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Crisóstomo J, Duarte JV, Canário N, Moreno C, Gomes L, Castelo-Branco M. The longitudinal impact of type 2 diabetes on brain gyrification. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4384-4392. [PMID: 37927099 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has an effect on brain structure, including cortical gyrification. The significance of these changes is better understood if assessed over time. However, there is a lack of studies assessing longitudinally the effect of this disease with complex aethology in gyrification. While changes in this feature have been associated mainly with genetic legacy, our study allowed to shed light on the effect of the variation of glycaemic profile over time in gyrification in this metabolic disease. In this longitudinal study, we analysed brain anatomical magnetic resonance images of 15 participants with type 2 diabetes and 13 healthy control participants to investigate the impact of this metabolic disease on the gyrification index over a 7-year period. We observed a significant interaction between time and group in six regions, four of which (left precentral gyrus, left gyrus rectus, left subcentral gyrus and sulci and right inferior temporal gyrus) showed an increase in gyrification in type 2 diabetes and a decrease in the control group and the two others (left pericallosal sulcus and right inferior frontal sulcus) the opposite pattern. The variation of the gyrification was correlated with the variation of the glycaemic profile. Following the interaction, the simple main effect of time in each group separately has shown that in the group with diabetes, there were more regions susceptible to alterations of gyrification. In sum, our results raise credit for the possibility that glycaemic control also might influence gyrification in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Crisóstomo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nádia Canário
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Voldsbekk I, Kjelkenes R, Wolfers T, Dahl A, Lund MJ, Kaufmann T, Fernandez-Cabello S, de Lange AMG, Tamnes CK, Andreassen OA, Westlye LT, Alnæs D. Shared pattern of impaired social communication and cognitive ability in the youth brain across diagnostic boundaries. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101219. [PMID: 36812678 PMCID: PMC9975702 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in brain structure are shared across diagnostic categories. Given the high rate of comorbidity, the interplay of relevant behavioural factors may also cross these classic boundaries. METHODS We aimed to detect brain-based dimensions of behavioural factors using canonical correlation and independent component analysis in a clinical youth sample (n = 1732, 64 % male, age: 5-21 years). RESULTS We identified two correlated patterns of brain structure and behavioural factors. The first mode reflected physical and cognitive maturation (r = 0.92, p = .005). The second mode reflected lower cognitive ability, poorer social skills, and psychological difficulties (r = 0.92, p = .006). Elevated scores on the second mode were a common feature across all diagnostic boundaries and linked to the number of comorbid diagnoses independently of age. Critically, this brain pattern predicted normative cognitive deviations in an independent population-based sample (n = 1253, 54 % female, age: 8-21 years), supporting the generalisability and external validity of the reported brain-behaviour relationships. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal dimensions of brain-behaviour associations across diagnostic boundaries, highlighting potent disorder-general patterns as the most prominent. In addition to providing biologically informed patterns of relevant behavioural factors for mental illness, this contributes to a growing body of evidence in favour of transdiagnostic approaches to prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Voldsbekk
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rikka Kjelkenes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina J. Lund
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Fernandez-Cabello
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann-Marie G. de Lange
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,LREN, Centre for Research in Neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway,PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
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Progress in Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031054. [PMID: 36769704 PMCID: PMC9917938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare epigenetic disease mapping the imprinted chromosomal domain of 15q11.2-q13.3, manifests a regular neurodevelopmental trajectory in different phases. The current multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach for PWS focues on morphological MRI (mMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) to uncover brain alterations. This technique offers another perspective to understand potential neurodevelopmental and neuropathological processes of PWS, in addition to specific molecular gene expression patterns, various clinical manifestations and metabolic phenotypes. Multimodal MRI studies of PWS patients demonstrated common brain changes in the volume of gray matter, the integrity of the fiber tracts and the activation and connectivity of some networks. These findings mainly showed that brain alterations in the frontal reward circuit and limbic system were related to molecular genetics and clinical manifestations (e.g., overwhelming eating, obsessive compulsive behaviors and skin picking). Further exploration using a large sample size and advanced MRI technologies, combined with artificial intelligence algorithms, will be the main research direction to study the structural and functional changes and potential pathogenesis of PWS.
