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Cusack P. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of commonly occurring diseases in feedlot cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:229-241. [PMID: 38267062 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a problem in human medicine. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria in feedlot cattle could have negative effects on their health and welfare and there is a theoretical possibility of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from food animals to humans. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics in feedlot health management could reduce the selective pressure for the development of antibiotic resistance. This review assesses the evidence supporting potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases in feedlot cattle, including nitric oxide, plant extracts, supplemental yeast or yeast products, bacterial probiotics, organic acids, bacteriophages and non-specific immunostimulants. Further research is warranted with lactate utilising bacteria, the organic acid malate, bacteriophages and the non-specific immunostimulants β-1,3 glucan and those based on pox viruses. However, none of the alternatives to conventional antibiotics investigated in this review have sufficient supporting evidence to date to justify their use with feedlot cattle. Frequently, statistically weak results and studies without negative controls are cited as support for similar studies. The health and welfare of feedlot cattle are dependent on the use of products that have robust supporting data to ensure efficacy and to avoid adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pmv Cusack
- Australian Livestock Production Services, Cowra, New South Wales, 2794, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
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2
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El Jeni R, Villot C, Koyun OY, Osorio-Doblado A, Baloyi JJ, Lourenco JM, Steele M, Callaway TR. Invited review: "Probiotic" approaches to improving dairy production: Reassessing "magic foo-foo dust". J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1832-1856. [PMID: 37949397 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbial consortium in dairy cattle is critical to determining the energetic status of the dairy cow from birth through her final lactation. The ruminant's microbial community can degrade a wide variety of feedstuffs, which can affect growth, as well as production rate and efficiency on the farm, but can also affect food safety, animal health, and environmental impacts of dairy production. Gut microbial diversity and density are powerful tools that can be harnessed to benefit both producers and consumers. The incentives in the United States to develop Alternatives to Antibiotics for use in food-animal production have been largely driven by the Veterinary Feed Directive and have led to an increased use of probiotic approaches to alter the gastrointestinal microbial community composition, resulting in improved heifer growth, milk production and efficiency, and animal health. However, the efficacy of direct-fed microbials or probiotics in dairy cattle has been highly variable due to specific microbial ecological factors within the host gut and its native microflora. Interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) between the microbial ecosystem and the host animal physiology (including epithelial cells, immune system, hormones, enzyme activities, and epigenetics) are critical to understanding why some probiotics work but others do not. Increasing availability of next-generation sequencing approaches provides novel insights into how probiotic approaches change the microbial community composition in the gut that can potentially affect animal health (e.g., diarrhea or scours, gut integrity, foodborne pathogens), as well as animal performance (e.g., growth, reproduction, productivity) and fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, short-chain fatty acids, methane production, and microbial profiles) of cattle. However, it remains clear that all direct-fed microbials are not created equal and their efficacy remains highly variable and dependent on stage of production and farm environment. Collectively, data have demonstrated that probiotic effects are not limited to the simple mechanisms that have been traditionally hypothesized, but instead are part of a complex cascade of microbial ecological and host animal physiological effects that ultimately impact dairy production and profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - C Villot
- Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France, 31069
| | - O Y Koyun
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A Osorio-Doblado
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J J Baloyi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - M Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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3
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Khattab MSA, Hassanein HAM, El-Sherbiny M, Sakr AM, Hadhoud FI, Shreif ESA, Abd El Tawab AM. Lactational performance and nutrients digestibility response of dairy buffaloes fed diets supplemented with probiotic (Streptococcus spp.) and fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:291-299. [PMID: 37830380 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to explore the productive performance and health status of lactating buffaloes fed diets supplemented with probiotic and/or fibrolytic enzymes. Forty multiparous lactating Egyptian buffaloes (body weight 451 ± 8.5 kg) were equally assigned to four experimental groups: (1) the first group fed control diet, (2) second experimental group fed control diet plus 4 g of probiotic/kg dry matter (DM) (probiotic), (3) third experimental group fed control diet plus 4 g of fibrolytic enzymes/kg DM (enzymes) and (4) fourth experimental group fed control diet plus 2 g of probiotic + 2 g fibrolytic enzymes/kg DM (Mix), The experiment was extended for 63 days. Nutrients digestibility was estimated, daily milk yield was recorded and milk samples were analyzed for total solids, fat protein, lactose and ash. Blood serum samples were analyzed for glucose, total protein, albumin, urea-N, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and cholesterol concentrations. Results showed that adding probiotic and/or fibrolytic enzymes improved nutrients digestibility (p < 0.05). The probiotic, enzymes and mix groups did not affect (p > 0.05) concentrations of serum total protein, albumin (A), globulin (G), albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and urea-N concentrations. An improvement in daily milk yield (p < 0.0001) and energy-corrected milk (p = 0.0146) were observed with the probiotic and mix groups compared with the control. In conclusion, this study suggests that supplementing lactating buffaloes' diets with probiotic alone or in combination with fibrolytic enzymes would improve their productive performance without adversely impacting their health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan A M Hassanein
- By-Product Utilization Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abdelaziz M Sakr
- By-Product Utilization Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ebrahim Sh Abo Shreif
- By-Product Utilization Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Kok I, Copani G, Bryan KA, Witt KLM, van Straalen WM, do Amaral RC, Cappellozza BI. Effects of feeding an inoculated corn silage with or without a direct-fed microbial on dry matter intake, milk production, and nutrient digestibility of high-producing lactating Holstein cows. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae010. [PMID: 38352623 PMCID: PMC10863484 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of inoculating corn silage and/or feeding a direct-fed microbial (PRO) on performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating dairy cows. At harvesting, corn silage was treated either with water (culated or not [CON]) or Lactococcus lactis and Lentilactobacillus buchneri (INC; SiloSolve FC) at 1.5 × 105 cfu/g of corn silage. Ten mini silos and one farm-scale silo bunker per treatment were prepared for the laboratory and the lactating dairy cow trial, respectively. Five mini silos per treatment were opened on days 2 or 90 post-ensiling for pH measurement, as well as chemical analysis and aerobic stability, respectively. The farm-scale silo bunkers were opened 77 d post-ensiling for the beginning of the lactating cow trial. Eighty lactating Holstein cows were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to: (1) CON silage without PRO (CON-CON; n = 20), (2) CON silage with PRO at 14 g/head/d (CON-PRO; n = 20), (3) INC silage without PRO (INC-CON; n = 20), and (4) INC silage with PRO at 14 g/head/d (INC-PRO; n = 20). Concurrently with the feeding trial, eight cows per treatment were chosen for nutrient digestibility. The pH of the corn silage was not affected by the silage inoculant (P ≥ 0.29), but INC yielded greater concentration of acetic acid and longer aerobic stability (P < 0.01). Dairy cows fed INC had a lower mean total dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein content, and somatic cell counts vs. CON (P ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) production efficiency, milk urea-N, DM, crude protein, and starch digestibility were greater for INC-fed cows (P ≤ 0.03). Feeding direct-fed microbials (DFM) improved mean body weight, milk yield, and FPCM, as well as milk protein and lactose yield (P ≤ 0.05), but reduced milk fat and protein content (P = 0.02). A silage inoculant × DFM interaction was observed for milk production efficiency, milk protein and lactose content, and somatic cell count (P ≤ 0.05). Dairy cows fed INC-CON had a greater milk production efficiency and milk lactose content (P ≤ 0.04), but INC-PRO had lower milk protein content and SCC (P ≤ 0.03). In summary, inoculating L. lactis and L. buchneri increased acetic acid content and aerobic stability of corn silage, reduced DMI, but improved milk production efficiency and nutrient digestibility of lactating Holstein dairy cows. On the other hand, feeding PRO improved milk, protein, and lactose yield. Additionally, combining the feeding of an inoculated corn silage with PRO reduced milk somatic cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Kok
- Schothorst Feed Research, 8218 NALelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Copani
- Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Keith A Bryan
- Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Inc., Milwaukee, WI 53214, USA
| | - Kristian L M Witt
- Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | | | - Rafael C do Amaral
- Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Chr. Hansen Indústria e Comércio, Valinhos, SP 13278-327, Brazil
| | - Bruno I Cappellozza
- Animal and Plant Health & Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
