1
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Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Lapierre H, Feng X, Daley VL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between milk protein production and absorbed amino acids and digested energy in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5587-5615. [PMID: 38490550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and used a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error [RMSE] >21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total EAA, absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14%-15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (nonproductive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021). The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of -0.34 g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in grams per day and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's information criterion and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the NEAA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, NDF, residual OM, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlation of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in nonbiological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several nonbiological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as grams per day with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for BW, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, whereas estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - R Martineau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Feng
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - V L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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2
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Cueva SF, Räisänen SE, Wasson DE, Lage CFA, Silvestre T, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Production effects of extruded soybean meal replacing canola meal in the diet of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6198-6215. [PMID: 37500428 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of extruded soybean meal (ESBM) in comparison with canola meal (CM) fed on an equivalent crude protein (CP) basis on lactational performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 Holstein cows averaging (±SD): 146 ± 46 d in milk (DIM) and 43 ± 7 kg/d milk yield (MY) were assigned 1 of 2 treatment diets in a randomized complete block design experiment, which included a 2-wk period for dietary treatment adaptation before experimental data were collected. Following the adaptation period, samples and experimental data were collected for a total of 7 wk. Cows were blocked based on parity, DIM, and MY. Treatment diets contained 15.8% CM (containing 41.2% CP) or 13.2% ESBM (with 48.7% CP) of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), with similar inclusion of other feed ingredients. The CM diet was supplemented with canola oil, whereas the ESBM diet was supplemented with soybean hulls to achieve similar ether extract and neutral detergent fiber contents between the diets. Urea and rumen-protected Met and Lys were added to both diets to meet or exceed cow recommendations. Whole-ruminal digesta samples were collected from 10 (5 per treatment) ruminally cannulated cows. Eight cannulated cows were removed during the last week of the experiment to participate in another study. Treatment did not affect DM intake and MY or energy-corrected MY of the cows. Energy-corrected MY, apart from experimental wk 5, was similar between treatments. Apart from experimental wk 3 and 7, milk fat concentration and yield were greater for cows fed ESBM compared with CM. In multiparous cows only, milk true protein yield was greater for cows fed CM compared with ESBM. Ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportion of acetate were greater for ESBM, and propionate and valerate were greater in cows fed CM. Acetate to propionate ratio was greater for cows fed ESBM versus CM diet. Compared with the CM diet, the ESBM diet increased plasma concentrations of Ile, Leu, and Phe but not the sum of essential AA. Apparent total-tract digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater in cows fed ESBM relative to CM. In this experiment, CM and ESBM included on an equal CP basis in the diet of dairy cows, resulted in similar DM intake, MY, and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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3
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Zang Y, Silva LHP, Geng YC, Lange MJ, Zambom MA, Brito AF. Replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus palmitic acid in low metabolizable protein diets with or without rumen-protected amino acids: Effects on production and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:4002-4017. [PMID: 37105871 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed that diets with reduced starch concentration decreased yields of milk and milk protein in dairy cows fed low metabolizable protein diets. Supplementation of reduced-starch diets with a lipid source may attenuate or eliminate production losses. Our objective was to investigate the effects of partially replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus a palmitic acid-enriched supplement on dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and composition, plasma AA concentration, and N and energy utilization in cows fed low metabolizable protein diets (mean = -68 g/d balance) with or without rumen-protected Met, Lys, and His (RP-MLH). Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 112 ± 28 d in milk, 724 ± 44 kg of body weight, and 46 ± 5 kg/d of milk in the beginning of the study were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d, consisting of 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Diets were fed as follows: (1) high starch (HS), (2) HS plus RP-MLH (HS+AA), (3) reduced starch plus a palmitic acid-enriched supplement (RSPA), and (4) RSPA plus RP-MLH (RSPA+AA). The HS diet contained (DM basis) 26% ground corn and 7% soyhulls, and the RSPA diet had 10% ground corn, 22% soyhulls, and 1.5% palmitic acid. The HS diet averaged (DM basis) 32.6% starch and 4% ether extract, while starch and ether extract concentrations of the RSPA diet were 21.7 and 5.9%, respectively. All 4 diets had (DM basis) 40% corn silage, 5% mixed-mostly grass haylage, 5% grass hay, and 50% concentrate. Diets did not affect DM intake and milk yield. Contrarily, feeding RSPA and RSPA+AA increased yields of energy-corrected milk (47.0 vs. 44.8 kg/d) and milk fat (1.65 vs. 1.50 kg/d) compared with HS and HS+AA. Milk fat concentration tended to decrease when RP-MLH was supplemented to HS, but no change was seen when added to RS (starch level × RP-MLH interaction). Milk and plasma urea N increased, and milk N efficiency decreased in cows fed RSPA and RSPA+AA versus HS and HS+AA. Apparent total-tract digestibilites of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, as well as urinary urea N and total N excretion, were greater in cows offered RSPA and RSPA+AA than HS and HS+AA. Plasma Met and His concentrations increased with supplemental RP-MLH. Intake of gross energy and digestible energy and the output of urinary and milk energy were all greater with feeding RSPA and RSPA+AA versus HS and HS+AA. In summary, partially replacing ground corn with soyhulls plus palmitic acid in diets supplemented or not with RP-MLH increased milk fat yield and fiber digestibility and maintained DM intake and milk yield, but with decreased milk N efficiency and elevated urinary N excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zang
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824; Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China 225009
| | - L H P Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - Y C Geng
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - M J Lange
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil 85960-000
| | - M A Zambom
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil 85960-000
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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Daneshvar D, Ghasemi E, Hashemzadeh F, Mahdavi AH, Khorvash M. Nutrient intake, digestibility, and serum metabolites in dairy cows fed diets differing in starch concentration with palmitic acid or stearic acid supplementation postpartum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:284. [PMID: 36076113 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined the effect of supplementing palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) on the nutrient intake, digestibility, and serum metabolites of dairy cows fed two different starch levels during the postpartum period. Forty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completed randomized block based on their parity and previous milk yield. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 arrangement with two dietary starch levels (HS: 260 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM) vs LS: 210 g/kg of diet DM) and two fat supplements rich in PA or SA at 15 g/kg of diet DM. Increasing the starch concentration of the postpartum diet improved organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), and starch intake. Moreover, HS diets resulted in higher apparent digestibility of OM and CP but lower starch digestibility than LS diets. Feeding HS diets increased fecal starch output compared with LS diets. There was starch levels and FA supplements interaction for serum albumin and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), with higher concentrations in HSSA and LSPA compared to HSPA and LSSA. Significant correlations between performance and blood metabolites were observed in weeks 3 and 4. In week 3, a negative correlation was observed between serum TAC with milk protein (r = - 0.51) and lactose percentage (r = - 0.49) in the HS diet. However, non-esterified FA was correlated with the fat to protein ratio in the LS diet (r = 0.54). Moreover, in week 4, serum TAC was negatively related to the body condition score of the cows fed LS diet (r = 0.50), while there was no relationship for cows fed HS diets. In conclusion, feeding HS diets to postpartum cows increased nutrient intake and the digestibility of OM and CP compared with LS diets. The addition of SA to the HS diet may be more beneficial than PA in improving the oxidative status of dairy cows in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Daneshvar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 - 83111, Iran
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5
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Zang Y, Silva LHP, Geng YC, Ghelichkhan M, Whitehouse NL, Miura M, Brito AF. Dietary starch level and rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine: Effects on milk yield, nitrogen, and energy utilization in dairy cows fed diets low in metabolizable protein. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9784-9800. [PMID: 34147220 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the interactions between starch level and rumen-protected Met, Lys, His (RP-MLH) on milk yield, plasma AA concentration, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed low metabolizable protein diets (mean = -119 g/d of metabolizable protein balance). Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows (138 ± 46 d in milk, 46 ± 6 kg/d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Dietary starch level varied by replacing (dry matter basis) pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn resulting in the following treatments: (1) 20% pelleted beet pulp and 10% soyhulls (reduced starch = RS), (2) RS plus RP-MLH (RS+AA), (3) 30% ground corn (high starch = HS), and (4) HS plus RP-MLH (HS+AA). Dietary starch concentrations averaged 12.3 and 34.4% for RS and HS basal diets, respectively. Diets were supplemented with RP-MLH products to supply digestible Met, Lys, and His. Compared with RS and RS+AA diets, HS and HS+AA diets increased yields of milk (37.9 vs. 40.1 kg/d) and milk protein (1.07 vs. 1.16 kg/d) and decreased dry matter intake (25.9 vs. 25.2 kg/d), milk urea N (12.6 vs. 11.0 mg/dL), and plasma urea N (13.3 vs. 11.6 mg/dL). Milk N efficiency was greater in cows fed the HS and HS+AA than RS and RS+AA diets (28.9 vs. 25%), and RP-MLH supplementation improved milk true protein concentration. Starch level × RP-MLH interactions were observed for plasma concentrations of Arg and Lys, with RP-MLH being more effective to increase plasma Arg (+16%) and Lys (+23%) when supplemented to the RS than the HS basal diet. Replacing pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn lowered the plasma concentrations of all essential AA except Met and Thr. In addition, the plasma concentrations of His and Met increased with RP-MLH. The apparent total-tract digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fiber were lower, and those of starch and ether extract greater in cows offered the HS and HS+AA diets than RS and RS+AA diets. Urinary excretion of urea N decreased by replacing pelleted beet pulp and soyhulls with ground corn. Enteric CH4 production, CH4 yield, and CH4 intensity all decreased in the HS and HS+AA versus RS and RS+AA diets. Diets did not affect the intakes of gross energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy of lactation. In contrast, digestible energy intake increased with feeding the RS and RS+AA diets, whereas CH4 energy decreased in cows fed the HS and HS+AA diets. Supplementation with RP-MLH had no effect on energy utilization variables. Overall, the lack of interactions between dietary starch level and RP-MLH supplementation on most variables measured herein showed that the effects of starch intake and RP-MLH were independent or additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zang
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - L H P Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - Y C Geng
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - M Ghelichkhan
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - N L Whitehouse
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - M Miura
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Japan 210-8681
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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Ansia I, Stein HH, Brøkner C, Hayes CA, Drackley JK. Nutrient digestibility and endogenous protein losses in the foregut and small intestine of weaned dairy calves fed calf starters with conventional or enzyme-treated soybean meal. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:2979-2995. [PMID: 33455792 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this experiment were (1) to compare the effects of a soybean meal with an enzymatic treatment (ESBM) to reduce the concentration of antinutritional factors versus a standard soybean meal (SBM) on foregut and small intestine digestion in weaned dairy calves and (2) to estimate the endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) in the small intestine. Our hypothesis was that a diet containing ESBM instead of SBM would improve ruminal and small intestine digestion and absorption of nutrients. A T-cannula was placed in the duodenum, and a second T-cannula was installed in the distal ileum of 12 Holstein calves at approximately 3 wk of age. Calves were weaned on d 42, and on d 50 they were assigned randomly to a quadruplicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 10-d periods. Digesta samples were collected on d 7 and 8 from the ileum and d 9 and 10 from the duodenum. The diets were fed for ad libitum intake and consisted of a calf starter (CS) of 20% CP with SBM as the main source of protein (CTRL), and an isonitrogenous CS with an ESBM instead of SBM (ENZT). A third diet with a low content of CP (10%) and no soy protein was fed to estimate endogenous N losses and digestibilities of test ingredients. Flows and digestibilities of nutrients were compared between CTRL and ENZT and their test ingredients (SBM vs. ESBM, respectively). Duodenal net flows of CP and total AA as well as ruminal microbial protein synthesis per kilogram of digested CP were greater, and flow of nonprotein N and CP true (corrected by endogenous and microbial flows) foregut digestibility were lower with ENZT than CTRL. The apparent small intestine digestibilities of CP and total AA were greater for ESBM than SBM, but there were no differences between the CTRL and ENZT diets. We observed no differences in digestibilities at the duodenum or ileum of starch or NDF, but true small intestine digestibilities of CP and all AA were greater with ENZT than CTRL. Total endogenous protein losses in the small intestine estimated from calves fed the low-CP with no soy protein diet were 37 ± 1.5 g of CP and 29 ± 1.4 g of AA/kg of DMI. These values may be considered the basal endogenous losses as they are similar to values obtained with the regression method, which estimates N losses when dietary N is null. Our results indicated that the inclusion of an ESBM improved the efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis per digested kilogram of organic matter and CP, and increased CP and AA absorption in the small intestine despite a greater proportion of undigested dietary protein entering the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ansia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Brøkner
- Hamlet Protein A/S, Horsens, Denmark 8700