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Zhu Z, Huang T, Zhen Z, Wang B, Wu X, Li S. From sMRI to task-fMRI: A unified geometric deep learning framework for cross-modal brain anatomo-functional mapping. Med Image Anal 2023; 83:102681. [PMID: 36459804 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Achieving predictions of brain functional activation patterns/task-fMRI maps from its underlying anatomy is an important yet challenging problem. Once successful, it will not only open up new ways to understand how brain anatomy influences functional organization of the brain, but also provide new technical support for the clinical use of anatomical information to guide the localization of cortical functional areas. However, due to the non-Euclidean complex architecture of brain anatomy and the inherent low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) properties of fMRI signals, the key challenge in building such a cross-modal brain anatomo-functional mapping is how to effectively learn the context-aware information of brain anatomy and overcome the interference of noise-containing task-fMRI labels on the learning process. In this work, we propose a Unified Geometric Deep Learning framework (BrainUGDL) to perform the cross-modal brain anatomo-functional mapping task. Considering that both global and local structures of brain anatomy have an impact on brain functions from their respective perspectives, we innovatively propose the novel Global Graph Encoding (GGE) unit and Local Graph Attention (LGA) unit embedded into two parallel branches, focusing on learning the high-level global and local context information, respectively. Specifically, GGE learns the global context information of each mesh vertex by building and encoding global interactions, and LGA learns the local context information of each mesh vertex by selectively aggregating patch structure enhanced features from its spatial neighbors. The information learnt from the two branches is then fused to form a comprehensive representation of brain anatomical features for final brain function predictions. To address the inevitable measurement noise in task-fMRI labels, we further elaborate a novel uncertainty-filtered learning mechanism, which enables BrainUGDL to realize revised learning from the noise-containing labels through the estimated uncertainty. Experiments across seven open task-fMRI datasets from human connectome project (HCP) demonstrate the superiority of BrainUGDL. To our best knowledge, our proposed BrainUGDL is the first to achieve the prediction of individual task-fMRI maps solely based on brain sMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Educational Application (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Taicheng Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonglei Zhen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, ON, Canada
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology and Educational Application (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Computer and Data Science, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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Dhari Z, Leonetti C, Lin S, Prince A, Howick J, Zurakowski D, Wang PC, Jonas RA, Ishibashi N. Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Neurogenesis and Cortical Maturation. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:913-926. [PMID: 34590341 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurodevelopmental delays and frontal lobe cortical dysmaturation are widespread among children with congenital heart disease (CHD). The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest pool of neural stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal brain. Our aim is to determine the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on neurogenesis and cortical maturation in piglets whose SVZ development is similar to human infants. METHODS Three-week-old piglets (n = 29) were randomly assigned to control (no surgery), mild-CPB (34°C full flow for 60 minutes) and severe-CPB groups (25°C circulatory-arrest for 60 minutes). The SVZ and frontal lobe were analyzed with immunohistochemistry 3 days and 4 weeks postoperatively. MRI of the frontal lobe was used to assess cortical development. RESULTS SVZ neurogenic activity was reduced up to 4 weeks after both mild and severe CPB-induced insults. CPB also induced decreased migration of young neurons to the frontal lobe, demonstrating that CPB impairs postnatal neurogenesis. MRI 4 weeks after CPB displayed a decrease in gyrification index and cortical volume of the frontal lobe. Cortical fractional anisotropy was increased after severe CPB injury, indicating a prolonged deleterious impact of CPB on cortical maturation. Both CPB-induced insults displayed a significant change in densities of three major inhibitory neurons, suggesting excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the frontal cortex. In addition, different CPB insults altered different subpopulations of inhibitory neurons. INTERPRETATION Our results provide novel insights into cellular mechanisms contributing to CHD-induced neurological impairments. Further refinement of CPB hardware and techniques is necessary to improve long-term frontal cortical dysmaturation observed in children with CHD. ANN NEUROL 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaenab Dhari
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Camille Leonetti
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen Lin
- Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Arianna Prince
