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Herbage utilisation method affects rumen fluid and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein and Montbéliarde cows. Animal 2022; 16:100674. [PMID: 36434984 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with maize silage- and concentrate-based diets, herbage-based diets were repeatedly shown to favourably influence the milk fatty acid (FA) profile. However, it is unclear how the herbage feeding mode (grazing vs indoor green-feeding) and conservation (fresh herbage vs hay vs silage) modify the milk FA profile. Therefore, the aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of different herbage utilisation methods (including herbage feeding mode and herbage conservation method) on the ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary FA and the consequences on the milk FA composition in cows of two breeds (Holstein and Montbéliarde). Concomitant effects of botanical composition and phenological stage of the herbage on milk FA profile were controlled for by harvesting barn-dried hay and silage simultaneously as first cut from the same ryegrass-dominated grassland in a semi-mountainous region. Seven weeks later, the first regrowth of the same plot was used as fresh herbage, either grazed or fed indoor (indoor green-feeding). Twenty-four Montbéliarde and 24 Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four groups of 12 cows balanced by breed, parity, and milk yield. In a free-stall barn, three groups were given ad libitum access to hay, silage, or fresh herbage, respectively. The fourth group was strip-grazing. All cows were supplemented with 3 kg DM/day of the same energy-rich concentrate. After 2 weeks of adaptation to the forage, samples of forage, concentrate, milk, blood, and rumen fluid were collected. Fatty acid composition of forages, rumen fluid, and milk was analysed by gas chromatography. Haymaking reduced total FA content of the herbage, in particular that of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). Still, rumen fluid lipids of hay-fed cows had the highest proportion of rumenic acid, LA, ALA, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Milk fat from hay-fed cows had the highest proportion of LA, and the apparent transfer rates from feed to milk of LA and ALA were higher in hay-fed cows than in silage-fed cows. The proportion of PUFAs was highest in milk fat from grazing and indoor green-fed Montbéliarde cows and lowest in silage-fed cows of both breeds. In conclusion, the herbage utilisation method affects the ruminal biohydrogenation of LA and ALA, whereby herbage drying particularly increases their transfer from herbage to milk.
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Plata-Pérez G, Angeles-Hernandez JC, Morales-Almaráz E, Del Razo-Rodríguez OE, López-González F, Peláez-Acero A, Campos-Montiel RG, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Vieyra-Alberto R. Oilseed Supplementation Improves Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131642. [PMID: 35804541 PMCID: PMC9265076 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed supplementation is a strategy to improve milk production and milk composition in dairy cows; however, the response to this approach is inconsistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oilseed supplementation on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows via a meta-analysis and meta-regression. A comprehensive and structured search was performed using the following electronic databases: Google Scholar, Primo-UAEH and PubMed. The response variables were: milk yield (MY), atherogenic index (AI), Σ omega-3 PUFA, Σ omega-6 PUFA, fat, protein, lactose, linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LNA), oleic acid (OA), vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. The explanatory variables were breed, lactation stage (first, second, and third), oilseed type (linseed, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower), way (whole, extruded, ground, and roasted), dietary inclusion level, difference of the LA, LNA, OA, forage and NDF of supplemented and control rations, washout period and experimental design. A meta-analysis was performed with the “meta” package of the statistical program R. A meta-regression analysis was applied to explore the sources of heretogeneity. The inclusion of oilseeds in dairy cow rations had a positive effect on CLA (+0.27 g 100 g−1 fatty acids (FA); p < 0.0001), VA (+1.03 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), OA (+3.44 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), LNA (+0.28 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001) and UFA (+8.32 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), and negative effects on AI (−1.01; p < 0.0001), SFA (−6.51; p < 0.0001), fat milk (−0.11%; p < 0.001) and protein milk (−0.04%; p < 0.007). Fat content was affected by animal breed, lactation stage, type and processing of oilseed and dietary NDF and LA contents. CLA, LA, OA and UFA, desirable FA milk components, were affected by type, processing, and the intake of oilseed; additionally, the concentrations of CLA and VA are affected by washout and design. Oilseed supplementation in dairy cow rations has a positive effect on desirable milk components for human consumption. However, animal response to oilseed supplementation depends on explanatory variables related to experimental design, animal characteristics and the type of oilseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Plata-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Juan C. Angeles-Hernandez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.A.-H.); (R.V.-A.)
