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Risyahadi ST, Martin RSH, Qomariyah N, Suryahadi S, Sukria HA, Jayanegara A. Effects of dietary extrusion on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, performance and milk composition of dairy cattle: a meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1546-1557. [PMID: 37170505 PMCID: PMC10475385 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded and unextruded feeding on the performance, milk composition, digestibility and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows through a meta-analysis. METHODS The database was compiled from 53 studies in Scopus and PubMed. The data were analyzed using a random effects model in OpenMEE software. Extruded feed was grouped as the experiment group while and the others as control group. The bias of publication in the main parameter of dairy performance was evaluated by a funnel plot. RESULTS The result showed that extruded feed enhanced the milk yield, dry matter and crude protein digestibility, butyrate and valerate acid production (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the extruded feed significantly decreased the milk fat and protein concentration (p<0.05). Also, the iso-butyrate and iso-valerate in unextruded feeding was significantly higher than the extruded feed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded from the meta-analysis that extruded feed effectively improved the milk production and milk lactose concentration, dry matter and protein digestibility, but not the milk fat and protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazli Tutur Risyahadi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Center of Tropical Animal Studies (Centras), IPB University, Bogor 16153,
Indonesia
| | - Rima Shidqiyya Hidayati Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Center of Tropical Animal Studies (Centras), IPB University, Bogor 16153,
Indonesia
| | - Novia Qomariyah
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- South Sulawesi Assessment Institute of Agriculture Technology, Makassar 90242,
Indonesia
| | - Suryahadi Suryahadi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai University, Kampar, Riau 28412,
Indonesia
| | - Heri Ahmad Sukria
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
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Titze N, Krieg J, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. In situ crude protein and starch degradation and in vitro evaluation of pea grains for ruminants. Arch Anim Nutr 2021; 75:422-434. [PMID: 34761997 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1994831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen pea grain samples from different origins were used to examine the variation in in situ ruminal degradation of crude protein (CP) and starch as well as in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics. In vitro GP was used to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (dOM), metabolisable energy (ME) and utilisable CP at the duodenum (uCP). Protein fractions were also determined according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Degradation of CP and starch from all pea grains in the rumen was almost complete, with a high proportion of the instantly disappearing fraction. The variation in the degradation constants among pea grain variants was high, and degradation of CP and starch showed a significant initial lag phase in the rumen. The mean effective degradation (ED) calculated for a rumen outflow of k = 8%/h of CP (EDCP8) was higher than ED of starch (EDST8), averaging 77.0 and 71.5%, respectively, with low variation among variants. A correlation analysis between GP parameters and in situ degradation constants showed no clear relationship, but the rates of in vitro GP and in situ starch degradation were similar. Most of the protein in the pea grains was buffer-soluble with fast and intermediate degradation. Variation in the protein fractions among the pea grain variants was low and not suitable for predicting differences in in situ degradation characteristics. The mean in vitro uCP of pea grains was 198 g/kg dry matter (k = 8%/h) and variation was low and consistent with that of GP kinetics and in situ rumen undegradable crude protein values. The estimation of dOM and ME from 24 h GP led to very high values indicating that the existing prediction equations may not be suitable for pea grains as a single feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Titze
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Herbert Steingass
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Raw or technologically treated proteaginous seeds as alternatives to soybean meal for dairy cows: Comparative evaluation by meta-analysis of in situ and in vivo digestive parameters, nitrogen partition and dairy performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fatty Acid Profile and Enterolactone Content of Early and Commercial Milk of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Flaked Flaxseed during the Dry Period. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122394. [PMID: 33333731 PMCID: PMC7765167 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various supplementations in animal feeding have been investigate in order to enrich food of animal origin with n-3 fatty acids. Although the effects of flaxseeds inclusion in diets for lactating dairy have already been assessed, few studies have focused on this n-3 source supplementation during the transition period. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of flacked flaxseed (200 g/head/day; 2.13% DM) dietary treatment during the dry period on milk yield and quality in the 30 days after calving. In addition, the enterolactone content in plasma (before and after calving) and in milk of cows fed diets supplemented or not with flaxseed was considered. The study demonstrated that the carry-over effect on the milk profile of C18:2, C18:3 n-3, and C20:5 n-3 was significantly higher in flaxseed diet than in the control one at 4th day of lactation. A significant increase of enterolactone on milk from flaxseed fed cows was observed only at 15 sampling day. The quick modification in fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk in the first few days of lactation suggests that the carry over effect from pre-calving flaxseed feeding at this concentration was very short lasting.