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El-Nile AE, Morsy AS, El-Zaiat HM, Fahmy WG, El-Komy AE, Sallam SMA. Can a blend of integrated feed additives modulate ruminal fermentation patterns and performance of growing lambs? In vitro and in vivo assessments. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:935-946. [PMID: 34775928 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two in vitro and in vivo experiments were accomplished to investigate the impacts of integrated feed additives (IFA, combination of protected fat, lysine, and methionine plus yucca extract, eucalyptus essential oil, and direct-fed microbial) on gas production (GP), ruminal fermentation and degradability parameters and lamb performance, digestibility, and nitrogen balance. In the in vitro experiment, responses of graded doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 g IFA/kg DM) were evaluated. In the in vivo experiment, 15 Barki male lambs (30.43 ± 0.74 kg BW ± SE) were individually allotted in complete randomized design into three treatments (five animal/treatment) as control (basal diet without additive), low dose (50 g/kg DM) and high dose (100 g/kg DM) for 120 days. In vitro results showed that both doses (100 and 125 g/kg DM) quadratically decreased (p < 0.001) GP and ammonia nitrogen (NH-3N) concentration. In vivo experiment revealed that dry matter intake was increased (p = 0.016) with low dose compared to high dose. Inclusion of high dose decreased blood serum glucose concentrations (p > 0.05) and ruminal protozoal populations (p = 0.094) compared with low dose and control diet. Both doses of IFA increased (p < 0.05) serum urea, creatinine, and triglyceride concentrations, while decreased (p < 0.001) ruminal NH3-N concentrations. These results suggested that, although IFA was effective to modify in vitro ruminal fermentation process and feed degradability, such aspects did not improve in vivo performance of growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E El-Nile
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr S Morsy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hani M El-Zaiat
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
| | - Wael G Fahmy
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa E El-Komy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M A Sallam
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Arce-Cordero JA, Liu T, Monteiro HF, Jeong KC, Faciola AP. Megasphaera elsdenii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as direct fed microbials and their impact on ruminal microbiome during an acute acidosis challenge in continuous culture. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad123. [PMID: 38023425 PMCID: PMC10630316 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of combinations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii as direct-fed microbials (DFM) on ruminal microbiome during an acute acidosis challenge in a continuous culture system. Treatments provided a DFM dose of 1 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, as follows: control (no DFM), YM1 (S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 1), YM2 (S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 2), and YMM (S. cerevisiae and half of the doses of M. elsdenii strains 1 and 2). We conducted four experimental periods of 11 d, which consisted of non-acidotic days (1 to 8) and acidotic challenge days (9 to 11) to establish acute ruminal acidosis conditions with a common basal diet containing 12% neutral detergent fiber and 58% starch. Treatments were applied from days 8 to 11, and samples of liquid and solid-associated bacteria were collected on days 9 to 11. Overall, 128 samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA, and data were analyzed with R and SAS for alpha and beta diversity, taxa relative abundance, and correlation of taxa abundance with propionate molar proportion. We observed a lower bacterial diversity (Shannon index, P = 0.02) when YM1 was added to the diet in comparison to the three other treatments. Moreover, compared to control, addition of YM1 to the diet increased relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria (P = 0.05) and family Succinivibrioceae (P = 0.05) in the solid fraction and tended to increase abundance of family Succinivibrioceae (P = 0.10) and genus Succinivibrio (P = 0.09) in the liquid fraction. Correlation analysis indicated a positive association between propionate molar proportion and relative abundance of Proteobacteria (r = 0.36, P = 0.04) and Succinivibrioceae (r = 0.36, P = 0.05) in the solid fraction. The inclusion of YM1 in high-grain diets with a high starch content resulted in greater abundance of bacteria involved in succinate synthesis which may have provided the substrate for the greater propionate synthesis observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Arce-Cordero
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hugo F Monteiro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kwang C Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Guo YQ, Hu YR, Liu SR, Wang M, Xian ZY, Liu DW, Sun BL, Li YK, Liu GB, Deng M, Hu WF, Liu QS. Effects of the Oat Hay Feeding Method and Compound Probiotic Supplementation on the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Rumen Bacteria Community of Dairy Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1851. [PMID: 37891930 PMCID: PMC10604343 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the oat hay feeding method and compound probiotics (CMP) on the growth, health, serum antioxidant and immune indicators, rumen fermentation, and bacteria community of dairy calves from 3 to 5 months of age. Forty-eight female Holstein calves (80 ± 7 days of age, 93.71 ± 5.33 kg BW) were selected and randomly divided into four groups. A 2 × 2 factorial design was adopted for the experiment, with the factors of the oat hay feeding method (fed as free-choice or 16.7% in the diet) and compound probiotics (CMP) inclusion (0.15% or 0%) in the pelleted starter. The results showed that, compared with giving oat hay as free-choice, feeding a diet of 16.7% oat hay increased the pelleted starter intake at 1-84 d (p < 0.05), with an average daily gain (ADG) at 61-84 d (p = 0.02); adding CMP to the pelleted starter did not significantly affect body weight, and reduced the fecal index (p < 0.05). Feeding 16.7% oat hay increased the concentration of IgA, IgG, and IgM (p < 0.01), while adding CMP increased the catalase (p < 0.01) and decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (p < 0.01) in serum. Feeding 16.7% oat hay increased the ruminal concentration of propionic acid (p < 0.05) and isobutyric acid (p = 0.08), and decreased the ruminal pH (p = 0.08), the concentration of acetic acid (p < 0.05), and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p < 0.01). Feeding 16.7% oat hay reduced the relative abundance of ruminal Firmicutes, Unidentified-Bacteria, Actinobacteria, Prevotella, NK4A214-group, Olsenella, and Actinobacteriota (p < 0.05); adding CMP increased the relative abundance of ruminal Prevotella, Rikenellaceae-RC9-gut-group, Ruminococcus, NK4A214-group, and Ruminococcus (p < 0.05), and decreased the abundance of Desulfobacterora, Prevotella-7, and Erysipelotricaceae-UCG-002 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a diet of 16.7% oat hay increased the pelleted starter intake and average daily gain, while slightly reducing the ruminal pH values; adding CMP to the pelleted starter resulted in reduced diarrhea incidence, increased serum antioxidant capacity and immunity, as well as ruminal richness and diversity of microorganisms in dairy calves from 3 to 5 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Ya-Ru Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Su-Ran Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Zhen-Yu Xian
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - De-Wu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Bao-Li Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Yao-Kun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Guang-Bin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Wen-Feng Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Qing-Shen Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-Q.G.); (Y.-R.H.); (S.-R.L.); (M.W.); (Z.-Y.X.); (D.-W.L.); (B.-L.S.); (Y.-K.L.); (G.-B.L.); (M.D.)
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Thompson K, McKeith A, Krehbiel C. Site of infusion of a commercially available direct-fed microbial on performance and digestibility in lactating Holstein cows. APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.15232/aas.2022-02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Ardani LR, Marlida Y, Zain M, Jamsari J, Fassah DM. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains isolated from fermented fish (Budu) identified as candidate ruminant probiotics based on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Vet World 2023; 16:395-402. [PMID: 37041999 PMCID: PMC10082714 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.395-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Probiotic supplementation can assist with manipulating the rumen microbial ecosystem. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast from fermented fish (Budu) as the indigenous food from West Sumatra, Indonesia, are potential probiotics for livestock. This study aims to select the best candidate lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains from fermented fish as ruminant probiotics and evaluate the effect of their supplementation on the characteristics of rumen fermentation, feed digestion, and total gas production in vitro.
Materials and Methods: This study used nine treatments, performed in triplicate, in a completely randomized design. The substrate ratio comprised of 70% Pennisetum purpureum forage and 30% concentrate. Five lactic acid bacteria and three yeast isolates were used in this study. Treatments were as follows: T0: control (basal diet); T1: T0 + Lactobacillus parabuchneri strain 3347; T2: T0 + Lactobacillus buchneri strain 5296; T3: T0 + Lactobacillus harbinensis JCM 16178; T4: T0 + Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis strain LH991; T5: T0 + L. parabuchneri strain 6902; T6: T0 + Pichia kudriavzevii strain B-5P; T7: T0 + P. kudriavzevii strain CBS 5147; and T8: T0 + commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The lactic acid bacteria inoculum contained 1.02 × 1011 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL, while the yeast inoculum contained 1.5 × 1010 CFU/mL.
Results: The results showed that four lactic acid bacteria and three yeast produced a higher total gas yield (104–183.33 mL) compared to the control (103 mL). Supplementation with lactic acid bacteria in the rumen fermentation in vitro showed dry matter digestibility of 63%–70% and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of 64%–71%. We observed that total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in all treatments was significantly higher (86–121 mM) compared to the control (81 mM). The concentration of NH3 production was higher in all treatments (12.33–16.83 mM) than in the control (12.25 mM). Meanwhile, the probiotic supplementation did not cause a significant change in the rumen pH (6.86–7.12). Supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 consistently demonstrated the best results from the parameters of dry and OMD (70.29% and 71.16%, respectively), total VFA (121.67 mM), NH3 (16.83 mM), and total gas production (149.17 mL). The best results were observed from the yeast candidate P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P, where the results were dry and OMD (67.64% and 69.55% respectively), total VFA (96.67 mM), NH3 (13.42 mM), and total gas production (183.33 mL).
