, Tröscher A, Trevisi E, Vilkki J. The effect of dietary rumen-protected trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid or a milk fat-depressing diet on energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3032-3048. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Aernouts B, Adriaens I, Diaz-Olivares J, Saeys W, Mäntysaari P, Kokkonen T, Mehtiö T, Kajava S, Lidauer P, Lidauer MH, Pastell M. Mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of raw milk to predict the blood nonesterified fatty acid concentrations in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6422-6438. [PMID: 32389474 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In high-yielding dairy cattle, severe postpartum negative energy balance is often associated with metabolic and infectious disorders that negatively affect production, fertility, and welfare. Mobilization of adipose tissue associated with negative energy balance is reflected through an increased level of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood plasma. Earlier, identification of negative energy balance through detection of increased blood plasma NEFA concentration required laborious and stressful blood sampling. More recently, attempts have been made to predict blood NEFA concentration from milk samples. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a model to predict blood plasma NEFA concentration using the milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra that are routinely measured in the context of milk recording. To this end, blood plasma and milk samples were collected in wk 2, 3, and 20 postpartum for 192 lactations in 3 herds. The blood plasma samples were taken in the morning, and representative milk samples were collected during the morning and evening milk sessions on the same day. To predict plasma NEFA concentration from the milk MIR spectra, partial least squares regression models were trained on part of the observations from the first herd. The models were then thoroughly validated on all other observations of the first herd and on the observations of the 2 independent herds to explore their robustness and wide applicability. The final model could accurately predict blood plasma NEFA concentrations <0.6 mmol/L with a root mean square error of prediction of <0.143 mmol/L. However, for blood plasma with >1.2 mmol/L NEFA, the model clearly underestimated the true level. Additionally, we found that morning blood plasma NEFA levels were predicted with significantly higher accuracy using MIR spectra of evening milk samples compared with MIR spectra of morning samples, with root mean square error of prediction values of, respectively, 0.182 and 0.197 mmol/L, and R2 values of 0.613 and 0.502. These results suggest a time delay between variations in blood plasma NEFA and related milk biomarkers. Based on the MIR spectra of evening milk samples, cows at risk for negative energy status, indicated by detrimental morning blood plasma NEFA levels (>0.6 mmol/L), could be identified with a sensitivity and specificity of, respectively, 0.831 and 0.800. As this model can be applied to millions of historical and future milk MIR spectra, it opens an opportunity for regular metabolic screening and improved resilience phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Aernouts
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosystems Technology Cluster, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Maarintie 6, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ines Adriaens
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosystems Technology Cluster, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - José Diaz-Olivares
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosystems Technology Cluster, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors Division, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Päivi Mäntysaari
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kokkonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Koetilantie 5, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Mehtiö
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Sari Kajava
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - Paula Lidauer
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Martin H Lidauer
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Matti Pastell
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Maarintie 6, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Relationship between insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and indices of insulin resistance in obese cows during the dry period and early lactation. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine to relationship between glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and indices of insulin resistance in the dry period (DP) and early lactation (EL). The importance of this study was in determining the relation between insulin sensitivity in DP and insulin resistance in EL. A total of 30 normally fed Holstein-Friesian cows with a high body condition score (> 3.75) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected in DP (weeks 5-7 ante partum) and EL (weeks 1-2 post partum). Cows in EL showed higher insulin resistance in comparison to DP due to a lower concentration of glucose and insulin, higher concentration of NEFA, lower value of revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and higher values of glucose:insulin and NEFA:insulin ratios (lower pancreas responsivnes to glucose and antilipolytic effect of insulin). Higher concentrations of insulin and glucose in the DP lead to a decrease in their concentrations and an increase in glucose:insulin and NEFA:insulin ratios in the EL. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index in DP negatively correlates with the same index in EL, while positively correlating with the NEFA and NEFA:insulin ratio in EL. The EL revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index value was influenced by dynamic changes (DP minus EL) in the insulin, NEFA, and glucose concentrations. The relationship between the indicators shows that higher insulin sensitivity in the DP increases resistance in EL in normally fed obese dairy cows.
