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Shi L, Kang K, Wang Z, Wang J, Xiao J, Peng Q, Hu R, Zhou J, Zhang X, Yue Z, Zou H, Xue B, Wang L. Glucose Regulates Glucose Transport and Metabolism via mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bovine Placental Trophoblast Cells. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:40. [PMID: 38200771 PMCID: PMC10778405 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that improving the energy level of the diet contributed to the greater reproductive performance and birth weight of calves in periparturient dairy cows. To investigate the effect of glucose on nutrient transport during fetal development, the bovine placental trophoblast cells (BPTCs) were cultured in media with different glucose concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/mL). Subsequently, the BPTCs were cultured in media with 1, 8 mg/mL glucose and 8 mg/mL glucose plus 100 nmol/L rapamycin (the inhibitor of mTOR pathway). Compared with the 1 mg/mL glucose, the addition of 8 mg/mL glucose stimulated cell proliferation, upregulated the mRNA abundance of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and GLUT4, and increased the activity of glucose metabolism-related enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenease (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), as well as adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) content (p < 0.05).Furthermore, compared with the treatment of 1 mg/mL glucose, adding 8 mg/mL of glucose-upregulated gene expression in the mTOR signaling pathway, including phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (P70S6K) (p < 0.05).The supplementation of rapamycin downregulated the gene and protein expression of the mTOR signaling pathway, including mTOR, P70S6K, EIF4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and gene expression of glucose transporter upregulated by 8 mg/mL glucose (p < 0.05). Thus, these results indicated that the addition of 8 mg/mL glucose regulated the glucose transport and metabolism in BPTCs through the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby promoting the supply of nutrients to fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhisheng Wang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.S.); (K.K.); (J.W.); (J.X.); (Q.P.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (B.X.); (L.W.)
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Prezotto LD, Thorson JF. Effect of Dietary Urea in Gestating Beef Cows: Circulating Metabolites, Morphometrics, and Mammary Secretions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:6. [PMID: 36611615 PMCID: PMC9817868 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolific use of supplementation strategies, including the utilization of urea, are practiced in beef cattle production systems. Unfortunately, the influence of urea supplementation on metabolics, adipose tissue mobilization, and mammary secretions is limited in beef cows. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to assess the influence of urea supplementation on metabolic profiles, morphometrics, and mammary secretions. Pregnant, multiparous beef cows were fed individually and assigned to treatment (n = 4/treatment) as Control or Urea Supplementation. Blood samples and body weight were collected every 28 d throughout gestation. Backfat thickness was measured via ultrasonography on days 28 and 280 of gestation. Total mammary secretions were sampled for composition. Concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and plasma urea nitrogen did not differ by treatment. Body weight and backfat thickness changed in response to the progression of gestation, but did not differ between treatments. Finally, concentration of urea nitrogen increased in mammary secretions of cows fed urea, but total content of urea nitrogen in mammary secretions did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the pregnant beef cow undergoes metabolic adaptation during gestation. However, urea supplementation failed to improve any of the morphometric parameters of the dams assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia D. Prezotto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Jennifer F. Thorson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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Rotheneder S, González-Grajales LA, Beck H, Bootz F, Bollwein H. Variability of bovine conceptus-related volumes in early pregnancy measured with transrectal three-dimensional ultrasonography. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4534-4546. [PMID: 35307186 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Up until now, bovine fetometry has been entirely based on 2-dimensional ultrasonography. Fetal size is estimated by several linear measurements such as crown-rump length (CRL). However, the advent of 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) provides in vivo access to the volumes of the fetus and its amniotic sac. The objective of this preliminary observational study was to determine the variability of conceptus-related volumes using transrectal 3D-US in dairy cows and to identify factors affecting them. Furthermore, relationships between the gained measurements and calf birth weight were investigated. In total, 315 Simmental and Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were transrectally examined at d 42 after breeding using a portable ultrasound device (Voluson I, GE Healthcare). Gestational volumes including fetal volume (FV) and amniotic sac volume (ASV) were determined with the software tool VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis, GE Healthcare), whereas amniotic fluid volume (AFV) values were derived from the subtraction of FV from ASV. The CRL was determined by means of 3-dimensional data. The mean values and standard deviations for FV, ASV, AFV, and CRL were 1.47 ± 0.25 cm3, 5.86 ± 1.22 cm3, 4.38 ± 1.02 cm3, and 2.38 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. All gestational volumes and CRL values were affected by breed. In Simmental cattle, larger concepti were observed compared with pregnancies derived from Holstein-Friesian animals. Parity affected only ASV and AFV, with heifers showing greater values than lactating cows. The CRL was positively associated with milk protein content. It was not possible to predict calf weight at birth by using FV, ASV, or AFV; however, tendencies were found for ASV and AFV. The present study was the first to adopt 3D-US volumetry to assess early pregnancy development in dairy cattle. Our results showed that this method could be used successfully to identify minor variations in conceptus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rotheneder
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Tierarztpraxis Herrmann, Rankhofstraße 24, 79274 St. Märgen, Germany.