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, lactic acid bacteria S. harbinensis strain LH991 and yeast P. kudriavzevii strain B-5P are attractive candidates to be utilized as probiotics for ruminants based on their potential to improve rumen fermentation in vitro. This probiotic supplementation can increase the digestibility of feed ingredients, production of total VFA and NH3, and total gas produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laily Rinda Ardani
- PMDSU Program, Graduate Program, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Yetti Marlida
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Mardiati Zain
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Jamsari Jamsari
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Dilla Mareistia Fassah
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Arce-Cordero JA, Bennett SL, Liu T, Ravelo A, Lobo RR, Jeong KC, Faciola AP. Combinations of bacterial cultures, exogenous enzymes, and yeast-based feed additives and their impact on ruminal microbiome. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac157. [PMID: 36568899 PMCID: PMC9772820 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of bacteria (Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecium), enzymes (amylase, hemicellulose, and xylanase), and yeast as additives on the ruminal microbiome. We hypothesized that inclusion of bacteria, enzymes, and yeast would impact butyric bacterial populations. Eight fermenters were arranged in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with the following treatments: 1) control without additives (CTRL); 2) bacterial culture and enzyme blend (EB); 3) bacterial culture and enzyme blend with a live yeast and yeast culture blend (EBY); and 4) double dose of bacterial culture and enzyme blend and the yeast products blend (2X). We conducted four fermentation periods of 10 d each, with the last 3 d for collection of samples. Overall, 64 solid and liquid samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA. Data were analyzed with R and SAS. The following orthogonal contrasts were used: 1) ADD-the control compared to all treatments with additives (CTRL vs. EB, EBY, and 2X); 2) YEAST-treatment without yeast compared to those with yeast (EB vs. EBY and 2X); and 3) DOSE-the single dose of enzymes, bacteria, and yeast compared to the doubled dose (EBY vs. 2X). Family Prevotellaceae was more abundant when additives were added (ADD). Additives (ADD) also increased relative abundance of Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 and YAB2003 in solid fraction, and of Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 and two members of Lachnospiracea family in liquid fraction. Yeast (YEAST) decreased relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae UCG-001 and increased abundance of Ruminococcus and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 in solid fraction. Doubling the dose of enzymes and microbial additives (DOSE) decreased the abundance of Succiniclasticum in solid fraction and Selenomonadaceae in the liquid. Molar proportion of butyrate was highly correlated with abundance of Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 in solid (r = 0.68) and liquid fraction (r = 0.79), and with Unclassified Lachnospiraceae in liquid (r = 0.70). Our results demonstrate that YEAST decreases abundance of succinate synthesizing bacteria, while DOSE decreases abundance of bacteria that metabolize succinate into propionate. Combined bacteria, enzymes, and yeast increase the relative abundance of specific genera primarily within the Prevotellaceae family, which may explain the increase in butyrate molar proportion observed with ADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - S L Bennett
- Current address: Department of Animal Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - A Ravelo
- Current address: Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - K C Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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11
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Goldsmith K, Lefler J, Embree M, VandeHaar MJ. The effect of supplementing native rumen microbes on milk production of dairy cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:31-34. [PMID: 36713126 PMCID: PMC9873662 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of 2 direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplements containing 4 native rumen microorganisms on the production of dairy cows. Ninety Holstein cows (43% primiparous) were fed a common diet. Mean days in milk, milk yield, and body weight at the beginning of the study (mean ± standard deviation) were 92 ± 23 d, 45 ± 10 kg/d, and 659 ± 86 kg, respectively. After 14 d, they were blocked by parity, days in milk, and energy-corrected milk (ECM) per unit of metabolic body weight. Within block, cows were randomly assigned to treatments, which were top-dressed daily for the next 112 d. Treatments were 150 g of ground corn mixed with (1) no live DFM (CON), (2) 5 g of a live DFM (Galaxis 2.0; G2), and (3) 5 g of a live DFM (Galaxis 2.0 Plus; G2P). G2 and G2P were products of Native Microbials Inc. (San Diego, CA) and contained the same organisms but in different concentrations. Supplementation with DFM did not alter yield of total milk, protein, or fat, but slightly decreased body weight gain and body condition score gain with no difference between G2 and G2P. The DFM tended to decrease dry matter intake (DMI) and tended to improve ECM/DMI. The DFM did not alter digestibility of fiber, starch, or protein and did not alter concentrations of glucose or nonesterified fatty acids, but tended to decrease concentration of insulin in plasma. Direct-fed microbials decreased somatic cell counts in milk with no difference between G2 and G2P. In conclusion, supplementation with native DFM had little impact on animal production and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Goldsmith
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | | | | | - Michael J. VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824,Corresponding author
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12
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Dias BGC, Santos FAP, Meschiatti M, Brixner BM, Almeida AA, Queiroz O, Cappellozza BI. Effects of feeding different probiotic types on metabolic, performance, and carcass responses of Bos indicus feedlot cattle offered a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac289. [PMID: 36055763 PMCID: PMC9584148 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of different probiotic combinations on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot Bos indicus beef bulls offered a high-concentrate diet. In experiment 1, 30 rumen-fistulated Nellore steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW = 350 ± 35.0 kg) and within blocks (n = 10), animals were randomly assigned to receive: 1) high-concentrate diet without probiotic supplementation (n = 10; CONT), 2) CONT plus 1 g per head of a probiotic mixture containing three strains of Enterococcus faecium and one strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3.5 × 109 CFU/g; n = 10; EFSC), and 3) CONT plus 2 g per head of a probiotic mixture containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU/g; n = 10; BLBS). The experimental period lasted 35 d, being 28 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. From day 34 to day 35 of the experimental period, ruminal fluid and fecal samples were collected every 3 h, starting immediately before feeding (0 h) for rumen fermentation characteristics and apparent nutrient digestibility analysis, respectively. In experiment 2, 240 Nellore bulls were ranked by initial shrunk BW (375 ± 35.1 kg), assigned to pens (n = 4 bulls per pen), and pens randomly assigned to receive the same treatments as in experiment 1 (n = 20 pens per treatment). Regardless of treatment, all bulls received the same step-up and finishing diets throughout the experimental period, which lasted 115 d. In both experiments, data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts to partition-specific treatment effects: 1) probiotic effect: CONT vs. PROB and 2) probiotic type: EFSC vs. BLBS (SAS Software Inc.). In experiment 1, no contrast effects were observed on nutrient intake, overall nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation analyses (P ≥ 0.13). Nonetheless, supplementation of probiotics, regardless of type (P = 0.59), reduced mean acetate:propionate ratio and rumen ammonia-N concentration vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.05). In experiment 2, no significant effects were observed for final BW and dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.12), but average daily gain and feed efficiency tended to improve (P ≤ 0.10) when probiotics were offered to the animals. Probiotic supplementation or type of probiotic did not affect carcass traits (P ≥ 0.22). In summary, supplementation of probiotics containing a mixture of E. faecium and S. cerevisiae or a mixture of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis reduced rumen acetate:propionate ratio and rumen ammonia-N levels and tended to improve the performance of feedlot cattle offered a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G C Dias
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio A P Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Murillo Meschiatti
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara M Brixner
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alecsander A Almeida
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
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13
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Khademi AR, Hashemzadeh F, Khorvash M, Mahdavi AH, Pazoki A, Ghaffari MH. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and probiotic in finely ground starters to improve calf performance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11942. [PMID: 35831399 PMCID: PMC9279382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of adding wheat straw treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and a probiotic supplement to finely ground starters on growth performance, rumen fermentation, behavior, digestibility, and health of dairy calves. A total of 48 Holstein dairy calves (39.8 ± 1.67 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to one of 4 nutritional treatments (n = 12 calves per treatment). The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two diets with or without EFE-treated wheat straw (2 g/day/calf) and diets with or without probiotics (2 g/day/calf). All calves were weaned on day 63 and remained in the study until day 84. The addition of EFE to wheat straw had no effect on starter feed intake, increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and recumbency, but decreased average daily gain (ADG) after weaning (240 g/d). The addition of probiotics to the diet had no effect on starter feed intake, improved feed efficiency, ADG (150 g/d), final weight (11.3 kg), and NDF digestibility, and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen. The addition of probiotics to starter feed for calves could improve their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khademi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - A H Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - A Pazoki
- Ghiam Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Isfahan, 83145-46600, Iran