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
| | - James Howick
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul C Wang
- Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Richard A Jonas
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
| | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Children's National Heart Institute, Center for Neuroscience Research, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, Washington, DC
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Crisóstomo J, Duarte JV, Moreno C, Gomes L, Castelo-Branco M. A novel morphometric signature of brain alterations in type 2 diabetes: Patterns of changed cortical gyrification. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6322-6333. [PMID: 34390585 PMCID: PMC9291170 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that creates atrophic signatures in the brain, including decreases of total and regional volume of grey matter, white matter and cortical thickness. However, there is a lack of studies assessing cortical gyrification in type 2 diabetes. Changes in this emerging feature have been associated mainly with genetic legacy, but environmental factors may also play a role. Here, we investigated alterations of the gyrification index and classical morphometric measures in type 2 diabetes, a late acquired disease with complex aetiology with both underlying genetic and more preponderant environmental factors. In this cross‐sectional study, we analysed brain anatomical magnetic resonance images of 86 participants with type 2 diabetes and 40 healthy control participants, to investigate structural alterations in type 2 diabetes, including whole‐brain volumetric measures, local alterations of grey matter volume, cortical thickness and the gyrification index. We found concordant significant decrements in total and regional grey matter volume, and cortical thickness. Surprisingly, the cortical gyrification index was found to be mainly increased and mainly located in cortical sensory areas in type 2 diabetes. Moreover, alterations in gyrification correlated with clinical data, suggesting an influence of metabolic profile in alterations of gyrification in type 2 diabetes. Further studies should address causal influences of genetic and/or environmental factors in patterns of cortical gyrification in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Crisóstomo
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V Duarte
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gomes
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Gharehgazlou A, Freitas C, Ameis SH, Taylor MJ, Lerch JP, Radua J, Anagnostou E. Cortical Gyrification Morphology in Individuals with ASD and ADHD across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2653-2669. [PMID: 33386405 PMCID: PMC8023842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) that may impact brain maturation. A number of studies have examined cortical gyrification morphology in both NDDs. Here we review and when possible pool their results to better understand the shared and potentially disorder-specific gyrification features. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases, and 24 and 10 studies met the criteria to be included in the systematic review and meta-analysis portions, respectively. Meta-analysis of local Gyrification Index (lGI) findings across ASD studies was conducted with SDM software adapted for surface-based morphometry studies. Meta-regressions were used to explore effects of age, sex, and sample size on gyrification differences. There were no significant differences in gyrification across groups. Qualitative synthesis of remaining ASD studies highlighted heterogeneity in findings. Large-scale ADHD studies reported no differences in gyrification between cases and controls suggesting that, similar to ASD, there is currently no evidence of differences in gyrification morphology compared with controls. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to further clarify the effects of age, sex, and IQ on cortical gyrification in these NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avideh Gharehgazlou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carina Freitas
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, & Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Imaging Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Jantz PB, Morley RH. Techniques of Neutralization: A Brain Network Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:2759-2780. [PMID: 28985695 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17735045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sykes and Matza introduced neutralization theory in 1957 to explain how juvenile delinquents retain a positive self-image when engaging in delinquent acts. Since then, aspects of neutralization theory have been incorporated into sociological and criminological theories to explain socially deviant behavior. Functional brain mapping research utilizing advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques has identified complex, intrinsically organized, large-scale brain networks. Higher order operations commonly attributed to three brain networks (default mode network [DMN], central executive network [CEN], salience network [SN]) align closely with neutralization theory. This article briefly discusses brain networks in general and the DMN, CEN, and SN specifically. It also discusses how these networks are involved when engaging in the use of techniques of neutralization and offers implications for future research.