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Ataei Nazari S, Ganjkhanlou M, Z A, Zakariapour Bahnamiri H. Effects of Omega-3 fatty acid supplement and feeding frequency on insulin sensitivity and carcass characteristics in Mahabadi goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Salin S, Vanhatalo A, Jaakkola S, Elo K, Taponen J, Boston R, Kokkonen T. Effects of dry period energy intake on insulin resistance, metabolic adaptation, and production responses in transition dairy cows on grass silage–based diets. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11364-11383. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Qin N, Bayat AR, Trevisi E, Minuti A, Kairenius P, Viitala S, Mutikainen M, Leskinen H, Elo K, Kokkonen T, Vilkki J. Dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed the mobilization of body fat reserves in dairy cows at early lactation through different pathways. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7954-7970. [PMID: 29960784 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the metabolic changes in the adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows under milk fat depression (MFD), 30 cows were randomly allocated to a control diet, a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-supplemented diet, or a high-starch diet supplemented with a mixture of sunflower and fish oil (2:1; as HSO diet) from 1 to 112 d in milk. Performance of animals, milk yield, milk composition, energy balance, and blood metabolites were measured during lactation. Quantitative PCR analyses were conducted on the AT samples collected at wk 3 and 15 of lactation. The CLA and HSO diets considerably depressed milk fat yield and milk fat content at both wk 3 and 15 in the absence of significant changes in milk protein and lactose contents. In addition, the HSO diet lowered milk yield at wk 15 and decreased dry matter intake of cows from wk 3 to 15. Compared with the control, both CLA and HSO groups showed reduced body weight loss, improved energy balance, and decreased plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate at early lactation. The gene expression analyses reflected suppressed lipolysis in AT of the CLA and HSO groups compared with the control at wk 3, as suggested by the downregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and fatty acid binding protein 4 and the upregulation of perilipin 2. In addition, the HSO diet promoted lipogenesis in AT at wk 15 through the upregulation of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, perilipin 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. The CLA diet likely regulated insulin sensitivity in AT as it upregulated the transcription of various genes involved in insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and ceramide metabolism, including protein kinase B2, nuclear factor κ B1, toll-like receptor 4, caveolin 1, serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1, and N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1. In contrast, the HSO diet resulted in little or no change in the pathways relevant to insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the CLA and HSO diets induced a shift in energy partitioning toward AT instead of mammary gland during lactation through the regulation of different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanbing Qin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali-Reza Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Piia Kairenius
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Sirja Viitala
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mervi Mutikainen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kari Elo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Vilkki
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Wei XS, Cai CJ, He JJ, Yu C, Mitloehner F, Liu BL, Yao JH, Cao YC. Effects of biotin and nicotinamide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism and milk production of transition dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Comparison of microalgae and rapeseed meal as supplementary protein in the grass silage based nutrition of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jaakson H, Karis P, Ling K, Ilves-Luht A, Samarütel J, Henno M, Jõudu I, Waldmann A, Reimann E, Pärn P, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, Kaart T, Kass M, Ots M. Adipose tissue insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 expression, and blood glucose and insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests in transition Holstein cows with different body condition. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:752-766. [PMID: 29102144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake in tissues is mediated by insulin receptor (INSR) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of body condition during the dry period on adipose tissue mRNA and protein expression of INSR and GLUT4, and on the dynamics of glucose and insulin following the i.v. glucose tolerance test in Holstein cows 21 d before (d -21) and after (d 21) calving. Cows were grouped as body condition score (BCS) ≤3.0 (thin, T; n = 14), BCS = 3.25 to 3.5 (optimal, O; n = 14), and BCS ≥3.75 (overconditioned, OC; n = 14). Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Adipose tissue was analyzed for INSR and GLUT4 mRNA and protein concentrations. During the glucose tolerance test 0.15 g/kg of body weight glucose was infused; blood was collected at -5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min, and analyzed for glucose and insulin. On d -21 the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose was smallest in group T (1,512 ± 33.9 mg/dL × min) and largest in group OC (1,783 ± 33.9 mg/dL × min), and different between all groups. Basal insulin on d -21 was lowest in group T (13.9 ± 2.32 µU/mL), which was different from group OC (24.9 ± 2.32 µU/mL. On d -21 the smallest AUC 5-60 of insulin in group T (5,308 ± 1,214 µU/mL × min) differed from the largest AUC in group OC (10,867 ± 1,215 µU/mL × min). Time to reach basal concentration of insulin in group OC (113 ± 14.1 min) was longer compared with group T (45 ± 14.1). The INSR mRNA abundance on d 21 was higher compared with d -21 in groups T (d -21: 3.3 ± 0.44; d 21: 5.9 ± 0.44) and O (d -21: 3.7 ± 0.45; d 21: 4.7 ± 0.45). The extent of INSR protein expression on d -21 was highest in group T (7.3 ± 0.74 ng/mL), differing from group O (4.6 ± 0.73 ng/mL), which had the lowest expression. The amount of GLUT4 protein on d -21 was lowest in group OC (1.2 ± 0.14 ng/mL), different from group O (1.8 ± 0.14 ng/mL), which had the highest amount, and from group T (1.5 ± 0.14 ng/mL). From d -21 to 21, a decrease occurred in the GLUT4 protein levels in both groups T (d -21: 1.5 ± 0.14 ng/mL; d 21: 0.8 ± 0.14 ng/mL) and O (d -21: 1.8 ± 0.14 ng/mL; d 21: 0.8 ± 0.14 ng/mL). These results demonstrate that in obese cows adipose tissue insulin resistance develops prepartum and is related to reduced GLUT4 protein synthesis. Regarding glucose metabolism, body condition did not affect adipose tissue insulin resistance postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jaakson