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Reuben RC, Elghandour MMMY, Alqaisi O, Cone JW, Márquez O, Salem AZM. Influence of microbial probiotics on ruminant health and nutrition: sources, mode of action and implications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1319-1340. [PMID: 34775613 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, ruminant production contributes immensely to the supply of the highest quality and quantity of proteins for human consumption, sustenance of livelihoods, and attainment of food security. Nevertheless, the phasing out of antibiotics in animal production has posed a myriad of challenges, including poor growth, performance and nutrient utilization, pathogen colonization, dysbiosis, and food safety issues in ruminants. Probiotics (direct-fed microbials), comprising live microbial strains that confer health and nutritional benefits to the host when administered in appropriate quantities, are emerging as a viable, safe, natural and sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Although the mechanisms of action exerted by probiotics on ruminants are not well elucidated, dietary probiotic dosage to ruminants enhances development and maturation, growth and performance, milk production and composition, nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, pathogen reduction, and mitigation of gastrointestinal diseases. However, the beneficial response to probiotic supplementation in ruminants is not consistent, being dependent on the microbial strain selected, combination of strains, dose, time and frequency of supplementation, diet, animal breed, physiological stage, husbandry practice, and farm management. Nonetheless, several studies have recently reported beneficial effects of probiotics on ruminant performance, health and production. This review conclusively re-iterates the need for probiotics inclusion for the sustainability of ruminant production. Considering the role that ruminants play in food production and employment, global acceptance of sustainable ruminant production through supplementation with probiotics will undoubtedly ensure food security and food safety for the world. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine C Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Othman Alqaisi
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ofelia Márquez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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15
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Shridhar PB, Amachawadi RG, Tokach M, Patel I, Gangiredla J, Mammel M, Nagaraja TG. Whole genome sequence analyses-based assessment of virulence potential and antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from commercial swine and cattle probiotic products. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6527694. [PMID: 35150575 PMCID: PMC8908542 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is one of the more commonly used bacterial species as a probiotic in animals. The organism, a common inhabitant of the gut of animals and humans, is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for a variety infections in humans and sporadic infections in animals. In swine and cattle, E. faecium-based probiotic products are used for growth promotion and gut functional and health benefits. The objective of this study was to utilize whole genome sequence-based analysis to assess virulence potential, detect antimicrobial resistance genes, and analyze phylogenetic relationships of E. faecium strains from commercial swine and cattle probiotics. Genomic DNA extracted from E. faecium strains, isolated from commercial probiotic products of swine (n = 9) and cattle (n = 13), were sequenced in an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed. Seven of the nine swine strains and seven of the 13 cattle strains were identified as Enterococcus lactis, and not as E. faecium. None of the 22 probiotic strains carried major virulence genes required to initiate infections, but many carried genes involved in adhesion to host cells, which may benefit the probiotic strains to colonize and persist in the gut. Strains also carried genes encoding resistance to a few medically important antibiotics, which included aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia], macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (msrC), tetracyclines [tet(L) and tet(M)], and phenicols [cat-(pc194)]. The comparison of the genotypic to phentypic AMR data showed presence of both related and unrelated genes in the probiotic strains. Swine and cattle probiotic E. faecium strains belonged to diverse sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis of the probiotic strains, and strains of human (n = 29), swine (n = 4), and cattle (n = 4) origin, downloaded from GenBank, indicated close clustering of strains belonging to the same species and source, but a few swine and cattle probiotic strains clustered closely with other cattle and human fecal strains. In conclusion, the absence of major virulence genes characteristic of the clinical E. faecium strains suggests that these probiotic strains are unlikely to initiate opportunistic infection. However, the carriage of AMR genes to medically important antibiotics and close clustering of the probiotic strains with other human and cattle fecal strains suggests that probiotic strains may pose risk to serve as a source of transmitting AMR genes to other gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Mike Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
| | - Isha Patel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Mark Mammel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5800, USA
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16
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Wang H, Yu Z, Gao Z, Li Q, Qiu X, Wu F, Guan T, Cao B, Su H. Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health status of neonatal Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2190-2200. [PMID: 34955257 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of compound probiotics (consisting of 108 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus acidilactici, 108 cfu/g of Pediococcus pentosaceus, 107 cfu/g of and Bacillus subtilis) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, bacteria community, blood parameters, and health status of Holstein calves at the first 3 mo of age. Forty-eight newborn calves were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: control group (milk replacer with no compound probiotics), low compound probiotics group (milk replacer + 0.12 g of compound probiotics per head per day), and high compound probiotics group (HP; milk replacer + 1.2 g of compound probiotics per head per day). Starter pellets of the low compound probiotics and HP groups were coated with 0.05% compound probiotics. Milk replacer was provided from 2 to 63 d of age (6 L at 2-10 d, 8 L at 11-42 d, 6 L at 43-49 d, 4 L at 50-56 d, and 2 L at 57-63 d), and starter pellets were provided ad libitum from 7 to 90 d of age. Body weight and body size (d 1, 30, 60, and 90), blood (d 40 and 80), and rumen fluid (d 90) were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA procedure; fecal score was recorded daily and analyzed as repeated measures using the mixed model procedure. Results showed that diet supplemented with compound probiotics had no effects on the body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency. At 90 d of age, diet supplemented with compound probiotics decreased the withers height. Immunity activities increased in the HP group, supported by the increased concentrations of serum total protein and immunoglobulins at 40 d of age, and by the increased activity of superoxide dismutase at 80 d of age. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics altered rumen fermentation, indicated by the decreased rumen acetic acid and propionic acid, and the increased butyric acid concentrations. Diet supplemented with compound probiotics improved the health status of calves, indicated by the decreased fecal score at 3 wk of age and the decreased medicine treatments. In summary, although diet supplemented with HP decreased the withers height, this level of probiotics is recommended to improve rumen development and health status of newborn Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhaotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Zhibiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianci Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binghai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ngo TT, Bang NN, Dart P, Callaghan M, Klieve A, McNeill D. Pellets Inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 Modulates Diet Preference and Rumen Factors Associated with Appetite Regulation in Steers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123455. [PMID: 34944232 PMCID: PMC8697938 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) may reinforce preferential feeding behaviour by changing ruminal fermentation parameters. Four rumen-fistulated steers were offered feedlot pellets, with (H57) or without (Control, C) the H57 probiotic. Half of the pellets were added to the rumen, at time zero, and half were offered for oral consumption over the next six hours, to make four feeding treatments. Each steer was offered each treatment over time. Each offering was over six days, with rumen fluid sampled over the last three days for a six-hour period per day. A five-minute preference test was performed at the end of each rumen sampling period by simultaneously offering the steers 4 kg of H57 and C pellets. The steers preferred the H57 over the C pellets but the route of offering (rumen versus oral) had no effect on preference. Ruminal pH and molar proportions of iso-butyrate and iso-valerate were higher and ammonia concentrations tended to be greater for H57 compared to C. However, since the route of offering had no effect on preference, the hypothesis, that ruminal fermentation changes take precedence over oral (taste) sensations in driving preference, was not supported. Abstract This study examined whether the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57) affects ruminal fermentation parameters that exercise post-ingestive feedback appetite control mechanisms. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to separate pre- and post-ingestive effects of H57 in four rumen-fistulated steers. The steers were offered a set amount of feedlot pellets, inoculated with H57 or without H57 (control, C). Half of the total amount of pellets fed were introduced intra-ruminally (r), and then the remaining pellets were orally consumed (o) to make four feeding treatments: H57r/H57o, H57r/Co, Cr/H57o and Cr/Co. Rumen fluid was sampled at 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding. Preference behaviour was tested immediately after the 6 h rumen fluid sampling by simultaneously offering the steers 4 kg of each of H57 and C pellets in adjacent troughs for 5 min. Steers preferred the pellets with added H57 over the C pellets (56:44; p < 0.001) and their preferences were not affected by the treatment protocol imposed to separate post- from pre-ingestive effects (p > 0.05). Steers fed H57 pellets had higher ruminal pH, molar proportions of iso-butyrate and iso-valerate (p < 0.05) and tended to have greater ruminal ammonia concentrations compared to those fed C pellets (p < 0.1). However, post-ingestive signals did not affect diet preference more than pre-ingestive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Ngo
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
- Correspondence:
| | - Nguyen N. Bang
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
| | - Peter Dart
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | | | - Athol Klieve
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4069, Australia;
| | - David McNeill
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (N.N.B.); (D.M.)