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Benkarim OM, Hahner N, Piella G, Gratacos E, González Ballester MA, Eixarch E, Sanroma G. Cortical folding alterations in fetuses with isolated non-severe ventriculomegaly. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:103-114. [PMID: 29387528 PMCID: PMC5790022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging of brain diseases plays a crucial role in understanding brain abnormalities and early diagnosis. Of great importance is the study of brain abnormalities in utero and the assessment of deviations in case of maldevelopment. In this work, brain magnetic resonance images from 23 isolated non-severe ventriculomegaly (INSVM) fetuses and 25 healthy controls between 26 and 29 gestational weeks were used to identify INSVM-related cortical folding deviations from normative development. Since these alterations may reflect abnormal neurodevelopment, our working hypothesis is that markers of cortical folding can provide cues to improve the prediction of later neurodevelopmental problems in INSVM subjects. We analyzed the relationship of ventricular enlargement with cortical folding alterations in a regional basis using several curvature-based measures describing the folding of each cortical region. Statistical analysis (global and hemispheric) and sparse linear regression approaches were then used to find the cortical regions whose folding is associated with ventricular dilation. Results from both approaches were in great accordance, showing a significant cortical folding decrease in the insula, posterior part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe. Moreover, compared to the global analysis, stronger ipsilateral associations of ventricular enlargement with reduced cortical folding were encountered by the hemispheric analysis. Our findings confirm and extend previous studies by identifying various cortical regions and emphasizing ipsilateral effects of ventricular enlargement in altered folding. This suggests that INSVM is an indicator of altered cortical development, and moreover, cortical regions with reduced folding constitute potential prognostic biomarkers to be used in follow-up studies to decipher the outcome of INSVM fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Hahner
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Piella
- DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
The cerebral cortex of the human brain has a complex morphological structure consisting of folded or smooth cortical surfaces. These morphological features are referred to as cortical gyrification and are characterized by the gyrification index (GI). A number of cortical gyrification studies have been published using the manual tracing GI, automated GI, and local GI in patients with schizophrenia. In this review, we highlighted abnormal cortical gyrification in patients with schizophrenia, first-episode schizophrenia, siblings of patients, and high-risk and at-risk individuals. Previous researches also indicated that abnormalities in cortical gyrification may underlie the severity of clinical symptoms, neurological soft signs, and executive functions. A substantial body of research has been conducted; however, some researches showed an increased GI, which is called as "hypergyria," and others showed a decreased GI, which is called as "hypogyria." We discussed that different GI methods and a wide variety of characteristics, such as age, sex, stage, and severity of illness, might be important reasons for the conflicting findings. These issues still need to be considered, and future studies should address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan, .,Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan,
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13
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Manning KE, Tait R, Suckling J, Holland AJ. Grey matter volume and cortical structure in Prader-Willi syndrome compared to typically developing young adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017. [PMID: 29527494 PMCID: PMC5842730 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of genomic imprinting, presenting with a characteristic overeating disorder, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and a variable range of social and behavioral difficulties. Consequently, widespread alterations in neural structure and developmental and maturational trajectory would be expected. To date, there have been few quantitative and systematic studies of brain morphology in PWS, although alterations of volume and of cortical organisation have been reported. This study aimed to investigate, in detail, the structure of grey matter and cortex in the brain in a sample of young adults with PWS in a well-matched case-controlled analysis. 20 young adults with PWS, aged 19–27 years, underwent multiparameter mapping magnetic resonance imaging sequences, from which measures of grey matter volume, cortical thickness and magnetisation transfer saturation, as a proxy measure of myelination, were examined. These variables were investigated in comparison to a control group of 40 typically developing young adults, matched for age and sex. A voxel-based morphometry analysis identified large and widespread bilateral clusters of both increased and decreased grey matter volume in the brain in PWS. In particular, widespread areas of increased volume encompassed parts of the prefrontal cortex, especially medially, the majority of the cingulate cortices, from anterior to posterior aspects, insula cortices, and areas of the parietal and temporal cortices. Increased volume was also reported in the caudate, putamen and thalamus. The most ventromedial prefrontal areas, in contrast, showed reduced volume, as did the parts of the medial temporal lobe, bilateral temporal poles, and a small cluster in the right lateral prefrontal cortex. Analysis of cortical structure revealed that areas of increased volume in the PWS group were largely driven by greater cortical thickness. Conversely, analysis of myelin content using magnetisation transfer saturation indicated that myelination of the cortex was broadly similar in the PWS and control groups, with the exception of highly localised areas, including the insula. The bilateral nature of these abnormalities suggests a systemic biological cause, with possible developmental and maturational mechanisms discussed, and may offer insight into the contribution of imprinted genes to neural development. Twenty young adults with PWS and forty age and sex-matched control participants underwent multiparameter mapping MRI. Large and widespread bilateral clusters of both increased and decreased grey matter volume were identified in PWS. Volumetric increases in PWS were largely driven by greater cortical thickness. Myelination of the cortex in PWS was broadly similar to the typically-developing control group. Potential developmental and maturational explanations are considered, including insights into the of the role of imprinted genes.
