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Jorge DDMF, Marcon RM, Cristante AF, Filho TEPB, Dos Santos GB. Evaluation of the effect of intrathecal GM1 in 24, 48, and 72 hours after acute spinal cord injury in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100228. [PMID: 37418797 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the best timing and feasibility of intrathecal application of sodium monosialoganglioside (GM1) after spinal cord contusion in Wistar rats as an experimental model. METHODS Forty Wistar rats were submitted to contusion spinal cord injury after laminectomy. The animals were randomized and divided into four groups: Group 1 - Intrathecal application of GM1 24 hours after contusion; Group 2 - Intrathecal application of GM1 48 hours after contusion; Group 3 - intrathecal application of GM1 72 hours after contusion; Group 4 - Sham, with laminectomy and intrathecal application of 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution, without contusion. The recovery of locomotor function was evaluated at seven different moments by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) test. They were also assessed by the horizontal ladder, with sensory-motor behavioral assessment criteria, pre-and postoperatively. RESULTS This experimental study showed better functional scores in the group submitted to the application of GM1, with statistically significant results, showing a mean increase when evaluated on known motor tests like the horizontal ladder and BBB, at all times of evaluation (p < 0.05), especially in group 2 (48 hours after spinal cord injury). Also, fewer mistakes and slips over the horizontal ladder were observed, and many points were achieved at the BBB scale analysis. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that the intrathecal application of GM1 after spinal cord contusion in Wistar rats is feasible. The application 48 hours after the injury presented the best functional results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Moraes Ferreira Jorge
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Martus Marcon
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Fogaça Cristante
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Eloy Pessoa Barros Filho
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Bispo Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HC/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Li F, Wu C, Cai W, Ye H, Su H, He M, Yang L, Wang X, Zhou K, Ni W. Elamipretide alleviates pyroptosis in traumatically injured spinal cord by inhibiting cPLA2-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:6. [PMID: 36609266 PMCID: PMC9825014 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury that may result in permanent motor impairment. The active ingredients of medications are unable to reach the affected area due to the blood‒brain barrier. Elamipretide (SS-31) is a new and innovative aromatic cationic peptide. Because of its alternating aromatic and cationic groups, it freely crosses the blood‒brain barrier. It is also believed to decrease inflammation and protect against a variety of neurological illnesses. This study explored the therapeutic value of SS-31 in functional recovery after SCI and its possible underlying mechanism. A spinal cord contusion injury model as well as the Basso Mouse Scale, footprint assessment, and inclined plane test were employed to assess how well individuals could function following SCI. The area of glial scarring, the number of dendrites, and the number of synapses after SCI were confirmed by HE, Masson, MAP2, and Syn staining. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to examine the expression levels of pyroptosis-, autophagy-, lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)- and MAPK signalling-related proteins. The outcomes showed that SS-31 inhibited pyroptosis, enhanced autophagy and attenuated LMP in SCI. Mechanistically, we applied AAV vectors to upregulate Pla2g4A in vivo and found that SS-31 enhanced autophagy and attenuated pyroptosis and LMP by inhibiting phosphorylation of cPLA2. Ultimately, we applied asiatic acid (a p38-MAPK agonist) to test whether SS-31 regulated cPLA2 partially through the MAPK-P38 signalling pathway. Our group is the first to suggest that SS-31 promotes functional recovery partially by inhibiting cPLA2-mediated autophagy impairment and preventing LMP and pyroptosis after SCI, which may have potential clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Zhang
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Yituo Chen
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Feida Li
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Wanta Cai
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Hantao Ye
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Haohan Su
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Mingjun He
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- grid.417384.d0000 0004 1764 2632Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang China
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Pang Y, Liu X, Zhao C, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhou T, Xiong H, Gao X, Zhao X, Yang X, Ning G, Zhang X, Feng S, Yao X. LC-MS/MS-based arachidonic acid metabolomics in acute spinal cord injury reveals the upregulation of 5-LOX and COX-2 products. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:363-372. [PMID: 36272669 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) plays a critical role in inflammatory regulation and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the overall AA metabolism profile in the acute phase of SCI remains elusive. Here we quantified AA metabolomics by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Method (LC-MS/MS) using spinal cord tissue collected at 4 h, 24 h and 48 h after contusive SCI in rats. Remarkably, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were significantly increased throughout the acute SCI. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), the key enzymes involved in the production of PGE2 and LTB4, were elevated in the lesioned spinal cord tissue, validated by both western blot and immunofluorecnce. The spatial-temporal changes of COX-2 and 5-LOX mainly occurs in neurons both in epicenter and rostral and caudal spinal cord segments after SCI. Our study sheds light on the dynamic microenvironment changes in acute SCI by characterizing the profile of AA metabolism. The COX-2 and 5-LOX may be promising therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiangang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoning Xiong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingjian Yang
- Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China; Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xue Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China; Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University & Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Pang Y, Liu X, Wang X, Shi X, Ma L, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Zhao C, Zhang X, Fan B, Hao J, Li W, Zhao X, Zhang R, Zhou S, Kong X, Feng S, Yao X. Edaravone Modulates Neuronal GPX4/ACSL4/5-LOX to Promote Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849854. [PMID: 35903552 PMCID: PMC9318422 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA-approved drug edaravone has a neuroprotective effect on spinal cord injury (SCI) and many other central nervous system diseases. However, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Since edaravone is a lipid peroxidation scavenger, we hypothesize that edaravone exerts its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting ferroptosis in SCI. Edaravone treatment after SCI upregulates glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and system Xc-light chain (xCT), which are anti-ferroptosis proteins. It downregulates pro-ferroptosis proteins Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). The most significant changes in edaravone treatment occur in the acute phase, two days post injury. Edaravone modulates neuronal GPX4/ACSL4/5-LOX in the spinal segment below the lesion, which is critical for maintaining locomotion. Moreover, the GPX4/ACSL4/5-LOX in motor neuron is also modulated by edaravone in the spinal cord. Therefore, secondary injury below the lesion site is reversed by edaravone via ferroptosis inhibition. The cytokine array revealed that edaravone upregulated some anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-13, and adiponectin. Edaravone reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis, indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Edaravone has a long-term effect on neuronal survival, spinal cord tissue sparing, and motor function recovery. In summary, we revealed a novel mechanism of edaravone in inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis in SCI. This mechanism may be generalizable to other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiangang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoyou Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Collaborating Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Orthopedic Research Center of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xue Yao,
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Almeida CA, Torres-Espin A, Huie JR, Sun D, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Young W, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Nielson JL, Ferguson AR. Excavating FAIR Data: the Case of the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS), Blood Pressure, and Neuro-Recovery. Neuroinformatics 2022; 20:39-52. [PMID: 33651310 PMCID: PMC9015816 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-021-09512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses suggest that the published literature represents only a small minority of the total data collected in biomedical research, with most becoming 'dark data' unreported in the literature. Dark data is due to publication bias toward novel results that confirm investigator hypotheses and omission of data that do not. Publication bias contributes to scientific irreproducibility and failures in bench-to-bedside translation. Sharing dark data by making it Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) may reduce the burden of irreproducible science by increasing transparency and support data-driven discoveries beyond the lifecycle of the original study. We illustrate feasibility of dark data sharing by recovering original raw data from the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS), an NIH-funded multi-site preclinical drug trial conducted in the 1990s that tested efficacy of several therapies after a spinal cord injury (SCI). The original drug treatments did not produce clear positive results and MASCIS data were stored in boxes for more than two decades. The goal of the present study was to independently confirm published machine learning findings that perioperative blood pressure is a major predictor of SCI neuromotor outcome (Nielson et al., 2015). We recovered, digitized, and curated the data from 1125 rats from MASCIS. Analyses indicated that high perioperative blood pressure at the time of SCI is associated with poorer health and worse neuromotor outcomes in more severe SCI, whereas low perioperative blood pressure is associated with poorer health and worse neuromotor outcome in moderate SCI. These findings confirm and expand prior results that a narrow window of blood-pressure control optimizes outcome, and demonstrate the value of recovering dark data for assessing reproducibility of findings with implications for precision therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abel Torres-Espin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dongming Sun