| | - L A González-Grajales
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Beck
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Bootz, Schlößlestraße 43, 88356 Ostrach, Germany
| | - F Bootz
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. Bootz, Schlößlestraße 43, 88356 Ostrach, Germany
| | - H Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kawashima C, Kume S, Yamagishi N. Nutritional parameters in the blood of dams during late gestation and immediately after calving, in the umbilical vein at calving, and in the blood of calves immediately following birth in Holstein heifers pregnant with either Holstein or beef breed fetuses. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13555. [PMID: 33938089 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle management lacks consideration of fetal breed, the effect of which on fetal growth and nutrition are unclear. We investigated blood parameters in 12 late-pregnant Holstein heifers with similar (Holstein, n = 5) or different (Japanese Black [n = 4] or F1 cross [n = 3]; Holstein × Japanese Black) fetus breeds and in their umbilical cords and calves. Samples were obtained from dams 1 week before calving (-1 week) and immediately after calving, from the umbilical vein at calving, and from calves immediately after birth. Dams with beef fetuses had higher serum glucose levels (-1 week; p < .05) than those with Holstein fetuses. Plasma total amino acid, total essential amino acid, total nonessential amino acid, and other amino acid concentrations were lower in the umbilical veins of dams with calves of the beef breeds than in those of the Holstein breeds (p < .05). Furthermore, serum glucose and plasma amino acid levels were lower in the beef calves than in the Holstein calves (p < .05). Overall, nutrient supply from dams to beef fetuses was lower than that to Holstein fetuses. Our findings may facilitate feeding management of dairy cattle pregnant with beef breeds for appropriate fetal growth and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kawashima
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sakura Kume
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norio Yamagishi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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Crouse MS, McLean KJ, Dwamena J, Neville TL, Menezes ACB, Ward AK, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Neville BW, Borowicz PP, Caton JS. The effects of maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation on the location and abundance of hexose and cationic amino acid transporters in beef heifer uteroplacental tissues. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa386. [PMID: 33247721 PMCID: PMC7799587 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation would influence the abundance of hexose transporters, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A5, and cationic amino acid transporters, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2, in heifer uteroplacental tissues. Angus-cross heifers (n = 43) were estrus synchronized, bred via artificial insemination, and assigned at breeding to 1 of 2 dietary intake groups (CON = 100% of requirements to achieve 0.45 kg/d of BW gain or RES = 60% of CON intake) and ovariohysterectomized on day 16, 34, or 50 of gestation (n = 6 to 9/d) in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Uterine cross-sections were collected from the horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained via immunofluorescence for transporters. For each image, areas of fetal membrane (FM; chorioallantois), luminal epithelium (ENDO), superficial glands (SG), deep glands (DG), and myometrium (MYO) were analyzed separately for relative intensity of fluorescence as an indicator of transporter abundance. Analysis of FM was only conducted for days 34 and 50. No transporters in target areas were influenced by a day × treatment interaction (P ≥ 0.06). In ENDO, all transporters were differentially abundant from days 16 to 50 of gestation (P ≤ 0.04), and SLC7A2 was greater (P = 0.05) for RES vs. CON. In SG, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 were greater (P ≤ 0.04) at day 34 vs. day 16. In DG, SLC2A3 and SLC7A1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. RES heifers; furthermore, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) at day 50 vs. days 16 and 34 of gestation. In MYO, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES and was greater (P = 0.02) at days 34 and 50 vs. day 16. There were no differences in FM (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of all