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Key Words
- ACC, anterior cingulate cortex
- ANTS, Advanced Normalisation Tools Software
- BMI, body mass index
- CamBA, Cambridge Brain Analysis software
- Cortical thickness
- FA, flip angle
- GLM, general linear model
- GM, grey matter
- Genomic imprinting
- Grey matter
- IQ, intelligence quotient
- MPM, multiparameter mapping
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MT, magnetisation transfer
- Multiparameter mapping
- Myelination
- NHS, National Health Service
- NSPN, NeuroScience in Psychiatry Network
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- PD, proton density
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PWS, Prader-Willi syndrome
- PWSA UK, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association UK
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- TE, echo time
- TIV, total intracranial volume
- TR, repetition time
- UPD, uniparental disomy
- WM, white matter
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Tait
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony J Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Care Research and Care (CLAHRC), East of England, UK
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Jannusch K, Jockwitz C, Bidmon HJ, Moebus S, Amunts K, Caspers S. A Complex Interplay of Vitamin B1 and B6 Metabolism with Cognition, Brain Structure, and Functional Connectivity in Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:596. [PMID: 29163003 PMCID: PMC5663975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with brain atrophy, functional brain network reorganization and decline of cognitive performance, albeit characterized by high interindividual variability. Among environmental influencing factors accounting for this variability, nutrition and particularly vitamin supply is thought to play an important role. While evidence exists that supplementation of vitamins B6 and B1 might be beneficial for cognition and brain structure, at least in deficient states and neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about this relation during healthy aging and in relation to reorganization of functional brain networks. We thus assessed the relation between blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 and cognitive performance, cortical folding, and functional resting-state connectivity in a large sample of older adults (N > 600; age: 55-85 years), drawn from the population-based 1000BRAINS study. In addition to blood sampling, subjects underwent structural and functional resting-state neuroimaging as well as extensive neuropsychological testing in the domains of executive functions, (working) memory, attention, and language. Brain regions showing changes in the local gyrification index as calculated using FreeSurfer in relation to vitamin levels were used for subsequent seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis. For B6, a positive correlation with local cortical folding was found throughout the brain, while only slight changes in functional connectivity were observed. Contrarily, for B1, a negative correlation with cortical folding as well as problem solving and visuo-spatial working memory performance was found, which was accompanied by pronounced increases of interhemispheric and decreases of intrahemispheric functional connectivity. While the effects for B6 expand previous knowledge on beneficial effects of B6 supplementation on brain structure, they also showed that additional effects on cognition might not be recognizable in healthy older subjects with normal B6 blood levels. The cortical atrophy and pronounced functional reorganization associated with B1, contrarily, was more in line with the theory of a disturbed B1 metabolism in older adults, leading to B1 utilization deficits, and thus, an effective B1 deficiency in the brain, despite normal to high-normal blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jannusch
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bidmon
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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15
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何 嘉, 李 胜, 陈 曦, 文 华, 袁 鹰, 罗 丹. [A prenatal ultrasound study of cerebral sulci and gyrus development in fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:721-729. [PMID: 28669943 PMCID: PMC6744134 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the development of the cerebral sulci and gyrus and cerebral blood flow in fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) in the second and third trimesters using ultrasound imaging. METHODS Forty fetuses (23-33+6 weeks) with ToF diagnosed using ultrasound imaging between December, 2015 and September, 2016 were analyzed in this study. The development of the cerebral sulci and gyrus was evaluated by measuring the parietal-occipital fissure (POF) depth, POF angle, sylvian fissure (SF) depth, SF width, uncovered insular width, calcarine fissure (CF) depth, hemisphere depth on the views of POF, SF and CF, uncovered insular ratio, biparietal diameter (BPD), and head circumference (HC). Cerebral hemodynamics were assessed by measuring the umbilical artery resistance index, umbilical artery