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wise Young
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica L Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Hu H, Wang H, Liu W. Effect of ganglioside combined with Chip Jiaji electro-acupuncture on Nogo-NgR signal pathway in SCI rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4132-4136. [PMID: 34354392 PMCID: PMC8324963 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the effect of ganglioside combined with Jiaji electroacupuncture (Jiaji EA) on SCI still remains unclear. This study explores the effect of ganglioside combined with electroacupuncture on Nogo/NgR signal pathway in spinal cord tissue of spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score was used to evaluate spinal cord function after modeling and 14 days post ganglioside and electroacupuncture treatment. RT-qPCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the expression levels of targets in spinal cord tissue. After 14 days of treatment, the BBB scores of Jiaji EA group, ganglioside group and combination group were all improved. The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in Jiaji EA group, ganglioside group and combination group were significantly lower than those in model group. Both of mRNA and protein expression levels of Nogo-A, NgR and LINGO-1 in the model group were significantly higher than those in the Jiaji EA group, ganglioside group and combination group. Ganglioside combined with Jiaji EA has a stronger effect on promoting the recovery of nerve function. Its mechanism of action may be related to its inhibition of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and Nogo-NgR signal pathway to promote neuronal growth. Our results will provide fundamental information for further SCI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Hu
- Department of Neurolog, Jingmen NO.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurolog, The 966 Hospital of Dandong PLA, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurolog, Jingmen NO.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, China
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7
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Huie JR, Ferguson AR, Kyritsis N, Pan JZ, Irvine KA, Nielson JL, Schupp PG, Oldham MC, Gensel JC, Lin A, Segal MR, Ratan RR, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS. Machine intelligence identifies soluble TNFa as a therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3442. [PMID: 33564058 PMCID: PMC7873211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) produces a complex syndrome that is expressed across multiple endpoints ranging from molecular and cellular changes to functional behavioral deficits. Effective therapeutic strategies for CNS injury are therefore likely to manifest multi-factorial effects across a broad range of biological and functional outcome measures. Thus, multivariate analytic approaches are needed to capture the linkage between biological and neurobehavioral outcomes. Injury-induced neuroinflammation (NI) presents a particularly challenging therapeutic target, since NI is involved in both degeneration and repair. Here, we used big-data integration and large-scale analytics to examine a large dataset of preclinical efficacy tests combining five different blinded, fully counter-balanced treatment trials for different acute anti-inflammatory treatments for cervical spinal cord injury in rats. Multi-dimensional discovery, using topological data analysis (TDA) and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that only one showed consistent multidimensional syndromic benefit: intrathecal application of recombinant soluble TNFα receptor 1 (sTNFR1), which showed an inverse-U dose response efficacy. Using the optimal acute dose, we showed that clinically-relevant 90 min delayed treatment profoundly affected multiple biological indices of NI in the first 48 h after injury, including reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of a coherent complex of acute inflammatory mediators and receptors. Further, a 90 min delayed bolus dose of sTNFR1 reduced the expression of NI markers in the chronic perilesional spinal cord, and consistently improved neurological function over 6 weeks post SCI. These results provide validation of a novel strategy for precision preclinical drug discovery that is likely to improve translation in the difficult landscape of CNS trauma, and confirm the importance of TNFα signaling as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
| | - N Kyritsis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Z Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - K-A Irvine
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J L Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P G Schupp
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - M C Oldham
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J C Gensel
- SCoBIRC, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - A Lin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M R Segal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - R R Ratan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - J C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M S Beattie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Tariq MB, Wu OC, Agulnick MA, Kasliwal MK. The 100 Most-Cited Papers in Traumatic Injury of the Spine. Neurol India 2020; 68:741-759. [PMID: 32859810 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.293470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Traumatic injury to the spine can be a complex diagnostic and therapeutic entity often with devastating consequences. Outside of the isolated vertebral column injury costs; annual costs associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) are estimated to exceed $9.7 billion. Objective To identify the 100 most-cited articles on spine trauma. Methods The Thomson Reuters Web of Science citation indexing service was queried. The articles were sorted by times cited in descending order. Two independent reviewers reviewed the article titles and abstracts to identify the top 100 most-cited articles. Results The top 100 articles were found to be cited between 108 (articles #99-100) and 1595 times (article #1). The most-cited basic science article was cited 340 times (#12 on the top 100 list). The oldest article on the top 100 list was from 1953 and most recent from 2012. The number of patients, when applicable, in a study ranged from 9 (article #34) to 34,069 (article #5). Top 100 articles were published in 41 different journals with a wide range of specialities and fields most commonly multidisciplinary. Basic science research encompassed 34 of the 100 articles on the list. Conclusions We present the 100 most-cited articles in spinal trauma with emphases on important contributions from both basic science and clinical research across a wide range of authors, specialties, patient populations, and countries. Recognizing some of the most important contributions in the field of spinal trauma may provide insight and guide future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad B Tariq
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York; Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Osmond C Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marc A Agulnick
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Manish K Kasliwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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9
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Khanh Vu TH, Chen H, Pan L, Cho KS, Doesburg D, Thee EF, Wu N, Arlotti E, Jager MJ, Chen DF. CD4 + T-Cell Responses Mediate Progressive Neurodegeneration in Experimental Ischemic Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1723-1734. [PMID: 32389572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemic events, which result from occlusion of the ocular vasculature share similar causes as those for central nervous system stroke and are among the most common cause of acute and irreversible vision loss in elderly patients. Currently, there is no established treatment, and the condition often leaves patients with seriously impaired vision or blindness. The immune system, particularly T-cell-mediated responses, is thought to be intricately involved, but the exact roles remain elusive. We found that acute ischemia-reperfusion injury to the retina induced a prolonged phase of retinal ganglion cell loss that continued to progress during 8 weeks after the procedure. This phase was accompanied by microglial activation and CD4+ T-cell infiltration into the retina. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells isolated from diseased mice exacerbated retinal ganglion cell loss in mice with retinal reperfusion damage. On the other hand, T-cell deficiency or administration of T-cell or interferon-γ-neutralizing antibody attenuated retinal ganglion cell degeneration and retinal function loss after injury. These findings demonstrate a crucial role for T-cell-mediated responses in the pathogenesis of neural ischemia. These findings point to novel therapeutic targets of limiting or preventing neuron and function loss for currently untreatable conditions of optic neuropathy and/or central nervous system ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Khanh Vu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Huihui Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Pan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Office of Research and Development, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Djoeke Doesburg
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric F Thee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nan Wu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Elisa Arlotti
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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10