| | - C A Hayes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Ansia I, Stein HH, Brøkner C, Drackley JK. Short communication: A pilot study to describe duodenal and ileal flows of nutrients and to estimate small intestine endogenous protein losses in weaned calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9102-9109. [PMID: 32773308 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this pilot study were (1) to evaluate the effect of an ileal and duodenal cannulation surgery on body weight and dry matter intake, (2) to estimate endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA in the small intestine, and (3) to describe duodenal and ileal flows of nutrients in weaned dairy calves. Three Holstein male calves were fitted at 7 wk of life with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum and another cannula at the proximal duodenum. On wk 14 of life, calves were randomly assigned to a single 3 × 3 Latin square with 10-d periods. The 3 diets were fed ad libitum and consisted of a control calf starter (CS) with conventional soybean meal (SBM) as the main source of protein (CTRL), an isonitrogenous (20% CP) CS with an enzyme-treated SBM as the main source of protein (ENZT), and a CS with low content of CP (10%) and no soy protein (LOCP). Flows and digestibilities of nutrients were compared between the soy-based high-protein diets (HICP) and LOCP, and between CTRL and ENZT. Final data were only available from 2 calves per diet (n = 2) because cannulas from 1 calf became inoperative after the first collection period. Duodenal flows of CP, total AA, nonprotein nitrogen, microbial N, and fatty acids, as well as apparent duodenal digestibility of starch, were greater for HICP than for LOCP, indicating a greater foregut microbial activity and digestion. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of organic matter, CP, and total AA were greater for HICP than for LOCP. Duodenal net flow of CP was greater for ENZT than for CTRL, but flow of AA was not different. On the other hand, duodenal flow of microbial N was greater, and flows of nonprotein N and starch were lower for the ENZT diet, suggesting a more efficient microbial activity in the rumen. Even though CTRL had a greater AID when compared with ENZT, the AID of CP and AA were greater for enzyme-treated SBM than for SBM. Endogenous losses in the small intestine per kilogram of duodenal dry matter flow were 47 ± 15 and 37 ± 12 g/d, and the true ileal digestibilities for the HICP diets were 86 ± 0.1 and 87 ± 0.1% for CP and AA, respectively. An optimal supply of CP and the inclusion of an enzyme-treated SBM improved the efficiency of microbial digestion and increased AA absorption. Although further research with greater biological replication is needed, our results indicate that there is potential to improve digestion and absorption of proteins through dietary strategies in young weaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ansia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - C Brøkner
- Hamlet Protein A/S, Horsens, Denmark 8700
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Fleming AJ, Lapierre H, White RR, Tran H, Kononoff PJ, Martineau R, Weiss WP, Hanigan MD. Predictions of ruminal outflow of essential amino acids in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10947-10963. [PMID: 31704011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to update and evaluate predictions of essential AA (EAA) outflows from the rumen. The model was constructed based on previously derived equations for rumen-undegradable (RUP), microbial (MiCP), and endogenous (EndCP) protein outflows from the rumen, and revised estimates of ingredient composition and EAA composition of the protein fractions. Corrections were adopted to account for incomplete recovery of EAA during 24-h acid hydrolysis. The predicted ruminal protein and EAA outflows were evaluated against a data set of observed values from the literature. Initial evaluations indicated a minor mean bias for non-ammonia, non-microbial nitrogen flow ([RUP + EndCP]/6.25) of 16 g of N per day. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) of EAA predictions ranged from 26.8 to 40.6% of observed mean values. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) of EAA predictions ranged from 0.34 to 0.55. Except for Leu, all ruminal EAA outflows were overpredicted by 3.0 to 32 g/d. In addition, small but significant slope biases were present for Arg [2.2% mean squared error (MSE)] and Lys (3.2% MSE). The overpredictions may suggest that the mean recovery of AA from acid hydrolysis across laboratories was less than estimates encompassed in the recovery factors. To test this hypothesis, several regression approaches were undertaken to identify potential causes of the bias. These included regressions of (1) residual errors for predicted EAA flows on each of the 3 protein-driven EA flows, (2) observed EAA flows on each protein-driven EAA flow, including an intercept, (3) observed EAA flows on the protein-driven EAA flows, excluding an intercept term, and (4) observed EAA flows on RUP and MiCP. However, these equations were deemed unsatisfactory for bias adjustment, as they generated biologically unfeasible predictions for some entities. Future work should focus on identifying the cause of the observed prediction bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H Lapierre
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250
| | - H Tran
- National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250; Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - R Martineau
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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9
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Does it make a difference supplementing pasture silage with starchy concentrates or soyhulls on intake, digestion and rumen environment? Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Farsuni NE, Amanlou H, Silva-Del-Río N, Mahjoubi E. Responses of fresh cows to three feeding strategies that reduce starch levels by feeding beet pulp. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4575-4586. [PMID: 29108033 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary starch content in fresh cow diets while maintaining NDF levels by substituting barley grain (BG), corn silage (CS), or both with beet pulp (BP) on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, DMI, lactation performance, meal patterns, chewing activity, and sorting behavior. Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets from calving to 21 d in lactation. Experimental diets were a high-starch diet with ground BG (CO; 24.9% starch; 0% BP) and 3 low-starch diets: the CO with BP substituted for ground BG (BB; 19.6% starch; 7% BP), the CO with BP substituted for CS (BC; 20.6% starch; 12% BP), or the CO with BP substituted for CS and ground BG (BCB; 20.3% starch; 12% BP). The CO, BB, BC, and BCB contained 33.4, 34.4, 32.9, and 33.7% NDF, respectively, and 23.1, 22.0, 18.2, and 19.2% forage NDF, respectively. There was no effect of diet on total tract nutrient digestibility ( > 0.20), ruminal pH ( = 0.49), or total VFA ( = 0.39). However, diets affected molar proportions of propionate and acetate ( ≤ 0.01). Relative to CO cows, the molar propionate percentage was less in BB cows ( < 0.01) and tended to be greater in BC cows ( = 0.10), whereas the molar percentage of acetate was less in BC cows than in BB ( < 0.01) and CO cows ( = 0.02). Relative to CO cows (16.50 kg/d), DMI was greater for BC (17.70 kg/d; < 0.01) and BCB cows (17.50 kg/d; = 0.01), but it was less in BB cows (15.60 kg/d; = 0.02). Similar to DMI results, milk yields tended to be greater for BC (37.89 kg/d; = 0.08) and BCB cows (37.81 kg/d; = 0.09) compared with CO cows (35.41 kg/d), but BB cows (33.05 kg/d) tended to produce less milk than CO cows ( = 0.1). Milk fat content tended to be less in BC ( = 0.08) and BCB cows ( = 0.10) than in CO cows. There was no effect of diet on eating and rumination patterns ( ≥ 0.18), except shortened meal intervals for BC and BCB cows compared with CO cows ( = 0.02). Dietary treatments did not affect chewing activities per day or bout ( = 0.50), but BC and BCB cows spent less time on chewing activities per kilogram DM ( < 0.01) and NDF intake ( < 0.01) compared with CO cows. Cows fed the BC and BCB sorted for long particles (>19 mm; < 0.01) but against particles < 1.18 mm ( < 0.01). In the present study, propionate did not seem to play a central role in feed intake regulation of fresh cows, because BB cows had depressed DMI and the lowest molar proportion of propionate. However, reducing starch levels in fresh cow diets by replacing CS and both CS and BG with BP positively affected DMI and milk yield.
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Tsiplakou E, Yiasoumis L, Maragou A, Mavrommatis A, Sotirakoglou K, Moatsou G, Zervas G. The response of goats to different starch/NDF ratios of concentrates on the milk chemical composition, fatty acid profile, casein fractions and rennet clotting properties. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Fredin S, Akins M, Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and neutral detergent fiber source on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:554-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Pirondini M, Colombini S, Mele M, Malagutti L, Rapetti L, Galassi G, Crovetto G. Effect of dietary starch concentration and fish oil supplementation on milk yield and composition, diet digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:357-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Fredin SM, Ferraretto LF, Akins MS, Bertics SJ, Shaver RD. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and corn particle size on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:541-53. [PMID: 25468693 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary starch content in corn-based diets and corn particle size on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows using the omasal and reticular sampling technique. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were fine (FG; mean particle size=552µm) and coarse (CG; 1,270µm) ground dry shelled corn in normal- (NS) and reduced- (RS) starch diets fed as total mixed rations. The NS and RS rations contained 27 and 18% starch (dry matter basis), respectively, and were formulated by partially replacing corn with soy hull pellets. Mean dry matter intake was unaffected by treatment (23.2kg/d). Cows fed NS diets produced 1.9kg/d more milk and 0.06kg/d more milk protein compared with cows fed RS diets. Cows fed NSFG and RSCG diets produced more fat-corrected milk than did cows fed NSCG and RSFG diets. Milk urea concentration was decreased for cows fed NS diets (12.4mg/dL) compared with RS diets (13.5mg/dL). Ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; % of NDF intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with NS diets (43.4 vs. 34.9%), and total-tract digestibility of NDF (% of NDF intake) was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (50.1 vs. 43.1%). Ruminal digestibility of starch (% of starch intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was greater in cows fed NS diets compared with those fed RS diets (85.6 vs. 81.6%). Total-tract starch digestion was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (96.9 vs. 94.6%) and in cows fed FG diets compared with those fed CG diets (98.0 vs. 93.5%). Bacterial protein flow was unaffected by treatment. The omasal and reticular sampling techniques resulted in similar treatment effects for nutrient flow and digestibility, although nutrient flow was lower and nutrient digestibility was greater in cows when sampled by the omasal technique compared with the reticular technique. Cows fed FG diets had greater ruminal propionate, lower acetate:propionate ratio, and lower pH. Feeding NS diets increased milk and protein yields and feeding finely ground corn increased ruminal propionate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fredin
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S J Bertics
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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Farmer E, Tucker H, Dann H, Cotanch K, Mooney C, Lock A, Yagi K, Grant R. Effect of reducing dietary forage in lower starch diets on performance, ruminal characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5742-53. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ferraretto L, Shaver R, Bertics S. Effect of dietary supplementation with live-cell yeast at two dosages on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4017-28. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Alemu AW, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J, Kebreab E. Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Lechartier C, Peyraud JL. The effects of starch and rapidly degradable dry matter from concentrate on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets with fixed forage proportion. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2440-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Huhtanen P, Ahvenjärvi S, Broderick G, Reynal S, Shingfield K. Quantifying ruminal digestion of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber using the omasal sampling technique in cattle—A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3203-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Santos AOA, Batista AMV, Mustafa A, Amorim GL, Guim A, Moraes AC, de Lucena RB, de Andrade R. Effects of Bermudagrass hay and soybean hulls inclusion on performance of sheep fed cactus-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:487-94. [PMID: 19731062 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of replacing corn with soybean hulls (SH) or Bermudagrass tifton hay (TH) on performance of sheep fed cactus-based diets. Three ruminally fistulated sheep were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square experiment with 21-day periods. All diets contained 75% spineless cactus (dry matter basis, DM) and formulated to be isonitrogenous. Fiber source had no influence on nutrient intakes except for the intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) which was lower (p<0.05) for animals fed corn relative to those fed SH or TH. Time expended in rumination and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed TH than those fed SH or corn. In vivo nutrient digestibilities were similar for all dietary treatments and averaged 69.6%, 74.8%, 69.9%, and 61.8% for DM, organic matter, crude protein, and NDF, respectively. Feeding SH relative to TH and corn decreased ruminal pH (p<0.05) and increased concentration of total volatile fatty acids (p<0.05). However, ruminal NH3-N concentration was higher (p<0.05) for animal fed TH than for those fed SH or corn. Abdominal distension and ruminal biofilm production were greater (p<0.05) in animals fed corn or SH than in those fed TH. It was concluded that replacing corn with SH or TH up to 15% of the diet DM in a cactus-based diet had no effect on nutrient intakes or total tract nutrient utilization. Changes in ruminal fermentation parameters reflected differences in ruminal degradability between the two fiber sources. Bermudagrass tifton hay was more effective than SH in reducing the risk of bloat associated with feeding high levels of spineless cactus to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O A Santos
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Gencoglu H, Shaver R, Steinberg W, Ensink J, Ferraretto L, Bertics S, Lopes J, Akins M. Effect of feeding a reduced-starch diet with or without amylase addition on lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:723-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Marini JC, Fox DG, Murphy MR. Nitrogen transactions along the gastrointestinal tract of cattle: A meta-analytical approach1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:660-79. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Silveira C, Oba M, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA. Selection of barley grain affects ruminal fermentation, starch digestibility, and productivity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2860-9. [PMID: 17517726 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 2 lots of barley grain cultivars differing in expected ruminal starch degradation on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal fermentation, ruminal and total tract digestibility, and milk production of dairy cows when provided at 2 concentrations in the diet. Four primiparous ruminally cannulated (123 +/- 69 d in milk; mean +/- SD) and 4 multiparous ruminally and duodenally cannulated (46 +/- 14 d in milk) cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 16-d periods. Primiparous and multiparous cows were assigned to different squares. Treatments were 2 dietary starch concentrations (30 vs. 23% of dietary DM) and 2 lots of barley grain cultivars (Xena vs. Dillon) differing in expected ruminal starch degradation. Xena had higher starch concentration (58.7 vs. 50.0%) and greater in vitro 6-h starch digestibility (78.0 vs. 73.5%) compared with Dillon. All experimental diets were formulated to supply 18.3% crude protein and 20.0% forage neutral detergent fiber. Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by treatment. Milk fat concentration (3.55 vs. 3.29%) was greater for cows fed Dillon compared with Xena, but was not affected by dietary starch concentration. Ruminal starch digestion was greater for cows fed high-starch diets compared with those fed low-starch diets (4.55 vs. 2.49 kg/d), and tended to be greater for cows fed Xena compared with those fed Dillon (3.85 vs. 3.19 kg/d). Ruminal acetate concentration was lower, and propionate concentration was greater, for cows fed Xena or high-starch diets compared with cows fed Dillon or low-starch diets, respectively. Furthermore, cows fed Xena or high-starch diets had longer duration that ruminal pH was below 5.8 (6.6 vs. 4.0 and 6.4 vs. 4.2 h/d) and greater total tract starch digestibility (94.3 vs. 93.0 and 94.3 vs. 93.0%) compared with cows fed Dillon or low-starch diets, respectively. These results demonstrate that selection of barley grain can affect milk fat production and rumen fermentation to an extent at least as great as changes in dietary starch concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Silveira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Boe F, Giovanetti V, Zerbini E, Bomboi G, Floris B. Effects of fibre and non-fibre carbohydrate and level of intake on microbial protein yield in Sarda sheep. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Boe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - V. Giovanetti
- Istituto Zootecnico e Caseario per la Sardegna, Olmedo, Italy
| | | | - G. Bomboi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - B. Floris
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Sassari, Italy