pulsation index, middle cerebral artery pulsation index (MCA-PI), middle cerebral artery resistance index, the cerebral-to-placental resistance ratio, and the cerebroplacental ratio. RESULTS In ToF fetuses, the POF depth, SF depth, CF depth, BPD, HC and hemisphere depth on the views of parietal-occipital sulcus and calcarine sulcus were significantly smaller than those in the control group (P<0.05). The middle cerebral artery resistance index, middle cerebral artery pulsation index, the cerebral-to-placental resistance ratio and the cerebroplacental ratio were also significantly lower in ToF fetuses than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The cerebral sulci and gyrus in ToF fetuses in second and third trimesters show underdevelopment compared with those in normal fetuses, and the changes in hemodynamics caused by abnormal cardiac structure might be one of the reasons for cerebral sulci and gyrus underdevelopment in fetuses with ToF.
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Affiliation(s)
- 嘉敏 何
- 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科,广东 深圳 5180281Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - 胜利 李
- 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科,广东 深圳 5180281Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - 曦 陈
- 四川省妇幼保健院超声科,四川 成都 6100312Department of Ultrasonography, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - 华轩 文
- 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科,广东 深圳 5180281Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - 鹰 袁
- 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科,广东 深圳 5180281Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - 丹丹 罗
- 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科,广东 深圳 5180281Department of Ultrasonography, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
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16
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Hendrickson TJ, Mueller BA, Sowell ER, Mattson SN, Coles CD, Kable JA, Jones KL, Boys CJ, Lim KO, Riley EP, Wozniak JR. Cortical gyrification is abnormal in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 15:391-400. [PMID: 28580296 PMCID: PMC5447653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) adversely affects early brain development. Previous studies have shown a wide range of structural and functional abnormalities in children and adolescents with PAE. The current study adds to the existing literature specifically on cortical development by examining cortical gyrification in a large sample of children with PAE compared to controls. Relationships between cortical development and intellectual functioning are also examined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Included were 92 children with PAE and 83 controls ages 9-16 from four sites in the Collaborative Initiative on FASD (CIFASD). All PAE participants had documented heavy PAE. All underwent a formal evaluation of physical anomalies and dysmorphic facial features. MRI data were collected using modified matched protocols on three platforms (Siemens, GE, and Philips). Cortical gyrification was examined using a semi-automated procedure. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Whole brain group comparisons using Monte Carlo z-simulation for multiple comparisons showed significantly lower cortical gyrification across a large proportion of the cerebral cortex amongst PAE compared to controls. Whole brain comparisons and ROI based analyses showed strong positive correlations between cortical gyrification and IQ (i.e. less developed cortex was associated with lower IQ). CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in cortical development were seen across the brain in children with PAE compared to controls. Cortical gyrification and IQ were strongly correlated, suggesting that examining mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts cortical formation may yield clinically relevant insights and potential directions for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelvin O Lim
- University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
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17
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Chu C, Xie B, Qiu M, Liu K, Tan L, Wu Y, Chen W, Zhang S. Cortical folding in post-traumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: Regional differences in gyrification. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:247-253. [PMID: 27873466 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed evidence of brain abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Cortical complexity and local gyrification index (lGI) reflect potential biological processes associated with normal or abnormal cognitive functioning. In the current study, lGI was used to explore cortical folding in PTSD patients involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVA). METHODS MRI brain scans were acquired from 18 PTSD patients who had suffered MVA at least 6 months previously and 18 healthy control subjects. All MRI images were obtained on a 3-T Siemens MRI machine and the cortical folding was analyzed using the workflow provided by software FreeSurfer. A general FreeSurfer's general linear model