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - P Karis
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Ling
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Ilves-Luht
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Samarütel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Henno
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - I Jõudu
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Waldmann
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Reimann
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila Str. 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Pärn
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 62, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Kaart
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Kass
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Ots
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Salin S, Vanhatalo A, Elo K, Taponen J, Boston R, Kokkonen T. Effects of dietary energy allowance and decline in dry matter intake during the dry period on responses to glucose and insulin in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5266-5280. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, Raphael W. Adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling during the transition period of dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:41. [PMID: 28484594 PMCID: PMC5420123 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of plasma fatty acids in transition dairy cows are significantly associated with increased disease susceptibility and poor lactation performance. The main source of plasma fatty acids throughout the transition period is lipolysis from adipose tissue depots. During this time, plasma fatty acids serve as a source of calories mitigating the negative energy balance prompted by copious milk synthesis and limited dry matter intake. Past research has demonstrated that lipolysis in the adipose organ is a complex process that includes not only the activation of lipolytic pathways in response to neural, hormonal, or paracrine stimuli, but also important changes in the structure and cellular distribution of the tissue in a process known as adipose tissue remodeling. This process involves an inflammatory response with immune cell migration, proliferation of the cellular components of the stromal vascular fraction, and changes in the extracellular matrix. This review summarizes current knowledge on lipolysis in dairy cattle, expands on the new field of adipose tissue remodeling, and discusses how these biological processes affect transition cow health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Clarissa Strieder-Barboza
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - William Raphael
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Puhakka L, Jaakkola S, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Vanhatalo A. Effects of replacing rapeseed meal with fava bean at 2 concentrate crude protein levels on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and milk production in cows fed grass silage–based diets. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7993-8006. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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De Koster J, Hostens M, Hermans K, Van den Broeck W, Opsomer G. Validation of different measures of insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism in dairy cows using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp test as the gold standard. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 57:117-26. [PMID: 27565238 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to compare different measures of insulin sensitivity in dairy cows at the end of the dry period. To do so, 10 clinically healthy dairy cows with a varying body condition score were selected. By performing hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) tests, we previously demonstrated a negative association between the insulin sensitivity and insulin responsiveness of glucose metabolism and the body condition score of these animals. In the same animals, other measures of insulin sensitivity were determined and the correlation with the HEC test, which is considered as the gold standard, was calculated. Measures derived from the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) are based on the disappearance of glucose after an intravenous glucose bolus. Glucose concentrations during the IVGTT were used to calculate the area under the curve of glucose and the clearance rate of glucose. In addition, glucose and insulin data from the IVGTT were fitted in the minimal model to derive the insulin sensitivity parameter, Si. Based on blood samples taken before the start of the IVGTT, basal concentrations of glucose, insulin, NEFA, and β-hydroxybutyrate were determined and used to calculate surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity, such as the homeostasis model of insulin resistance, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index including β-hydroxybutyrate. Correlation analysis revealed no association between the results obtained by the HEC test and any of the surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity. For the measures derived from the IVGTT, the area under the curve for the first 60 min of the test and the Si derived from the minimal model demonstrated good correlation with the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Koster
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Hermans
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Binici C, Plog S, Kershaw O, Schmicke M, van der Kolk JH, Müller KE. Insulinoma in a 5-Year-Old Dexter Cow. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1402-6. [PMID: 27236715 PMCID: PMC5089590 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Binici
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Plog
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Kershaw
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J H van der Kolk
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K E Müller