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Beck PA, Hutchison S, Stewart CB, Shockey JD, Gunter SA. Effect of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) hay harvest interval on forage quality and performance of growing calves fed mixed diets. J Anim Sci 2006; 85:527-35. [PMID: 17060414 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve 0.81-ha crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) hay fields were harvested at 21, 35, and 49 d of regrowth (average phonological growth stage of 30, 51, and 56, respectively). Increased harvest interval exhibited a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in CP (14.1, 13.7, and 10.6% of DM, respectively) and increase (P < 0.01) in NDF (65.3, 70.6, and 70.2% of DM, respectively) and ADF (35.7, 38.9, and 42.7% of DM, respectively). Hays were incorporated into 3 diets that contained 20% (DM basis) crabgrass hay, ground corn (33%), and soybean hulls (32%). Diets contained 14.4, 14.4, and 13.6% CP; 1.83, 1.72, and 1.81 Mcal of NE(m)/kg; and 1.21, 1.10, and 1.17 Mcal of NE(g)/kg; respectively. Diets were fed to beef calves in 12 pens at a rate of 2.3% (DM basis) of BW in 1 experiment (n = 120, initial BW 210 +/- 4.4 kg) and ad libitum in another experiment (n = 60, initial BW 207 +/- 4.4 kg). To measure passage rate of the hay and concentrate portions of the diets, 12 heifer calves (BW = 145 +/- 4.5 kg) were individually fed at 2.3% of BW for 14 d and dosed with Dy-labeled soybean hulls and Yb-labeled hay. In situ DM digestibility of the hays and diets were determined using 3 ruminally cannulated steers (BW = 584 +/- 10.4 kg). Harvest interval did not affect (P > or = 0.11) ADG of limit-fed calves during the diet acclimation or growing phases (average 0.32 and 0.80 kg, respectively) or ADG of calves fed ad libitum (average 1.21 kg). Dry matter intake of calves fed ad libitum averaged 7.9 kg/d (3.28% of BW) and was not affected (P > or = 0.22) by harvest interval. Gain:feed was not affected (P > or = 0.20) by harvest interval (0.13 and 0.15 for limit-fed and ad libitum-fed calves, respectively). Increased harvest interval linearly increased (P < 0.01) ruminal retention time of the hay and tended (P = 0.06) to linearly increase ruminal retention time of the concentrate portions of the diet. Harvest interval linearly decreased (P < or = 0.05) the extent of degradability and effective degradability of DM and NDF of hays, but DM disappearance of the total diet did not differ (P > or = 0.35). In the conditions of this study, increasing harvest interval of crabgrass hay from 21 to 49 d had no deleterious impact on animal performance or efficiency of gain when fed to growing calves in a high-concentrate mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Beck
- University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR 71801, USA.
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26
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Aikman P, Beever D, Humphries D. The effect of incremental replacement of wheat with soya hulls in diets for Jersey cows on lactational performance, diet digestibility and feeding behaviour. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ipharraguerre IR, Clark JH. Impacts of the source and amount of crude protein on the intestinal supply of nitrogen fractions and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88 Suppl 1:E22-37. [PMID: 15876574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this article was to review and summarize the significance of the amount and source of dietary crude protein supplements on the supply of nitrogen fractions passing to the small intestine and the performance of lactating dairy cows. A meta-analysis was used to evaluate 2 data sets, one for nitrogen flow to the small intestine and one for performance of cows. The response of dairy cows to rumen-undegradable protein supplements is variable. A portion of this variable response from research trials is explained by the source of crude protein in the control diet, the proportion and source of rumen-undegradable protein in the experimental diet, the effect of rumen-undegradable protein on microbial protein outflow from the rumen, the degradability and amino acid content of the rumen-undegradable protein, and the crude protein percentage of the diet. Compared with soybean meal, the mean milk production responses to feeding rumen-undegradable protein supplements ranged from -2.5 to +2.75%. Because of the large variation and small magnitude of response when rumen-undegradable protein supplements are fed compared with soybean meal, efficiency of nitrogen utilization and the cost to benefit ratio for these crude protein supplements may determine the source and amount of crude protein to feed to dairy cows in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Ipharraguerre
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
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Bateman HG, Clark JH, Murphy MR. Development of a System to Predict Feed Protein Flow to the Small Intestine of Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:282-95. [PMID: 15591391 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A data set constructed from research trials published between 1979 and 1998 was used to derive equations to adjust published tabular values for the rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) content of feeds to better predict the passage of nonammonia nonmicrobial N (NANMN) to the small intestine of lactating dairy cows. Both linear and nonlinear forms of equations were considered for making adjustments. Iterative processes were used to estimate equation parameters. A logistic equation was developed and considered to be the most optimal for adjustment of published tabular RUP contents of feeds. The equation is a function of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) and includes terms for tabular RUP and nonprotein N contents of individual feeds. The equation has a standard error of prediction of 69.29 g of NANMN/ d per cow and a root mean square prediction error of 104.63 g of NANMN/d per cow. Independent evaluation of the equation indicated that the concept of variable RUP content for feeds based on DMI is correct. Further refinements may be needed as other data become available to quantify the effects of additional factors on the RUP value of feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Bateman
- Department of Dairy Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA.