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Sperling LE, Pires Reis K, Nicola F, Euzebio Teixeira C, Gulielmin Didó G, Garrido dos Santos M, Konrath E, Netto CA, Pranke P. Galantamine improves functional recovery and reduces lesion size in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Pang CY, Yang KL, Fu CH, Sun LY, Chen SY, Liao CH. G-CSF enhances the therapeutic potency of stem cells transplantation in spinal cord-injured rats. Regen Med 2019; 14:571-583. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The therapeutic effects of human wisdom teeth-derived neuronal stem cell (tNSC) cotreatment with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were evaluated for contusion-induced spinal cord injury in rats. Materials & methods: 7 days after contusion, tNSCs were transplanted to the injury site and followed by G-CSF cotreatment for 5 days. Behavioral deficits were evaluated by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan test. The injury site was collected for immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan test significantly improved in the cotreated group compared with the tNSCs or G-CSF single treatment groups. However, inflammation indices did not differ among the three groups. In vitro experiment demonstrated that tNSCs express both G-CSF and its relevant receptor. G-CSF enhanced tNSC proliferation and neurotrophins secretion in vitro. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that G-CSF enhances neurotrophins secretion of tNSCs, and might help improving functional recovery from spinal cord injury in rats if they were given together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
- Cardiovascular & Metabolomics Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan 970
| | - Kuo-Liang Yang
- Buddhist Tzu Chi Stem Cells Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
- Tzu Chi Cord Blood Bank, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
| | - Chin-Hua Fu
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 427
| | - Li-Yi Sun
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
- Gene & Stem Cell Production Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
| | - Shin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
| | - Chia-Hsin Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan 970
- Department of Nature Science, Holistic Education Center, Tzu Chi University of Science & Technology, Hualien, Taiwan 970
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12
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Models and Acute Injury Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:282. [PMID: 30967837 PMCID: PMC6439316 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing neurological condition with substantial socioeconomic implications for patients and their care-givers. Recent advances in medical management of SCI has significantly improved diagnosis, stabilization, survival rate and well-being of SCI patients. However, there has been small progress on treatment options for improving the neurological outcomes of SCI patients. This incremental success mainly reflects the complexity of SCI pathophysiology and the diverse biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, in the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made by SCI researchers to elucidate the pathophysiology of SCI and unravel the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue degeneration and repair in the injured spinal cord. To this end, a number of preclinical animal and injury models have been developed to more closely recapitulate the primary and secondary injury processes of SCI. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI. We will also discuss the neurological outcomes of human SCI and the available experimental model systems that have been employed to identify SCI mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Scott Matthew Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Verma R, Virdi JK, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Animals models of spinal cord contusion injury. Korean J Pain 2019; 32:12-21. [PMID: 30671199 PMCID: PMC6333579 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2019.32.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord contusion injury is one of the most serious nervous system disorders, characterized by high morbidity and disability. To mimic spinal cord contusion in humans, various animal models of spinal contusion injury have been developed. These models have been developed in rats, mice, and monkeys. However, most of these models are developed using rats. Two types of animal models, i.e. bilateral contusion injury and unilateral contusion injury models, are developed using either a weight drop method or impactor method. In the weight drop method, a specific weight or a rod, having a specific weight and diameter, is dropped from a specific height on to the exposed spinal cord. Low intensity injury is produced by dropping a 5 g weight from a height of 8 cm, moderate injury by dropping 10 g weight from a height of 12.5–25 mm, and high intensity injury by dropping a 25 g weight from a height of 50 mm. In the impactor method, injury is produced through an impactor by delivering a specific force to the exposed spinal cord area. Mild injury is produced by delivering 100 ± 5 kdyn of force, moderate injury by delivering 200 ± 10 kdyn of force, and severe injury by delivering 300 ± 10 kdyn of force. The contusion injury produces a significant development of locomotor dysfunction, which is generally evident from the 0–14th day of surgery and is at its peak after the 28–56th day. The present review discusses different animal models of spinal contusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur Virdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
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14
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Lee YJ, Yoon CY, Lee MS, Song BD, Lee SW, Jeong SJ. Effect of Early Sacral Neuromodulation on Bladder Function in a Rat Model of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Due to Focal Contusion. Neuromodulation 2018; 22:697-702. [PMID: 30506765 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for two-thirds of all SCIs in clinical practice. Preclinical research on the effect of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on bladder function, however, has been focused only on animal models of complete SCI. We aimed to evaluate the effect of early SNM on bladder responses in a rat model of incomplete SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Altogether, 21 female Sprague-Dawley rats were equally assigned to control (CTR), SCI + sham stimulation (SHAM), and SCI + SNM (SNM) groups. In the SHAM and SNM groups, incomplete SCI was created by producing a moderate contusion with an NYU-MASCIS impactor at the T9-T10 level of the spine, with needle electrodes implanted bilaterally into the S2 or S3 sacral foramen. Only SNM group underwent electrical stimulation for 28 days, beginning on day 7 after SCI. Cystometry was performed 35 days after SCI. RESULTS Although the interval between voiding contractions was significantly longer in the SHAM group than the CTR group (25.5 ± 1.4 vs. 12.5 ± 1.7 min; p < 0.05), there were no significant differences between the SNM group (16.5 ± 1.5 min) and the CTR group. Maximum voiding contraction pressure did not differ among the groups. The SNM group had a significantly lower frequency (3.5 ± 0.5 vs. 14.6 ± 2.0; p < 0.05) and maximum pressure (11.4 ± 6.2 vs. 21.3 ± 1.8 cmH2 O; p < 0.05) of nonvoiding contractions than the SHAM group. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide experimental evidence that early SNM treatment may prevent or diminish bladder dysfunctions (e.g., detrusor overactivity, abnormal micturition reflex) in a clinical condition of incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Yoon
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Min Seung Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Byung Do Song
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Urology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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15
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Medical Rehabilitation: Guidelines to Advance the Field With High-Impact Clinical Trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 99:2637-2648. [PMID: 30148997 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this Special Communication is to summarize guidelines and recommendations stemming from an expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR) for a workshop entitled The Future of Medical Rehabilitation Clinical Trials, held September 29-30, 2016, at the NCMRR offices in Bethesda, Maryland. The ultimate goal of both the workshop and this summary is to offer guidance on clinical trials design and operations to the medical rehabilitation research community, with the intent of maximizing the effect of future trials.
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16
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Wu X, Qu W, Bakare AA, Zhang YP, Fry CME, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Xu XM. A Laser-Guided Spinal Cord Displacement Injury in Adult Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:460-468. [PMID: 29893166 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are unique for studying molecular mechanisms of neurotrauma because of the availability of various genetic modified mouse lines. For spinal cord injury (SCI) research, producing an accurate injury is essential, but it is challenging because of the small size of the mouse cord and the inconsistency of injury production. The Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor has been shown to produce precise contusive SCI in adult rats. Here, we examined whether the LISA impactor could be used to create accurate and graded contusive SCIs in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a T10 laminectomy followed by 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mm displacement injuries, guided by a laser, from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord using the LISA impactor. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), grid-walking, TreadScan, and Hargreaves analyses were performed for up to 6 weeks post-injury. All mice were euthanized at the 7th week, and the spinal cords were collected for histological analysis. Our results showed that the LISA impactor produced accurate and consistent contusive SCIs corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe injuries to the cord. The degree of injury severities could be readily determined by the BMS locomotor, grid-walking, and TreadScan gait assessments. The cutaneous hyperalgesia threshold was also significantly increased as the injury severity increased. The terminal lesion area and the spared white matter of the injury epicenter were strongly correlated with the injury severities. We conclude that the LISA device, guided by a laser, can produce reliable graded contusive SCIs in mice, resulting in severity-dependent behavioral and histopathological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenrui Qu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adewale A Bakare
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Collin M E Fry
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,6 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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17