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Probiotic potential and safety assessment of bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium strains with antibacterial activity against Listeria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100070. [PMID: 34841360 PMCID: PMC8610289 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium strains were evaluated for their beneficial and safety properties. Safety of the strains were evaluated based on phenotypic and bio-molecular approaches. The beneficial properties of the strains were demonstrated. High survivability under simulated GIT conditions and inhibition of Listeria spp. were demonstrated. The strains were found to carry genes coding for GABA production.
Enterococcus spp., known for their wide ecological distribution, have been associated with various fermented food products of plant and animal origin. The strains used in this study, bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium previously isolated from artisanal soybean paste, have shown strong activity against Listeria spp. and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Although their antimicrobial activity is considered beneficial, the potential application of enterococci is still under debate due to concerns about their safety for human and other animal consumption. Therefore, this study not only focuses on the screening of potential virulence factors, but also the auxiliary beneficial properties of the strains Ent. faecium ST651ea, ST7119ea, and ST7319ea. Phenotypic screening for gelatinase, hemolysin, and biogenic amine production showed that the strains were all safe. Furthermore, the antibiogram profiling showed that all the strains were susceptible to the panel of antibiotics used in the assessment except for erythromycin. Yet, Ent. faecium ST7319ea was found to carry some of the virulence genes used in the molecular screening for safety including hyl, esp, and IS16. The probiotic potential and other beneficial properties of the strains were also studied, demonstrating high aggregation and co-aggregation levels compared to previously characterized strains, in addition to high survivability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and production of numerous desirable enzymes as evaluated by APIZym, indicating diverse possible biotechnological applications of these strains. Additionally, the strains were found to carry genes coding for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production, an auxiliary characteristic for their probiotic potential. Although these tests showed relatively favorable characteristics, it should be considered that these assays were carried out in vitro and should therefore also be assessed under in vivo conditions.
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Cai L, Hartanto R, Zhang J, Qi D. Clostridium butyricum Improves Rumen Fermentation and Growth Performance of Heat-Stressed Goats In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113261. [PMID: 34827993 PMCID: PMC8614545 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on rumen fermentation and the growth performance of heat-stressed goats. The in vitro fermentation was carried out using Clostridium butyricum supplement at 0% (CG), 0.025% (CB1), 0.05% (CB2), 0.10% (CB3), and 0.20% (CB4) of the dry matter (DM) weight of basal diet. Results showed that ruminal pH and the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, as well as the acetic acid to propionic acid ratio were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. Additionally, significant increases (p < 0.05) in the degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were observed in CB2 and CB3 compared with the CG group. For the in vivo study, 12 heat-stressed goats were divided equally into three groups: the control (HS1) was fed the basal diet, and groups HS2 and HS3 were fed with 0.05% and 0.10% Clostridium butyricum added to the basal diet, respectively. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 Latin square. Similar effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility parameters were obtained with 0.05% of Clostridium butyricum supplement compared to the in vitro study. Moreover, the dry matter intake and average daily gain were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in HS2 compared with other groups. These results indicated that an effective dose of Clostridium butyricum supplement (0.05%) could improve the rumen fermentation and growth performance of heat-stressed goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cai
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (R.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Rudy Hartanto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (R.H.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (R.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.C.); (R.H.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87281793; Fax: +86-27-87281033
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20
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Gaffney J, Embree J, Gilmore S, Embree M. Ruminococcus bovis sp. nov., a novel species of amylolytic Ruminococcus isolated from the rumen of a dairy cow. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34379583 PMCID: PMC8513621 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes JE7A12T (=ATCC TSD-225T=NCTC 14479T), an isolate from the ruminal content of a dairy cow. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of the isolate were explored. JE7A12T was found to be a strictly anaerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, coccoid bacterium that grows in chains. The API 50 CH carbon source assay detected fermentation of d-glucose, d-fructose, d-galactose, glycogen and starch. HPLC showed acetate to be the major fermentation product as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. Phylogenetic analysis of JE7A12T based on 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequences from the whole genome indicated a divergent lineage from the closest neighbours in the genus Ruminococcus. The results of 16S rRNA sequence comparison, whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) and DNA G+C content data indicate that JE7A12T represents a novel species which we propose the name Ruminococcus bovis with JE7A12T as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gaffney
- Native Microbials, 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jordan Embree
- Native Microbials, 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sean Gilmore
- Native Microbials, 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mallory Embree
- Native Microbials, 10255 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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21
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Bennett SL, Arce-Cordero JA, Brandao VLN, Vinyard JR, Agustinho BC, Monteiro HF, Lobo RR, Tomaz L, Faciola AP. Effects of bacterial cultures, enzymes, and yeast-based feed additive combinations on ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab026. [PMID: 33860153 PMCID: PMC8030714 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cultures, enzymes, and yeast-derived feed additives are often included in commercial dairy rations due to their effects on ruminal fermentation. However, the effects of these additives when fed together are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in ruminal fermentation when a dairy ration is supplemented with combinations of bacterial probiotics, enzymes and yeast. Our hypotheses were that ruminal fermentation would be altered, indicated through changes in volatile fatty acid profile and nutrient digestibility, with the inclusion of (1) an additive, (2) yeast, and (3) increasing additive doses. Treatments were randomly assigned to 8 fermenters in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with four 10 d experimental periods, consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Basal diets contained 52:48 forage:concentrate and fermenters were fed 106 g of dry matter per day divided equally between two feeding times. Treatments were: control (CTRL, without additives); bacterial culture/enzyme blend (EB, 1.7 mg/d); bacterial culture/enzyme blend with a blend of live yeast and yeast culture (EBY, 49.76 mg/d); and a double dose of the EBY treatment (2×, 99.53 mg/d). The bacterial culture/enzyme blend contained five strains of probiotics (Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecium) and three enzymes (amylase, hemicellulase, and xylanase). On d 8–10, samples were collected for pH, redox, volatile fatty acids, lactate, ammonia N, and digestibility measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Repeated measures were used for pH, redox, VFA, NH3-N, and lactate kinetics data. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test the effect of (1) additives, ADD (CTRL vs. EB, EBY, and 2X); (2) yeast, YEAST (EB vs. EBY, and 2X); and (3) dose, DOSE (EBY vs. 2X). No effects (P > 0.05) were observed for pH, redox, NH3-N, acetate, isobutyrate, valerate, total VFA, acetate:propionate, nutrient digestibility or N utilization. Within the 24 h pool, the molar proportion of butyrate increased (P = 0.03) with the inclusion of additives when compared to the control while the molar proportion of propionate tended to decrease (P = 0.07). In conclusion, the inclusion of bacterial cultures, enzymes and yeast in the diet increased butyrate concentration; but did not result in major changes in ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bennett
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - V L N Brandao
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - B C Agustinho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Brazil
| | - H F Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - L Tomaz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Sao Paulo State University, Brazil
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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22
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Mani S, Aiyegoro OA, Adeleke MA. Characterization of Rumen Microbiota of Two Sheep Breeds Supplemented With Direct-Fed Lactic Acid Bacteria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:570074. [PMID: 33521074 PMCID: PMC7843511 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.570074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of direct-fed microbials into ruminants' nutrition has shown great potential in manipulating rumen fermentation and enhancing productive animal performance. However, little is known about rumen microbial composition and diversity of Damara and Meatmaster sheep, breeds indigenous to South Africa. The study aimed at exploring and comparing the rumen microbiomes of two breeds with different feeding treatments as follows: no antibiotic, no probiotics (T1), only potential probiotic (T2), only potential probiotic (T3), the combination of potential probiotics (T4), antibiotic (T5); using a metagenomic approach. The results showed that based on the Shannon index, the microbial diversity of Damara was higher (p < 0.05) than Meatmaster, while treatment T4 was higher than treatment T1 (p < 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis showed no significant difference among treatments, while there were significant dissimilarities between sheep breeds and sample-day (p < 0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) displayed the dispersion of microbial communities among treatments, where negative control (T1) was distinct from other treatments. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most abundant microbial phyla across treatments for both breeds. Negative control and the combination of potential probiotics showed lower proportions of Proteobacteria compared to other treatments. At the genus level, Prevotella and Clostridium were abundant across all treatments, while Pseudomonas was abundant only in T2, T3, and T5. In all treatments, Fibrobacter was detected after the feeding trials, while it was not detected in most treatments before trials. The results revealed that the rumen microbiome's structure and abundance were slightly altered by administering lactic acid as a putative probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinalo Mani
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Irene, South Africa
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Olayinka A. Aiyegoro
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Irene, South Africa
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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23
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Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, medium and forage type and their interactions on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05028. [PMID: 33024859 PMCID: PMC7527637 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077, at four doses (0, 1×105, 1×106 and 1 × 107 cfu/mL) according to the reducing medium used [Goering-Van Soest (GV), McDougall (MD) or Kansas State (KS)] on in vitro ruminal neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFd), rate of digestion of NDF (kd), organic matter digestibility (OMd), dry matter digestibility (DMd), pH as well as volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, using two forages (oat hay and wheat straw) with differing chemical composition. The maximum in vitro NDFd, DMd, OMd as well as kd were obtained with dose 1 × 106 cfu/mL, although differences between doses were not always significant. The pH estimates were the lowest with the 1 × 107 cfu/mL dose, but the differences were not all significant; however, 1 × 107 cfu/mL corresponded to significantly lower pH estimates compared to the control and 1×105 (6.51 vs. 6.60 and 6.59, respectively). The decrease in pH was accompanied by an increase in VFA concentrations as the yeast dose increased. The KS medium resulted in the lowest digestibility estimates, pH estimates as well as kd, regardless of yeast dose. The 1 × 106 cfu/mL was the better performing yeast dose in vitro resulting in higher digestibility estimates which indicates the yeasts ability to stimulate the microorganisms within the rumen by beneficially modifying rumen environment, thus promoting microbiota activity. The MD and GV media provide better environments for fermentation than the KS medium, resulting in higher in vitro NDFd, DMd, OMd, pH estimates as well as rate of NDF digestion. The MD and GV are also the media that resulted in more consistent results when analysing the effects of the live yeast. Our data suggest that the in vitro conditions have to be carefully chosen to be able to demonstrate rumen fermentation shifts with the use of live microbial additives.
