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Yadessa E, Tamir B, Kitaw G, Dejene M. Effects of brewery by-products based silage on productive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:253. [PMID: 39227455 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an increasing levels of brewery by-products based silage on productive performances of 3/4 Friesian x Boran mid-lactating cows. Experimental cows had similar in initial milk yield (11.7 ± 1.0), average days in milk (81.7 ± 6.1) and live weight (LW, 430.7 ± 40.3 kg) but different in parities (2-5).The dietary treatments were arranged randomly in 4 × 4 Latin Square Design that included ad libitum natural pasture hay feeding for all treatments as a roughage source plus a commercial dairy concentrate mix supplemented at 0.5 kg DM (dry matter)/liter of milk produced/day for cows in the control group (T1) and 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 kg DM of brewery by-products based silage per liter of milk yield/cow/day for cows in T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. The study revealed that the daily milk yield of experimental cows was influenced by dietary treatments with relatively higher daily milk yield being recorded (P < 0.05) for cows in the T4 (13.9 l) followed by T3 (13.8 l). Milk composition of cows remained unchanged (P > 0.05) except for fat percentage of the milk that showed a declining trend (P < 0.05) with incremental inclusion levels of brewery by-products based silages. The highest net income (NI, 437.9 Eth. Birr) and marginal rate of return (MRR, 800.7%) was obtained for cows receiving brewery by-products based silage at the rate of 0.7 kg/liter of milk yield as compared to cows in the other treatment groups. Further study is required on the long term effect of brewery by-products based silage supplementation on productive, reproductive performance, and milk microbial qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Yadessa
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research-Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Holetta, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhan Tamir
- Addis Ababa University-College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Kitaw
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research-Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Holetta, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Dejene
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research-Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Holetta, Ethiopia
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2
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Kamal M, Linlin K, Gao J, Xinrui Z, Xinming C, Haibo W, Lulu D, Abd El-Hack ME, Mahrose K, Cheng Y. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis on in vitro fermentation in the rumen of Hu sheep. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39221964 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for animal products is increasing in developing countries due to population growth. However, livestock production contributes significantly to global warming, accounting for 25%. Probiotics can help improve livestock efficiency by enhancing gut microbes and fat metabolism. They can modify rumen populations, enhance fermentation, reduce methane emissions and improve feed digestion. In this study, the goal was to determine the most effective method of reducing methane emissions in the rumen of sheep in vitro by adding different concentrations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis. RESULTS Adding 8 × 106 CFU g-1 S. cerevisiae during fermentation reduced pH levels after 48 h. This also increased the concentrations of NH3-N, microbial protein and total gas production. At the same time, it decreased methane emissions. Furthermore, adding 20 × 106 CFU g-1 B. subtilis to the mixture increased total gas production (TGP) and methane production, with the highest production observed after 48 h. However, it did not affect pH levels after 48 h. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that S. cerevisiae had significantly increased microbial protein and NH3-N concentrations after fermentation without altering pH. Additionally, the addition of S. cerevisiae enhanced TGP and reduced methane emissions. It is worth noting that TGP increased because B. subtilis was added at a concentration of 20 × 106 CFU g-1, with no significant differences between concentrations. Therefore, we recommend adding S. cerevisiae and B. subtilis to the diet at doses of 8 and 20 × 106 CFU g-1, as it resulted in higher TGP and reduced methane emissions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kamal
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kou Linlin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Xinrui
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Xinming
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Haibo
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai Lulu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Khalid Mahrose
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Golder HM, Lean IJ. Ruminal acidosis and its definition: A critical review. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01095-6. [PMID: 39218070 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ruminal acidosis occurs as a continuum of disorders, stemming from ruminal dysbiosis and disorders of metabolism, of varying severity. The condition has a marked temporal dynamic expression resulting in cases expressing quite different rumen concentrations of VFA, lactic acid, ammonia, and rumen pH over time. Clinical ruminal acidosis is an important condition of cattle and subclinical ruminal acidosis (SRA) is very prevalent in many dairy populations with estimates between 10 to 26% of cows in early lactation. Estimates of the duration of a case suggest the lactational incidence of the condition may be as high as 500 cases per 100 cows in the first 100 d of lactation. Historical confusion about the etiology and pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis led to definitions that are not fit for purpose as acidic ruminal conditions solely characterized by ruminal pH determination at a single point fail to reflect the complexity of the condition. Use of a model, based on integrated ruminal measures including VFA, ammonia, lactic acid, and pH, for evaluating ruminal acidosis is fit for purpose, as indicated by meeting postulates for assessing metabolic disease, but requires a method to simplify application in the field. While it is likely that this model, that we have termed the Bramley Acidosis Model (BAM), will be refined, the critical value in the model is that it demonstrates that ruminal acidosis is much more than ruminal pH. Disease, milk yield and milk composition are more associated with the BAM than rumen pH alone. Two single VFA, propionate and valerate are sensitive and specific for SRA, especially when compared with rumen pH. Even with the use of such a model, astute evaluations of the condition whether in experimental or field circumstances will be aided by ancillary measures that can be used in parallel or in series to enhance diagnosis and interpretation. Sensing methods including rumination detection, behavior, milk analysis, and passive analysis of rumen function have the potential to improve the detection of SRA; however, these may advance more rapidly if SRA is defined more broadly than by ruminal pH alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Dairy Science Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570.
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Li Z, Hu Y, Li H, Lin Y, Cheng M, Zhu F, Guo Y. Effects of yeast culture supplementation on milk yield, rumen fermentation, metabolism, and bacterial composition in dairy goats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1447238. [PMID: 39170629 PMCID: PMC11336828 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1447238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast culture (YC) on dairy goat milk yield and potential effects of rumen microbial population changes on rumen fermentation are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of YC on milk yield and rumen fermentation in dairy goats and explore the potential microbial mechanisms. Forty Laoshan dairy goats with a weight of 51.23 ± 2.23 kg and daily milk yield of 1.41 ± 0.26 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (no YC), YC1 (10 g/day per goat), YC2 (25 g/day per goat), and YC3 (40 g/day per goat). The pre-feeding period was 15 days, and the official period was 60 days. Laoshan dairy goats were milked twice daily, and the individual milk yield was recorded. On the last day of the official period, rumen fluid was collected to measure rumen fermentation, perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and detect metabolites. Compared to the control group, the YC group had greater milk yield; higher acetic acid, butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acid contents; and lower ammonia-N (NH3-N) content in the rumen (p < 0.05). YC increased the abundance of Clostridia_UCG-014 and Paraprevotella (p < 0.05). Differential metabolites L-leucine and aspartic acid were screened. This study revealed the microbial mechanisms linking the relative abundance of Paraprevotella and Clostridia_UCG-014 to L-leucine and aspartic acid utilization. These results describe the potential benefits of supplementing 10 g/day per goat YC in the diets of Laoshan dairy goats for improving the rumen environment and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingting Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Qingdao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Fenghua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yixuan Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Kholif AE, Anele A, Anele UY. Microbial feed additives in ruminant feeding. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:542-571. [PMID: 39219749 PMCID: PMC11362274 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of feed additives administration are to increase feed quality, feed utilization, and the performance and health of animals. For many years, antibiotic-based feed additives showed promising results; however, their administration in animal feeds has been banned due to some public concerns regarding their residues in the produced milk and meat from treated animals. Some microorganisms have desirable properties and elicit certain effects, which makes them potential alternatives to antibiotics to enhance intestinal health and ruminal fermentation. The commonly evaluated microorganisms are some species of bacteria and yeasts. Supplementing microorganisms to ruminants boosts animal health, feed digestion, ruminal fermentation, animal performance (meat and milk), and feed efficiency. Moreover, feeding microorganisms helps young calves adapt quickly to consume solid feed and prevents thriving populations of enteric pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract which cause diarrhea. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae are the commonly used microbial feed additives in ruminant production. The response of feeding such microorganisms depends on many factors including the level of administration, diet fed to animal, physiological status of animal, and many other factors. However, the precise modes of action in which microbial feed additives improve nutrient utilization and livestock production are under study. Therefore, we aim to highlight some of the uses of microorganisms-based feed additives effects on animal production, the modes of action of microorganisms, and their potential use as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Kholif
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anuoluwapo Anele
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Uchenna Y. Anele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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6
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Takiya CS, Chesini RG, de Freitas AC, Grigoletto NTS, Vieira DJC, Poletti G, Martins NP, Sbaralho OP, Roth N, Acedo T, Cortinhas C, Rennó FP. Dietary supplementation with live or autolyzed yeast: Effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4495-4508. [PMID: 38369113 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of live or autolyzed yeast supplementation on dairy cow performance and ruminal fermentation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance, feed sorting, total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, purine derivatives excretion, N utilization, ruminal fermentation, and the abundance of specific bacterial groups in the rumen. In experiment 1, 39 Holstein cows (171 ± 40 DIM and 32.6 ± 5.4 kg/d milk yield) were blocked according to parity, DIM, and milk yield and randomly assigned to the following treatments: control (CON); autolyzed yeast fed at 0.625 g/kg DM (AY; Levabon, DSM-Firmenich); or live yeast fed at 0.125 g/kg DM (LY; Vistacell, AB Vista). Cows were submitted to a 2-wk adaptation period followed by a 9-wk trial. In experiment 2, 8 ruminal cannulated Holstein cows (28.4 ± 4.0 kg/d milk yield and 216 ± 30 DIM), of which 4 were multiparous and 4 were primiparous, were blocked according to parity and enrolled into a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21-d periods (the last 7 d for sampling). Cows within blocks were randomly assigned to treatment sequences: control (CON), LY (using the same product and dietary concentration as described in experiment 1), AY, or autolyzed yeast fed at 0.834 g/kg DM (AY2). In experiments 1 and 2, nutrient intake and total-tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Sorting for long feed particles (>19 mm) tended to be greater in cows fed yeast supplements than CON in experiment 1. Efficiency of N conversion into milk N was increased when feeding yeast supplements in experiment 1, and 3.5% FCM yield tended to be greater in cows fed yeast supplements than CON. Feed efficiency was increased when yeast supplements were fed to cows in relation to CON in experiment 1. In experiment 2, yield of FCM and fat were greater in cows fed yeast supplements compared with CON. Uric acid concentration and output in urine were increased when feeding yeast supplements when compared with CON. Neither ruminal pH nor total VFA were influenced by treatments. The current study did not reveal treatment differences in ruminal abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, the genus Butyrivibrio, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, or Streptococcus bovis. Yeast supplementation can increase feed efficiency without affecting nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal VFA concentration, or ruminal abundance of specific bacterial groups. Supplementing live or autolyzed yeast, regardless of the dose, resulted in similar performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; Academic Department of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Pato Branco 85.503-390, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Chesini
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Freitas
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel José C Vieira
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Poletti
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Martins
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Osmar Pietro Sbaralho
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nataliya Roth
- DSM-Firmenich BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Tiago Acedo
- DSM-Firmenich, São Paulo, 04543-907 SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Nutrition, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil.