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Venkatachalam S, Neelamegan S, Okuda T, Marcus A, Woodbury D, Grumet M. Potential risk of clonally expanded amnion mesenchymal stem cell transplants in contused spinal cords. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:387-396. [PMID: 29614703 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) promote recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) using adult bone marrow MSC (BM-MSC). Newborn tissues are a convenient source of MSC that does not involve an invasive procedure for cell collection. In this study the authors tested the effects of rat amnion MSC clone (rAM-MSC) in SCI. METHODS We tested intra-parenchymal injection of a GFP+ rat rAM-MSC clone derived from E18.5 rats in rat SCI and measured behavioral recovery (BBB scores), histology and X-ray opacity. Expression of aggrecan was measured in culture after treatment with TGFß. RESULTS Injection of rAM-MSC after SCI did not improve BBB scores compared to control vehicle injections; rather they reduced scores significantly over 6 weeks. Spinal cords injected with rAM-MSC were hard in regions surrounding the SCI site, which was confirmed by X-ray opacity. Whole mount imaging of these cords showed minimal tissue loss in the SCI site that occurred in SCI controls, and persistence of GFP+ rAM-MSC. Mason's Trichrome staining of tissue sections showed more intense staining for extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding and extending beyond the SCI site with injections of rAM-MSC but not in controls. In response to TGF-ß treatment in culture, chondrogenic aggrecan was expressed at higher levels in rAM-MSC than in rBM-MSC, suggesting that the upregulation of TGF-ß in SCI sites may promote chondrogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION Acute injection after SCI of a clonally expanded rAM-MSC resulted in aberrant differentiation towards a chondrocytic phenotype that disrupts the spinal cord and inhibits behavioral recovery after SCI. It will be critical to ensure that injection of extensively expanded neonatal cells do not differentiate aberrantly in traumatic CNS tissue and disrupt recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Venkatachalam
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sridharan Neelamegan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Tetsuhito Okuda
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Akiva Marcus
- The Ira B. Black Center for Stem Cell Research and The Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dale Woodbury
- The Ira B. Black Center for Stem Cell Research and The Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Martin Grumet
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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18
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Ishii H, Petrenko AB, Sasaki M, Satoh Y, Kamiya Y, Tobita T, Furutani K, Matsuhashi M, Kohno T, Baba H. Free radical scavenger edaravone produces robust neuroprotection in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2017; 1682:24-35. [PMID: 29294349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We used a multimodal approach to evaluate the effects of edaravone in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI was induced by extradural compression of thoracic spinal cord. In experiment 1, 30 min prior to compression, rats received a 3 mg/kg intravenous bolus of edaravone followed by a maintenance infusion of 1 (low-dose), 3 (moderate-dose), or 10 (high-dose) mg/kg/h edaravone. Although both moderate- and high-dose edaravone regimens promoted recovery of spinal motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at 2 h post-SCI, the effect of the moderate dose was more pronounced. In experiment 2, moderate-dose edaravone was administered 30 min prior to compression, at the start of compression, or 10 min after decompression. Although both preemptive and coincident administration resulted in significantly improved spinal MEPs at 2 h post-SCI, the effect of preemptive administration was more pronounced. A moderate dose of edaravone resulted in significant attenuation of lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by lower concentrations of the free radical malonyldialdehyde in the spinal cord 3 h post-SCI. Malonyldialdehyde levels in the high-dose edaravone group were not reduced. Both moderate- and high-dose edaravone resulted in significant functional improvements, evidenced by better Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores and better performance on an inclined plane during an 8 week period post-SCI. Both moderate- and high-dose edaravone significantly attenuated neuronal loss in the spinal cord at 8 weeks post-SCI, as evidenced by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of NeuN-positive cells. In conclusion, early administration of a moderate dose of edaravone minimized the negative consequences of SCI and facilitated functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Andrey B Petrenko
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yukio Satoh
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kamiya
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Tobita
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, 280-7 Teraji, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-1104, Japan.
| | - Kenta Furutani
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Mari Matsuhashi
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Niigata Prefectural Central Hospital, 205 Joetsu, Shinnancho, Niigata 943-0192, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Kohno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8512, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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Nardone R, Florea C, Höller Y, Brigo F, Versace V, Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Trinka E. Rodent, large animal and non-human primate models of spinal cord injury. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:101-114. [PMID: 28720322 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review we aimed to assess the usefulness of the different animal models in identifying injury mechanisms and developing therapies for humans suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Results obtained from rodent studies are useful but, due to the anatomical, molecular and functional differences, confirmation of these findings in large animals or non-human primates may lead to basic discoveries that cannot be made in rodent models and that are more useful for developing treatment strategies in humans. SCI in dogs can be considered as intermediate between rodent models and human clinical trials, but the primate models could help to develop appropriate methods that might be more relevant to humans. Ideally, an animal model should meet the requirements of availability and repeatability as well as reproduce the anatomical features and the clinical pathological changing process of SCI. An animal model that completely simulates SCI in humans does not exist. The different experimental models of SCI have advantages and disadvantages for investigating the different aspects of lesion development, recovery mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The potential advantages of non-human primate models include genetic similarities, similar caliber/length of the spinal cord as well as biological and physiological responses to injury which are more similar to humans. Among the potential disadvantages, high operating costs, infrastructural requirements and ethical concerns should be considered. The translation from experimental repair strategies to clinical applications needs to be investigated in future carefully designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Via Santa Margherita 24, I-39049, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Lochner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger-Str. 100, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
Apoptosis is the morphological counterpart of active, genetically programmed cell death and is important in development, immune function, and carcinogenesis. Recent data suggest that apoptosis may be important in neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic brain injury, and neurotrauma as well. Here we review very recent data from our laboratory and others that show that at least some of the pronounced secondary injury that follows spinal cord injury (SCI) may be caused by apoptosis and associated intracellular death pathways. Both neurons and glia seem to die by apoptosis; the response of oligodendrocytes in long tracts undergoing Wallerian degeneration is particularly long lived and may be responsible for chronic demyelination and some of the dysfunction in chronic SCI. These findings suggest that the therapeutic window for treatment of acute SCI may extend into the chronic phase. In addition, proliferation of ependymal cells occurs in concert with cell death, suggesting that both degeneration and repair may occur at the same time. Therapies aimed at altering the balance between these cellular events may be useful for future treatments of SCI. NEURO SCIENTIST 4:163-171, 1998
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Beattie
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy (MSB, SLS, JCB) and Division of Neurosurgery (MSB) The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sheri L. Shuman
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy (MSB, SLS, JCB) and Division of Neurosurgery (MSB) The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline C. Bresnahan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy (MSB, SLS, JCB) and Division of Neurosurgery (MSB) The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health Columbus, Ohio
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21
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Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:98. [PMID: 27147970 PMCID: PMC4829593 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal infarction lead to neurological complications and eventually to paraplegia or quadriplegia. These extremely debilitating conditions are major contributors to morbidity. Our understanding of SCI has certainly increased during the last decade, but remains far from clear. SCI consists of two defined phases: the initial impact causes primary injury, which is followed by a prolonged secondary injury consisting of evolving sub-phases that may last for years. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving this condition are complex. Derangement of the vasculature is a notable feature of the pathology of SCI. In particular, an important component of SCI is the ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to endothelial dysfunction and changes in vascular permeability. Indeed, together with endothelial cell damage and failure in homeostasis, ischemia reperfusion injury triggers full-blown inflammatory cascades arising from activation of residential innate immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) and infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). These inflammatory cells release neurotoxins (proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, free radicals, excitotoxic amino acids, nitric oxide (NO)), all of which partake in axonal and neuronal deficit. Therefore, our review considers the recent advances in SCI mechanisms, whereby it becomes clear that SCI is a heterogeneous condition. Hence, this leads towards evidence of a restorative approach based on monotherapy with multiple targets or combinatorial treatment. Moreover, from evaluation of the existing literature, it appears that there is an urgent requirement for multi-centered, randomized trials for a large patient population. These clinical studies would offer an opportunity in stratifying SCI patients at high risk and selecting appropriate, optimal therapeutic regimens for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhtar Anwar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