| | - Ernesto Morales-Almaráz
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote, Toluca 50000, Mexico;
| | - Oscar E. Del Razo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Felipe López-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100 Ote, Toluca 50000, Mexico;
| | - Armando Peláez-Acero
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Rafael G. Campos-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, UK;
| | - Rodolfo Vieyra-Alberto
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico; (G.P.-P.); (O.E.D.R.-R.); (A.P.-A.); (R.G.C.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.A.-H.); (R.V.-A.)
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Lima Maciel D, Castillo Vargas JA, Mezzomo R, Sundfeld da Gama MA, Leite LC, Rodrigues de Castro ÍR, Sampaio Oliveira LR, Costa Farias ML, dos Santos Luz WB, Alves KS. Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory attributes of Minas frescal cheese from grazing cows fed a supplement containing different levels of babassu coconut (Orbignya speciosa). Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Preliminary Investigation of Mixed Orchard Hays on the Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Profile, and Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Goat Kids. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060780. [PMID: 35327177 PMCID: PMC8944599 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This preliminary investigation was designed to study the effects of different mixed orchard hays on meat quality, fatty acids, amino acids, rumen intestinal microflora, and the relationship between rumen bacteria and fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Saanen dairy goats. In this preliminary investigation, goats were separately fed crop straws (corn and wheat straws) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (CK group), alfalfa + oats (Avena sativa L.) (group I), alfalfa + perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (group II), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) + perennial ryegrass (group III). There were differences in shear force and cooking loss between treatments. The contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 in the CK group were significantly higher than those in other three groups (p < 0.001). The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in group II were higher than those in other three groups (p < 0.05). Association analysis showed that Prevotella_1 was negatively correlated with C18:0 and significantly positively correlated with C16:1, while Clostridium and Romboutsia showed a positive correlation with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, feeding mixed hays can increase beneficial fatty acids and the percentages of associated bacteria in rumen and intestines.
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Multivariate modelling of milk fatty acid profile to discriminate the forages in dairy cows' ration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23201. [PMID: 34853357 PMCID: PMC8636629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies on the importance of fatty acids (FA) in our diet and on the influence of dairy diets on FA metabolism, only a few investigate their predictive capacity to discriminate the type, amount and conservation method of farm forages. This research quantifies differences in milk FA concentrations and, using a supervised factorial discriminant analysis, assesses potential biomarkers when replacing maize with other silages, grass/lucerne hays or fresh grass. The statistical modelling identified three main clusters of milk FA profiles associated with silages, hays and fresh grass as dominant roughages. The main implication of a dairy cow feeding system based on poliphytic forages from permanent meadows is enhancing milk’s nutritional quality due to an increase in beneficial omega-3 polyunsaturated FA, conjugated linoleic acids and odd chain FA, compared to feeding maize silage. The study also identified a small but powerful and reliable pool of milk FA that can act as biomarkers to authenticate feeding systems: C16:1 c-9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:3 c-9, c-12, c-15, C18:1 c-9, C18:1 t-11 and C20:0.