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Mendowski S, Chapoutot P, Chesneau G, Ferlay A, Enjalbert F, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Germain A, Nozière P. Effects of pretreatment with reducing sugars or an enzymatic cocktail before extrusion of fava bean on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:396-409. [PMID: 31733854 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pretreatment with reducing sugars or with an enzymatic cocktail before extrusion of fava bean on intake, milk yield and composition, N partitioning, and plasma and ruminal parameters. The main hypothesis was that these pretreatment conditions would allow better N protection in the rumen compared with classic pretreatment before extrusion, thanks to an increase of sugar proportion, either exogenous or endogenous with enzymatic actions. Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Cow were fed a diet with a 56:44 forage to concentrate ratio and containing 16.2% of crude protein (CP; dry matter basis). Concentrate consisted of fava bean:linseed blends (90:10%, raw basis) distributed either raw, extruded after pretreatment without additive, extruded after pretreatment with reducing sugars, or extruded after pretreatment with an enzymatic cocktail. The experimental blends provided 53% of total CP in the diet. Intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia kinetics, apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities and N partitioning, Maillard compounds in feed and feces, plasma AA, and 15N natural enrichment were measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance according to the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Extrusion without additive during pretreatment led to higher contents of Maillard compounds in the blend, a lower enzymatic CP degradability, a numerically lower ammonia content in ruminal fluid, and a trend of higher plasma EAA concentration, all suggesting a decrease in degradability of proteins in the rumen, and a subsequent increase in metabolizable protein supply. Compared with pretreatment without additive, adding reducing sugars or an enzymatic cocktail during pretreatment led to an increase in Maillard compound contents in the extruded blends, and to an increase (+50 mg/L) in rumen ammonia content. With reducing sugars, digestibility of Nɛ-carboxymethyl-lysine was numerically lower, and plasma EAA concentration tended to decrease, suggesting an overprotection of proteins in the intestine. With the enzymatic cocktail, plasma EAA concentration was similar than without additive during pretreatment, suggesting a similar metabolizable protein supply with both treatments. Finally, no change in N partitioning between milk, urine, and feces was observed whatever the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mendowski
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - P Chapoutot
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - A Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Enjalbert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Germain
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Cherif C, Hassanat F, Claveau S, Girard J, Gervais R, Benchaar C. Faba bean (Vicia faba) inclusion in dairy cow diets: Effect on nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, nitrogen utilization, methane production, and milk performance. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8916-8928. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s146398150004320x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractData were records of daily food intake and milk production, periodic measures of milk composition and all health and reproductive information from 140 multiparous Holstein cows involved in various experiments at the Agriculture Canada dairy research station in Lennoxville, Quebec. Energy concentrations of the total mixed rations were also available. Daily energy balance was calculated by multiplying the food intake by the concentration of energy in the diet and then subtracting from this quantity the expected (National Research Council) amount of energy required for maintenance (based on parity and body weight) and for milk production (based on yield and concentrations of fat, protein and lactose). Four energy balance traits were defined: (1) average daily energy balance within the first 10 to 100 days of lactation, (2) minimum daily energy balance, (3) days in negative energy balance and (4) total energy deficit during the period of negative energy balance. Health traits were the numbers of incidences of each of the following: (1) all udder problems, (2) mastitis, (3) all locomotive problems, (4) laminitis, (5) digestive problems and (6) reproductive problems. Reproductive traits were the number of days to first observed oestrous and number of inseminations. Phenotypic relationships between energy balance and health were investigated by regressing the energy balance traits on each health trait. Parity and treatment (according to the research trial that the cow was involved with) were also included in the model. Genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood and a model that included effects of parity, treatment and animal. Phenotypically, several significant (P<0.10) relationships between energy balance and health were observed. Cows with longer periods of negative energy balance had increased digestive problems. Cows with greater total energy deficit had more digestive problems and laminitis. Estimates of heritabilities for energy intake and milk energy were 0.42 and 0.12, respectively but estimates of heritability for all energy balance traits were zero. The low estimates for these traits may have been due to (1) low true additive genetic variance, (2) small amount of data, or (3) relatively few genetic ties among cows.