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22
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Carter MW, Johnson KM, Lee JY, Hulsebosch CE, Gwak YS. Comparison of Mechanical Allodynia and Recovery of Locomotion and Bladder Function by Different Parameters of Low Thoracic Spinal Contusion Injury in Rats. Korean J Pain 2016; 29:86-95. [PMID: 27103963 PMCID: PMC4837124 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2016.29.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was designed to examine the functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) by adjusting the parameters of impact force and dwell-time using the Infinite Horizon (IH) impactor device. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats (225–240 g) were divided into eight injury groups based on force of injury (Kdyn) and dwell time (seconds), indicated as Force-Dwell time: 150-4, 150-3, 150-2, 150-1, 150-0, 200-0, 90-2 and sham controls, respectively. Results After T10 SCI, higher injury force produced greater spinal cord displacement (P < 0.05) and showed a significant correlation (r = 0.813) between the displacement and the force (P < 0.05). In neuropathic pain-like behavior, the percent of paw withdrawals scores in the hindpaw for the 150-4, 150-3, 150-2, 150-1 and the 200-0 injury groups were significantly lowered compared with sham controls (P < 0.05). The recovery of locomotion had a significant within-subjects effect of time (P < 0.05) and the 150-0 group had increased recovery compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the 200-0 and the 90-2 recovered significantly better than all the 150 kdyn impact groups that included a dwell-time (P < 0.05). In recovery of spontaneous bladder function, the 150-4 injury group took significantly longer recovery time whereas the 150-0 and the 90-2 groups had the shortest recovery times. Conclusions The present study demonstrates SCI parameters optimize development of mechanical allodynia and other pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Carter
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kathia M Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Claire E Hulsebosch
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Young Seob Gwak
- Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Korea
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23
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Khuyagbaatar B, Kim K, Kim YH. Conversion Equation between the Drop Height in the New York University Impactor and the Impact Force in the Infinite Horizon Impactor in the Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1987-93. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yoon Hyuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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24
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Bittner GD, Rokkappanavar KK, Peduzzi JD. Application and implications of polyethylene glycol-fusion as a novel technology to repair injured spinal cords. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1406-8. [PMID: 26604897 PMCID: PMC4625502 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George D Bittner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kiran K Rokkappanavar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jean D Peduzzi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Oakwood, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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25
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Effects of Magnetically Guided, SPIO-Labeled, and Neurotrophin-3 Gene-Modified Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:2018474. [PMID: 26649047 PMCID: PMC4663356 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2018474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of spinal cord injury (SCI) mechanisms, there are still no effective treatment approaches to restore functionality. Although many studies have demonstrated that transplanting NT3 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is an effective approach to treat SCI, the approach is often low efficient in the delivery of engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of magnetic targeting of NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs via lumbar puncture in a rat model of SCI. With the aid of a magnetic targeting cells delivery system, we can not only deliver the engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury more efficiently, but also perform cells imaging in vivo using MR. In addition, we also found that this composite strategy could significantly improve functional recovery and nerve regeneration compared to transplanting NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs without magnetic targeting system. Our results suggest that this composite strategy could be promising for clinical applications.
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26
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Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Expressing the Neurogenin-2 Promote Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:657-67. [PMID: 26283493 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) is a proneural gene that directs neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells during development. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) over-expressing the Ngn2 transgene (Ngn2-ADSCs) could display the characteristics of neurogenic cells and improve functional recovery in an experimental rat model of SCI. ADSCs from rats were cultured and purified in vitro, followed by genetically modified with the Ngn2 gene. Forty-eight adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the control, ADSCs, and Ngn2-ADSCs groups. The hind-limb motor function of all rats was recorded using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for 8 weeks. Moreover, hematoxylineosin staining and immunohistochemistry were also performed. After neural induction, positive expression rate of NeuN in Ngn2-ADSCs group was upon 90 %. Following transplantation, a great number of ADSCs was found around the center of the injury spinal cord at 1 and 4 weeks, which improved retention of tissue at the lesion site. Ngn2-ADSCs differentiated into neurons, indicated by the expression of neuronal markers, NeuN and Tuj1. Additionally, transplantation of Ngn2-ADSCs upregulated the trophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor), and inhibited the glial scar formation, which was indicated by immunohistochemistry with glial fibrillary acidic protein. Finally, Ngn2-ADSCs-treated animals showed the highest functional recovery among the three groups. These findings suggest that transplantation of Ngn2-overexpressed ADSCs promote the functional recovery from SCI, and improve the local microenvironment of injured cord in a more efficient way than that with ADSCs alone.
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27
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Abstract
Four different spinal cord injury (SCI) models (hemisection, contusion, transection, and segment resection) were produced in male Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the most suitable animal model of SCI by analyzing the changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters both qualitatively and quantitatively in vivo. Radiological examinations were performed before surgery and weekly within 4 weeks after surgery to obtain DTI tractography, MRI routine images, and DTI data of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale was used to evaluate the locomotor outcomes. We found that DTI tractography tracked nerve fibers and showed conspicuous changes in the injured spinal cord in all the model groups, which confirmed that our modeling was successful. A decrease in FA values and an increase in ADC were observed in all the model groups after surgery. There were significant differences in FA and ADC between weeks 1 and 4 in both hemisection and contusion groups (P<0.05), whereas the differences in the transection and segment resection groups were not as remarkable (P>0.05). Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores further proved the results because of a significant, positive correlation of the scores with FA (R=0.899, P<0.01) and a significant, negative correlation of the scores with ADC (R=-0.829, P<0.01). Therefore, the transection model, which is more quantified and stable within 4 weeks after injury according to the DTI and behavioral evaluation, should be used as the standard model for SCI animal testing.
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Liu R, Zhang S, Yang H, Ju P, Xia Y, Shi Y, Lim TH, Lim AS, Liang F, Feng Z. Characterization and therapeutic evaluation of a Nestin+ CNP+ NG2+ cell population on mouse spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Molina AEIS, Cristante AF, Barros Filho TEPD, Molina MS, Molina TP. A computerized system for the application of Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale in Wistar rats. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2015; 23:179-83. [PMID: 26327797 PMCID: PMC4544524 DOI: 10.1590/1413-78522015230400673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and test a computer program to assist researchers in assigning scores in the application of the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale and to compare these scores when doing so in free, targeted and automated computer-assisted modes. METHOD To test the program, the participants used the Impactor methodology recommended by the New York University (USA), in which 12 Wistar rats submitted to spinal cord injury were filmed on the 28(th) day after the injury. Eight researchers from the Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil took part in the study. The two heads of the laboratory, with 15 years of experience in the application of the scale, were considered the gold standard. RESULTS The results of the scale application were not significantly different in relation to the gold standard, considering the mean of the evaluators in each method: free, targeted and automated form (with the help of the computer). CONCLUSIONS The application of the BBB scale in the automated mode, using the computer program, did not present any difference in relation to the gold standard for all the evaluators. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Studies.