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de Castro ÍRR, Maciel DL, Vargas JAC, Gomes DI, Maciel RP, Mezzomo R, da Gama MAS, Oliveira LRS, Galvão LTO, da Silva Pereira K, Alves KS. Nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid composition of grazing cows fed supplements with babassu coconut. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:433. [PMID: 34386894 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of cracked babassu coconut (CBC) in the supplement on nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of dairy cows grazing Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa. Five multiparous Holstein × Zebu mid-lactation cows (125 ± 16.5 days in milk) were assigned to five dietary treatments (replacement of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of ground corn with CBC, on a dry matter (DM) basis) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The intake of DM from the supplement, crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), fat (ether extract (EE)), and total digestible nutrients (TDNs) decreased linearly (P < 0.05), while the intake of DM from forage increased linearly (P < 0.05), with the increase in CBC inclusion in the supplement. Conversely, total DM intake was unaffected (P > 0.05). The DM, NFC, EE, and TDN digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.05), while organic matter (OM) digestibility decreased in a quadratic fashion (P < 0.05), as CBC inclusion in the supplement increased. Nevertheless, digestibility of CP was unaffected (P > 0.05). Milk yield and composition (lactose, fat, protein, casein, and majority of FA) showed a linearly decreasing pattern (P < 0.05) with the increasing of CBC inclusion. However, proportions of trans-vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, total monounsaturated FA, and odd- and branched-chain FAs increased linearly (P < 0.05). On the opposite, total saturated FA (SFA) and the n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat decreased linearly (P < 0.01). Hence, replacement of corn meal with CBC up to 80% in the supplement decreases nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as milk yield response in grazing dairy cows. However, CBC inclusion may enhance the nutritional properties of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayana Lima Maciel
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Daiany Iris Gomes
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
| | - Raylon Pereira Maciel
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mezzomo
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 - Aeroporto Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kariane da Silva Pereira
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
| | - Kaliandra Souza Alves
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, S/N, Zona Rural, 66515-000, Belém, Brazil
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Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Hoeflich A, Starke A, Tröscher A, Sauerwein H, Hammon HM. Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12069-12082. [PMID: 32981718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine traits related to energy metabolism, including the somatotropic axis, in mid-lactation dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a dose-escalation study design and were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated fatty acids), linseed and safflower oils (EFA; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d of each), or EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA) for 6 wk. The initial dosage was doubled twice after 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosages 1, 2, and 3). Each cow received each fat treatment at different times. Cows were fed with a corn silage-based total mixed ration providing a low-fat content and a high n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones (insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins only on wk 0 and 6) were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of each treatment period. Liver biopsies were taken before starting the trial and at wk 6 of each treatment period to measure hepatic mRNA abundance of genes linked to glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and the somatotropic axis. The changes in the milk and blood fatty acid patterns and lactation performance of these cows have already been published in a companion paper. The plasma concentration of total cholesterol increased with dosage in all groups, except CLA, reaching the highest levels in EFA+CLA and CTRL compared with CLA. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma concentration increased in CTRL and was higher than that in EFA and CLA, whereas the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in a dose-dependent manner in EFA and EFA+CLA, and was higher than that in CLA. Hepatic mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase 1 was upregulated in all groups but was highest in EFA+CLA. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 tended to be lowest due to EFA treatment, whereas expression of long chain acyl-CoA-synthetase was lower in EFA than in CTRL. Hepatic mRNA expression of GHR1A tended to be higher in EFA+CLA than in CTRL. The plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I increased in CLA, and the plasma IGFBP-2 concentration was lower in EFA+CLA than in CTRL at wk 6. The plasma concentration of adiponectin decreased in EFA+CLA up to dosage 2. Plasma concentrations of albumin and urea were lower in CLA than in CTRL throughout the experimental period. Supplementation with EFA and CLA affected cholesterol and lipid metabolism and their regulation differently, indicating distinct stimulation after the combined EFA and CLA treatment. The decreased IGFBP-2 plasma concentration and upregulated hepatic mRNA abundance of GHR1A in EFA+CLA-supplemented cows indicated the beneficial effect of the combined EFA and CLA treatment on the somatotropic axis in mid-lactation dairy cows. Moreover, supplementation with CLA might affect protein metabolism in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haubold