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7
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Qi P, Wang L. Effect of Adding Yeast Cultures to High-Grain Conditions on Production Performance, Rumen Fermentation Profile, Microbial Abundance, and Immunity in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1799. [PMID: 38929418 PMCID: PMC11200607 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a common practice among farmers to utilize high-grain diets with the intention of promoting ruminant growth. However, this approach bears the risk of inducing rumen disorders and nutrient metabolism diseases. Yeast culture (YC) showed advantages in ruminant applications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding two different types of YC to high-grain conditions on production performance, rumen fermentation profile, microbial abundance, and immunity in goats. A total of 30 male goats with similar body condition were randomly distributed into 3 dietary treatments with 10 replicates per treatment as follows: basic diet group (CON); basic diet + 0.5% yeast culture 1 (YC1) group; basic diet + 0.5% yeast culture 2 (YC2) group. The trial lasted for 36 days. The results demonstrated that dietary YC supplementation led to an increase in the average daily gain and a reduction in feed intake and weight gain ratio in goats. It increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein, NDF, and ADF (p < 0.05). The serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the control group were significantly higher than those of the YC groups (p < 0.05). The serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG in the control group were significantly lower than those in the YC groups (p < 0.05). The rumen concentration of microbial protein (MCP) in the control group was significantly lower than that in the YC groups (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the concentration of IL-10 and Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Succinivibrio, while there was a positive correlation between concentrations of IL-10 and Firmicutes. Nevertheless, discrepancies were observed in the impact of the two different types of YC on the physiological and biochemical indicators of the animals. The concentration of triglyceride in the YC1 group was significantly higher than that of the CON and YC2 groups, while the concentration of urea in the YC2 group was significantly higher than that of the CON and YC1 groups (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the addition of YC2 to the diet significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Fibrobacterota and significantly decreased Firmicutes compared to the control. At the genus level, the addition of YC1 to the HGD significantly reduced the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, while the addition of YC2 to the HGD significantly increased the relative abundance of Prevotellace-ae_UCG-001, Fibrobacter, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 (p < 0.05). The addition of YC significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility, beneficially manipulated ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity, and improved immune function. The choice of yeast cultures can be customized according to specific production conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
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Wang H, Liu G, Zhou A, Yang H, Kang K, Ahmed S, Li B, Farooq U, Hou F, Wang C, Bai X, Chen Y, Ding Y, Jiang X. Effects of yeast culture on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial community of high concentrate diet in sheep. AMB Express 2024; 14:37. [PMID: 38622373 PMCID: PMC11018729 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate effects of different yeast culture (YC) levels on in vitro fermentation characteristics and bacterial and fungal community under high concentrate diet. A total of 5 groups were included in the experiment: control group without YC (CON), YC1 (0.5% YC proportion of substrate dry matter), YC2 (1%), YC3 (1.5%) and YC4 (2%). After 48 h of fermentation, the incubation fluids and residues were collected to analyze the ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial and fungal community. Results showed that the ruminal fluid pH of YC2 and YC4 groups was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CON group. Compared with CON group, the microbial protein, propionate and butyrate concentrations and cumulative gas production at 48 h of YC2 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas an opposite trend of ammonia nitrogen and lactate was observed between two groups. Microbial analysis showed that the Chao1 and Shannon indexes of YC2 group were higher (P < 0.05) than those of CON group. Additionally, YC supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001, Streptococcus bovis and Neosetophoma relative abundances. An opposite tendency of Aspergillus abundance was found between CON and YC treatments. Compared with CON group, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, Butyrivibrio and Megasphaera elsdenii were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in YC2 group, while Apiotrichum and unclassified Clostridiales relative abundances were decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, high concentrate substrate supplemented with appropriate YC (1%) can improve ruminal fermentation and regulate bacterial and fungal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National key Laboratory for Exploitation and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, 621023, China
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
| | - Kun Kang
- National key Laboratory for Exploitation and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Biao Li
- National key Laboratory for Exploitation and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fuqing Hou
- National Sheep Industry Technology System Shihezi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Chaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Sheep Industry Technology System Shihezi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- National Sheep Industry Technology System Shihezi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China
- National Sheep Industry Technology System Shihezi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, 830013, China.
- National Sheep Industry Technology System Shihezi Comprehensive Experimental Station, Shihezi, 832000, China.
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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Hao Y, Ouyang T, Wang W, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Guan LL, Li S. Competitive Analysis of Rumen and Hindgut Microbiota Composition and Fermentation Function in Diarrheic and Non-Diarrheic Postpartum Dairy Cows. Microorganisms 2023; 12:23. [PMID: 38257850 PMCID: PMC10818870 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Postpartum dairy cows can develop nutritional diarrhea when their diet is abruptly changed for milk production. However, it is unclear whether nutritional diarrhea develops as a result of gut acidosis and/or dysbiosis. This study aimed to uncover changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota and its fermentation parameters in response to nutritional diarrhea in postpartum dairy cows. Rumen and fecal samples were collected from twenty-four postpartum cows fed with the same diet but with different fecal scores: the low-fecal-score (LFS: diarrheic) group and high-fecal-score (HFS: non-diarrheic) group. A microbiota difference was only observed for fecal microbiota, with the relative abundance of Defluviitaleaceae_UCG-011 and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001 tending (p < 0.10) to be higher in HFS cows compared to LFS cows, and Frisingicoccus were only detected in HFS cows. The fecal bacterial community in LFS cows had higher robustness (p < 0.05) compared to that in HFS cows, and also had lower negative cohesion (less competitive behaviors) and higher positive cohesion (more cooperative behaviors) (p < 0.05) compared that in to HFS cows. Lower total volatile fatty acids and higher ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.05) were observed in LFS cows' feces compared to HFS cows. The observed shift in fecal bacterial composition, community networks, and metabolites suggests that hindgut dysbiosis could be related to nutritional diarrhea in postpartum cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tong Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
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11
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Nasiri K, Sadeghi AA, Nikkhah A, Chamani M. Effects of live and autolyzed yeast supplementation during transition period on ruminal fermentation, blood attributes, and immune response in dairy cows under heat stress condition. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2963-2971. [PMID: 36165743 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2126366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare nutrient digestibility, performance and immune response of dairy cows received live and autolyzed yeast during the transition period in high ambient temperature. Cows (n = 25) were randomly divided and received a basal diet with or without live yeast or autolyzed yeast as on top three weeks pre-parturition until three weeks post-parturition. The Control group received a basal diet without yeast products; other groups received 0.5 g live yeast; 1.0 g live yeast; 10 g autolyzed yeast and 20 g/d/head autolyzed yeast. Live yeast resulted in higher nutrient digestibility compared with autolyzed yeast and the control. Methane production was the highest in autolyzed yeast and the lowest in live yeast. Average milk production was the highest in cows that received live yeast. The highest IgG level was for cows that received autolyzed yeast at a dose of 20 g/d/head. Live yeast had no significant effect, but autolyzed yeast increased the relative expression of γ-Interferon and interleukin-2 as compared with the control group. It was concluded that live yeast at a dose of 1.0 g/d/head could influence ruminal fermentation and milk production, but autolyzed yeast at a dose of 20 g/d/head could influence the immune response of dairy cows during the transition period and heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Nasiri
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nikkhah
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Hnokaew P, Moonmanee T, Phatsara C, Chongkasikit N, Trirawong P, Oluodo LA, Yammuen-Art S. Effect of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast supplementation on milk performance and blood chemical profiles in dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1536-1545. [PMID: 37170501 PMCID: PMC10475374 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of UV-B irradiated vitamin D-enriched yeast supplementation on milk yield, milk composition, vitamin D in milk, milk fatty acids, blood chemistry, and 25(OH)D status in dairy cows. METHODS Six Thai Friesian cows (milk production, 11.2±2.0 kg/d; body weight, 415.0±20.0 kg; and days in milk, 90.0±6.0) were allocated to each treatment in a 3×3 Latin square design, with three treatments and three periods. Each period of the Latin square lasted 49 days consisting of 14 days for diet adaptation and 35 days for sample collection. Dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: i) feeding a basal diet without yeast (CON); ii) basal diet + 5 g of live yeast (75 IU/head/d of vitamin D2; LY); and iii) basal diet + 5 g of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast (150,000 IU/head/d of vitamin D2; VDY). Feed intake and milk production were recorded daily, milk sample collection occurred on days 14 and 35 of each collection period, and blood plasma was collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 of each collection period. RESULTS The results show that after a trial period of 14 and 35 days, the VDY group had significantly higher vitamin D content in milk than the LY and CON groups (376.41 vs 305.15, 302.14 ng/L and 413.46 vs 306.76, 301.12 ng/L, respectively). At days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 of the experiment, cows fed the VDY group had significantly higher 25(OH)D2 status in blood than the CON and LY groups (51.07 vs 47.16, 48.05 ng/mL; 54.96 vs 45.43, 46.91 ng/mL; 56.16 vs 46.87, 47.16 ng/mL; 60.67 vs 44.39, 46.17 ng/mL and 63.91 vs 45.88, 46.88 ng/mL), respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, UV-B irradiated vitamin D-enriched yeast supplementation could improve vitamin D content in the milk and 25(OH)D status in dairy cows during the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patipan Hnokaew
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Tossapol Moonmanee
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Chirawath Phatsara
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Nattaphon Chongkasikit
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
| | - Prayad Trirawong
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140,
Thailand
| | - Lukman Abiola Oluodo
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Outreach Department, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin City, 1069,
Nigeria
| | - Saowaluck Yammuen-Art
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
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13