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Gwak SJ, Koo H, Yun Y, Yhee JY, Lee HY, Yoon DH, Kim K, Ha Y. Multifunctional nanoparticles for gene delivery and spinal cord injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3474-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Gwak
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yhee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Hye Yeong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Do Heum Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Hwarangno 14-Gil 6 Seongbuk-Gu Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery; Spine and Spinal Cord Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; 134 Shinchon-dong Seodaemoon-gu Seoul South Korea
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Liu NK, Xu XM. Neuroprotection and its molecular mechanism following spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:2051-62. [PMID: 25624837 PMCID: PMC4296426 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.26.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury initiates a complex cascade of molecular events termed ‘secondary injury’, which leads to progressive degeneration ranging from early neuronal apoptosis at the lesion site to delayed degeneration of intact white matter tracts, and, ultimately, expansion of the initial injury. These secondary injury processes include, but are not limited to, inflammation, free radical-induced cell death, glutamate excitotoxicity, phospholipase A2 activation, and induction of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, which are important targets in developing neuroprotective strategies for treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, a number of studies have shown promising results on neuroprotection and recovery of function in rodent models of spinal cord injury using treatments that target secondary injury processes including inflammation, phospholipase A2 activation, and manipulation of the PTEN-Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The present review outlines our ongoing research on the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection in experimental spinal cord injury and briefly summarizes our earlier findings on the therapeutic potential of pharmacological treatments in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery & Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery & Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Strickland ER, Woller SA, Garraway SM, Hook MA, Grau JW, Miranda RC. Regulatory effects of intermittent noxious stimulation on spinal cord injury-sensitive microRNAs and their presumptive targets following spinal cord contusion. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:117. [PMID: 25278846 PMCID: PMC4166958 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrollable nociceptive stimulation adversely affects recovery in spinally contused rats. Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in altered microRNA (miRNA) expression both at, and distal to the lesion site. We hypothesized that uncontrollable nociception further influences SCI-sensitive miRNAs and associated gene targets, potentially explaining the progression of maladaptive plasticity. Our data validated previously described sensitivity of miRNAs to SCI alone. Moreover, following SCI, intermittent noxious stimulation decreased expression of miR124 in dorsal spinal cord 24 h after stimulation and increased expression of miR129-2 in dorsal, and miR1 in ventral spinal cord at 7 days. We also found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated 1 day after SCI alone, and significantly more so, after SCI followed by tailshock. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression was significantly increased at both 1 and 7 days post-SCI, and significantly more so, 7 days post-SCI with shock. MiR1 expression was positively and significantly correlated with IGF-1, but not BDNF mRNA expression. Further, stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that a significant proportion of the changes in BDNF and IGF-1 mRNA expression were explained by variance in two groups of miRNAs, implying co-regulation. Collectively, these data show that uncontrollable nociception which activates sensorimotor circuits distal to the injury site, influences SCI-miRNAs and target mRNAs within the lesion site. SCI-sensitive miRNAs may well mediate adverse consequences of uncontrolled sensorimotor activation on functional recovery. However, their sensitivity to distal sensory input also implicates these miRNAs as candidate targets for the management of SCI and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Strickland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sarah A Woller
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, USA
| | - Sandra M Garraway
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, USA
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center Bryan, TX, USA
| | - James W Grau
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center Bryan, TX, USA
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Decreased GFAP expression and improved functional recovery in contused spinal cord of rats following valproic acid therapy. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2319-33. [PMID: 25205382 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have illustrated that much of the post-traumatic degeneration of the spinal cord cells is caused by the secondary mechanism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the anti-inflammatory property of valproic acid (VPA) on injured spinal cords (SC). The rats with the contused SC received intraperitoneal single injection of VPA (150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 mg/kg) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h post-injury. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) test and H-reflex evaluated the functional outcome for 12 weeks. The SC were investigated 3 months post-injury using morphometry and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression. Reduction in cavitation, H/M ratio, BBB scores and GFAP expression in the treatment groups were significantly more than that of the untreated one (P < 0.05). The optimal improvement in the condition of the contused rats was in the ones treated at the acute phase of injury with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury, they had the highest increase in BBB score and decrease in astrogliosis and axonal loss. We conclude that treating the contused rats with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury improves the functional outcome and reduces the traumatized SC gliosis.
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Woller SA, Malik JS, Aceves M, Hook MA. Morphine self-administration following spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1570-83. [PMID: 24827476 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain develops in up to two-thirds of people following spinal cord injury (SCI). Opioids are among the most effective treatments for this pain and are commonly prescribed. There is concern surrounding the use of these analgesics, however, because use is often associated with the development of addiction. Previous data suggests that this concern may not be relevant in the presence of neuropathic pain. Yet, despite the common prescription of opioids for the treatment of SCI-related pain, there has been only one previous study examining the addictive potential of morphine following spinal injury. To address this, the present study used a self-administration paradigm to examine the addictive potential of morphine in a rodent model of SCI. Animals were placed into self-administration chambers 24 h, 14 d, or 35 d following a moderate spinal contusion injury. They were placed into the chambers for seven 12-hour sessions with access to 1.5 mg morphine/lever depression (up to 30 mg/d). In the acute phase of SCI, contused animals self-administered significantly less morphine than their sham counterparts, as previously shown. However, contused animals showing signs of neuropathic pain did not self-administer less morphine than their sham counterparts when administration began 14 or 35 d after injury. Instead, these animals administered nearly the full amount of morphine available each session. This amount of morphine did not affect recovery of locomotor function but did cause significant weight loss. We suggest caution is warranted when prescribing opioids for the treatment of neuropathic pain resulting from SCI, as the addictive potential is not reduced in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- 1 Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience , Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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Effects of methylprednisolone and 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in experimental spinal cord injury in the guinea pig appear to be mediated by different and potentially complementary mechanisms. Spinal Cord 2014; 52:662-6. [PMID: 25047053 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel treatment group studies of the effects of methylprednisolone (MP) or 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate (4-Cl-3-HAA) on behavioral outcome and quinolinic acid tissue levels from experimental thoracic spinal cord injury in adult guinea pigs. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of treatment with high-dose MP, a corticosteroid, and 4-Cl-3-HAA, a compound that inhibits synthesis of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid (QUIN) by activated macrophages. To explore the effect of different times of treatment using these two approaches to ameliorating secondary tissue damage. SETTING Laboratory animal studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. METHODS Standardized spinal cord injuries were produced in anesthetized guinea pigs, using lateral compression of the spinal cord. Behavioral impairment and recovery were measured by placing and toe-spread responses (motor function), cutaneus trunci muscle reflex receptive field areas and somatosensory-evoked potentials (sensory function). Tissue quinolinic acid levels were measured by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. RESULTS The current experiments showed a reduction in delayed loss of motor and sensory function in the guinea pig with MP (150 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneally in split doses between 0.5 and 6 h), but no significant reduction in tissue QUIN. Improved sensory function was seen with a single dose of 60 mg kg(-1) MP intraperitoneally at 5 h after injury, but not at 10 h after injury. A single dose of 4-Cl-3-HAA at 5 h in the guinea pig did not produce the sensory and motor improvements seen in previous studies with 12 days of dosing, beginning at 5 h. CONCLUSION These studies, together with earlier findings, indicate that both drugs can attenuate secondary pathologic damage after SCI, but through separate mechanisms. These are most likely an acute reduction by MP of oxidative processes and reduction by 4-Cl-3-HAA of QUIN synthesis.
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Wang LJ, Zhang RP, Li JD. Transplantation of neurotrophin-3-expressing bone mesenchymal stem cells improves recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:1409-18. [PMID: 24744011 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of transplanting neutrophin-3 (NT-3)-expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Forty-eight adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the control, BMSC, and NT-3-BMSC groups. BMSCs were infected with NT-3-DsRed or DsRed lentivirus and injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via lumbar puncture (LP) 7 days after SCI in the NT-3-BMSC and BMSC groups, respectively. The hind-limb motor function of all rats was recorded using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after transplantation. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence labelling, and western blotting were performed at the final time point. RESULTS Expressions of NT-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins increased significantly in the NT-3-BMSC group, and hind-limb locomotor functions improved significantly in the NT-3-BMSC group compared with the other two groups. The cystic cavity area was smallest in the NT-3-BMSC group. In the NT-3-BMSC group, neurofilament 200 (NF200) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression levels around the lesions were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that transplantation of NT-3 gene-modified BMSCs via LP can strengthen the therapeutic benefits of BMSC transplantation. We observed that these modified cells increased locomotor function recovery, promoted nerve regeneration, and improved the injured spinal cord microenvironment, suggesting that it could be a promising treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China,
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Strickland ER, Woller SA, Hook MA, Grau JW, Miranda RC. The association between spinal cord trauma-sensitive miRNAs and pain sensitivity, and their regulation by morphine. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:40-9. [PMID: 24867772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased pain sensitivity is a common sequela to spinal cord injury (SCI). Moreover, drugs like morphine, though critical for pain management, elicit pro-inflammatory effects that exacerbate chronic pain symptoms. Previous reports showed that SCI results in the induction and suppression of several microRNAs (miRNAs), both at the site of injury, as well as in segments of the spinal cord distal to the injury site. We hypothesized that morphine would modulate the expression of these miRNAs, and that expression of these SCI-sensitive miRNAs may predict adaptation of distal nociceptive circuitry following SCI. To determine whether morphine treatment further dysregulates SCI-sensitive miRNAs, their expression was examined by qRT-PCR in sham controls and in response to vehicle and morphine treatment following contusion in rats, at either 2 or 15 days post-SCI. Our data indicated that expression of miR1, miR124, and miR129-2 at the injury site predicted the nociceptive response mediated by spinal regions distal to the lesion site, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the interaction of SCI with adaptation of functionally intact distal sensorimotor circuitry. Moreover, the SCI-induced miRNA, miR21 was induced by subsequent morphine administration, representing an alternate, and hitherto unidentified, maladaptive response to morphine exposure. Contrary to predictions, mRNA for the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R), an identified target of SCI-sensitive miRNAs, was also induced following SCI, indicating dissociation between miRNA and target gene expression. Moreover, IL6R mRNA expression was inversely correlated with locomotor function suggesting that inflammation is a predictor of decreased spinal cord function. Collectively, our data indicate that miR21 and other SCI-sensitive miRNAs may constitute therapeutic targets, not only for improving functional recovery following SCI, but also for attenuating the effects of SCI on pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Strickland
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA
| | - Sarah A Woller
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
| | - Michelle A Hook
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
| | - James W Grau
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA.