uterine tissues at day 16 determined that SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC7A2 were all differentially abundant across uterine tissue type (P < 0.01), and SLC7A1 was greater (P = 0.02) for CON vs. RES. Analysis of all uteroplacental tissues at days 34 and 50 demonstrated that all transporters differed (P < 0.01) across uteroplacental tissues, and SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES. These data are interpreted to imply that transporters are differentially affected by day of gestation, and that hexose and cationic amino acid transporters are differentially abundant across utero-placental tissue types, and that SLC7A1 is responsive to maternal nutritional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Crouse
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Josephine Dwamena
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Tammi L Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Ana Clara B Menezes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Pawel P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Growth of the conceptus from days 33 to 45 of pregnancy is similar for heifers and lactating cows and not associated with circulating glucose, insulin, IGF1 or progesterone concentrations. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106463. [PMID: 32414466 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Less than optimal circulating progesterone as well as glucose, insulin, and IGF1 concentrations in lactating cows may contribute to embryonic loss if placental development is dependent on concentrations of these hormones. There was comparison of fetal growth in lactating dairy cows with a contemporary group of nulliparous heifers (negative control for lactation). There was also assessment of the association between conceptus development and circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations and the response to an intravenous glucose administration. The embryo and amniotic vesicle were measured every 2-3 days during a 2-week period (days 33-45 of pregnancy). Blood samples were collected at the time of ultrasonography and analyzed for glucose, insulin, IGF1, and progesterone. There was also an intravenous glucose administration. Lactating cows had lesser blood concentrations of glucose, progesterone, and IGF1 during pregnancy. With respect to glucose administration, cows had lesser insulin and glucose than heifers at time 0 but heifers released three-fold more insulin than cows in response to glucose infusion. Cows had slightly larger fetuses when compared with heifers. When included in the model for embryo or amniotic vesicle length or area, concentrations of circulating glucose, insulin, IGF1, or progesterone did not explain a large amount of variation in values for these variables (P > 0.10). The conclusion was that cows differed from heifers for fetal growth but concentrations of circulating metabolites were not associated with size of the fetus. There was no evidence for an association between the hormonal or metabolic milieu and conceptus development.
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Kappen C, Kruger C, Jones S, Herion NJ, Salbaum JM. Maternal diet modulates placental nutrient transporter gene expression in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224754. [PMID: 31774824 PMCID: PMC6881028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes in the mother during pregnancy is a risk factor for birth defects and perinatal complications and can affect long-term health of the offspring through developmental programming of susceptibility to metabolic disease. We previously showed that Streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes in mice is associated with altered cell differentiation and with smaller size of the placenta. Placental size and fetal size were affected by maternal diet in this model, and maternal diet also modulated the risk for neural tube defects. In the present study, we sought to determine the extent to which these effects might be mediated through altered expression of nutrient transporters, specifically glucose and fatty acid transporters in the placenta. Our results demonstrate that expression of several transporters is modulated by both maternal diet and maternal diabetes. Diet was revealed as the more prominent determinant of nutrient transporter expression levels, even in pregnancies with uncontrolled diabetes, consistent with the role of diet in placental and fetal growth. Notably, the largest changes in nutrient transporter expression levels were detected around midgestation time points when the placenta is being formed. These findings place the critical time period for susceptibility to diet exposures earlier than previously appreciated, implying that mechanisms underlying developmental programming can act on placenta formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Kruger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sydney Jones