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Johnson CA, Snelling TJ, Huntington JA, Taylor-Pickard J, Warren HE, Sinclair LA. Effect of feeding Yucca schidigera extract and a live yeast on the rumen microbiome and performance of dairy cows fed a diet excess in rumen degradable nitrogen. Animal 2023; 17:100967. [PMID: 37742499 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) loss from livestock agriculture via ammonia and nitrous oxide can reduce feed efficiency, production and negatively affect the environment. One option to reduce N loss is to add dietary supplements such as Yucca schidigera extract which has ammonia-binding properties and contains antimicrobial steroidal saponins, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, which can stabilise rumen pH and promote fibre degradation, increasing microbial growth and demand for degradable N. To determine the effect of Yucca schidigera extract when fed alone or in combination with a live yeast on the performance, rumen metabolism, microbiome and N balance, six rumen cannulated dairy cows were fed a mixed ration (C), mixed ration with Y. schidigera extract (De-Odorase®, Alltech®; 5 g/cow/day; D), or mixed ration with Y. schidigera extract (5 g/day) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yea-Sacc®, Alltech®, 1 g/cow per day; DY), in a 3 × 3 Latin rectangle design study with three periods of 49-day duration. Digesta samples were collected via the ruminal cannula during the final week of each period and separated into liquid (LPD) and solid (SPD) phases for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. DM intake was 0.8 kg/d lower (P < 0.05) in cows fed DY than C or D, with milk protein concentration 1.7 g/kg higher in C than D or DY. There was a beta diversity (Bray Curtis) clustering of the LPD in cows fed D or DY compared to C (P < 0.05), driven by an increase in Prevotella ruminicola-related operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and a decrease in P. brevis and P. bryantii OTUs. A methanogen OTU, Methanobrevibacter olleyae, was decreased in cows fed D or DY and an unclassified species of Gammaproteobacteria was increased in DY (LDA > 2.0, P < 0.05) compared to C. Rumen pH, ammonia and total VFA concentration were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05) but the concentration of propionate and iso-butyrate were lower at 1700 and 2000 h in cows fed DY compared to C (P < 0.05). Measurements of N balance were unaffected by supplementation with D or DY, and there was no effect of treatment on slurry pH. In conclusion, supplementing with an extract of Yucca schidigera either alone or in combination with a live yeast had only a small effect on performance, with Yucca schidigera altering species associated with carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and reduced Methanobrevibacter olleyae which is involved in methanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Johnson
- Animal Science Research Centre, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - T J Snelling
- Animal Science Research Centre, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J A Huntington
- Animal Science Research Centre, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J Taylor-Pickard
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - H E Warren
- Alltech Bioscience Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - L A Sinclair
- Animal Science Research Centre, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK.
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Ali M, Ahmed S, Ali M, Ahmad N, Tariq MN, Usman M, Sardar AA. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells and culture on growth and productive performance in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:283. [PMID: 37535251 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
An experimental work was conducted to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells and its culture on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, milk composition, body condition score, selected blood metabolites, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), nutrient digestibility, body weight gain, and economics of milk production in lactating multiparous Nili-Ravi buffaloes. In total, 20 buffaloes of age 5 years ± 6 months and weighing 550 ± 20 kg were selected and assigned to four dietary treatments (n=5 buffalo/treatment) under completely randomized design. The dietary treatments include treatment 1 (T1) control, treatment 2 (T2) 5g/head live yeast, treatment 3 (T3) 5g/head yeast culture, and treatment 4 (T4) 10 g/head yeast culture per day for 60 days excluding 14 days as an adjustment period. The results indicated that T4 showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in DMI, milk yield and components, blood glucose level, digestibility of nutrients, and body weight gain while significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen as compared to other treatment groups. Body condition score was not affected among treatments. In conclusion, yeast culture supplementation significantly improved (p <0.05) milk yield, milk composition, DMI, body weight gain, blood glucose level, and digestibility while significantly decreased blood urea level as compare to control. Economic return was also improved. BCS was not improved. Comparatively, yeast culture showed significant improvement in growth and productive performance as compare to live yeast. Meanwhile, 10-g yeast culture showed better results as compare to 5-g yeast culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mubashar Ali
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Livestock Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Noman Tariq
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Azeem Sardar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Krogstad KC, Bradford BJ. The effects of feeding α-amylase-enhanced corn silage with different dietary starch concentrations to lactating dairy cows on milk production, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4666-4681. [PMID: 37268561 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Corn silage is one of the most common ingredients fed to dairy cattle. Advancement of corn silage genetics has improved nutrient digestibility and dairy cow lactation performance in the past. A corn silage hybrid with enhanced endogenous α-amylase activity (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds LLC) may improve milk production efficiency and nutrient digestibility when fed to lactating dairy cows. Furthermore, evaluating how Enogen silage interacts with different dietary starch content is important because the ruminal environment is influenced by the amount of rumen fermentable organic matter consumed. To evaluate the effects of Enogen corn silage and dietary starch content, we conducted an 8-wk randomized complete block experiment (2-wk covariate period, 6-wk experimental period) with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement using 44 cows (n = 11/treatment; 28 multiparous, 16 primiparous; 151 ± 42 d in milk; 668 ± 63.6 kg of body weight). Treatment factors were Enogen corn silage (ENO) or control (CON) corn silage included at 40% of diet dry matter and 25% (LO) or 30% (HI) dietary starch. Corn silage used in CON treatment was a similar hybrid as in ENO but without enhanced α-amylase activity. The experimental period began 41 d after silage harvest. Feed intake and milk yield data were collected daily, plasma metabolites and fecal pH were measured weekly, and digestibility was measured during the first and final weeks of the experimental period. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model approach with repeated measures for all variables except for body condition score change and body weight change. Corn silage, starch, week, and their interactions were included as fixed effects; baseline covariates and their interactions with corn silage and starch were also tested. Block and cow served as the random effects. Plasma glucose, insulin, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A concentrations were unaffected by treatment. Fecal pH was greater for cows fed ENO versus CON. Dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch digestibility were all greater for ENO than CON during wk 1, but differences were less by wk 6. The HI treatments depressed neutral detergent fiber digestibility compared with LO. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by corn silage but was affected by the interaction of starch and week; in wk 1, DMI was similar but by wk 6, cows fed HI had 1.8 ± 0.93 kg/d less DMI than LO cows. Milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk protein yields were 1.7 ± 0.94 kg/d, 1.3 ± 0.70 kg/d, and 65 ± 27 g/d greater for HI than LO, respectively. In conclusion, ENO increased digestibility but it did not affect milk yield, component yields, or DMI. Increasing dietary starch content improved milk production and feed efficiency without affecting markers of inflammation or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Krogstad
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
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16
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Liu Y, Xiao Y, Ma T, Diao Q, Tu Y. Candida tropicalis as a novel dietary additive to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion in sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28245-x. [PMID: 37329373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate Candida tropicalis as a kind of environmentally friendly dietary additive to manipulate ruminal fermentation patterns, reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion, and to screen the appropriate dose for sheep. Twenty-four Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred ewes (51.12 kg ± 2.23 kg BW) were selected and randomly divided into four groups which were fed Candida tropicalis at dose of 0 (control), 4 × 108 (low dose), 4 × 109 (medium dose), and 4 × 1010 (high dose) colony-forming units (CFU)/d per head, respectively. The experiment lasted 33 days with 21 days for adaptation and 12 days for nutrient digestibility trial and respiratory gases sampling. The results showed that nutrients intake was not affected by Candida tropicalis supplementation (P > 0.05), whereas apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Nitrogen and energy utilization increased with Candida tropicalis supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the ewes of the control group, rumen fluid pH and NH3-N concentration were not affected (P > 0.05), whereas total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportion of propionate were greater (P < 0.05), and molar proportion of acetate and the ratio of acetate to propionate were less (P < 0.05) when the ewes were fed Candida tropicalis. Daily total CH4 production (L/d) and CH4 emissions yield (L/d of CH4 per kg of dry matter intake, metabolic weight, or digestibility dry matter intake) were decreased at the low dose group (P < 0.05). The abundance of total bacteria, methanogen, and protozoa in rumen fluid was significantly higher at medium dose and high dose of Candida tropicalis supplementation (P < 0.05) compared with low dose and the control group. In summary, Candida tropicalis supplementation has a potential to reduce CH4 emissions and nitrogen excretion, and the optimal dose should be 4 × 108 CFU/d per head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Bach A, Baudon M, Elcoso G, Viejo J, Courillon A. Effects on rumen pH and feed intake of a dietary concentrate challenge in cows fed rations containing pH modulators with different neutralizing capacity. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00215-1. [PMID: 37164850 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forty-five Holstein lactating cows (41 ± 8.8 kg/d of milk yield, 96 ± 35.6 days in milk, and 607 ± 80.4 kg of body weight) were enrolled in this study to assess the effects of diets supplemented with sodium bicarbonate or a magnesium-based product and their corresponding differences in dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on rumen pH, rumen microbial population, and milk performance of dairy cattle exposed to an induced decrease in rumen pH through a dietary challenge. Cows were randomly allocated to 3 total mixed rations (TMR) differing in the type of supplement to modulate rumen pH: (1) control, no supplementation; (2) SB, supplemented with 0.82% of sodium bicarbonate with a neutralizing capacity (NC) of 12 mEq/g; and (3) MG, supplemented with 0.25% of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up, Timab Magnesium) with a NC of 39 mEq/g. Thus, SB and MG rations had, in theory, the same NC. The 3 TMR differed for control, SB, and MG in their DCAD-S (calculated considering Na, K, Cl, and S), which was on average 13.2, 21.2, and 13.7 mEq/100 g, respectively, or DCAD-Mg (calculated accounting for Mg, Ca, and P), which was 31.4, 41.2, and 35.2 mEq/100 g, respectively. The study lasted 63 d, with the first 7 d serving as a baseline, followed by a fortnightly progressive decrease of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio (FCR) starting at 48:52, then 44:56, then 40:60, and finishing at 36:64. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Seven cows per treatment were equipped with electronic rumen boluses to monitor rumen pH. Control and SB cows consumed less dry matter (DM; 23.5 ± 0.31 kg/d) than MG cows (25.1 ± 0.31 kg/d) when fed dietary FCR of 44:56 and 40:60. Energy-corrected milk decreased from 40.8 ± 1.21 to 39.5 ± 1.21 kg/d as dietary FCR decreased, independently of dietary treatments. Rumen pH decreased and the proportion of the day with rumen pH <5.8 increased as dietary FCR decreased, and at low dietary FCR (i.e., 36:64) rumen pH was greater in MG cows than in control and SB cows. Reducing the DCAD-S from 28 to 18 mEq/100 g or the DCAD-Mg from 45 to 39 mEq/kg had no effects on DMI or milk yield. Cows supplemented with ∼62 g/d of magnesium oxide (pHix-Up) maintained a greater rumen pH and consumed more DM than cows supplemented with ∼200 g/d of sodium bicarbonate when fed a diet with low FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bach
- Marlex Recerca i Educació, Barcelona, Spain 08173; Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 08010.