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Weber C, Schäff CT, Kautzsch U, Börner S, Erdmann S, Görs S, Röntgen M, Sauerwein H, Bruckmaier RM, Metges CC, Kuhla B, Hammon HM. Insulin-dependent glucose metabolism in dairy cows with variable fat mobilization around calving. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6665-6679. [PMID: 27179866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo significant metabolic and endocrine changes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, and impaired insulin action influences nutrient partitioning toward the fetus and the mammary gland. Because impaired insulin action during transition is thought to be related to elevated body condition and body fat mobilization, we hypothesized that over-conditioned cows with excessive body fat mobilization around calving may have impaired insulin metabolism compared with cows with low fat mobilization. Nineteen dairy cows were grouped according to their average concentration of total liver fat (LFC) after calving in low [LLFC; LFC <24% total fat/dry matter (DM); n=9] and high (HLFC; LFC >24.4% total fat/DM; n=10) fat-mobilizing cows. Blood samples were taken from wk 7 antepartum (ap) to wk 5 postpartum (pp) to determine plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and adiponectin. We applied euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic (EGHIC) and hyperglycemic clamps (HGC) in wk 5 ap and wk 3 pp to measure insulin responsiveness in peripheral tissue and pancreatic insulin secretion during the transition period. Before and during the pp EGHIC, [(13)C6] glucose was infused to determine the rate of glucose appearance (GlucRa) and glucose oxidation (GOx). Body condition, back fat thickness, and energy-corrected milk were greater, but energy balance was lower in HLFC than in LLFC. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and adiponectin decreased at calving, and this was followed by an immediate increase of glucagon and adiponectin after calving. Insulin concentrations ap were higher in HLFC than in LLFC cows, but the EGHIC indicated no differences in peripheral insulin responsiveness among cows ap and pp. However, GlucRa and GOx:GlucRa during the pp EGHIC were greater in HLFC than in LLFC cows. During HGC, pancreatic insulin secretion was lower, but the glucose infusion rate was higher pp than ap in both groups. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids decreased during HGC and EGHIC, but in both clamps, pp nonesterified fatty acid concentrations did not reach the ap levels. The study demonstrated a minor influence of different degrees of body fat mobilization on insulin metabolism in cows during the transition period. The distinct decrease in the glucose-dependent release of insulin pp is the most striking finding that explains the impaired insulin action after calving, but does not explain differences in body fat mobilization between HLFC and LLFC cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C T Schäff
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - U Kautzsch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Börner
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Erdmann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Röntgen
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ("Oskar Kellner"), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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19
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Keomanivong FE, Camacho LE, Lemley CO, Kuemper EA, Yunusova RD, Borowicz PP, Kirsch JD, Vonnahme KA, Caton JS, Swanson KC. Effects of realimentation after nutrient restriction during mid- to late gestation on pancreatic digestive enzymes, serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:589-604. [PMID: 27079549 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction with subsequent realimentation on maternal and foetal bovine pancreatic function. Dietary treatments were assigned on day 30 of pregnancy and included: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 30). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12), or realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5) or realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, the remaining cows were slaughtered and serum samples were collected from the maternal jugular vein and umbilical cord to determine insulin and glucose concentrations. Pancreases from cows and foetuses were removed, weighed, and subsampled for enzyme and histological analysis. As gestation progressed, maternal pancreatic α-amylase activity decreased and serum insulin concentrations increased (p ≤ 0.03). Foetal pancreatic trypsin activity increased (p < 0.001) with advancing gestation. Foetal pancreases subjected to realimentation (CCC vs. RCC and RRC) had increased protein and α-amylase activity at day 254 (p ≤ 0.02), while trypsin (U/g protein; p = 0.02) demonstrated the opposite effect. No treatment effects were observed for maternal or foetal pancreatic insulin-containing cell clusters. Foetal serum insulin and glucose levels were reduced with advancing gestation (p ≤ 0.03). The largest maternal insulin-containing cell cluster was not influenced by advancing gestation, while foetal clusters grew throughout (p = 0.01). These effects indicate that maternal digestive enzymes are influenced by nutrient restriction and there is a potential for programming of increased foetal digestive enzyme production resulting from previous maternal nutrient restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Keomanivong
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - L E Camacho
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C O Lemley
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mailstop, MS, USA
| | - E A Kuemper
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - R D Yunusova
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - P P Borowicz
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - J D Kirsch
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - K A Vonnahme
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - J S Caton
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - K C Swanson
- NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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20