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Voelker JA, Allen MS. Pelleted Beet Pulp Substituted for High-Moisture Corn: 2. Effects on Digestion and Ruminal Digestion Kinetics in Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3553-61. [PMID: 14672185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of increasing concentrations of dried, pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on digestion and ruminal digestion kinetics were evaluated using eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were 79 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD) d in milk at the beginning of the experiment. Experimental diets with 40% forage (corn silage and alfalfa silage) and 60% concentrate contained 0, 6.1, 12.1, or 24.3% beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on a dry matter basis. Diet concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch were 24.3 and 34.6% (0% beet pulp), 26.2 and 30.5% (6% beet pulp), 28.0 and 26.5% (12% beet pulp), and 31.6 and 18.4% (24% beet pulp), respectively. Ruminal dry matter pool decreased and NDF turnover rate increased as dietary beet pulp content increased. Potentially digestible NDF was digested more extensively and at a faster rate in the rumen with increasing beet pulp, resulting in increased total tract NDF digestibility. Passage rates of potentially digestible NDF and of indigestible NDF were not affected by treatment. True ruminal digestibility of starch decreased with increasing beet pulp substitution. This was caused by a linear increase in starch passage rate, possibly because of increasing ruminal fill, and a linear decrease in digestion rate of starch in the rumen, possibly because of reduced amylolytic enzyme activity for lower-starch diets. Although true ruminal starch digestibility decreased when more beet pulp was fed, whole tract starch digestibility was not affected because of compensatory digestion of starch in the intestines. Due to more thorough digestion of fiber in diets containing more beet pulp, whole-tract digestibility of organic matter increased linearly, and intake of digestible organic matter was not affected. Partially replacing high-moisture corn with beet pulp in low-forage diets increased fiber digestibility without reducing whole-tract starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Voelker
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1225, USA
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Abstract
Dairy producers use soyhulls, a byproduct of soybean processing, to replace either grain or forage in diets of lactating dairy cows. In view of the nutritional and economical value of soyhulls it is anticipated that this practice will continue to increase in popularity among nutritionists and producers of ruminant animals. This paper reviews information regarding the nutritional value of soyhulls and the effects of feeding this alternative feed on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion and utilization, and performance of dairy cows. Soyhulls can replace corn grain to supply about 30% of the dry matter (DM) in high-grain diets without negatively affecting either the fermentation or digestion of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract or the performance of dairy cows. Additionally, data suggest that soyhulls might successfully replace forage to supply < or = 25% of the DM in diets of dairy cows when the supply of effective fiber, which includes a chemical and a physical component, remains adequate after including the hulls. However, caution should be exercised when data from different studies are extrapolated to practical situations because the response to feeding soyhulls appears to be largely affected by the type of carbohydrate being replaced by soyhulls; the amount, type, and physical form of the dietary forage; and the incidence of either negative or positive associative effects before and after the addition of soyhulls to the original diet. Unfortunately, the paucity of data from experiments in which soyhulls constituted more than 25 to 30% of the dietary DM restricts the ability to identify the maximum amount of soyhulls that can be used in diets of dairy cows. Information from studies in which > or = 25 to 30% of dietary DM supplied as either cereal grains or forages are replaced with soyhulls is needed to better understand and predict the production of dairy cows fed diets containing the hulls. This knowledge is essential for maximizing the use of soyhulls in diets for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Ipharraguerre
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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