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18
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Wang F, He H, Wan K, Liu A. Effect of yeast culture supplementation on blood characteristics, body development, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities in geese. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:598-606. [PMID: 35357043 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effects of yeast culture (YC) supplementation on blood characteristics, body size, carcass characteristics, organ weights, intestinal morphology, and enzyme activities. Five groups of geese were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: the basal diet (control) and basal diets plus 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 4.0% YC. Compared with the controls, YC supplementation at 0.5% and 1.0% increased the serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLO) and decreased the uric acid and creatine kinase (CK) contents (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% and 4.0% increased the CK, growth hormone, catalase and glutathione reductase contents, and relative proventriculus weights, and decreased the TP, ALB, and GLO contents, relative liver, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and thymus weights (p < 0.05). YC supplementation at 2.0% improved fossil bone length, breast muscle percentage, jejunal villus height, ileal and jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratios, pepsin, lipase, amylase and pancreatic trypsin activities, and decreased abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, YC inclusion increased the body slope length (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), breast width (quadratic, p = 0.02), ileal (linear, p = 0.04; quadratic, p = 0.01) and duodenal villus height (cubic, p = 0.04), and decreased the relative gizzard (quadratic, p = 0.04) and thymus (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02; cubic, p = 0.02) weights, liver (linear, p = 0.002; quadratic, p = 0.02), and serum (linear, p = 0.006; quadratic, p = 0.03) malondialdehyde contents, and jejunal crypt depth (quadratic, p = 0.03). The findings indicated that the YC supplementation had a positive effect on the growth and development of geese, with 2% YC being the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yancong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Beijing Enhalor Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Yeast-fermented cassava as a protein source in cattle feed: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:67. [PMID: 36745229 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of cassava fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts on performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen microorganisms and ruminal fermentation of cattle through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The effects of yeast-fermented cassava (YFC) in the diet of cattle were evaluated using the mean difference as a measure of the effect size, considering a confidence interval of 95%. Subgroup and meta-regression analysis were performed to investigate the origin of heterogeneity. The database included eight experiments. Three studies were related to dairy heifers, three related to dairy cow and the remaining two studies were associated to beef heifers. The inclusion of YFC in the bovine diet increased the dry matter intake %BW (P < 0.01) and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05). We observed an increase in mean ruminal pH (P < 0.01), volatile fatty acid (P < 0.01) and propionic acid concentration (P < 0.01). There was a significant increase in the population of bacteria (P < 0.01) and fungi (P < 0.01), and a reduction in the protozoan count in the rumen fluid (P < 0.01) in the animals fed with YFC. Lactating cows fed YFC produced 1.02 kg/day more (P < 0.01) milk than non-supplemented cows. In addition, there was an increase of 7.4% in the fat (P = 0.03), 6.3% in the protein (P < 0.01) and 2.8% in lactose (P = 0.02) of milk of cows supplemented with YFC. The results of the present meta-analysis showed that the total or partial inclusion of YFC in cattle concentrate improves fermentation and rumen efficiency, dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition.
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Krogstad K, Bradford B. Does feeding starch contribute to the risk of systemic inflammation in dairy cattle? JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:14-18. [PMID: 36713120 PMCID: PMC9873822 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the high-producing dairy cow, providing an adequate supply of digestible energy is essential. One strategy to meet this need is to provide fermentable starch from cereal grains or silages like corn, barley, or wheat. Unfortunately, excess dietary starch increases the risk of rumen acidosis. Rumen acidosis challenge models using high-grain diets, particularly with wheat and barley, have demonstrated that a sudden change in starch concentration or digestibility leads to the breakdown of the rumen epithelial barrier. As a result, increases in circulating lipopolysaccharide (a marker of bacterial translocation) and acute phase proteins (APP) have been observed. Feeding increasing amounts of starch in chronic feeding studies does not appear to consistently modulate inflammation in early-lactation cows that already experience inflammation. In mid- and late-lactation cows, increasing starch above 30% may increase APP, but the response is inconsistent and has not been investigated using different grains or differently processed starch sources. Abomasal starch infusion experiments indicate that increasing the intestinal starch supply consistently reduces fecal pH but does not lead to an APP response or changes in gut integrity. Increasing intestinal starch supply increases fecal butyrate concentrations, and butyrate has had positive effects on gut health and integrity in other species and experimental models. More chronic feeding experiments are needed to investigate how starch concentrations, sources, processing methods, and interactions affect inflammation and gut integrity. There is a paucity of data investigating the role that carbohydrate concentrations and sources play on ruminant hindgut health, integrity, function, structure, or microbiome. Currently, data indicate that feeding diets with less than 30% starch to lactating dairy cows does not contribute to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.C. Krogstad
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - B.J. Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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YUAN K, MA J, LIANG X, TIAN G, LIU Y, ZHOU G, CHEN Y, YANG Y. Effects of microbial preparation on production performance and rumen microbial communities of goat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.117622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Yi S, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhou J, Gao C, Ma Z, Wang R, Tan Z, Wang M. Fermentation of increasing ratios of grain starch and straw fiber: effects on hydrogen allocation and methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal batch culture. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15050. [PMID: 37077306 PMCID: PMC10108854 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain starch has a faster rate of rumen fermentation than straw fiber and causes a rapid increase in ruminal molecular hydrogen (H2) partial pressure, which may promote other H2 sinks to compete H2 away from methanogenesis. The study was designed to investigate the effects of increasing ratios of grain starch to straw fiber on hydrogen allocation and methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal batch incubation. Corn grain and corn straw were employed as starch and fiber source respectively. Seven treatments were the ratios of corn grain to corn straw (RGS) being 0:6, 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, 5:1, and 6:0. Elevating RGS increased dry matter (DM) degradation and decreased methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (gH2) production relative to DM degraded. Elevating RGS increased volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, propionate molar percentage and microbial protein (MCP) concentration, decreased acetate molar percentage, acetate to propionate ratio and estimated net metabolic hydrogen ([H]) production relative to DM degraded. Elevating RGS decreased the molar percentage of [H] utilized for CH4 and gH2 production. In summary, increasing ratios of grain starch to straw fiber altered rumen fermentation pathway from acetate to propionate production, reduced the efficiency of [H] production with the enhancement of MCP synthesis, and led to a reduction in the efficiency of CH4 and gH2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yi
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Juwang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture Promotes the Performance of Fattening Sheep by Enhancing Nutrients Digestibility and Rumen Development. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraprobiotics are potential agents for improving animal health and performance. This experiment investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture (YC) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen development and microbiome of fattening sheep. Ninety male Hu sheep weighed 38 ± 1.47 kg were randomly assigned to three treatments: CON diet (basal diet), LYC diet (basal diet supplied with 10 and 20 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively), and HYC diet (basal diet supplied with 20 and 40 g/d yeast culture at the early and late stages, respectively). Treatments (LYC or HYC) were sprinkled on the feed surface according to the required dosage before feeding the basal diet to each sheep throughout the trial. The trial included early (60 days) and later (30 days) fattening periods. The results showed that average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (p < 0.05) in the LYC group compared with CON in later and whole stages. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC compared with CON. The retained N, the utilization efficiency of N and the biological value of N were higher (p < 0.05) in LYC compared with CON and HYC. Rumen NH3-N was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC and HYC. The papillary height of the rumen was higher (p < 0.05) in LYC when compared with CON and HYC, whereas rumen wall thickness and muscular layer thickness were higher (p < 0.05) in HYC compared with CON and LYC. The dressing percentage of LYC and HYC was higher (p < 0.05) compared with CON. The diversity, richness and structure of rumen microbiota showed no significant difference (p > 0.05); however, still observed remarkable increases in the relative abundance of several specific genera including Succiniclasticum and Fibrobacter with increasing doses of yeast culture. In addition, at the ASV level, ASV83, ASV123 (Succiniclasticum), and ASV148, ASV250 (Fibrobacter) were increased in YC groups. In conclusion, we confirmed that the supplementation of YC in diet could improve the growth and slaughter performance of fattening Hu sheep through improving nutrient digestion, especially nitrogen utilization, rumen microbial environment and the development of rumen epithelium, which proves the benefits of paraprobiotics in animal production.