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nils J. Herion
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Salbaum
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Lucy MC. Stress, strain, and pregnancy outcome in postpartum cows. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:455-464. [PMID: 32435289 PMCID: PMC7234163 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress affects the productivity and fertility of cattle. Stress causes strain and individual animals experience different amounts of strain in response to the same amount of stress. The amount of strain determines the impact of stress on fertility. Typical stresses experienced by cattle include environmental, disease, production, nutritional, and psychological. The effect of stress on the reproductive system is mediated by body temperature (heat stress), energy metabolites and metabolic hormones (production and nutritional stresses), the functionality of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and (or) the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The strain that occurs in response to stress affects uterine health, oocyte quality, ovarian function, and the developmental capacity of the conceptus. Cows that have less strain in response to a given stress will be more fertile. The goal for future management and genetic selection in farm animals is to reduce production stress, manage the remaining strain, and genetically select cattle with minimal strain in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Crouse MS, McLean KJ, Greseth NP, Crosswhite MR, Pereira NN, Ward AK, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Neville BW, Borowicz PP, Caton JS. Maternal nutrition and stage of early pregnancy in beef heifers: Impacts on expression of glucose, fructose, and cationic amino acid transporters in utero-placental tissues. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5563-5572. [PMID: 29293768 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that maternal nutrition and day of gestation would impact utero-placental mRNA expression of the nutrient transporters , , , , and in beef heifers. Crossbred Angus heifers (n = 49) were estrous synchronized, bred via AI, assigned to nutritional treatment (CON = 100% of NRC requirements for 0.45 kg/d gain and RES = 60% of CON) and ovariohysterectomized on d 16, 34, or 50 of gestation (n = 6 to 9/d); Non-bred, non-pregnant (NB-NP) controls were fed the CON diet, not bred, and were ovariohysterectomized on d 16 of the synchronized estrous cycle = 6). The resulting arrangement of treatments was a 2 × 3 factorial + 1 (CON vs. RES × d 16, 34, or 50 + NB-NP controls). Caruncle (CAR), intercaruncular endometrium (ICAR), and fetal membranes (FM [chorioallantois]), were obtained from the pregnant uterine horn (the uterine horn containing the conceptus) immediately after ovariohysterectomy. On d 50 cotyledons (COT), intercotyledonary placenta (ICOT) and amnion (AMN) were also collected. Relative expression of nutrient transporters was determined for each tissue utilizing NB-NP-CAR and NB-NP-ICAR tissues as the baseline. For FM, NB-NP endometrium served as the baseline. There was no interaction of day × treatment ( ≥ 0.20) for any genes in CAR. However, CAR expression of was greater ( < 0.01) on d 16 compared with d 34 and 50, and , , and were greater ( ≤ 0.05) on d 34 compared with d 16 and 50. In ICAR, was the only gene to be influenced by the day × treatment interaction ( = 0.01), being greater in d 50 CON compared with d 34 CON and d 16 and 50 RES. In ICAR, expression of was greater ( < 0.01) on d 16 compared with d 34, and expression of was greater ( < 0.01) on d 34 and 50 compared with d 16. In FM, expression of was greater ( = 0.04) on d 16 compared with d 50 of gestation, and expression of was greater ( < 0.01) on d 34 and 50 compared with d 16. On d 50, expression of , , and expression were all greater ( < 0.05) in AMN compared with COT and ICOT, and expression of was greater ( < 0.01) in ICOT compared with COT and AMN. These data indicate that day was a more influential factor for mRNA expression of utero-placental glucose and cationic AA transporters than maternal nutritional status in heifers during early pregnancy.