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McLean MM, Vert C, Dutcher M, Kollar R, Tilney PV. A 41-year-old man with an incomplete spinal cord injury. Air Med J 2014; 33:6-9. [PMID: 24373468 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Review of transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells for spinal cord injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:701-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Effect of sodium hydrosulphide after acute compression injury of spinal cord. Brain Res 2013; 1527:222-9. [PMID: 23806779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early treatment of spinal cord white matter injury has been found beneficial. H2S, a neurotransmitter is neuroprotective at lower doses. PURPOSE In the present study the effect of NaHS after clip compression injury of spinal cord white matter in vivo was studied. METHODS The injury was induced in 8-10 weeks old Wistar rats by exposing the spinal cord at T8-T10 level by laminectomy and applying 35 g clip for 1 min. A dose of 50 µM NaHS was given intraperitoneally after 1h of injury. 0.5mm Spinal cord tissues were collected 8h after injury from both sides including epicenter and dorsal column was microdissected and used for further study. RESULTS NaHS treatment decreases nitric oxide (NO) by 27% and lipid peroxide (LPO) by 18% as compared to injury, which are hallmark of attenuation in oxidative stress. Western blots shows significant changes in Myeloperoxidase (MPO) level went down by 10%. GSH contents increased 44% in treated group as compared to the injury group. NaHS treatment increased Nrf-2 expression 1.8 times. We found NaHS treatment reduced the GFAP expression 8%, there was no significant changes in NF-200 after treatment and no evident morphological changes with H and E staining. CONCLUSIONS With the above data we conclude that NaHS at 50 µM dose at 1h after injury reduces the NO, LPO, GFAP and MPO level at injury site by increasing the expression of Nrf-2. We expect that a decrease in these parameters during acute phase of spinal cord injury would be helpful in neuroprotection and regeneration.
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The effect of methylprednisolone intravenous infusion on the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in a rat spinal cord injury model. Spine J 2013; 13:439-42. [PMID: 23267738 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Methylprednisolone (MP) infusion after acute spinal cord injury (SCI) remains controversial despite large randomized studies, including the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS). PURPOSE To determine the effect of NASCIS protocol MP infusion on the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a neuroprotective cytokine, in a rat model after SCI. STUDY DESIGN Animal laboratory study. METHODS Thirty rats were randomized into an MP infusion group (intravenous [IV]-MP) versus normal saline (NS) control group (IV-NS) after a standardized SCI. Ciliary neurotrophic factor expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-SCI. RESULTS Mean CNTF expression was diminished in the MP group at 12 (p=.006) and 24 (p=.008) hours postinjury compared with the control group. Expression of CNTF was not significantly different between the groups at 6, 48, and 72 hours post-SCI. CONCLUSIONS Standardized MP infusion post-SCI reduces CNTF activation in a rat SCI model. Further study is needed to determine if this effect is seen in human SCIs.
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Ferguson AR, Irvine KA, Gensel JC, Nielson JL, Lin A, Ly J, Segal MR, Ratan RR, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS. Derivation of multivariate syndromic outcome metrics for consistent testing across multiple models of cervical spinal cord injury in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59712. [PMID: 23544088 PMCID: PMC3609747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and other neurological disorders involve complex biological and functional changes. Well-characterized preclinical models provide a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms of disease; however managing information produced by experimental models represents a significant challenge for translating findings across research projects and presents a substantial hurdle for translation of novel therapies to humans. In the present work we demonstrate a novel ‘syndromic’ information-processing approach for capitalizing on heterogeneous data from diverse preclinical models of SCI to discover translational outcomes for therapeutic testing. We first built a large, detailed repository of preclinical outcome data from 10 years of basic research on cervical SCI in rats, and then applied multivariate pattern detection techniques to extract features that are conserved across different injury models. We then applied this translational knowledge to derive a data-driven multivariate metric that provides a common ‘ruler’ for comparisons of outcomes across different types of injury (NYU/MASCIS weight drop injuries, Infinite Horizons (IH) injuries, and hemisection injuries). The findings revealed that each individual endpoint provides a different view of the SCI syndrome, and that considering any single outcome measure in isolation provides a misleading, incomplete view of the SCI syndrome. This limitation was overcome by taking a novel multivariate integrative approach for leveraging complex data from preclinical models of neurological disease to identify therapies that target multiple outcomes. We suggest that applying this syndromic approach provides a roadmap for translating therapies for SCI and other complex neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARF); (MSB)
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Nielson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amity Lin
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Ly
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Segal
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline C. Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARF); (MSB)
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Fu Z, Lu H, Jiang J, Jiang H, Zhang Z. Methylprednisolone inhibits Nogo-A protein expression after acute spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:404-9. [PMID: 25206681 PMCID: PMC4146133 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte-produced Nogo-A has been shown to inhibit axonal regeneration. Methylprednisolone plays an effective role in treating spinal cord injury, but the effect of methylprednisolone on Nogo-A in the injured spinal cord remains unknown. The present study established a rat model of acute spinal cord injury by the weight-drop method. Results showed that after injury, the motor behavior ability of rats was reduced and necrotic injury appeared in spinal cord tissues, which was accompanied by increased Nogo-A expression in these tissues. After intravenous injection of high-dose methylprednisolone, although the pathology of spinal cord tissue remained unchanged, Nogo-A expression was reduced, but the level was still higher than normal. These findings implicate that methylprednisolone could inhibit Nogo-A expression, which could be a mechanism by which early high dose methylprednisolone infusion helps preserve spinal cord function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozong Fu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaofei Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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Lu WH, Wang CY, Chen PS, Wang JW, Chuang DM, Yang CS, Tzeng SF. Valproic acid attenuates microgliosis in injured spinal cord and purinergic P2X4 receptor expression in activated microglia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:694-705. [PMID: 23404572 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral injection with a high dose of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, into animals with mild or moderate spinal cord injury (SCI) for 1 week can reduce spinal cord tissue loss and promote hindlimb locomotor recovery. A purinergic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptor subtype, P2X4 receptor (P2X4 R), has been considered as a potential target to diminish SCI-associated inflammatory responses. In this study, using a minipump-based infusion system, we found that intraspinal infusion with VPA for 3 days into injured spinal cord significantly improved hindlimb locomotion of rats with severe SCI induced by a 10-g NYU impactor dropping from the height of 50 mm onto the spinal T9/10 segment. The neuronal fibers in the injured spinal cord tissues were significantly preserved in VPA-treated rats compared with those observed in vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, the accumulation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the injured spinal cord was attenuated in the animal group receiving VPA infusion. VPA also significantly reduced P2X4 R expression post-SCI. Furthermore, in vitro study indicated that VPA, but not the other HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), caused downregulation of P2X4 R in microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-triggered signaling was involved in the effect of VPA on the inhibition of P2X4 R gene expression. In addition to the findings from others, our results also provide important evidence to show the inhibitory effect of VPA on P2X4 R expression in activated microglia, which may contribute to reduction of SCI-induced gliosis and subsequently preservation of spinal cord tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Benhar I, London A, Schwartz M. The privileged immunity of immune privileged organs: the