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24
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Dietary Supplementation with Sugar Beet Fructooligosaccharides and Garlic Residues Promotes Growth of Beneficial Bacteria and Increases Weight Gain in Neonatal Lambs. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081179. [PMID: 32823755 PMCID: PMC7465112 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper development of the early gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota is critical for newborn ruminants. This microbiota is susceptible to modification by diverse external factors (such as diet) that can lead to long-lasting results when occurring in young ruminants. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics, ingredients nondigestible and nonabsorbable by the host that stimulate the growth of beneficial GIT bacteria, has been applied worldwide as a potential approach in order to improve ruminant health and production yields. However, how prebiotics affect the GIT microbiota during ruminants’ early life is still poorly understood. We investigated the effect of milk supplementation with a combination of two well-known prebiotics, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from sugar beet and garlic residues (all together named as “additive”), exerted on preweaned lamb growth and the composition of their fecal microbiota, by using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. The results showed a significant increase in the mean daily weight gain of lambs fed with the additive. Lamb fecal microbiota was also influenced by the additive intake, as additive-diet lambs showed lower bacterial diversity and were significantly more abundant in Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Veillonella. These bacteria have been previously reported to confer beneficial properties to the ruminant, including promotion of growth and health status, and our results showed that they were strongly linked to the additive intake and the increased weight gain of lambs. This study points out the combination of FOS from sugar beet and garlic residues as a potential prebiotic to be used in young ruminants’ nutrition in order to improve production yields.
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25
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Wood kraft pulp supplementation alters the rumen fermentation characteristics and epithelial transcriptomes in Holstein cattle during the high-grain diet challenge. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Izuddin WI, Loh TC, Samsudin AA, Foo HL, Humam AM, Shazali N. Effects of postbiotic supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial profile, blood metabolite and GHR, IGF-1 and MCT-1 gene expression in post-weaning lambs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:315. [PMID: 31477098 PMCID: PMC6719353 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postbiotics have been established as potential feed additive to be used in monogastric such as poultry and swine to enhance health and growth performance. However, information on the postbiotics as feed additive in ruminants is very limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of supplementation of postbiotics in newly-weaned lambs on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population, blood metabolite and expression of genes related to growth and volatile fatty acid transport across the rumen epithelium. Results Postbiotic supplementation increased weight gain, feed intake, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility of the lambs. No effect on ruminal pH and total VFA, whereas butyrate and ruminal ammonia-N concentration were improved. The lambs fed with postbiotics had higher blood total protein, urea nitrogen and glucose. However, no difference was observed in blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Postbiotics increased the population of fibre degrading bacteria but decreased total protozoa and methanogens in rumen. Postbiotics increased the mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1 and ruminal MCT-1. Conclusions The inclusion of postbiotics from L. plantarum RG14 in newly-weaned lambs improved growth performance, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility reflected from better rumen fermentation and microbial parameters, blood metabolites and upregulation of growth and nutrient intake genes in the post-weaning lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ibrahim Izuddin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anjas Asmara Samsudin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ling Foo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Merzza Humam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Animal Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nurhazirah Shazali
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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Sheikh GG, Ganai AM, Ahmad Sheikh A, Mir DM. Rumen microflora, fermentation pattern and microbial enzyme activity in sheep fed paddy straw based complete feed fortified with probiotics. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1644019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gowher Gull Sheikh
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Majid Ganai
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Danish Masood Mir
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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28
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Brugman S, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Braber S, Folkerts G, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM. A Comparative Review on Microbiota Manipulation: Lessons From Fish, Plants, Livestock, and Human Research. Front Nutr 2018; 5:80. [PMID: 30234124 PMCID: PMC6134018 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years the impact of microbial communities on the health of their host (being plants, fish, and terrestrial animals including humans) has received increasing attention. The microbiota provides the host with nutrients, induces host immune development and metabolism, and protects the host against invading pathogens (1-6). Through millions of years of co-evolution bacteria and hosts have developed intimate relationships. Microbial colonization shapes the host immune system that in turn can shape the microbial composition (7-9). However, with the large scale use of antibiotics in agriculture and human medicine over the last decades an increase of diseases associated with so-called dysbiosis has emerged. Dysbiosis refers to either a disturbed microbial composition (outgrowth of possible pathogenic species) or a disturbed interaction between bacteria and the host (10). Instead of using more antibiotics to treat dysbiosis there is a need to develop alternative strategies to combat disturbed microbial control. To this end, we can learn from nature itself. For example, the plant root (or "rhizosphere") microbiome of sugar beet contains several bacterial species that suppress the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, an economically important fungal pathogen of this crop (11). Likewise, commensal bacteria present on healthy human skin produce antimicrobial molecules that selectively kill skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, patients with atopic dermatitis (inflammation of the skin) lacked antimicrobial peptide secreting commensal skin bacteria (12). In this review, we will give an overview of microbial manipulation in fish, plants, and terrestrial animals including humans to uncover conserved mechanisms and learn how we might restore microbial balance increasing the resilience of the host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wakako Ikeda-Ohtsubo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Corné M. J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter A. H. M. Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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29
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Moya D, Ferret A, Blanch M, Fuentes MC, Fandiño JI, Calsamiglia S. Effects of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and type of cereal on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture fermentation system. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1488-1496. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moya
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Alfred Ferret
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Marta Blanch
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Fuentes
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Fandiño
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Sergio Calsamiglia
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
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30
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Zhu Y, Shi X, Lin X, Ye K, Xu X, Li C, Zhou G. Beef, Chicken, and Soy Proteins in Diets Induce Different Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Rats. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1395. [PMID: 28798733 PMCID: PMC5530634 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have paid much attention to the associations between high intake of meat and host health. Our previous study showed that the intake of meat proteins can maintain a more balanced composition of gut bacteria as compared to soy protein diet. However, the associations between dietary protein source, gut bacteria, and host health were still unclear. In this study, we collected colonic contents from the growing rats fed with casein, beef, chicken or soy proteins for 90 days, and analyzed the compositions of gut microbiota and metabolites. Compared to the casein group (control), the chicken protein group showed the highest relative abundance of Lactobacillus and the highest levels of organic acids, including lactate, which can in turn promote the growth of Lactobacillus. The soy protein group had the highest relative abundance of Ruminococcus but the lowest relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Long-term intake of soy protein led to the up-regulation of transcription factor CD14 receptor and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in liver, an indicator for elevated bacterial endotoxins. In addition, the intake of soy protein also increased the levels of glutathione S-transferases in liver, which implicates elevated defense and stress responses. These results confirmed that meat protein intake may maintain a more balanced composition of gut bacteria and reduce the antigen load and inflammatory response from gut bacteria to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xuebin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xisha Lin
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Keping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Suryani H, Zain M, Ningrat R, Jamarun N. Effect of Dietary Supplementation Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond with Direct fed Microbials and Virgin Coconut Oil on the Growth Performance and Methane Production of Bali Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2017.599.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bi Y, Yang C, Diao Q, Tu Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with two alternatives to antibiotics on intestinal microbiota of preweaned calves challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5439. [PMID: 28710379 PMCID: PMC5511211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with two alternatives to antibiotics (Candida tropicalis and mulberry leaf flavonoids) on intestinal microbiota of preweaned calves challenged with Escherichia coli K99. Sixty Holstein calves were randomly assigned to 5 treatments: fed a basal diet (N-CON); fed a basal diet and challenged with E.coli K99 (P-CON); fed a basal diet supplemented with C.tropicalis (CT), mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF), and the combination of the two additives (CM), respectively, and challenged with E.coli K99. The MLF and CM groups had significantly higher average daily grain and feed efficiency, and significantly lower fecal scores compared with the P-CON group after E. coli K99 challenge. The supplementation groups increased the relative abundance, at the phylum level, of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, whereas at the genus level, they increased the relative abundance of Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus. Quantitative PCR revealed that the CT, MLF, and CM groups had significantly lower copy numbers of E.coli K99 compared with the P-CON group. The CT, MLF, and CM treatments reduce days of diarrhea, improve intestinal health, and beneficially manipulate the intestinal microbiota in preweaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Bi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Chuntao Yang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, China.