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology of Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Khiaosa-ard R, Kleefisch MT, Zebeli Q, Klevenhusen F. Milk fatty acid composition reflects metabolic adaptation of early lactation cows fed hay rich in water-soluble carbohydrates with or without concentrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vogel L, Gnott M, Kröger-Koch C, Dannenberger D, Tuchscherer A, Tröscher A, Kienberger H, Rychlik M, Starke A, Bachmann L, Hammon HM. Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid in late and early lactation on performance, milk and body composition, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7431-7450. [PMID: 32475659 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rations including high amounts of corn silage are currently very common in dairy production. Diets with corn silage as forage source result in a low supply of essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, and may lead to low conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. The present study investigated the effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, and CLA in dairy cows fed a corn silage-based diet on performance, milk composition, including fatty acid (FA) pattern, and lipid metabolism from late to early lactation. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 40) were studied from wk 9 antepartum to wk 9 postpartum and dried off 6 wk before calving. The cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d), linseed and safflower oil (EFA, 78 and 4 g/d; linseed/safflower oil ratio = 19.5:1; n-6/n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA, 38 g/d; BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 each 10 g/d) or EFA+CLA. Milk composition was analyzed weekly, and blood samples were taken several times before and after parturition to determine plasma concentrations of metabolites related to lipid metabolism. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy on d 63 and 21 antepartum and on d 1, 28, and 63 postpartum to measure triglyceride concentration. Body composition was determined after slaughter. Supplementation of CLA reduced milk fat concentration, increased body fat mass, and improved energy balance (EB) in late and early lactation, but EB was lowest during late lactation in the EFA group. Cows with CLA treatment alone showed an elevated milk citrate concentration in early lactation, whereas EFA+CLA did not reveal higher milk citrate but did have increased acetone. Milk protein was increased in late lactation but was decreased in wk 1 postpartum in CLA and EFA+CLA. Milk urea was reduced by CLA treatment during the whole period. After calving, the increase of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma was less in CLA groups; liver triglycerides were raised lowest at d 28 in CLA groups. Our data confirm an improved metabolic status with CLA but not with exclusive EFA supplementation during early lactation. Increased milk citrate concentration in CLA cows points to reduced de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland, but milk citrate was less affected in EFA+CLA cows, indicating that EFA supplementation may influence changes in mammary gland FA metabolism achieved by CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vogel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Gnott
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - D Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - H Kienberger
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Bachmann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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The links between supplementary tannin levels and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0216187. [PMID: 32168348 PMCID: PMC7069617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to predict and identify ways to increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products to treat human health issues with dietary tannins. The objective was to compare and confirm the effects of dietary tannins on CLA formation by analyzing in vitro and/or in vivo studies. We reported the results of the meta-analysis based on numerical data from 38 selected publications consisting of 3712 treatments. Generally, via multiple pathways, the CLA formation increased when dietary tannins increased. Concurrently, dietary tannins increased Δ9 desaturation and the CLA indices in milk and meat (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, with average R2 values of 0.23 and 0.44, respectively), but they did not change the rumen fermentation characteristics, including total volatile fatty acids (mmol/L) and their acid components. In vitro observations may accurately predict in vivo results. Unfortunately, there was no relationship between in vitro observations and in vivo results (R2 < 0.10), indicating that it is difficult to predict CLA formation in vivo considering in vitro observations. According to the statistical meta-analysis results regarding animal aspects, the ranges of tannin levels required for CLA formation in vitro and in vivo were approximately 0.1–20 g/kg dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001) and 2.1–80 g/kg DM (P < 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, the in vivo method was more suitable for the direct observation of fatty acid transformation than the in vitro method.