case of the eye. Front Immunol 2012; 3:296. [PMID: 23049533 PMCID: PMC3448293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of ocular diseases and the search for their cure have been based on the common assumption that the eye is an immune privileged site, and the consequent conclusion that entry of immune cells to this organ is forbidden. Accordingly, it was assumed that when immune cell entry does occur, this reflects an undesired outcome of breached barriers. However, studies spanning more than a decade have demonstrated that acute insults to the retina, or chronic conditions resulting in retinal ganglion cell loss, such as in glaucoma, result in an inferior outcome in immunocompromised mice; likewise, steroidal treatment was found to be detrimental under these conditions. Moreover, even conditions that are associated with inflammation, such as age-related macular degeneration, are not currently believed to require immune suppression for treatment, but rather, are thought to benefit from immune modulation. Here, we propose that the immune privilege of the eye is its ability to enable, upon need, the entry of selected immune cells for its repair and healing, rather than to altogether prevent immune cell entry. The implications for acute and chronic degenerative diseases, as well as for infection and inflammatory diseases, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Benhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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Otsuka S, Adamson C, Sankar V, Gibbs KM, Kane-Goldsmith N, Ayer J, Babiarz J, Kalinski H, Ashush H, Alpert E, Lahav R, Feinstein E, Grumet M. Delayed intrathecal delivery of RhoA siRNA to the contused spinal cord inhibits allodynia, preserves white matter, and increases serotonergic fiber growth. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:1063-76. [PMID: 21443453 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is upregulated after spinal cord injury (SCI). We analyzed different methods for siRNA delivery and developed siRNAs targeting RhoA (siRhoA) for SCI treatment. Cy 3.5-labeled siRNA delivered at the time of SCI yielded fluorescence in several cell types in the injury site. Intraspinal injections of chemically stabilized siRhoA into the spinal cord of injured rats reduced RhoA protein levels after 1 week and improved hindlimb walking over 6 weeks. To explore a less invasive route, we tested intrathecal injection of Cy 3.5-labeled siRNA via lumbar puncture 1 day after SCI, which resulted in robust uptake in the T9-T10 injury site. Lumbar injection of siRhoA 1 day after SCI reduced RhoA mRNA and protein levels 3 days after injection. Although siRhoA treatment did not yield significant improvement in locomotion, it decreased tactile hypersensitivity significantly compared to controls. Histological analysis at 8 weeks showed significant improvement in white matter sparing with siRhoA compared to control siRNA. siRhoA treatment also resulted in less accumulation of ED1+macrophages, increased PKC-γ immunoreactivity in the corticospinal tract rostral to the injury site, and increased serotonergic fiber growth 12 mm caudal to the contusion site. The ability of siRhoA to preserve white matter and promote serotonergic axonal regrowth caudal to the injury site is likely to suppress allodynia. This provides justification for considering clinical development of RhoA inhibitors to treat SCI sub-acutely to reduce allodynia, which occurs frequently in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Otsuka
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
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Tail nerve electrical stimulation combined with scar ablation and neural transplantation promotes locomotor recovery in rats with chronically contused spinal cord. Brain Res 2012; 1456:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Woller SA, Moreno GL, Hart N, Wellman PJ, Grau JW, Hook MA. Analgesia or addiction?: implications for morphine use after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1650-62. [PMID: 22214368 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are among the most effective agents for treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, the use of morphine after a spinal cord injury (SCI) can potentiate the development of paradoxical pain symptoms, and continuous administration can lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction. Although some studies suggest that the addictive potential of morphine decreases when it is used to treat neuropathic pain, this has not been studied in a SCI model. Accordingly, the present studies investigated the addictive potential of morphine in a rodent model of SCI using conditioned place preference (CPP) and intravenous self-administration paradigms. A contusion injury significantly increased the expression of a CPP relative to sham and intact controls in the acute phase of injury. However, contused animals self-administered significantly less morphine than sham and intact controls, but this was dose-dependent; at a high concentration, injured rats exhibited an increase in drug-reinforced responses over time. Exposure to a high concentration of morphine impeded weight gain and locomotor recovery. We suggest that the increased preference observed in injured rats reflects a motivational effect linked in part to the drug's anti-nociceptive effect. Further, although injured rats exhibited a suppression of opiate self-administration, when given access to a high concentration, addictive-like behavior emerged and was associated with poor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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Autophagy is activated in injured neurons and inhibited by methylprednisolone after experimental spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:470-5. [PMID: 21587101 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e318221e859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental, controlled trial, animal study. OBJECTIVE To assess autophagy expression after rat spinal cord injury (SCI) and investigate the effect of methylprednisolone treatment on autophagy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although it is evident that SCI induces necrosis and apoptosis, its relationship to autophagy is uncertain. Autophagy is implicated in various pathological states in the nervous system, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral ischemia, and traumatic brain injury. Up to now, no autophagy expression was evidenced by transmission electronic microscope (TEM) and the autophagy marker, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) in neural tissue after SCI. METHODS Sixty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experimental procedure. In the SCI group, laminectomy at T9 were performed, followed by impactor contusion of the spinal cord. In the sham group, only a laminectomy was performed without contusion. We used Western blot to analyze LC3 at 2 hours, 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after SCI. We also investigated the effect of methylprednisolone on autophagy expression of contused spinal cord. Cellular localization and ultrastructural changes after spinal cord injury were compared with those sham-operated rats using immunofluorescent double labeling and TEM, respectively. Data from the Western blot were analyzed using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test with P < 0.05 being considered significant. RESULTS We detected significantly elevated level of LC3 2 hours after SCI, and then the level declined until 1 week after SCI. Methylprednisolone decreased LC3 expression at 2 hours after SCI. LC3 positive cells were colocalized with neuronal nuclei, but not with glial fibrillary acidic protein. The existence of autophagy and progress of autophagic cell death after SCI were confirmed by TEM. CONCLUSION Through observing the enhanced autophagy expression in neurons soon after contusion injury and the inhibitive effect of methylprednisolone treatment, this study demonstrates the characteristics of autophagy expression after SCI and suggests that autophagic cell death may play a role in neuronal death after spinal cord trauma.
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Gensel JC, Tovar CA, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS. Topiramate treatment is neuroprotective and reduces oligodendrocyte loss after cervical spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33519. [PMID: 22428066 PMCID: PMC3302770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess glutamate release and associated neurotoxicity contributes to cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). Indeed, delayed administration of glutamate receptor antagonists after SCI in rodents improves tissue sparing and functional recovery. Despite their therapeutic potential, most glutamate receptor antagonists have detrimental side effects and have largely failed clinical trials. Topiramate is an AMPA-specific, glutamate receptor antagonists that is FDA-approved to treat CNS disorders. In the current study we tested whether topiramate treatment is neuroprotective after cervical contusion injury in rats. We report that topiramate, delivered 15-minutes after SCI, increases tissue sparing and preserves oligodendrocytes and neurons when compared to vehicle treatment. In addition, topiramate is more effective than the AMPA-receptor antagonist, NBQX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting a neuroprotective effect of topiramate treatment after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Gensel
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
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