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Volpelli LA, Comellini M, Masoero F, Moschini M, Pietro Lo Fiego D, Scipioni R. Faba beans (Vicia faba) in dairy cow diet: effect on milk production and quality. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Antonella Volpelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michele Comellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moschini
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Domenico Pietro Lo Fiego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scipioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Pereira ABD, Whitehouse NL, Aragona KM, Schwab CS, Reis SF, Brito AF. Production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed ground field peas with or without ruminally protected lysine and methionine. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6239-6255. [PMID: 28601445 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that cows fed ≥24% of the diet dry matter (DM) as field peas decreased milk yield as well as concentration and yield of milk protein, possibly due to reduced DM intake and limited supply of Lys and Met. Twelve multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The diets contained (DM basis) 34.8% corn silage, 15.2% grass-legume silage, 5.9% roasted soybean, 2.4% mineral-vitamin premix, 2.0% alfalfa pellets, and either (1) 36% ground corn, 2.4% soybean meal, and 1.3% urea (UR), (2) 29.7% ground corn, 9.8% soybean meal, 0.13% ruminally protected (RP) Lys, and 0.07% RP-Met (CSBAA), (3) 25% ground field peas, 12.3% ground corn, and 2.4% soybean meal (FP), or (4) FP supplemented with 0.15% RP-Lys and 0.05% RP-Met (FPAA). Our objective was to test the effects of FP versus UR, FPAA versus CSBAA, and FPAA versus FP on milk yield and composition, N utilization, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation profile, and plasma concentration of AA. Milk yield did not differ across diets. Compared with cows fed UR, those fed FP had greater DM intake, concentration and yield of milk true protein, apparent total-tract digestibility of fiber, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen and Lys in plasma, and less milk urea N and ruminal NH3-N. The concentration of milk urea N, as well as the concentration and yield of milk fat increased in cows fed FPAA versus CSBAA. Moreover, cows fed FPAA had greater ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids, increased proportions of acetate and isobutyrate, and decreased proportions of propionate and valerate than those fed CSBAA. The plasma concentrations of His, Leu, and Phe decreased, whereas plasma Met increased and plasma Lys tended to increase in cows fed FPAA versus CSBAA. Concentration of milk true protein, but not yield, was increased in cows fed FPAA versus FP. However, cows fed FPAA showed decreased concentrations of His and Leu in plasma compared with those fed FP. Overall, compared with the CSBAA diet, feeding FPAA did not negatively affect milk yield and milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, RP-Lys and RP-Met supplementation of the FP diet did not improve milk yield or milk protein synthesis, but decreased urinary urea N excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B D Pereira
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - N L Whitehouse
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - K M Aragona
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - C S Schwab
- Schwab Consulting LLC, Boscobel, WI 53805
| | - S F Reis
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - A F Brito
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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Claassen RM, Christensen DA, Mutsvangwa T. Effects of extruding wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas or canola meal on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient digestion, and milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7143-7158. [PMID: 27394944 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the effects of feeding coextruded and nonextruded supplements consisting of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas (WDDGS-peas) or canola meal (WDDGS-CM) on ruminal fermentation, omasal flow, and production performance in Holstein cows. Eight cows (4 ruminally cannulated) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square with 28-d periods and a 2×2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were coextruded or nonextruded mixtures of WDDGS-peas and WDDGS-CM that were included in total mixed rations at 15.1% [dry matter (DM) basis]. Diet had no effect on DM intake. Milk yield was greater in cows fed coextruded diets compared with those fed nonextruded diets. Milk fat content was greater in cows fed nonextruded diets compared with those fed coextruded diets, but milk fat yield was greater in cows fed coextruded diets compared with those fed nonextruded diets. Milk yield tended to be greater and milk protein yield was greater in cows fed WDDGS-peas compared with those fed WDDGS-CM. Cows fed nonextruded diets had a greater milk urea-N concentration compared with those fed coextruded diets. Cows fed coextruded diets had greater ruminal digestion of DM and tended to have greater ruminal digestion of organic matter compared with those fed nonextruded diets. Total-tract digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and starch were