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Liu N, Pustjens AM, Erasmus SW, Yang Y, Hettinga K, van Ruth SM. Dairy farming system markers: The correlation of forage and milk fatty acid profiles from organic, pasture and conventional systems in the Netherlands. Food Chem 2020; 314:126153. [PMID: 31986340 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between the fatty acid (FA) composition in forage and milk (F&M) from different dairy systems were investigated. Eighty milk samples and 91 forage samples were collected from 40 farms (19 organic, 11 pasture and 10 conventional) in the Netherlands, during winter and summer. The FA profiles of F&M samples were measured with gas chromatography. The results showed that the F&M of organic farms were significantly differentiated from the F&M of other farms, both in summer and winter. The differences are likely due to the different grazing strategies in summer and different forage composition in winter. The Pearson's correlation results showed the specific relationship between individual FAs in forages and related milk. A PLS-DA model was applied to classify all milks samples, resulting in 87.5% and 83.3% correct classifications of training set and validation set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Liu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M Pustjens
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara W Erasmus
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuzheng Yang
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia M van Ruth
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Purba RAP, Yuangklang C, Paengkoum S, Paengkoum P. Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population and animal performance in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with Piper betle leaves in Saanen goats. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Starke A, Tuchscherer A, Tröscher A, Kienberger H, Rychlik M, Bernabucci U, Trevisi E, Hammon HM. Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on performance and fatty acid, antioxidative, and inflammatory status in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:972-991. [PMID: 31704022 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on fatty acid (FA) composition, performance, and systemic and hepatic antioxidative and inflammatory responses in dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were investigated in a 4 × 4 Latin square and were abomasally infused with 1 of the following for 6 wk: (1) coconut oil (control treatment, CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated FA), (2) linseed and safflower oil (EFA treatment; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d, respectively; providing mainly α-linolenic acid), (3) Lutalin (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany; CLA treatment; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d each), (4) or EFA+CLA. The initial dosage was doubled every 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosage 1, 2, and 3). Cows were fed a corn silage-based total mixed ration with a high n-6/n-3 FA ratio. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk composition was measured weekly. The FA compositions of milk fat and blood plasma were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6. The plasma concentration and hepatic mRNA abundance of parameters linked to the antioxidative and inflammatory response were analyzed at wk 0 and 6 of each treatment period. Infused FA increased in blood plasma and milk of the respective treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. The n-6/n-3 FA ratio in milk fat was higher in CTRL and CLA than in EFA and EFA+CLA. The sum of FA <C16 in milk fat decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner. Energy-corrected milk and milk fat decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and were higher in EFA and CTRL than in CLA at dosages 2 and 3. Energy balance tended to be highest in CLA cows. Milk protein content was lower in CLA and EFA+CLA than in CTRL. Milk urea concentration decreased in CLA and EFA+CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and was lower in CLA and EFA+CLA than in EFA and CTRL at dosages 2 and 3. Milk citrate concentration increased in CLA in a dosage-dependent manner and was higher in CLA and EFA+CLA than in EFA and CTRL. Glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma was lower in CTRL than in EFA, and plasma concentration of β-carotene increased in EFA and EFA+CLA with dosage. Increased milk citrate pointed at reduced de novo FA synthesis and a better antioxidative status in milk due to CLA treatment. Supplementation with CLA may also affect milk protein synthesis, but EFA and CLA treatment did not influence the inflammatory status in a consistent manner in mid-lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haubold
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - H Kienberger
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - U Bernabucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - H M Hammon
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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14