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Yeast Products Mediated Ruminal Subenvironmental Microbiota, and Abnormal Metabolites and Digestive Enzymes Regulated Rumen Fermentation Function in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223221. [PMID: 36428448 PMCID: PMC9686794 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast products (YP) are commonly used as rumen regulators, but their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Based on our previous studies, we questioned whether yeast products would have an impact on rumen solid-associated (SA) and liquid-associated (LA) microorganisms and alter rumen fermentation patterns. Thirty 3-month-old male sheep weighing 19.27 ± 0.45 kg were selected and randomized into three groups for 60 days: (1) basal diet group (CON group), (2) basal diet add 20 g YP per day (low YP, LYP group) and (3) basal diet add 40 g YP per day (high YP, HYP group). The results demonstrated that the addition of YP increased rumen cellulase activity, butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations (p < 0.05), while it decreased rumen amylase activity and abnormal metabolites, such as lactate, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and histamine (HIS) (p < 0.05). Metagenomic analysis of rumen microorganisms in three groups revealed that YP mainly influenced the microbial profiles of the SA system. YP increased the relative abundance of R. flavefaciens and decreased methanogens in the SA system (p < 0.05). With the addition of YP, the abundance of only a few lactate-producing bacteria increased in the SA system, including Streptococcus and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). However, almost all lactate-utilizing bacteria increased in the LA system, including Megasphaera, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium and Veillonella (p < 0.05). In addition, YP increased the abundance of certain GHs family members, including GH43 and GH98 (p < 0.05), but decreased the abundance of some KEGG metabolic pathways involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of antibiotics and purine metabolism, among others. In conclusion, the addition of YP to high-concentrate diets can change the abundance of major functional microbiota in the rumen, especially in the solid fraction, which in turn affects rumen fermentation patterns and improves rumen digestibility.
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The Low Dose of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Beneficial for Rumen Fermentation (Both In Vivo and In Vitro) and the Growth Performance of Heat-Stressed Goats. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101877. [PMID: 36296154 PMCID: PMC9609204 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rumen fermentation and the growth performance of heat-stressed goats. The fermentation experiment was conducted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae added at 0‰ (HS1), 0.30‰ (SC1), 0.60‰ (SC2), and 1.20‰ (SC3) of the dry matter (DM) weight of the basal diet. The results showed that supplementing with 0.60‰ (SC2) could increase the pH, acetic acid to propionic acid ratio, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and the degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber in rumen fluids of heat-stressed goats. In the feeding experiment, twelve heat-stressed goats were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplement levels are similar to the fermentation experiment above. Similar effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility parameters were obtained with a supplement with 0.60‰ of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC2A) compared to the fermentation trial. Moreover, in the SC2A group, the DM intake and average daily gain also increased significantly compared with other groups. These results suggested that a low dose of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can still effectively improve the rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats.
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Effects of Autolyzed Yeast Supplementation in a High-Starch Diet on Rumen Health, Apparent Digestibility, and Production Variables of Lactating Holstein Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182445. [PMID: 36139305 PMCID: PMC9495083 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen multiparous rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to one of five treatments in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were low-starch (LS) (22.8 ± 1% of dry matter; DM) without autolyzed yeast (AY; LS0, control), high-starch (HS) (31.2 ± 4% of DM) without AY (HS0), and HS with either 15 g (HS15), 30 g (HS30), or 45 g (HS45) of AY supplementation. Cows in HS0 had increased (p < 0.03) dry matter intake (DMI; 24.9 kg/d) and energy-corrected milk (ECM; 34.4 kg/d) compared to cows in LS0 (19.9 and 31.3 kg/d, respectively). There was a tendency for a quadratic treatment effect for feed efficiency (ECM/DMI, p = 0.07) and crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility (AD) (p = 0.09). Cows in HS45 tended (p = 0.09) to have increased DMI (25.6 kg/d) compared to cows in HS0 (24.9 kg/d). Cows in HS0 had greater (p < 0.04) milk protein nitrogen (N; 166 g/d) and microbial N production (161 g/d) than those in LS0 (140 and 138 g/d, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of AY tended to improve DMI, feed efficiency, and CP AD when cows were fed the HS diet.
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Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites, and Immune Response in Geese. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101270. [PMID: 35625116 PMCID: PMC9137895 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary yeast culture (YC) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and immune functions in geese. One-day-old Sichuan white geese (n = 300) were randomly divided into five groups containing 0 (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% of YC in the diet for 70 days. In general, the dietary supplementation of YC significantly increased the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in which the 1.0% or 2.0% levels were better and significantly reduced the average daily feed intake at the 2.0% level (p < 0.05). YC supplementation increased digestibility of P (quadratic, p = 0.01) and gross energy (quadratic, p = 0.04) from days 23 to 27 and crude protein from days 23 to 27 and days 64 to 68 (quadratic, p ≤ 0.05), with the 2.0% level being the most effective. Serum metabolites were significantly affected by dietary YC (p < 0.05). Supplemental YC increased IL-2 on day 28 (linear, p = 0.01; quadratic, p = 0.04) and lysozyme on day 70 (quadratic, p = 0.04) and decreased complement C4 on day 70 (linear, p = 0.05). Interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α genes were mostly up-regulated after YC supplementation, and interferon-γ and interleukin-2 gene expression levels were significantly increased at the 2.0% level (p < 0.05). Taken together, dietary YC supplementation improved growth performance and affected nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, and immune function in geese, which was optimized at the 2% YC level in the present study.
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Association between yeast product feeding and milk production of lactating dairy cows: Multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ma X, Zhou W, Guo T, Li F, Li F, Ran T, Zhang Z, Guo L. Effects of Dietary Barley Starch Contents on the Performance, Nutrient Digestion, Rumen Fermentation, and Bacterial Community of Fattening Hu Sheep. Front Nutr 2022; 8:797801. [PMID: 35155519 PMCID: PMC8828545 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.797801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of substituting corn starch (CS) with barley starch (BS) on the growth performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community of fattening Hu sheep. Seventy-two Hu lambs with similar initial body weight (BW, 29.70 ± 1.70 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments, with 18 lambs per group. The four experimental diets have identical starch contents but with different starch sources as 100% starch from corn (BS-0), 33% starch from barley and 67% starch from corn (BS-33), 67% starch form barley and 33% starch from corn (BS-67), and 100% starch from barley (BS-100). All lambs were reared in individual units and fed high-concentrate diets (85% concentrate in diets based on dry matter [DM]). The experimental period included 7 days for adaptation and 63 days for data collection. Sixteen ruminal cannulated Hu sheep were divided into 4 groups and received the four experimental diets to determine the dynamics of ruminal pH. The average daily gain (ADG), and BW gain of lambs linearly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the feed to gain ratio linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary proportions of BS. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, and gross energy (GE) decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary BS contents. Ruminal mean pH decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing proportions of dietary BS, accompanied with linearly increased (p < 0.05) time and area of ruminal pH below 5.80 or 5.60. Increasing dietary proportions of BS linearly decreased (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate, but linearly increased (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of propionate. Sheep of the BS-0 and BS-33 treatments had a less (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium than that of sheep of the BS-67 treatment, but a greater (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus than that of sheep of the BS-100 treatment (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a high-concentrate corn-based diet for fattening Hu sheep improved the performance and rumen fermentation parameters when compared to the barley-based diet.
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Phesatcha K, Phesatcha B, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. The Effect of Yeast and Roughage Concentrate Ratio on Ruminal pH and Protozoal Population in Thai Native Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010053. [PMID: 35011162 PMCID: PMC8749668 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As a result of the recent ban on antibiotics in feed, animal probiotics are becoming increasingly popular. Yeast is extensively used as both a probiotic and prebiotic in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants. The purpose of this study is to determine how adding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the diet and changing the roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) affects nutrient consumption, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and protozoal population in Thai native beef cattle. The roughage source was urea–calcium-hydroxide-treated rice straw. The findings suggest that supplementing with a R:C ratio of 40:60 and a LY of 4 g/hd/d boosted nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, propionic acid (C3) in particular, and microbial protein synthesis while lowering protozoal population. Abstract The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) adding and roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) on nutrients utilization, rumen fermentation efficiency, microbial protein synthesis, and protozoal population in Thai native beef cattle. Four Thai native beef cattle, weighing an average of 120 ± 10 kg live weight, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A was the level of roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C ratio) at 60:40 and 40:60; factor B was the levels of live yeast (LY) supplementation at 0 and 4 g/hd/d; urea–calcium-hydroxide-treated rice straw were used as a roughage source. Findings revealed that total intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) were increased (p < 0.05) by both factors, being greater for steers fed a R:C ratio of 40:60 supplemented with 4 g LY/hd/d. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and propionate (C3) were increased (p < 0.05) at the R:C ratio of 40:60 with LY supplementation at 4 g/hd/d, whereas rumen acetate (C2) and the C2 to C3 ratio were decreased (p < 0.05). With a high level of concentrate, LY addition increased total bacterial direct counts and fungal zoospores (p < 0.05), but decreased protozoal populations (p < 0.05). High-concentrate diet and LY supplementation increased nitrogen absorption and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen protein production. In conclusion, feeding beef cattle with 4 g/hd/d LY at a R:C ratio of 40:60 increased C3 and nutritional digestibility while lowering protozoal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanat Phesatcha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.C.); Tel.: +66-4320-2362 (A.C.)