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Tappy L. Fructose metabolism and noncommunicable diseases: recent findings and new research perspectives. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2018; 21:214-222. [PMID: 29406418 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is increasing concern that dietary fructose may contribute to the development of noncommunicable diseases. This review identifies major new findings related to fructose's physiological or adverse effects. RECENT FINDINGS Fructose is mainly processed in splanchnic organs (gut, liver, kidneys) to glucose, lactate, and fatty acids, which can then be oxidized in extrasplanchnic organs and tissues. There is growing evidence that splanchnic lactate production, linked to extrasplanchnic lactate metabolism, represents a major fructose disposal pathway during and after exercise. Chronic excess fructose intake can be directly responsible for an increase in intrahepatic fat concentration and for the development of hepatic, but not muscle insulin resistance. Although it has long been thought that fructose was exclusively metabolized in splanchnic organs, several recent reports provide indirect that some fructose may also be metabolized in extrasplanchnic cells, such as adipocytes, muscle, or brain cells; the quantity of fructose directly metabolized in extrasplanchnic cells, and its physiological consequences, remain however unknown. There is also growing evidence that endogenous fructose production from glucose occurs in humans and may have important physiological functions, but may also be associated with adverse health effects. SUMMARY Fructose is a physiological nutrient which, when consumed in excess, may have adverse metabolic effects, mainly in the liver (hepatic insulin resistance and fat storage). There is also concern that exogenous or endogenously produced fructose may be directly metabolized in extrasplanchnic cells in which it may exert adverse metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tappy
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne
- Metabolic Center, Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, Estavayer-le-lac, Switzerland
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Moore SG, McCabe MS, Green JC, Newsom EM, Lucy MC. The transcriptome of the endometrium and placenta is associated with pregnancy development but not lactation status in dairy cows†,‡. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:18-31. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Crouse MS, Caton JS, McLean KJ, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Neville BW, Ward AK. RAPID COMMUNICATION: Isolation of glucose transporters and in bovine uteroplacental tissues from days 16 to 50 of gestation. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4463-4469. [PMID: 27898848 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter solute carrier family 2 member 14 () is a duplicon of glucose transporter solute carrier family 2 member 3 () with a 95% shared homology to and has not previously been isolated in ruminant uteroplacental tissues. The transporter has been previously isolated in Holstein heifer uterine epithelium but not in ovine epithelium. We hypothesized that and its duplicon would be found in bovine uteroplacental tissues and that maternal nutrition and day of gestation would impact mRNA expression of and . Crossbred Angus heifers ( = 49) were estrus synchronized, bred via AI, and assigned to nutritional treatment (CON = 100% of requirements to gain 0.45 kg/d; RES = 60% of CON) at breeding. Ovariohysterectomy was performed on d 16, 34, or 50 of gestation ( = 6 to 9/d); nonpregnant (NP) controls were not bred and ovariohysterectomized on d 16 of the synchronized estrous cycle ( = 6). The resulting treatment arrangement was a 2 × 3 factorial + 1. Uteroplacental tissues (caruncle, CAR; intercaruncular endometrium, ICAR; and fetal membrane [chorioallantois], FM) were obtained from the pregnant uterine horn immediately after ovariohysterectomy. For NP controls, only CAR and ICAR were obtained. There were no day × treatment interactions for or gene expression in CAR, ICAR, or FM. Expression of in CAR was greater ( = 0.03) on d 50 compared with d 16. In ICAR, was greatest ( = 0.02) on d 50 compared with d 16 and 34 of gestation. In FM, was greater ( = 0.04) on d 16 compared with d 50. Expression of was greater ( = 0.05) in pregnant compared with nonpregnant heifers. Additionally, expression of was greater ( = 0.01) on d 34 and 50 compared with d 16. Expression of in CAR was greater ( = 0.03) on d 50 compared to d 16 and 34. In CAR, tended ( = 0.07) to be greater on d 34 and 50 than on d 16 and was greater ( = 0.02) on d 50 than on d 34. There was no effect of treatment for either or in CAR, ICAR, or FM. These data demonstrate that glucose transporters and are expressed in beef heifer uteroplacental tissues and that they are expressed differentially by day of gestation in bovine uteroplacental tissues.