greater, whereas that of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber tended to be greater in cows fed coextruded compared with those fed nonextruded diets. Total-tract digestibility of ether extract was lower whereas that of starch was greater and that of crude protein tended to be greater in cows fed WDDGS-peas compared with those fed WDDGS-CM. Total N excretion and milk N efficiency were unaffected by diet. Ruminal NH3-N concentration tended to be greater in cows fed WDDGS-CM compared with those fed WDDGS-peas. Ruminal propionate concentration was greater whereas plasma urea-N concentration tended to be lower in cows fed coextruded compared with those fed nonextruded diets. Plasma glucose concentration was greater in cows fed diets containing WDDGS-CM compared with those fed diets containing WDDGS-peas, but the difference in plasma glucose concentration between WDDGS-CM and WDDGS-peas was greater in cows fed coextruded diets compared with those fed nonextruded diets. In summary, feeding coextruded compared with nonextruded supplements or WDDGS-peas compared WDDGS-CM increased yields of milk, fat, and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Claassen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - D A Christensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - T Mutsvangwa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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Di Francia A, De Rosa G, Masucci F, Romano R, Borriello I, Grassi C. Effect ofPisum sativumas protein supplement on buffalo milk production. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Liponi GB, Casini L, Martini M, Gatta D. Faba bean (Vicia fabaminor)and pea seeds (Pisum sativum) as protein sources in lactating ewes’ diets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Liponi
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - L. Casini
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Martini
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - D. Gatta
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università di Pisa, Italy
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Masoero F, Moschini M, Fusconi G, Piva G. Raw, extruded and expanded pea(Pisum sativum) in dairy cows diets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2006.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Volpelli LA, Comellini M, Masoero F, Moschini M, Lo Fiego DP, Scipioni R. Pea (Pisum sativum) in dairy cow diet: effect on milk production and quality. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Volpelli LA, Comellini M, Gozzi M, Masoero F, Moschini M. Pea (Pisum sativum) and faba beans (Vicia faba) in dairy cow diet: effect on milk production and quality. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2012.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Effects of protein protection with orthophosphoric or malic acids and heat on fattening lamb diets. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu GQ, Warkentin T, Niu Z, Khan NA, Yu P. Molecular basis of processing-induced changes in protein structure in relation to intestinal digestion in yellow and green type pea (Pisum sativum L.): A molecular spectroscopic analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:980-8. [PMID: 26188704 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the protein inherent molecular structural features of green cotyledon (CDC Striker) and yellow cotyledon (CDC Meadow) pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds using molecular spectroscopic technique (FT/IR-ATR); (2) measure the denaturation of protein molecular makeup in the two types of pea during dry roasting (120°C for 60 min), autoclaving (120°C for 60 min) or microwaving (for 5 min); and (3) correlate the heat-induced changes in protein molecular makeup to the corresponding changes in protein digestibility determined using modified three-step in vitro procedure. Compared with yellow-type, the green-type peas had higher (P<0.05) ratios of amide I to II peak height (1.698 vs. 1.805) and area (1.843 vs. 2.017). A significant correlation was observed between the amide I and II peak height (r=0.48) and peak area (r=-0.42) ratio with protein content. Compared with yellow-type, the green-type peas had lower (P<0.05) α-helix:β-sheet ratio (1.015 vs. 0.926), indicating varietal difference in protein secondary structure makeup. All processing applications increased α-helix:β-sheet ratio, with the largest (P<0.05) increase being observed with roasting and microwaving. The heat-induced changes in α-helix:β-sheet ratio was strongly correlated to intestinal digestibility of protein within the green (r=-0. 86) and yellow (r=0.81) pea-types. However, across the pea types the correlation was not significant. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses on the entire spectral data from the amide region (ca. 1727-1480 cm(-1)) were able to visualize and discriminate the structural difference between pea varieties and processing treatments. This study shows that the molecular spectroscopy can be used as a rapid tool to screen the protein value of raw and heat-treated peas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Qingyu Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada; Advanced IRP Program, Walter Murray Collegiate, Saskatoon, 1905 Preston Ave S, Saskatoon S7J 2E7, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tom Warkentin