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.C.); Tel.: +66-4320-2362 (A.C.)
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Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune response of weaned beef calves. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1352-1359. [PMID: 34786508 PMCID: PMC8577086 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the potential benefits of active dry yeast (ADY) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of weaned beef calves. Thirty Simmental crossbred male calves (body weight = 86.47 ± 4.41 kg and 70 ± 4 d of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (CON) (fed basal ration) and ADY (fed basal ration and 5 g/d ADY per calf). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 35:65. All the calves were regularly provided rations 3 times a day at 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The average daily gain of ADY group was higher (P = 0.007) than that of the CON group, and the ratio of feed intake to average daily gain in the ADY group was reduced (P = 0.022) as compared to the CON group. The concentration of ruminal ammonia-N was higher (P = 0.023) in the CON group than that in the ADY group, but an opposite trend of microbial protein was found between the 2 groups. Also, the ruminal concentrations of propionate and butyrate were higher (P < 0.05) in the ADY group than those in the CON group. Calves fed ADY exhibited higher (P < 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Supplementation of ADY increased (P < 0.05) the contents of glucose, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and interleukin 10 in the serum of calves, but an opposite trend was observed in malondialdehyde, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha contents between the 2 groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with ADY could improve the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant ability, and immune response of weaned beef calves.
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Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120294. [PMID: 34941821 PMCID: PMC8707694 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dry yeast (DY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in a high-concentrate diet was evaluated for rumen fermentation, blood parameters, microbial populations, and growth performance in fattening steers. Sixteen crossbred steers (Charolais x American Brahman) at 375 ± 25 kg live weight were divided into four groups that received DY supplementation at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/hd/d using a completely randomized block design. Basal diets were fed as a total mixed ration (roughage to concentrate ratio of 30:70). Results showed that supplementation with DY improved dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05), but DM and crude protein (CP) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Ruminal pH (>6.0) of fattening steer remained stable (p > 0.05), and pH was maintained at or above 6.0 with DY. The concentration of propionic acid (C3) increased (p < 0.05) with 10 and 15 g/hd/d DY supplementation, while acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) decreased. Methane (CH4) production in the rumen decreased as DY increased (p < 0.05). Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations increased (p < 0.05), whereas protozoal and methanogen populations decreased with DY addition at 10 and 15 g/hd/d, while Ruminococcus albus did not change (p > 0.05) among the treatments. Adding DY at 10 and 15 g/hd/d improved growth performance. Thus, the addition of DY to fattening steers with a high concentrate diet improved feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen ecology, and growth performance, while mitigating ruminal methane production.
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Ban Y, Guan LL. Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:109. [PMID: 34635155 PMCID: PMC8507308 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals' health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry. Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria, lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups, and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. To date, the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH, promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion. Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants, however, these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade, aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages, and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs. Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis, improve immune response and gut health, increase productivity (growth and milk production), and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens. More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants, and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Halfen J, Carpinelli N, Del Pino FAB, Chapman JD, Sharman ED, Anderson JL, Osorio JS. Effects of yeast culture supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation profile and microbial abundance in mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11580-11592. [PMID: 34454748 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The continuous trend for a narrowing margin between feed cost and milk prices across dairy farms in the United States highlights the need to improve and maintain feed efficiency. Yeast culture products are alternative supplements that have been evaluated in terms of milk performance and feed efficiency; however, less is known about their potential effects on altering rumen microbial populations and consequently rumen fermentation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast culture supplementation on lactation performance, rumen fermentation profile, and abundance of major species of ruminal bacteria in lactating dairy cows. Forty mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows (121 ± 43 days in milk; mean ± standard deviation; 32 multiparous and 8 primiparous) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 60-d treatment period. Cows were blocked by parity, days in milk, and previous lactation milk yield and assigned to a basal total mixed ration (TMR; 1.6 Mcal/kg of dry matter, 14.6% crude protein, 21.5% starch, and 38.4% neutral detergent fiber) plus 114 g/d of ground corn (CON; n = 20) or basal TMR plus 100 g/d of ground corn and 14 g/d of yeast culture (YC; n = 20; Culture Classic HD, Cellerate Yeast Solutions, Phibro Animal Health Corp.). Treatments were top-dressed over the TMR once a day. Cows were individually fed 1 × /d throughout the trial. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected in a subset of cows (n = 10/treatment) at 0, 30, and 60 d of the treatment period. Rumen fluid sampled via esophageal tubing was analyzed for ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ruminal bacteria populations via quantitative PCR amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA genes. Milk yield was not affected by treatment effects. Energy balance was lower in YC cows than CON, which was partially explain by the trend for lower dry matter intake as % body weight in YC cows than CON. Cows fed YC had greater overall ruminal pH and greater total VFA (mM) at 60 d of treatment period. There was a contrasting greater molar proportion of isovalerate and lower acetate proportion in YC-fed cows compared with CON cows. Although the ruminal abundance of specific fiber-digesting bacteria, including Eubacterium ruminantium and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, was increased in YC cows, others such as Fibrobacter succinogenes were decreased. The abundance of amylolytic bacteria such as Ruminobacter amylophilus and Succinimonas amylolytica were decreased in YC cows than CON. Our results indicate that the yeast culture supplementation seems to promote some specific fiber-digesting bacteria while decreasing amylolytic bacteria, which might have partially promoted more neutral rumen pH, greater total VFA, and isovalerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Halfen
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007; Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuaria (NUPEEC), Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - N Carpinelli
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - F A B Del Pino
- Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Pecuaria (NUPEEC), Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - J D Chapman
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666
| | - E D Sharman
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666
| | - J L Anderson
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - J S Osorio
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007.
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Hao Y, Guo C, Gong Y, Sun X, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang H, Cao Z, Li S. Rumen Fermentation, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Bacteria Composition between Pre-Weaning and Post-Weaning Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092527. [PMID: 34573493 PMCID: PMC8467862 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning is very important for young ruminants. At this stage, calves’ main source of nutrients is transferred from milk into solid feed, such as starter and roughage. At the same time, the rumen function of calves undergoes tremendous changes, such as bacteria, which are the main players in rumen function. Our research found that the rumen bacteria network of post-weaning calves was more complex. The fermentation end products, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, were higher in the post-weaning calves than the pre-weaning group. However, digestive enzymes such as protease, carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and glucosidase were lower in the post-weaning calves than the pre-weaning calves. These findings provided useful information for reference regarding the feeding management of calves. Abstract To better understand the transition of rumen function during the weaning period in dairy calves, sixteen Holstein dairy calves were selected and divided into two groups: pre-weaning (age = 56 ± 7 day, n = 8) and post-weaning (age = 80 ± 6 day, n = 8). The rumen fluid was obtained by an oral gastric tube. The rumen fermentation profile, enzyme activity, bacteria composition, and their inter-relationship were investigated. The results indicated that the post-weaning calves had a higher rumen acetate, propionate, butyrate, and microbial crude protein (MCP) than the pre-weaning calves (p < 0.05). The rumen pH in the post-weaning calves was lower than the pre-weaning calves (p < 0.05). The protease, carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and glucosidase in the post-weaning calves had a lower trend than the pre-weaning calves (0.05 < p < 0.1). There was no difference in α and β diversity between the two groups. Linear discriminant analysis showed that the phylum of Fibrobacteres in the post-weaning group was higher than the pre-weaning group. At the genus level, Shuttleworthia, Rikenellaceae, Fibrobacter, and Syntrophococcus could be worked as the unique bacteria in the post-weaning group. The rumen bacteria network node degree in the post-weaning group was higher than the pre-weaning group (16.54 vs. 9.5). The Shuttleworthia genus was highly positively correlated with MCP, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, glucosidase, acetate, and butyrate (r > 0.65, and p < 0.01). Our study provided new information about the rumen enzyme activity and its relationship with bacteria, which help us to better understand the effects of weaning on the rumen function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Jinzhong Vocational and Technical College, Jinzhong 030024, China;
| | - Yue Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaoge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (X.S.); (Y.W.); (H.Y.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.L.)
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Effects of Age, Diet CP, NDF, EE, and Starch on the Rumen Bacteria Community and Function in Dairy Cattle. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081788. [PMID: 34442867 PMCID: PMC8400643 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the effects of diet and age on the rumen bacterial community and function, forty-eight dairy cattle at 1.5 (M1.5), 6 (M6), 9 (M9), 18 (M18), 23 (M23), and 27 (M27) months old were selected. Rumen fermentation profile, enzyme activity, and bacteria community in rumen fluid were measured. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) at M9, M18, and M23 was higher than other ages, and M6 was the lowest (p < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) at M23 and M27 was higher than at other ages (p < 0.05). The urease at M18 was lower than at M1.5, M6, and M9, and the xylanase at M18 was higher than at M1.5, M23, and M27 (p < 0.05). Thirty-three bacteria were identified as biomarkers of the different groups based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) when the LDA score >4. The variation partitioning approach analysis showed that the age and diet had a 7.98 and 32.49% contribution to the rumen bacteria community variation, respectively. The richness of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter were positive correlated with age (r > 0.60, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with TVFA and acetate (r > 0.50, p < 0.01). The Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans has a positive correlation (r > 0.80, p < 0.05) with diet fiber and a negative correlation (r < −0.80, p < 0.05) with diet protein and starch, which were also positively correlated with the acetate and A/P (r > 0.50, p < 0.01). The genera of Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans could be worked as the target bacteria to modulate the rumen fermentation by diet; meanwhile, the high age correlated bacteria such as Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Fibrobacter also should be considered when shaping the rumen function.