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Xu H, Huang W, Hou Q, Kwok LY, Sun Z, Ma H, Zhao F, Lee YK, Zhang H. The effects of probiotics administration on the milk production, milk components and fecal bacteria microbiota of dairy cows. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:767-774. [PMID: 36659272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics administration can improve host health. This study aims to determine the effects of probiotics (Lactobacillus casei Zhang and Lactobacillus plantarum P-8) administration on milk production, milk functional components, milk composition, and fecal microbiota of dairy cows. Variations in the fecal bacteria microbiota between treatments were assessed based on 16S rRNA profiles determined by PacBio single molecule real-time sequencing technology. The probiotics supplementation significantly increased the milk production and the contents of milk immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (LTF), lysozyme (LYS) and lactoperoxidase (LP), while the somatic cell counts (SCC) significantly decreased (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was found in the milk fat, protein and lactose contents (P>0.05). Although the probiotics supplementation did not change the fecal bacteria richness and diversity, significantly more rumen fermentative bacteria (Bacteroides, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Coprococcus and Dorea) and beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) were found in the probiotics treatment group. Meanwhile, some opportunistic pathogens e.g. Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter sakazakii and Alkaliphilus oremlandii, were suppressed. Additionally, we found some correlations between the milk production, milk components and fecal bacteria. To sum up, our study demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics application in improving the quality and quantity of cow milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Qiangchuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China.
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Adjei-Fremah S, Ekwemalor K, Asiamah EK, Ismail H, Ibrahim S, Worku M. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and global gene expression in dairy cows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1292913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Kingsley Ekwemalor
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel K. Asiamah
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hamid Ismail
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Salam Ibrahim
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Impact of strain and dose of lactic acid bacteria on in vitro ruminal fermentation with varying media pH levels and feed substrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang R, Dong X, Zhou M, Tu Y, Zhang N, Deng K, Diao Q. Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in calves. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:755-762. [PMID: 27628956 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary probiotics on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in dairy calves. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly allocated to three treatments: a basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum GF103 (LB) or basal diet supplemented with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum GF103 and Bacillus subtilis B27 (LBS). A milk replacer was fed to calves from 8 days of age. A starter and alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum from 21 and 28 days of age, respectively, and the orts were weighted daily. The ruminal fluid was sampled at 56 and 83 days of age to determine the rumen fermentation characteristics. The bacterial community was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the number of certain bacteria was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The ratio of total dry matter intake to average body wieght was higher in the control (P < 0.05). The DGGE fingerprint of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was affected by the blended probiotics at 83 days of age. The number of Ruminococcus albus was lower in the LB and LBS treatment (P < 0.05). Oral administration of the probiotics affected the rumen bacterial community and the numbers of cellulolytic bacteria decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Naifeng Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kaidong Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Goto H, Qadis AQ, Kim YH, Ikuta K, Ichijo T, Sato S. Effects of a bacterial probiotic on ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1595-1600. [PMID: 27430197 PMCID: PMC5095629 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of a bacterial probiotic (BP) on ruminal fermentation and plasma metabolites were evaluated in four Holstein cattle (body weight, 645 ± 62 kg; mean ±
SD) with induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). SARA was induced by feeding a SARA-inducing diet, and thereafter, 20, 50 or 100 g per head of a commercial BP
was administered for 7 consecutive days during the morning feeding. Cattle without BP served as the control. The 24-hr mean ruminal pH in the control was lower,
whereas those in the BP groups administered 20 or 50 g were significantly higher compared to the control from days 2 to 7. Circadian patterns of the 1-hr mean
ruminal pH were identical (6.4–6.8) among all cattle receiving BP. Although the mean minimum pH in the control on day –7 and day 0 was <5.8, the pH in the
treatment groups on day 7 was >5.8 and significantly higher than that of the control group ( >5.2). Ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were
not affected by BP treatment; however, the BP groups had lower lactic acid levels compared with the control group at 20:00 on day 7. Additionally,
non-esterified fatty acid levels decreased from 8:00 to 20:00 in all BP groups on day 7. These results suggest that administration of 20 to 50 g of a
multi-strain BP for 7 days might improve the low pH and high lactic acid level of the ruminal fluid in SARA cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Goto
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Kassa SR. Role of probiotics in rumen fermentation and animal performance: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ijlp2016.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Kenney NM, Vanzant ES, Harmon DL, McLeod KR. Direct-fed microbials containing lactate-producing bacteria influence ruminal fermentation but not lactate utilization in steers fed a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2336-48. [PMID: 26020329 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been shown to improve gain and growth efficiency and also modulate ruminal fermentation. In Exp. 1,72 beef steers were used to compare a lactate-producing bacterial (LAB) DFM consisting primarily of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecium,and a lactate-producing and lactate-utilizing (LAB/LU) DFM consisting primarily of L. acidophilus and Propionibacterium both fed at 10(9) cfu/d. Steers were fed a corn-based finishing diet for 153 d and then slaughtered for collection of carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, 12 ruminally cannulated steers were fed acorn-based finishing diet and treated with 10(9) cfu/d of LAB DFM. Rumen fluid was sampled on d 14 and 28 over a 12-h period. Steers were ruminally dosed with a 2-L solution of neutralized DL-lactate (0.56 M)and Cr-EDTA (13.22 M) 3 h postfeeding on d 15 and 29. Ruminal samples were collected at 10- and 20-minintervals for the first and second hour postdosing. No differences (P ≥ 0.14) between control (CON) and LAB for DMI, ADG, growth efficiency, or carcass characteristics were observed. Dry matter intake was greater (P = 0.04) for LAB/LU than LAB from d 0 to 28 but did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) thereafter. Average daily gain was greater (P = 0.04) and efficiency tended(P = 0.06) to be greater for LAB than LAB/LU over the entire 153 d. In Exp. 2, total VFA concentration and molar proportions of butyrate were unaffected(P ≥ 0.24). Molar proportions of acetate exhibited a DFM by hour interaction (P = 0.04); however, on average, molar proportion of acetate was 4.4% greater for DFM. Conversely, DFM did not affect the molar proportion of propionate (P = 0.39). On average,molar proportions of propionate tended to increase(P = 0.07), and acetate tended to decrease (P = 0.07)across days. Mean daily ruminal pH was similar for CON on d 14 and 28, whereas mean pH increased from d 14 to 28 for DFM (DFM × day; P = 0.08).Minimum pH remained unchanged for CON over time but increased from d 14 to 2 for DFM (DFM × day;P = 0.10). Maximum pH decreased from d 14 to 28 in CON but increased over time with DFM (DFM × day;P = 0.05). DL- and L-lactate utilization were unaffected by DFM (P ≥ 0.33) or day (P ≥ 0.50). Although the LAB DFM did not impact growth performance, itd id modulate ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by shifts in ruminal VFA profile and pH; however, DFM did not appear to influence ruminal lactate utilization.