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Selim S, Kokkonen T, Taponen J, Vanhatalo A, Elo K. Effect of prepartal ad libitum feeding of grass silage on transcriptional adaptations of the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue in dairy cows during the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5515-28. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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De Koster J, Hostens M, Van Eetvelde M, Hermans K, Moerman S, Bogaert H, Depreester E, Van den Broeck W, Opsomer G. Insulin response of the glucose and fatty acid metabolism in dry dairy cows across a range of body condition scores. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4580-92. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Selim S, Elo K, Jaakkola S, Karikoski N, Boston R, Reilas T, Särkijärvi S, Saastamoinen M, Kokkonen T. Relationships among Body Condition, Insulin Resistance and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression during the Grazing Season in Mares. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125968. [PMID: 25938677 PMCID: PMC4418745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have been shown to be risk factors for laminitis in horses. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of changes in body condition during the grazing season on insulin resistance and the expression of genes associated with obesity and insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Sixteen Finnhorse mares were grazing either on cultivated high-yielding pasture (CG) or semi-natural grassland (NG) from the end of May to the beginning of September. Body measurements, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and neck and tailhead SAT gene expressions were measured in May and September. At the end of grazing, CG had higher median body condition score (7 vs. 5.4, interquartile range 0.25 vs. 0.43; P=0.05) and body weight (618 kg vs. 572 kg ± 10.21 (mean ± SEM); P=0.02), and larger waist circumference (P=0.03) than NG. Neck fat thickness was not different between treatments. However, tailhead fat thickness was smaller in CG compared to NG in May (P=0.04), but this difference disappeared in September. Greater basal and peak insulin concentrations, and faster glucose clearance rate (P=0.03) during IVGTT were observed in CG compared to NG in September. A greater decrease in plasma non-esterified fatty acids during IVGTT (P<0.05) was noticed in CG compared to NG after grazing. There was down-regulation of insulin receptor, retinol binding protein 4, leptin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and up-regulation of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), adiponectin receptor 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expressions in SAT of both groups during the grazing season (P<0.05). Positive correlations were observed between ADIPOQ and its receptors and between SCD and ADIPOQ in SAT (P<0.01). In conclusion, grazing on CG had a moderate effect on responses during IVGTT, but did not trigger insulin resistance. Significant temporal differences in gene expression profiles were observed during the grazing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Elo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Seija Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ray Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
| | - Tiina Reilas
- Department of Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Opistontie 10 A 1, FI-32100 Ypäjä, Finland
| | - Susanna Särkijärvi
- Department of Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Opistontie 10 A 1, FI-32100 Ypäjä, Finland
| | - Markku Saastamoinen
- Department of Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Opistontie 10 A 1, FI-32100 Ypäjä, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Piantoni P, Lock A, Allen M. Saturated fat supplementation interacts with dietary forage neutral detergent fiber content during the immediate postpartum period in Holstein cows: Energy balance and metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3323-34. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Hashemzadeh-Cigari F, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Riasi A, Taghizadeh A, Zebeli Q. Supplementation of herbal plants differently modulated metabolic profile, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress in transition dairy cows fed various extruded oil seeds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 118:45-55. [PMID: 25466761 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of a mixture of herbal plants (HM) and two sources of unsaturated fatty acids (FA), extruded linseed (LS) and soybean (SB), on metabolic profile, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative status of transition dairy cows. Thirty-two prepartum Holstein cows, blocked by parity and calving day, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments, in a 2×2 factorial design, starting from 25 days before the expected calving date to 26 days postpartum. The supplementation rates of HM were 150 and 170 g/animal/day at pre- and postpartum, respectively. Blood samples were analyzed for metabolites on day 7.15±1.70 prepartum and on days 1 and 21 postpartum. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IV-GTT) was conducted on day 25 postpartum. Data showed that cows supplemented with HM had lower serum concentration of NEFA (0.395 vs. 0.602±0.044 mmol/L; P<0.01) and NEFA to insulin ratio (P<0.01) postpartum. Compared to animals fed SB-based diets, cows fed the LS-based diet had greater serum glucose concentration during prepartum (80.7 vs. 71.3±3.32 mg/dL; P=0.06) and postpartum period (86.3 vs. 73.5±3.35 mg/dL; P=0.01), as well as lower NEFA (0.425 vs. 0.572±0.044 mmol/L; P=0.03) and insulin to glucose ratio (P<0.01) postpartum. Revised quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index revealed that supplementing HM in LS-based diet improved insulin sensitivity (0.45 vs. 0.41±0.013; P=0.03) prepartum, whereas after parturition, the HM addition was effective for both oil seeds (0.40 vs. 0.37±0.008; P=0.06) in enhancing insulin sensitivity. Result of IV-GTT indicated that cows fed LS-based diets had higher basal glucose concentration (63.7 vs. 55.7±2.37; mg/dL; P=0.02) and lower glucose area under the curve (995.8 vs. 1529.5±100.7; mg/dL×45 min; P<0.01). Supplementing HM resulted in greater total antioxidant capacity prepartum (0.55 vs. 0.48±0.017 nmol/L; P=0.01) and lower malondialdehyde concentration at prepartum (1.03 vs. 1.96±0.140 μmol/L; P<0.01) and postpartum (1.32 vs. 1.88±0.178 μmol/L; P=0.04). Although feeding LS ameliorated insulin resistance, this feeding strategy lowered total antioxidant capacity prepartum (0. 48 vs. 0.55±0.017 nmol/L; P<0.01) and increased malondialdehyde concentration postpartum more than the SB diet (1.91 vs. 1.28±0.172 μmol/L; P=0.02). Overall, both HM supplementation and LS feeding improved metabolic profile and insulin response following glucose infusion, although feeding of LS-based diets induced an increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hashemzadeh-Cigari
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran.