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Coppa M, Chassaing C, Sibra C, Cornu A, Verbič J, Golecký J, Engel E, Ratel J, Boudon A, Ferlay A, Martin B. Forage system is the key driver of mountain milk specificity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10483-10499. [PMID: 31495613 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to determine the effect of upland origin on milk composition when comparing similar lowland and upland production system and to highlight the factors responsible for the added value of upland milk from commercial farms. Tanker milk from 55 groups of farms (264 farms in total) in France, Slovakia, and Slovenia was collected twice during the indoor season and 3 times during the outdoor season. The tanker rounds were selected in each country to be balanced according to their origin (lowland or upland) and within upland or lowland groups, according to the forage systems: corn-based or grass-based forage system. At each milk sampling, the production conditions were recorded through on-farm surveys. The milk was analyzed for gross composition, carotenoids, minerals, fatty acids, phenolic compound derivatives, volatile organic compound concentrations, and color. The milk from upland and lowland areas differed in their contents of a few constituents. Upland milk was richer in not identified (n.i.) retention time (Rt) 13,59, 4-methylpentylbenzene, 1-methyl-2-n-hexylbenzene, and β-caryophyllene than lowland milk. These differences could be most likely attributable to the utilization of highly diversified and extensively managed semi-natural grasslands. The higher forbs content of upland pastures could be related as well to the richness in C18:3n-3, CLA cis-9,trans-11, MUFA, and PUFA we observed in upland compared with lowland milk during the outdoor season. In contrast, grazing on lowland pastures rich in grasses gave a yellower milk that was richer in β-carotene. Out of the few compounds showing a significant effect of origin or its interaction, most of the milk constituents were unaffected by the origin at all. However, almost all milk constituents differed according to the forage system and the season, and the differences observed between seasons can be attributed to differences in the cow diet composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coppa
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Chassaing
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Sibra
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Cornu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - J Verbič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Golecký
- Grassland and Mountain Agriculture Research Institute, Mladeznicka 36, 974 21 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - E Engel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 370 Product Quality, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - J Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 370 Product Quality, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Boudon
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - A Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - B Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Corazzin M, Romanzin A, Sepulcri A, Pinosa M, Piasentier E, Bovolenta S. Fatty Acid Profiles of Cow's Milk and Cheese as Affected by Mountain Pasture Type and Concentrate Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E68. [PMID: 30813311 PMCID: PMC6406273 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of pasture type and concentrate supplementation on the fatty acids (FA) composition of milk and cheese obtained during summer grazing on mountain pasture. Seventy-two Italian Simmental dairy cows were assigned to two groups that differed by the amount of concentrate supplementation: 3.0 kg/head/d (HIGH) vs. 1.5 kg/head/d (LOW). The dairy cows grazed on a Poion alpinae alliance pasture (PAST1), and subsequently they grazed on a Seslerion caeruleae alliance pasture (PAST2) for 10 d each. In the last three days of each experimental period, milk samples were collected immediately before each cheese-making event. Cheese samples were collected from each cheese loaf after 60 d of ripening. LOW showed higher isoFA, FA intermediates of the ruminal biohydrogenation, C18:3 c9,c12,c15, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels than HIGH. The pasture type had a more limited effect on FA composition of milk than concentrate level and was mainly related to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which were higher in PAST1 than PAST2 (p < 0.05). In cheeses, these differences were reduced. The phytanic acid and phytanic isomer ratio (SRR/RRR) in milk were not affected either by supplement level (p > 0.05) or by type of pasture (p > 0.05). Increasing the concentrate offered to dairy cows from 1.5 to 3.0 kg/d did not markedly influence the level of PUFA in cheeses produced during summer grazing on high mountain pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Romanzin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Pinosa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bovolenta
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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16