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Crouse MS, McLean KJ, Crosswhite MR, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Neville BW, Borowicz PP, Caton JS. Nutrient transporters in bovine uteroplacental tissues on days sixteen to fifty of gestation. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4738-4747. [PMID: 27898936 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During early gestation, nutrients are transported to the developing embryo via transporters in the uterine endometrium and chorioallantois. In the present study, we examined glucose transporters and and the cationic AA transporters , , and to test the hypotheses that 1) relative mRNA expression of transporters would be different among uteroplacental tissue type as gestation progresses and 2) concentrations of glucose and cationic AA would be different among target sites (placental compartments, serum, and histotrophic) and days of gestation. To test these hypotheses, crossbred Angus heifers ( = 46) were synchronized, bred via AI, and then ovariohysterectomized on d 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, or 50 of gestation (5 to 9/d) or not bred and ovariohysterectomized on d 16 of the synchronized estrous cycle ( = 7) to serve as nonpregnant (NP) controls. Uteroplacental tissues (maternal caruncle [CAR], intercaruncular endometrium [ICAR], and fetal membranes [FM; chorioallantois, d 22 and later]) were collected from the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum immediately following ovariohysterectomy. Relative mRNA expression of the glucose transporters and cationic AA transporters was determined for each tissue from d 16 to 50 of gestation and from NP controls. Chorioallantoic, amniotic, and plasma fluids were collected from heifers on d 40 and 50 of gestation to determine concentrations of glucose and cationic AA. Expression of and showed a tendency ( < 0.10) toward being greater in d 16 ICAR and d 34 ICAR, respectively. Day × tissue interactions ( < 0.05) were present for , , and . Expression of was greater in d 50 CAR, expression of was greater on d 34 in ICAR, and expression of was greater in CAR tissue on d 34 compared with all other tissues and days of gestation. Glucose concentrations tended ( = 0.10) to be impacted by a day × fluid interaction. A day × fluid interaction ( = 0.01) for arginine concentration was observed, with greater concentrations in allantoic fluid on d 40 compared with all other days and fluid types. These data support our hypothesis that glucose and cationic AA transporters differ in their level of mRNA expression due to day of gestation and uteroplacental tissue type. In addition, concentrations of nutrients were differentially impacted by day, target site, and/or their respective interaction.
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Lucy MC, Evans TJ, Poock SE. Lymphocytic foci in the endometrium of pregnant dairy cows: Characterization and association with reduced placental weight and embryonic loss. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1711-9. [PMID: 27393221 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic foci (also known as lymphoid aggregates or tertiary lymphoid structures) form within the bovine endometrium after antigenic challenge. Their presence in the pregnant uterus provides evidence for a chronic inflammatory condition perhaps arising from an early postpartum uterine infection. The chronic inflammation that includes the foci could explain greater embryonic loss in dairy cows with early postpartum uterine disease. The objectives were to characterize the size and location of the foci in the pregnant uterus, determine their composition using immunohistochemistry, and associate their presence with the development of the pregnancy and embryonic loss. Pregnant cows (n = 43) were slaughtered on days 28, 35, or 42 of pregnancy. Uterine tissue was collected and processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. The number of small (<100 micron diameter), intermediate (100-250 micron diameter), and large (>250 micron diameter) foci was counted. The number of cows averaging 0, 0.1 to 1, 1.1 to 2, and more than 2 foci per section (small, intermediate, and large; combined) was 7 (16%), 14 (33%), 11 (26%), and 11 (26%), respectively. The average number of small and intermediate foci found in the histologic sections was greater in cows with evidence of uterine infection postpartum (P < 0.05). Lymphocytic foci were distributed within the caruncle and the intercaruncular tissue and comprised a core of CD3-positive cells (T cells) surrounding CD79-positive cells (B cells). The number of lymphocytic foci was correlated with a total inflammation score (on the basis of the total number of inflammatory cells in the endometrium; r(2) = 0.49; P < 0.001) and a fibrosis score (based on the extent of fibrosis in the endometrium; r(2) = 0.33; P < 0.001). Cows with a high foci count (averaging more than 0.5 foci per section) had lesser (P < 0.01) placental weight on Day 42 of pregnancy. There was no effect of foci count on placental weight on Day 28 or 35. Two cows with embryonic loss were in the highest quartile for foci count. In conclusion, cows with chronic inflammation as evidenced by a large number of lymphocytic foci had reduced placental weight during pregnancy. The number of foci in pregnant cows was associated with early postpartum uterine disease. Whether the foci themselves are inhibitory to pregnancy development or are associated with other bacteriological, morphological, or biochemical changes to the uterus that lead to infertility will need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | - T J Evans
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - S E Poock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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15