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nazir A Khan
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada; Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjin Road, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Giger-Reverdin S, Maaroufi C, Peyronnet C, Sauvant D. Effects of particle size and dietary nitrogen content on the nutritive value of pea-based diets in mid-lactation goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zagorakis K, Liamadis D, Milis C, Dotas V, Dotas D. Nutrient digestibility and in situ degradability of alternatives to soybean meal protein sources for sheep. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Soto-Navarro SA, Encinias AM, Bauer ML, Lardy GP, Caton JS. Feeding value of field pea as a protein source in forage-based diets fed to beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:585-91. [PMID: 22021806 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of field peas as a protein source in diets for beef cattle. In the first study, 4 cultivars of field pea were incubated in situ to determine rate and extent of CP disappearance. Results indicate that field pea cultivars vary in CP content (22.6, 26.1, 22.6, and 19.4%, DM basis for Profi, Arvika, Carneval, and Trapper, respectively). Soluble protein fraction ranged from 34.9% for Trapper to 54.9% for Profi. Degradable CP fraction was greater (P = 0.01) for Trapper compared with the other cultivars, and no differences (P ≥ 0.25) were observed among Profi, Arvika, and Carneval. Rate of CP degradation differed (P ≤ 0.03) for all cultivars, with Profi being the greatest and Trapper the smallest (10.8, 10.0, 8.1, and 6.3 ± 1.4%/h for Profi, Carneval, Arvika, and Trapper, respectively). Estimated RDP was not different (P = 0.21) for all 4 cultivars. In the second study, 30 crossbred beef steers (301 ± 15 kg) were individually fed and used to evaluate effects of field pea processing (whole, rolled, or ground) on steer performance. Diets contained 40% field pea grain. Growing steers consuming whole field pea had greater ADG (P = 0.08) than those consuming processed field pea (1.69, 1.52, and 1.63 ± 0.05 kg/d, for whole, rolled, and ground, respectively). However, DMI (kg/d and as % of BW) and G:F were not different (P ≥ 0.24). In the third study, 35 individually fed gestating beef cows (694 ± 17 kg) were used to evaluate the use of field pea as a protein supplement for medium quality grass hay (9.3% CP). Treatments consisted of whole field peas at 1) 0 g (CON), 2) 680 g (FP680), 3) 1,360 g (FP1360), and 4) 2,040 g (FP2040), and 5) 1,360 g of 74% barley and 26% canola meal (BCM). Total intake (forage + supplement) of gestating beef cows increased with increasing field pea level (linear, P = 0.01; supplemented vs. nonsupplemented, P = 0.01). In summary, protein quantity and rate of ruminal protein degradation vary across sources of field peas used in this study. Additionally, because of source variability, nutrient analysis and animal requirements should be considered when field pea is incorporated into beef cattle diets. Processing field pea does not improve performance of growing steers. Supplementation of field pea to gestating cows consuming medium-quality grass hay increased total DMI. Overall, our data indicate field pea can be used in a wide variety of beef cattle diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Soto-Navarro
- Animal and Range Science Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-8003, USA.
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Jenkins KH, Vasconcelos JT, Hinkle JB, Furman SA, de Mello AS, Senaratne LS, Pokharel S, Calkins CR. Evaluation of performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory attributes of beef from finishing steers fed field peas. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1167-72. [PMID: 21415424 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole field peas were fed at 0, 10, 20, and 30% of DM to 139 yearling steers (British cross; 409 ± 31 kg of initial BW) for a 119-d finishing period. Carcass data and Choice grade strip loins (n = 98) were collected from a commercial abattoir in Lexington, Nebraska. Consumer sensory and Warner-Bratzler shear force analyses were performed on 2.5-cm strip steaks. No differences (P ≥ 0.17) were observed in final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F of steers. Likewise, no differences (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for HCW, LM area, fat thickness at the 12th rib, yield grade, and marbling scores. However, KPH responded quadratically to increasing dietary amount of field peas (P = 0.02). Regarding the sensorial analysis, feeding peas linearly increased subjective tenderness (P < 0.01) and led to a quadratic response of overall like ratings (P = 0.01) and flavor like ratings (P = 0.12). Feeding peas did not alter (P ≥ 0.64) juiciness, but decreased shear force values linearly when quantities were increased (P = 0.02). These data suggest that feeding peas does not affect steer performance or carcass characteristics differently from dry-rolled corn, but does improve objective and subjective tenderness, overall desirability, and flavor of beef. Field peas could be fed to cattle and give positive attributes to the quality of the meat up to 30% inclusion in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Jenkins
- Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff 69361, USA.