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran
| | - A Riasi
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran
| | - A Taghizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Peng Q, Khan NA, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yu P. Effect of thermal processing on estimated metabolizable protein supply to dairy cattle from camelina seeds: relationship with protein molecular structural changes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8263-8273. [PMID: 25046194 DOI: 10.1021/jf5013049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of thermal processing on the estimated metabolizable protein (MP) supply to dairy cattle from camelina seeds (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) and determined the relationship between heat-induced changes in protein molecular structural characteristics and the MP supply. Seeds from two camelina varieties were sampled in two consecutive years and were either kept raw or were heated in an autoclave (moist heating) or in an air-draft oven (dry heating) at 120 °C for 1 h. The MP supply to dairy cattle was modeled by three commonly used protein evaluation systems. The protein molecular structures were analyzed by Fourier transform/infrared-attenuated total reflectance molecular spectroscopy. The results showed that both the dry and moist heating increased the contents of truly absorbable rumen-undegraded protein (ARUP) and total MP and decreased the degraded protein balance (DPB). However, the moist-heated camelina seeds had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) content of ARUP and total MP and a significantly lower (P < 0.05) content of DPB than did the dry-heated camelina seeds. The regression equations showed that intensities of the protein molecular structural bands can be used to estimate the contents of ARUP, MP, and DPB with high accuracy (R(2) > 0.70). These results show that protein molecular structural characteristics can be used to rapidly assess the MP supply to dairy cattle from raw and heat-treated camelina seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Peng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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26
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Selim S, Salin S, Taponen J, Vanhatalo A, Kokkonen T, Elo KT. Prepartal dietary energy alters transcriptional adaptations of the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue of dairy cows during the transition period. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:328-37. [PMID: 24569674 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00115.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overfeeding during the dry period may predispose cows to increased insulin resistance (IR) with enhanced postpartum lipolysis. We studied gene expression in the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of 16 Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows fed either a controlled energy diet [Con, 99 MJ/day metabolizable energy (ME)] during the last 6 wk of the dry period or high-energy diet (High, 141 MJ/day ME) for the first 3 wk and then gradually decreasing energy allowance during 3 wk to 99 MJ/day ME before the expected parturition. Tissue biopsies were collected at -10, 1, and 9 days, and blood samples at -10, 1, and 7 days relative to parturition. Overfed cows had greater dry matter, crude protein, and ME intakes and ME balance before parturition. Daily milk yield, live weight, and body condition score were not different between treatments. The High cows tended to have greater plasma insulin and lower glucagon/insulin ratio compared with Con cows. No differences in circulating glucose, glucagon, nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and hepatic triglyceride contents were observed between treatments. Overfeeding compared with Con resulted in lower CPT1A and PCK1 and a tendency for lower G6PC and PC expression in the liver. The High group tended to have lower RETN expression in SAT than Con. No other effects of overfeeding on the expression of genes related to IR in SAT were observed. In conclusion, overfeeding energy prepartum may have compromised hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and slightly affected IR in SAT based on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
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Peng Q, Khan NA, Wang Z, Yu P. Moist and dry heating-induced changes in protein molecular structure, protein subfractions, and nutrient profiles in camelina seeds. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:446-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cartiff SE, Fellner V, Eisemann JH. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increase insulin sensitivity in growing steers1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2332-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Cartiff
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program and Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - V. Fellner
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program and Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J. H. Eisemann
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program and Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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