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Binici C, Plog S, Kershaw O, Schmicke M, van der Kolk JH, Müller KE. Insulinoma in a 5-Year-Old Dexter Cow. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1402-6. [PMID: 27236715 PMCID: PMC5089590 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Binici
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Plog
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Kershaw
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J H van der Kolk
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K E Müller
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Stratman TJ, Moore SG, Lamberson WR, Keisler DH, Poock SE, Lucy MC. Growth of the conceptus from day 33 to 45 of pregnancy is minimally associated with concurrent hormonal or metabolic status in postpartum dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 168:10-18. [PMID: 26952762 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hypothetical explanation for pregnancy loss in postpartum dairy cows is that the metabolic environment of the cow inhibits the growth of the conceptus and places the pregnancy at risk for loss. The objective of the current study, therefore, was to model the association between cow-level metabolic indicators and conceptus growth during early pregnancy (day 33-45 after AI) and to determine if an association (if present) is large enough to cause pregnancy loss. Metabolic indicators included milk production, changes in body weight and body condition score, parity, and concentrations of circulating hormones and metabolites (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, growth hormone, IGF1, progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins). One-hundred cows were enrolled. Cows that became pregnant with single conceptus pregnancies (n=53) weighed more (P<0.007) and had fewer uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (uterine health indicator; P<0.051) compared with cows that failed to become pregnant. The embryo and amniotic vesicle were measured by using ultrasound on day 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, and 45 of pregnancy. Most of the cow-level indicators that were included in the model of conceptus growth failed to achieve statistical significance. Day of pregnancy had the largest effect on conceptus growth (size and cross-sectional area of the embryo and amniotic vesicle; P<0.001). There were effects of sex of fetus (male fetuses larger than female), insulin (negative association), and body weigh change (positive association) on embryo length and cross-sectional area but these effects were small when compared with the range in conceptus length or area that we observed. The conclusion was that the capacity of the cow to become pregnant was associated with body weight and uterine health but we failed to find a large association with metabolic status on conceptus growth from day 33 to 45 of pregnancy in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Stratman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 114 Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - S G Moore
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 114 Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - W R Lamberson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 114 Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - D H Keisler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 114 Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - S E Poock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - M C Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 114 Animal Science Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Dunlap KA, Brown JD, Keith AB, Satterfield MC. Factors controlling nutrient availability to the developing fetus in ruminants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:16. [PMID: 25908972 PMCID: PMC4407308 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate delivery of nutrients results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in livestock. In ruminants, inadequate nutrition during pregnancy is often prevalent due to frequent utilization of exensive forage based grazing systems, making them highly susceptible to changes in nutrient quality and availability. Delivery of nutrients to the fetus is dependent on a number of critical factors including placental growth and development, utero-placental blood flow, nutrient availability, and placental metabolism and transport capacity. Previous findings from our laboratory and others, highlight essential roles for amino acids and their metabolites in supporting normal fetal growth and development, as well as the critical role for amino acid transporters in nutrient delivery to the fetus. The focus of this review will be on the role of maternal nutrition on placental form and function as a regulator of fetal development in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jacob D Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Ashley B Keith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - M Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
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Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows. Animal 2014; 8 Suppl 1:82-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Glucose is the molecule that drives milk production, and insulin plays a pivotal role in the glucose metabolism of dairy cows. The effect of insulin on the glucose metabolism is regulated by the secretion of insulin by the pancreas and the insulin sensitivity of the skeletal muscles, the adipose tissue, and the liver. Insulin resistance may develop as part of physiologic (pregnancy and lactation) and pathologic processes, which may manifest as decreased insulin sensitivity or decreased insulin responsiveness. A good knowledge of the normal physiology of insulin is needed to measure the in vivo insulin resistance of dairy cows.
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