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Prado LA, Schmidely P, Nozière P, Ferlay A. Milk saturated fatty acids, odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, and isomers of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3n-3 according to their duodenal flows in dairy cows: A meta-analysis approach. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3053-3070. [PMID: 30738686 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We sought to establish predictive response models of milk fatty acid (FA) yields or concentrations from their respective duodenal flow, rumen digestive parameters, or diet characteristics in dairy cows, with a special focus on cis and trans isomers of C18:1, C18:2, odd- and branched FA, and mammary de novo synthesized FA. This meta-analysis was carried out using data from trials with nature of forage, percentage of concentrate, supplementation of diets with vegetable oils or seeds, and marine products' animal fats as experimental factors. The data set included 34 published papers representing 50 experiments with 142 treatments. Increasing duodenal C18 FA flow induced a quadratic increase in milk total C18 yield and a linear decrease in milk C4:0 to C14:0 concentration. Intra-experimental predictive response models of individual milk cis C18:1 isomers (Δ 11 to 15 position) from their respective duodenal flows had coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.74 to 0.99, with root mean square error varying from 0.19 to 0.96 g/d, 0.02 to 0.10% of total FA, and 0.03 to 0.29% of C18 FA. Models predicting milk trans C18:1 isomer yields or concentrations had R2 greater than 0.90 (except for trans-4 and trans-10 C18:1) with root mean square error varying from less than 0.1 to 5.2 g/d. Linear regressions for C18:2n-6, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, and trans-11,trans-13 CLA were calculated according to their respective duodenal flows. Quadratic models of milk C18:3n-3 yield or concentration from its duodenal flow had R2 values above 0.97. Models of amounts desaturated from C18:0 into cis-9 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 into cis-9,trans-11 CLA indicated that the contribution of C18:0 and trans-11 C18:1 desaturation to respective cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA yields in milk fat was 83.8% (±0.75) and 86.8% (±2.8). Furthermore, when cows were fed marine products, our results could indicate a lower mammary uptake of C18:0 and trans-11 C18:1 in proportion to their respective duodenal flow, with no associated change in mammary Δ9-desaturase activity. Yields or concentrations of C15:0, C17:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, anteiso-C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 were dependent on their respective duodenal flow or concentration at duodenum, but synthesis of these FA from C3 units for linear-chain odd FA, and from C2 units for branched-chain FA was suggested, respectively. Several milk C18 FA concentrations were closely related to their duodenal concentrations with slopes of the linear models close to the bisector; this could reflect a priority for the use of these duodenal C18 FA by the mammary gland to favor their high concentration in plasma triglycerides and nonesterified FA, which are preferentially taken up by the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Prado
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Ph Schmidely
- INRA, UMR0791 Mosar, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - P Nozière
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Ferlay
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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17
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Effects of vegetation type and breed on n-3 and n-6 fatty acid proportions in heart, lung and brain phospholipids of lambs. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Almeida OC, Ferraz MV, Susin I, Gentil RS, Polizel DM, Ferreira EM, Barroso JP, Pires AV. Plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in goats fed diets supplemented with oils from soybean, linseed or fish. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Weld KA, Armentano LE. Feeding high oleic acid soybeans in place of conventional soybeans increases milk fat concentration. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9768-9776. [PMID: 30197137 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well established in the literature that feeding free vegetable oils rich in oleic acid results in greater milk fat secretion than does feeding linoleic-rich oils. The objectives of these experiments were to analyze the effects of oleic and linoleic acid when fed in the form of full-fat soybeans and the interaction between soybean particle size and fatty acid (FA) profile. Soybeans were included in diets on an iso-ether extract basis and diets were balanced for crude protein using soybean meal. Experiment 1 used 63 cows (28 primiparous, PP; 35 multiparous, MP) housed in a freestall barn with Insentec roughage intake control gates (Marknesse, the Netherlands). Cows were divided into 4 mixed parity groups within the same pen. Two groups were assigned to each of the 2 diets: whole raw Plenish (WP, high oleic; Dupont-Pioneer, Johnston, IA) soybeans or whole raw conventional (WC, high linoleic) soybeans. The MP cows exhibited significantly increased milk fat yield on the WP diet compared with the WC diet. A significantly greater C18 milk FA yield by the MP cows fed WP was observed compared with those fed WC, but no difference was present in the C16 or short-chain FA yield. No effects were seen in the PP cows. Experiment 2 used 20 cows (10 PP, 10 MP) in 2 balanced 5 × 5 Latin squares within parity. Cows received 5 diets: raw WP and WC diets, raw ground Plenish and conventional soybean diets (GP and GC, respectively), and a low fat control. A significant benefit was found for the GP diet compared with the GC diet for milk fat concentration and yield. In experiment 2, no difference was observed between cows fed the WP compared with the WC diet. In experiment 2, cows consuming the Plenish diets produced less milk than when consuming the conventional soybean diets. The soybean diets resulted in significantly more C18 and less
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Weld