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Effect of inclusion of peas in dairy cow diets on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and nitrogen losses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Influence of the grinding level and extrusion on the nutritional value of lupin seed (Lupinus albus) for cattle in the context of the Dutch protein evaluation system. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vander Pol M, Hristov AN, Zaman S, Delano N. Peas can replace soybean meal and corn grain in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:698-703. [PMID: 18218757 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of a partial substitution of soybean meal and corn grain with field peas in dairy cow diets on intake, milk yield and composition, nutrient digestibility, and urinary and fecal N losses. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were blocked into 2 groups based on parity, days in milk, and milk yield at the end of a 2-wk covariate period. Cows within group were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: control and pea diets. Approximately 45% of the corn grain and 78% of the soybean meal in the control diet were replaced with 15% (dry matter basis) field peas in the experimental diet. The peas used in the trial contained 25% crude protein and an estimated 1.98 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg. The experiment continued for 70 d. Dry matter intake (25.9 and 26.3 kg/d; control and pea diets, respectively), milk yield (35.4 and 35.6 kg/d), 4% fat-corrected milk yield (33.0 and 34.6 kg/d), milk fat (3.54 and 3.76%) and protein (3.00 and 2.99%) content and yields, and milk N efficiency (26 and 24%) were not affected by diet. Concentration of milk urea nitrogen was also not affected by treatment (14.3 and 15.0 mg/dL, respectively). Intake of organic matter and N were not affected by diet, but intake of neutral detergent fiber was lower and that of starch greater with the control diet. Total tract apparent digestibility of starch was lower (92.1 vs. 88.3%, respectively) and that of dry matter and organic matter tended to be lower with the pea compared with the control diet. Urinary and fecal N losses were not different between the 2 diets. Panel evaluation of milk from the 2 diets indicated no differences in the organoleptic characteristics of milk. This experiment demonstrated that field peas could be safely fed to high-producing dairy cows at a 15% inclusion rate, replacing soybean meal and corn grain. At this inclusion rate, no effects on milk yield or milk composition were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vander Pol
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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HAYASHI Y, DEVKOTA NR, KUMAGAI H. Effects of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed rice straw ad libitum. Anim Sci J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rotger A, Ferret A, Calsamiglia S, Manteca X. In situ degradability of seven plant protein supplements in heifers fed high concentrate diets with different forage to concentrate ratio. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Reed JJ, Lardy GP, Bauer ML, Gilbery TC, Caton JS. Effect of field pea level on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and in situ disappearance in beef steers fed growing diets. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:2123-30. [PMID: 15309960 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8272123x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of increasing level of field pea (variety: Profi) on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, and ruminal fermentation were evaluated in beef steers fed growing diets. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred beef steers (367+/-48 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square. The control diet consisted of 50% corn, 23% corn silage, 23% alfalfa hay, and 4% supplement (DM basis). Treatments were field pea replacing corn at 0, 33, 67, or 100%. Diets were formulated to contain a minimum of 12% CP, 0.62% Ca, 0.3% P, and 0.8% K (DM basis). Each period was 14 d long. Steers were adapted to the diets for 9 d. On d 10 to 14, intakes were measured. Field pea was incubated in situ, beginning on d 10, for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h. Bags were inserted in reverse order, and all bags were removed at 0 h. Ruminal fluid was collected and pH recorded at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after feeding on d 13. Duodenal samples were taken for three consecutive days beginning on d 10 in a manner that allowed for a collection to take place every other hour over a 24-h period. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were used to compare treatments. There were no differences in DMI (12.46 kg/d, 3.16% BW; P > 0.46). Ruminal dry matter fill (P = 0.02) and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.009) decreased linearly with increasing field pea level. Ruminal ammonia-N (P < 0.001) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0.01) increased linearly with increasing field pea level. Total-tract disappearance of OM (P = 0.03), N (P = 0.01), NDF (P = 0.02), and ADF (P = 0.05) increased linearly with an increasing field pea level. There were no differences in total-tract disappearance of starch (P = 0.35). True ruminal N disappearance increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing field pea level. There were no differences in ruminal disappearance of OM (P = 0.79), starch (P = 0.77), NDF (P = 0.21), or ADF (P = 0.77). Treatment did not affect microbial efficiency (P = 0.27). Field pea is a highly digestible, nutrient-dense legume grain that ferments rapidly in the rumen. Because of their relatively high level of protein, including field peas in growing diets will decrease the need for protein supplementation. Based on these data, it seems that field pea is a suitable substitute for corn in growing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Reed
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Soto-Navarro SA, Williams GJ, Bauer ML, Lardy GP, Landblom DG, Caton JS. Effect of field pea replacement level on intake and digestion in beef steers fed by-product-based medium-concentrate diets. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:1855-62. [PMID: 15217014 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8261855x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (703.4 +/- 41 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of field pea inclusion level on intake and site of digestion in beef steers fed medium-concentrate diets. Steers were offered feed ad libitum at 0700 and 1900 daily and were allowed free access to water. Diets consisted of 45% grass hay and 55% by-products based concentrate mixture and were formulated to contain a minimum of 12% CP (DM basis). Treatments consisted of (DM basis) 1) control, no pea; 2) 15% pea; 3) 30% pea; and 4) 45% pea in the total diet, with pea replacing wheat middlings, soybean hulls, and barley malt sprouts in the concentrate mixture. Experimental periods consisted of a 9-d dietary adjustment period followed by a 5-d collection period. Grass hay was incubated in situ, beginning on d 10, for 0, 2, 5, 9, 14, 24, 36, 72, and 98 h; and field pea and soybean hulls for 0, 2, 5, 9, 14, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. Total DMI (15.0, 13.5, 14.1, 13.5 +/- 0.65 kg/d) and OM intake (13.4, 12.0, 12.6, 12.0 +/- 0.58 kg/d) decreased linearly (P = 0.10) with field pea inclusion. Apparent ruminal (17.5, 12.0, 0.6, 6.5 +/- 4.31%) and true ruminal CP digestibility (53.5, 48.7, 37.8, 46.2 +/- 3.83) decreased linearly (P < 0.10) with increasing field pea. Neutral detergent fiber intake (8.9, 7.9, 7.8, 7.0 +/- 0.3 kg/d) and fecal NDF output (3.1, 2.9, 2.6, 2.3 +/- 0.2 k/d) decreased linearly (P < 0.03) with increasing field pea. No effects were observed for microbial efficiency or total-tract digestibility of OM, CP, NDF, and ADF (P > or = 0.16). In situ DM and NDF disappearance rates of grass hay and soybean hulls decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing field pea. Field pea in situ DM disappearance rate responded quadratically (P < 0.01; 5.9, 8.4, 5.5, and 4.9 +/- 0.52%/h, for 0, 15, 30, and 45% field pea level, respectively). Rate of in situ CP disappearance of grass hay decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing field pea level. Field pea is a suitable ingredient for beef cattle consuming medium-concentrate diets, and the inclusion of up to 45% pea in by-products-based medium-concentrate growing diets decreased DMI, increased dietary UIP, and did not alter OM, NDF, or ADF digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Gonthier C, Mustafa AF, Berthiaume R, Petit HV, Martineau R, Ouellet DR. Effects of Feeding Micronized and Extruded Flaxseed on Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Utilization by Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:1854-63. [PMID: 15453502 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four lactating Holstein cows with ruminal and duo-denal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to determine the effects of feeding heat-treated flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and site and extent of nutrient utilization. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with no flaxseed, a raw flaxseed diet (RF), a micronized flaxseed diet (MF), and an extruded flaxseed diet (EF). Flaxseed diets contained 12.6% flaxseed (dry matter [DM] basis). Ruminal pH, NH3 N, and total concentration of volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. However, feeding flaxseed decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased that of propionate. Flaxseed supplementation had no effect on ruminal digestion of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), fatty acids (FA), and gross energy. However, ruminal digestion of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was lower for cows fed the flaxseed diets than for cows fed the control diet. Feeding flaxseed tended to increase post-ruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, and gross energy. Feeding heat-treated flaxseed diets relative to RF had no effect on ruminal, post-ruminal, and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed EF had higher ruminal and lower post-ruminal digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, CP, and FA than cows fed MF. However, total tract digestibilities were similar for the 2 heat treatments. It was concluded that flaxseed supplementation improved total tract nutrient utilization with no adverse effects on ruminal fermentation. Extrusion failed to protect flaxseed from ruminal digestion. However, micronization can be used to increase the ruminal undegraded protein value of flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonthier