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Carpinelli NA, Halfen J, Trevisi E, Chapman JD, Sharman ED, Anderson JL, Osorio JS. Effects of peripartal yeast culture supplementation on lactation performance, blood biomarkers, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria species in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10727-10743. [PMID: 34253357 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Feeding yeast culture fermentation products has been associated with improved feed intake and milk yield in transition dairy cows. These improvements in performance have been further described in terms of rumen characteristics, metabolic profile, and immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial yeast culture product (YC; Culture Classic HD, Phibro Animal Health) on performance, blood biomarkers, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacterial population in dairy cows from -30 to 50 d in milk (DIM). Forty Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in a randomized complete block design from -30 to 50 DIM and blocked according to expected calving day, parity, previous milk yield, and genetic merit. At -30 DIM, cows were assigned to either a basal diet plus 114 g/d of ground corn (control; n = 20) or a basal diet plus 100 g/d of ground corn and 14 g/d of YC (n = 20), fed as a top-dress. Cows received the same close-up diet from 30 d prepartum until calving [1.39 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM) and 12.3% crude protein (CP)] and lactation diet from calving to 50 DIM (1.60 Mcal/kg of DM and 15.6% CP). Blood samples and rumen fluid were collected at various time points from -30 to 50 d relative to calving. Cows fed YC compared with control showed a trend for increased energy-corrected milk (+3.2 kg/d). Lower somatic cell counts were observed in YC cows than in control. We detected a treatment × time interaction in nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) that could be attributed to a trend for greater NEFA in YC cows than control at 7 DIM, followed by lower NEFA in YC cows than control at 14 and 30 DIM. In the rumen, YC contributed to mild changes in rumen fermentation, mainly increasing postpartal valerate while decreasing prepartal isovalerate. This was accompanied by alterations in rumen microbiota, including a greater abundance of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes) and lactate-utilizing bacteria (Megasphaera elsdenii). These results describe the potential benefits of supplementing yeast culture during the late pregnancy through early lactation, at least in terms of rumen environment and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Carpinelli
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - J Halfen
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; Núcleo de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extenssão em Pecuária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96010610
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | | | | | - J L Anderson
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - J S Osorio
- Department of Dairy and Food Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007.
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Sauls-Hiesterman JA, Olagaray KE, Sivinski SE, Bradford BJ, Stevenson JS. First postpartum ovulation, metabolites and hormones in follicular fluid and blood in transition dairy cows supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product. Theriogenology 2021; 164:12-21. [PMID: 33529807 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) from -4 through +7 wk (calving = Day 0) facilitates early first postpartum ovulation and alters blood and follicular fluid concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), free fatty acids (FFA), and steroid hormones favorable to subsequent fertility. Holstein cows were fed individually a SCFP product (n = 24) or served as controls (n = 23). Blood samples were collected at wk -4 and -2 from expected calving and at 1, 2, 5, and 7 wk postpartum to determine plasma concentrations of FFA and BHB. Early spontaneous ovulation (progesterone > 1 ng/mL or corpus luteum presence by postpartum median Day 33) or late ovulation was determined. Plasma FFA in weekly samples was not affected by SCFP supplementation, but FFA was greater (P < 0.01; week by ovulation status) in late compared with early ovulating cows during and after postpartum wk 2. Plasma BHB in weekly samples was greater (P = 0.03) in SCFP than control cows and tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in late than early ovulating cows. Cows were exposed to ovulation synchronization (GnRH, PGF2α, and GnRH on Days 33, 40, and 43 ± 3, respectively). Transvaginal dominant follicle aspiration was conducted at Day 50, 7 d after GnRH on Day 43. Metabolites (FFA, BHB, and glucose) and steroid hormones (progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol) measured in follicular fluid and blood samples collected at aspiration revealed that androstenedione in serum was numerically less (P = 0.11) in SCFP-treated compared with control cows, whereas androstenedione in serum was less (P < 0.05) in late than early ovulating cows. Concentrations of BHB (r = 0.75) and glucose (r = 0.52) in follicular fluid were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with those in blood. Body weight at calving and Day 42 was less (P ≤ 0.05), and energy balance through Days 28 and 42 was more positive (P < 0.05) in early than late ovulating cows and in SCFP-supplemented compared with control cows (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake, daily milk yield, and yields of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were less (P < 0.01) in early compared with late ovulating cows, whereas milk fat percentage was increased (P < 0.01) by SCFP supplementation. We conclude that elevated postpartum BHB and FFA in plasma, greater negative energy balance, and greater milk yield and components were associated with later postpartum ovulation, but metabolites and steroid hormones in blood and follicular fluid were unaffected by SCFP treatment or ovulation status except for androstenedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sauls-Hiesterman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - K E Olagaray
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - S E Sivinski
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - J S Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States.
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Thanapal P, Hong IK, Kim IH. Influence of Low and High-density Diets with Yeast Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Egg Production and Egg Quality in Hy-line Brown Laying Hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - IH Kim
- Dankook University, Korea
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40
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Amin AB, Mao S. Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 7:31-41. [PMID: 33997329 PMCID: PMC8110857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to give an overview of the efficacy of yeast supplementation on growth performance, rumen pH, rumen microbiota, and their relationship to meat and milk quality in ruminants. The practice of feeding high grain diets to ruminants in an effort to increase growth rate and weight gain usually results in excess deposition of saturated fatty acids in animal products and increased incidence of rumen acidosis. The supplementation of yeast at the right dose and viability level could counteract the acidotic effects of these high grain diets in the rumen and positively modify the fatty acid composition of animal products. Yeast exerts its actions by competing with lactate-producing (Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus) bacteria for available sugar and encouraging the growth of lactate-utilising bacteria (Megasphaera elsdenii). M. elsdenii is known to convert lactate into butyrate and propionate leading to a decrease in the accumulation of lactate thereby resulting in higher rumen pH. Interestingly, this creates a conducive environment for the proliferation of vaccenic acid-producing bacteria (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) and ciliate protozoa, both of which have been reported to increase the ruminal concentration of trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at a pH range between 5.6 and 6.3. The addition of yeast into the diet of ruminants has also been reported to positively modify rumen biohydrogenation pathway to synthesise more of the beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (trans -11 and cis -9, trans -11). This implies that more dietary sources of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid along with beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (cis-9, trans-11-CLA, and trans-11) would escape complete biohydrogenation in the rumen to be absorbed into milk and meat. However, further studies are required to substantiate our claim. Therefore, techniques like transcriptomics should be employed to identify the mRNA transcript expression levels of genes like stearoyl-CoA desaturase, fatty acid synthase, and elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6 in the muscle. Different strains of yeast need to be tested at different doses and viability levels on the fatty acid profile of animal products as well as its vaccenic acid and rumenic acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumini B. Amin
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, 132109, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author.
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Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Feed additives have received increasing attention as a viable means to reduce enteric emissions from ruminants, which contribute to total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the commercial feed additive SOP STAR COW (SOP) to reduce enteric emissions from dairy cows and to assess potential impacts on milk production. Twenty cows were blocked by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 10): supplemented with 8 g/day SOP STAR COW, and an unsupplemented control group. Enteric emissions were measured in individual head chambers over a 12-h period, every 14 days for six weeks. SOP-treated cows over time showed a reduction in CH4 of 20.4% from day 14 to day 42 (p = 0.014), while protein % of the milk was increased (+4.9% from day 0 to day 14 (p = 0.036) and +6.5% from day 0 to day 42 (p = 0.002)). However, kg of milk protein remained similar within the SOP-treated cows over the trial period. The control and SOP-treated cows showed similar results for kg of milk fat and kg of milk protein produced per day. No differences in enteric emissions or milk parameters were detected between the control and SOP-treated cows on respective test days.
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Phesatcha K, Phesatcha B, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Roughage to Concentrate Ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inclusion Could Modulate Feed Digestion and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E151. [PMID: 33050260 PMCID: PMC7712883 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the roughage-to-concentrate (R:C) ratio and the addition of live yeast (LY) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane (CH4) production. The experimental design was randomly allocated according to a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement. The first factor was four rations of R:C at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80, and the second factor was an additional four doses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (live yeast; LY) at 0, 2.0 × 106, 4.0 × 106, and 6.0 × 106 colony-forming unit (cfu), respectively. For the in vitro method, during the incubation, the gas production was noted at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The rumen solution mixture was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubating after inoculation. Cumulative gas production at 96 h was highest in the R:C ratio, at 20:80, while the addition of LY improves the kinetics and accumulation of gas (p > 0.05). Maximum in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) at 24 h after incubation were achieved at the R:C ratio 20:80 and the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were greater than the control by 13.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Ruminal pH at 8 h after incubation decreased with an increased proportion of concentrates in the diet, whereas it was lowest when the R:C ratio was at 20:80. Increasing the proportion of a concentrate diet increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid (C3), whereas the acetic acid (C2) and C2-to-C3 ratios decreased (p < 0.05). TVFA and C3 increased with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which was greater than the control by 11.5% and 17.2%, respectively. No interaction effect was observed between the R:C ratio and LY on the CH4 concentration. The calculated ruminal CH4 production decreased with the increasing proportion of concentrates in the diet, particularly the R:C ratio at 20:80. The CH4 production for LY addition at 6 × 106 cfu was lower than the control treatment by 17.2%. Moreover, the greatest populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi at 8 h after incubation were found with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were higher than the control by 19.0%, 20.7%, and 40.4%, respectively. In conclusion, a high ratio of roughage and the concentrate and addition of LY at 6.0 × 106 cfu of the total dietary substrate could improve rumen fermentation, improve feed digestibility, and reduce the CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanat Phesatcha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand;
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC)Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC)Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
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Supplementation with yeast culture improves the integrity of intestinal tight junction proteins via NOD1/NF‐κB P65 pathway in weaned piglets and H2O2-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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44
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Effects of yeast cell wall on the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community of weaned calves. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Free Fatty Acid Receptors 2 and 3 as Microbial Metabolite Sensors to Shape Host Health: Pharmacophysiological View. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060154. [PMID: 32521775 PMCID: PMC7344995 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in human health is becoming apparent. The major functional impact of the gut microbiome is transmitted through the microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut and interact with host cells either in the local gut environment or are absorbed into circulation to impact distant cells/organs. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major microbial metabolites that are produced in the gut through the fermentation of non-digestible fibers. SCFAs are known to function through various mechanisms, however, their signaling through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2/3; type of G-coupled protein receptors) is a new therapeutic approach. FFAR2/3 are widely expressed in diverse cell types in human and mice, and function as sensors of SCFAs to change several physiological and cellular functions. FFAR2/3 modulate neurological signaling, energy metabolism, intestinal cellular homeostasis, immune response, and hormone synthesis. FFAR2/3 function through Gi and/or Gq signaling, that is mediated through specific structural features of SCFAs-FFAR2/3 bindings and modulating specific signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the wide-spread expression and structural homologies between human and mice FFAR2/3, and their role in different human health conditions. This information can unlock opportunities to weigh the potential of FFAR2/3 as a drug target to prevent human diseases.