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40
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Khan RU, Naz S, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Abdelrahma MM, Alhidary IA, Zahoor A. Direct-Fed Microbial: Beneficial Applications, Modes of Action and
Prospects as a Safe Tool for Enhancing Ruminant Production and
Safeguarding Health. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.220.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Sato S. Pathophysiological evaluation of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous ruminal pH monitoring. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:168-77. [PMID: 26279060 PMCID: PMC5042035 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the radio‐transmission pH‐measurement system for monitoring the ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in cattle is described. This is done in order to reveal the possible application of this system for detection and pathophysiological research of SARA by continuous ruminal pH measurement. The possibility of using this system for assessment of the ruminal pH in SARA cattle, and the presence of negative correlation between the ruminal pH and ruminal temperature in heathy and SARA cattle were determined. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis showed that the ruminal microbial community was simpler in SARA cattle, and the bacterial numbers in SARA cattle were lower than those in healthy hay‐fed cattle. Concentrate feeding might have reduced the diversity of the ruminal microbial community. Changes in the ruminal microbial community of SARA cattle might be related to the changes in ruminal pH followed by the decrease in the number of some bacteria. Continuous monitoring of the ruminal pH using the radio‐transmission pH‐measurement system would be applied for detection and prevention of SARA in the field and pathophysiological research of SARA, including ruminal zymology and bacteriology, which have been determined previously by sampling of the ruminal fluid and measuring of ruminal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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42
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Uyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T. Effect of Probiotics/Prebiotics on Cattle Health and Productivity. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:126-32. [PMID: 26004794 PMCID: PMC4462921 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics/prebiotics have the ability to modulate the balance and activities of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, and are, thus, considered beneficial to the host animal and have been used as functional foods. Numerous factors, such as dietary and management constraints, have been shown to markedly affect the structure and activities of gut microbial communities in livestock animals. Previous studies reported the potential of probiotics and prebiotics in animal nutrition; however, their efficacies often vary and are inconsistent, possibly, in part, because the dynamics of the GI community have not been taken into consideration. Under stressed conditions, direct-fed microbials may be used to reduce the risk or severity of scours caused by disruption of the normal intestinal environment. The observable benefits of prebiotics may also be minimal in generally healthy calves, in which the microbial community is relatively stable. However, probiotic yeast strains have been administered with the aim of improving rumen fermentation efficiency by modulating microbial fermentation pathways. This review mainly focused on the benefits of probiotics/prebiotics on the GI microbial ecosystem in ruminants, which is deeply involved in nutrition and health for the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Uyeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu UniversityMinamiminowa, Nagano 399–4598Japan
| | - Suguru Shigemori
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399–4598Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu UniversityMinamiminowa, Nagano 399–4598Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399–4598Japan
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Lascano GJ, Heinrichs AJ, Tricarico JM. Saccharomyces cerevisiae live culture affects rapidly fermentable carbohydrates fermentation profile in precision-fed dairy heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lascano, G. J., Heinrichs, A. J. and Tricarico, J. M. 2015. Saccharomyces cerevisiae live culture affects rapidly fermentable carbohydrates fermentation profile in precision-fed dairy heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 117–127. The experimental objective was to determine the dose effect of live yeast culture (YC) on rumen fermentation profiles and microbial total cell concentrations in precision-fed dairy heifers exposed to different rapidly fermented carbohydrates diets. A split-plot design with starch level as the whole plot and YC dose as sub-plot was administered in a four-period (21 d) 4×4 Latin square balanced for carryover effects. Eight Holstein heifers were allocated to two starch treatments (28% starch: HS; 17% starch: LS) and to a sequence of YC doses (0, 10, 30, and 50 g d−1). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was not different among YC doses or starch level, but molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were higher for HS than for LS. Mean ruminal ammonia concentration was increased in HS-fed heifers. Heifers fed HS had an increased number of viable, non-viable, and total fluid-associated bacteria, particle-associated bacteria, and total bacteria. Increasing YC dose linearly beyond 10 g d−1 decreased viable and total fluid-associated bacteria. The effects of various YC doses on ruminal fermentation products, pH, and microbial total cell concentrations indicate diet dependency between source of readily available carbohydrates and YC addition in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Lascano
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29637 USA
| | - A. J. Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802 USA
| | - J. M. Tricarico
- Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, 10255 W. Higgins Rd., Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018-5616 USA
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Chiquette J, Lagrost J, Girard C, Talbot G, Li S, Plaizier J, Hindrichsen I. Efficacy of the direct-fed microbial Enterococcus faecium alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Lactococcus lactis during induced subacute ruminal acidosis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:190-203. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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AlZahal O, McGill H, Kleinberg A, Holliday J, Hindrichsen I, Duffield T, McBride B. Use of a direct-fed microbial product as a supplement during the transition period in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7102-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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46
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Vyas D, Uwizeye A, Yang W, Beauchemin K. Importance of yeast viability for reducing the effects of ruminal acidosis in beef heifers during and following an imposed acidosis challenge. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Soriano AP, Mamuad LL, Kim SH, Choi YJ, Jeong CD, Bae GS, Chang MB, Lee SS. Effect of Lactobacillus mucosae on In vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Dried Brewers Grain, Methane Production and Bacterial Diversity. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:1562-70. [PMID: 25358315 PMCID: PMC4213700 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2014.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Lactobacillus mucosae (L. mucosae), a potential direct fed microbial previously isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat, on the rumen fermentation profile of brewers grain were evaluated. Fermentation was conducted in serum bottles each containing 1% dry matter (DM) of the test substrate and either no L. mucosae (control), 1% 24 h broth culture of L. mucosae (T1), or 1% inoculation with the cell-free culture supernatant (T2). Each serum bottle was filled anaerobically with 100 mL of buffered rumen fluid and sealed prior to incubation for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h from which fermentation parameters were monitored and the microbial diversity was evaluated. The results revealed that T1 had higher total gas production (65.00 mL) than the control (61.33 mL) and T2 (62.00 mL) (p<0.05) at 48 h. Consequently, T1 had significantly lower pH values (p<0.05) than the other groups at 48 h. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and acetate:propionate ratio were higher in T1 and T2 than the control, but T1 and T2 were comparable for these parameters. Total methane (CH4) production and carbon dioxide (CO2) were highest in T1. The percent DM and organic matter digestibilities were comparable between all groups at all times of incubation. The total bacterial population was significantly higher in T1 (p<0.05) at 24 h, but then decreased to levels comparable to the control and T2 at 48 h. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of the total bacterial 16s rRNA showed higher similarity between T1 and T2 at 24 h and between the control and T1 at 48 h. Overall, these results suggest that addition of L. mucosae and cell-free supernatant during the in vitro fermentation of dried brewers grain increases the VFA production, but has no effect on digestibility. The addition of L. mucosae can also increase the total bacterial population, but has no significant effect on the total microbial diversity. However, inoculation of the bacterium may increase CH4 and CO2in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin P Soriano
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Lovelia L Mamuad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Chang Dae Jeong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Gui Seck Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Moon Baek Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - S Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
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48
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DeVries T, Chevaux E. Modification of the feeding behavior of dairy cows through live yeast supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6499-510. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Pang D, Yang H, Cao B, Wu T, Wang J. The beneficial effect of Enterococcus faecium on the in vitro ruminal fermentation rate and extent of three typical total mixed rations in northern China. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qadis AQ, Goya S, Ikuta K, Yatsu M, Kimura A, Nakanishi S, Sato S. Effects of a bacteria-based probiotic on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and bacterial flora of Holstein calves. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:877-85. [PMID: 24614603 PMCID: PMC4108772 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve ruminally cannulated
Holstein calves (age, 12 ± 3 weeks) were used to identify the effect of a probiotic
comprised of Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus
faecium and Clostridium butyricum on ruminal components. The
calves were adapted to a diet containing a 50% high-concentrate (standard diet) for 1
week, and then, the probiotic was given once daily for 5 days (day 1–5) at 1.5 or 3.0
g/100 kg body weight to groups of four calves each. Four additional calves fed the
standard diet without probiotic served as the corresponding control. Ruminal pH was
measured continuously throughout the 15-day experimental period. Ruminal fluid was
collected via a fistula at a defined time predose and on days 7 and 14 to assess volatile
fatty acid (VFA), lactic acid and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations, as well as the
bacterial community. The probiotic at either dose improved the reduced 24-hr mean ruminal
pH in calves. The circadian patterns of the 1 hr mean ruminal pH were identical between
the probiotic doses. In both probiotic groups, ruminal lactic acid concentrations remained
significantly lower than that of the control. Probiotic did not affect ruminal VFA
concentrations. L. plantarum and C. butyricum were not
detected in the rumen of calves given the high-dose probiotic, whereas
Enterococcus spp. remained unchanged. These results suggest that calves
given a probiotic had stable ruminal pH levels (6.6–6.8), presumably due to the effects of
the probiotic on stabilizing rumen-predominant bacteria, which consume greater lactate in
the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir Qadis
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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