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University-Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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Ouellet DR, Lapierre H, Chiquette J. Effects of Corn Silage Processing and Amino Acid Supplementation on the Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3675-84. [PMID: 14672198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of crop processing and amino acid supplementation on dairy cow performance. Corn silage processed (PCS) or unprocessed (UCS) was used as the main forage (45% of dry matter, DM) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Each TMR was either supplemented (AA) or not (AAO) with ruminally protected amino acids (lysine, 3 g/d and methionine, 14 g/d). Thirty-two (551 kg) Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments: PCS-AA, PCS-AA0, UCS-AA, and UCS-AA0 in a 2 x 2 factorial structure. Between wk 7 and 17 of lactation, cows were fed ad libitum TMR comprising 45% of corn silage plus 1 kg of grass hay once a day. The UCS presented better fermentation characteristics than PCS. Dry matter intake (DMI) of the TMR was not affected by treatment and averaged 22.7 kg/d. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) production was 9% higher with UCS than with PCS (33.1 vs. 30.1 kg/d). Milk efficiency was therefore 6% higher with UCS than with PCS (1.43 vs. 1.35 kg ECM/kg of DMI). The concentration of major milk constituents (fat, protein, lactose, urea) was not affected by treatments. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, N, starch, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were similar among treatments. The effective ruminal degradability of DM, starch, and protein, however, was greater with PCS than with UCS. Amino acid supplementation had no effect on milk production nor on milk constituents, whether it was used with processed corn silage or with unprocessed corn silage. These data indicate that feeding UCS resulted in a greater milk production compared with PCS. The numerically higher DMI, a potentially greater intestinal digestion of starch or the better conservation of UCS could have contributed to the greater milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ouellet
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lennoxville, Canada.
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In situ digestibility of protein in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) in dairy cows: influence of heat treatment and glucose addition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Khalili H, Kuusela E, Suvitie M, Huhtanen P. Effect of protein and energy supplements on milk production in organic farming. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aufrère J, Graviou D, Melcion J, Demarquilly C. Degradation in the rumen of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed proteins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Collard BL, Boettcher PJ, Dekkers JC, Petitclerc D, Schaeffer LR. Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:2683-90. [PMID: 11104289 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to calculate phenotypic relationships between energy balance in early lactation and health and reproduction in that lactation. Data were 26,701 daily records of dry matter intake and milk production, periodic measures of milk composition and body weight, and all health and reproductive information from 140 multiparous Holstein cows. Daily energy balance was calculated by multiplying feed intake by the concentration of energy of the ration and subtracting the amount of energy required for maintenance (based on parity and body weight) and for milk production (based on yield and concentrations of fat, protein, and lactose). Six measures of energy balance were defined: mean daily energy balance during the first 20, 50, and 100 d of lactation; minimum daily energy balance; days in negative energy balance; and total energy deficit. Measures of health were the numbers of occurrences of each of the following during lactation: all udder problems, mastitis, all locomotive problems, laminitis, digestive problems, and reproductive problems. Reproductive traits were the number of days to first observed estrus and number of inseminations. Several significant relationships between energy balance and health were observed. Increased digestive and locomotive problems were associated with longer and more extreme periods of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Collard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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