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Nair J, Xu S, Smiley B, Yang HE, McAllister TA, Wang Y. Effects of inoculation of corn silage with Lactobacillus spp. or Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination on silage fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of growing beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4974-4986. [PMID: 31679029 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a novel silage inoculant containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 3 as a direct fed microbial (DFM) on the ensiling, aerobic stability, and nutrient digestibility of whole-crop corn silage and growth performance of beef cattle. Treatments included uninoculated corn silage (CON) or corn silage inoculated with a mixture of 1.1 × 105 cfu g-1 fresh forage Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri (INOC1) or 1.0 × 104 cfu g-1 fresh forage S. cerevisiae strain 3 (INOC2) or a mixture of INOC1 and INOC2 (INOC3). Silage in INOC1 had lower (P = 0.03) proportion of lactate, with acetate (Ac) proportion ranking as INOC1 > INOC3 > INOC2 (P < 0.01). In terminal silage, numbers of lactic acid bacteria were greater (P = 0.05) for INOC1 than CON and INOC2, while yeast counts tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for INOC2 than INOC3 on day 3 of aerobic exposure. Aerobic stability of corn silage was not impacted by inoculation with S. cerevisiae strain 3. Heifers fed INOC2 and INOC3 had lower (P < 0.01) ruminal Ac concentration than those fed CON. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, and NDF were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for heifers fed INOC2 than those fed CON. Growth performance was similar across treatments, excepting DMI as percent of BW tended to be lower (P = 0.08) for INOC2 steers compared to CON steers. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae strain 3 has potential as a component in a fourth generation DFM silage inoculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan Nair
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge AB, Canada
| | - Shanwei Xu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Brenda Smiley
- DuPont Pioneer, Forage Additive Research, Johnston, IA
| | - Hee-Eun Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge AB, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge AB, Canada
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Zhang JC, Chen P, Zhang C, Khalil MM, Zhang NY, Qi DS, Wang YW, Sun LH. Yeast culture promotes the production of aged laying hens by improving intestinal digestive enzyme activities and the intestinal health status. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2026-2032. [PMID: 32241487 PMCID: PMC7587756 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast culture (YC) positively affects the performance of laying hens. The purpose of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism for the YC-mediated performance improvement. Sixty 67-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated into 2 experimental groups with 5 replicates of 6 birds each. One group was fed a control diet, whereas the other received the control diet supplemented with YC at 3.0 g/kg; treatment lasted for 8 wk. The results showed that dietary YC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the total egg weight (11.2–13.6%) and egg-laying rate (13.0–13.5%) but decreased (P < 0.05) the feed/egg ratio by 9.3 to 11.0% during weeks 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 compared with the control. However, egg quality, including eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, egg yolk color, and Haugh unit, was not affected (P > 0.05) by YC supplementation. Furthermore, dietary YC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) chymotrypsin and ɑ-amylase activities by 54.8 to 62.5% in the duodenal chyme and reduced (P < 0.05) plasma endotoxin by 44.1%. YC dietary supplementation also upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of intestinal barrier–related genes (occludin and claudin 1) and antimicrobial peptides genes (β-defensin 1 and 7 and cathelicidin 1 and 3) in the duodenum or jejunum compared with the control. In conclusion, dietary YC supplementation improved the performance of aged laying hens, potentially through the upregulation of intestinal digestive enzyme activities and intestinal health-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cai Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Beijing Enhalor Int'l Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Ni-Ya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - De-Sheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medicine Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China; Postgraduate School, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong, Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Jiao P, Wei C, Sun Y, Xie X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Hu G, AlZahal O, Yang W. Screening of live yeast and yeast derivatives for their impact of strain and dose on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial profiles with varying media pH levels in high-forage beef cattle diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6751-6760. [PMID: 31353469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast products showed beneficial effects with respect to stabilizing ruminal pH, stimulating ruminal fermentation and improving production efficiency. Batch cultures were conducted to evaluate the effects of yeast products on gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics of high-forage substrate. The study was a two media pH (5.8 and 6.5) × five yeasts (three live yeasts, LY: LY1, LY2, LY3; two yeast derivatives, YD: YD4, YD5) × four dosages factorial arrangement, with monensin (Mon) assigned as a positive control. RESULTS Greater (P < 0.01) GP, DMD, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) and copy numbers of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were observed at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.8. The GP kinetics, DMD, VFA concentration, A:P and NH3 -N concentration differed (P < 0.05) among yeasts but varied with media pH or yeast dosages. Increasing doses of LY3 linearly increased DMD (P < 0.04) and VFA concentration (P < 0.001) at media pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P < 0.02) increased with increased addition of YD4 (pH 6.5) and YD5 (pH 5.8) and the ratio of A:P linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with the addition of YD4 or YD5 at pH 5.8. Overall greater (P < 0.05) GP, A:P (pH 5.8) and DMD (pH 6.5) were observed with yeast products than with Mon. CONCLUSION LY3 appeared to be an interesting candidate for improving rumen digestibility and fermentation efficiency, particularly at low media pH. YD4 or YD5 improved fermentation efficiency and can be potentially fed as an alternative to Mon. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chuanzi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Youran Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolai Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sutian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Wenzhu Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Piccione G, Badon T, Bedin S, Giannetto C, Morgante M, Giudice E, Gianesella M, Fiore E. Evaluation of yeast supplementation in steers housed under suitable temperature–humidity index. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1621039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Tamara Badon
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Morgante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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50
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Perdomo MC, Marsola RS, Favoreto MG, Adesogan A, Staples CR, Santos JEP. Effects of feeding live yeast at 2 dosages on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows under heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:325-339. [PMID: 31677835 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding different amounts of supplemental live yeast (LY) on performance and digestion of cows under heat stress. Sixty Holstein cows, 27 multiparous and 33 primiparous, were blocked by parity and milk yield in the first 20 d in milk (DIM) and randomly assigned to receive 0, 0.5, or 1.0 g/d of LY, resulting in daily intakes of 0, 14.2, and 37.6 billion cells, respectively, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-1077 from 30 to 107 DIM. Cows were milked twice daily, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily, and milk components, body weight, and body condition were measured weekly. Blood was sampled weekly and plasma analyzed for concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, urea N, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and acid-soluble protein. Digestibility of nutrients was measured in the last 2 wk of the experiment. Ruminal fluid was collected on 2 consecutive days 6 h after the morning feeding for measurements of pH, concentrations of short chain fatty acids, and NH3-N. Feeding behavior was observed for 48 h on experiment d 21 and 63. The mean ambient temperature was 26.8°C, humidity was 83.2%, and the temperature and humidity index ranged from 73 to 81. Treatment did not affect rectal temperature (38.9 ± 0.04°C) or DMI but increased yield of energy-corrected milk (ECM; 35.2 vs. 36.1 vs. 37.2 kg/d for 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/d, respectively) and efficiency of conversion of DM into ECM (1.70, 1.79, and 1.83 for 0, 0.5, and 1 g/d, respectively). Feeding LY increased digestibility of crude protein (65.1 vs. 68.8 vs. 70.4%) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 47.5 vs. 49.2 vs. 55.2%), and concentration of acetate (64.7 vs. 69.1 vs. 72.2 mM), which resulted in increased concentration of total short chain fatty acids in ruminal fluid (110.3 vs. 117.7 vs. 121.4 mM). Mean ruminal pH increased (5.99 vs. 6.03 vs. 6.26), and proportion of cows with pH <5.8 decreased linearly (42.9 vs. 34.9 vs. 7.7%) with increasing inclusion of LY. Concentrations of acute-phase proteins decreased with increasing amount of LY. Some aspects of feeding behavior were altered by LY, and meal size reduced quadratically (3.2, 3.5, and 2.9 kg of DM, respectively), whereas interval between rumination bouts tended to reduce linearly (122, 96.5, and 90.7 min, respectively) with increasing dose of LY. Chewing time per kilogram of NDF tended to increase linearly (71.6, 71.3, and 81.6 min/kg, respectively) with increasing dose of LY. The estimated net energy for lactation of the diet increased 5.2%, from 1.72 Mcal/kg of DM for 0 g of LY to 1.81 Mcal/kg for 1 g of LY. Feeding 1 g of LY/d to cows under heat stress increased yield of ECM and efficiency of feed conversion into ECM, improved diet digestibility, and increased ruminal fluid pH; these responses might be related either to direct effects of LY on ruminal microbial activity or to changes in feeding behavior that improved digestion of cows in heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Perdomo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R S Marsola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M G Favoreto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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