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - L E Armentano
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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20
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Marquardt S, Barsila SR, Amelchanka SL, Devkota NR, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Fatty acid profile of ghee derived from two genotypes (cattle–yak vs yak) grazing different alpine Himalayan pasture sites. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profile of ghee produced from milk of cattle–yak hybrids grazing five mountain pasture sites along a high-alpine transhumance route in Nepal was analysed. Pastures differed in altitude above sea level (2600–4500 m), time period of being grazed and phytochemical composition of the swards. Additionally, a comparison of ghee from purebred yak and hybrid was performed, with samples produced at two of the sites. Pasture site had a strong effect on almost all FAs. Proportions of oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid in ghee were smallest on the highest pasture at 4500 m where the largest condensed tannin concentrations in the forages were found. No systematic site effects were found for c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated FAs. Ghee produced from the hybrids’ milk was richer in major functional FAs such as α-linolenic and linoleic acid, while yak ghee contained more saturated FAs and eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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Mie A, Andersen HR, Gunnarsson S, Kahl J, Kesse-Guyot E, Rembiałkowska E, Quaglio G, Grandjean P. Human health implications of organic food and organic agriculture: a comprehensive review. Environ Health 2017; 16:111. [PMID: 29073935 PMCID: PMC5658984 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises existing evidence on the impact of organic food on human health. It compares organic vs. conventional food production with respect to parameters important to human health and discusses the potential impact of organic management practices with an emphasis on EU conditions. Organic food consumption may reduce the risk of allergic disease and of overweight and obesity, but the evidence is not conclusive due to likely residual confounding, as consumers of organic food tend to have healthier lifestyles overall. However, animal experiments suggest that identically composed feed from organic or conventional production impacts in different ways on growth and development. In organic agriculture, the use of pesticides is restricted, while residues in conventional fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of human pesticide exposures. Epidemiological studies have reported adverse effects of certain pesticides on children's cognitive development at current levels of exposure, but these data have so far not been applied in formal risk assessments of individual pesticides. Differences in the composition between organic and conventional crops are limited, such as a modestly higher content of phenolic compounds in organic fruit and vegetables, and likely also a lower content of cadmium in organic cereal crops. Organic dairy products, and perhaps also meats, have a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids compared to conventional products. However, these differences are likely of marginal nutritional significance. Of greater concern is the prevalent use of antibiotics in conventional animal production as a key driver of antibiotic resistance in society; antibiotic use is less intensive in organic production. Overall, this review emphasises several documented and likely human health benefits associated with organic food production, and application of such production methods is likely to be beneficial within conventional agriculture, e.g., in integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mie
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Centre for Organic Food and Farming (EPOK), Ultuna, Sweden
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Public Health, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gunnarsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Animal Environment and Health, Skara, Sweden
| | - Johannes Kahl
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Research Unit on Nutritional Epidemiology (U1153 Inserm, U1125 INRA, CNAM, Université Paris 13), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Department of Functional & Organic Food & Commodities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gianluca Quaglio
- Scientific Foresight Unit (Science and Technology Options Assessment [STOA]), Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS), European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Public Health, Odense, Denmark
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, USA
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Thomson A, Humphries D, Kliem K, Dittmann M, Reynolds C. Effects of replacing maize silage with lucerne silage and lucerne silage chop length on rumen function and milk fatty acid composition. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7127-7138. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pomegranate seed pulp, pistachio hulls, and tomato pomace as replacement of wheat bran increased milk conjugated linoleic acid concentrations without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and performance of Saanen dairy goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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