was used in the group analysis. In addition, correlation analysis was performed between the average of lGI extracted from the significantly different areas and the data for the clinical scale. RESULTS The PTSD patients had significantly greater Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores than the control group. The patients showed significantly reduced lGI in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, consistent with findings of previous volumetric studies on PTSD. But there were no significant correlations in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex between Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores and lGI. CONCLUSION We suggest that abnormal gyrification in PTSD patients can be an important indicator of neurodevelopment deficits and may indeed be a biological marker for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingguo Qiu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaijun Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoxiang Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Institute of Computing Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Orasanu E, Melbourne A, Cardoso MJ, Lomabert H, Kendall GS, Robertson NJ, Marlow N, Ourselin S. Cortical folding of the preterm brain: a longitudinal analysis of extremely preterm born neonates using spectral matching. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00488. [PMID: 27257515 PMCID: PMC4873564 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infants born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of gestation) are at risk of significant neurodevelopmental sequelae. In these infants birth coincides with a period of rapid brain growth and development, when the brain is also vulnerable to a range of insults. Mapping these changes is crucial for identifying potential biomarkers to predict early impairment. METHODS In this study we use surface-based spectral matching techniques to find an intrasubject longitudinal surface correspondence between the white-grey matter boundary at 30 and 40 weeks equivalent gestational age in nine extremely preterm born infants. RESULTS Using the resulting surface correspondence, we identified regions that undergo more cortical folding of the white-grey matter boundary during the preterm period by looking at changes in well-known curvature measures. We performed Hotelling T(2) statistics to evaluate the significance of our findings. DISCUSSION The prefrontal and temporal lobes exhibit most development during the preterm period, especially in the left hemisphere. Such correspondences are a promising result as longitudinal measurements of change in cortical folding could provide insightful information about the mechanical properties of the underlying tissue and may be useful in inferring changes during growth and development in this vulnerable period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Orasanu
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Andrew Melbourne
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Manuel Jorge Cardoso
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Herve Lomabert
- INRIA - Microsoft Research Joint Centre Palaiseau France
| | - Giles S Kendall
- Academic Neonatology EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health London UK
| | | | - Neil Marlow
- Academic Neonatology EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health London UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
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Tay A, Schweizer FE, Di Carlo D. Micro- and nano-technologies to probe the mechano-biology of the brain. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1962-1977. [PMID: 27161943 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00349d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical forces have been demonstrated to influence a plethora of neuronal functions across scales including gene expression, mechano-sensitive ion channels, neurite outgrowth and folding of the cortices in the brain. However, the detailed roles biomechanical forces may play in brain development and disorders has seen limited study, partly due to a lack of effective methods to probe the mechano-biology of the brain. Current techniques to apply biomechanical forces on neurons often suffer from low throughput and poor spatiotemporal resolution. On the other hand, newly developed micro- and nano-technologies can overcome these aforementioned limitations and offer advantages such as lower cost and possibility of non-invasive control of neuronal circuits. This review compares the range of conventional, micro- and nano-technological techniques that have been developed and how they have been or can be used to understand the effect of biomechanical forces on neuronal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Felix E Schweizer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Kühn S, Witt C, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker GJ, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Garavan H, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paus T, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Brühl R, Schumann G, Heinz A, Gallinat J. From mother to child: orbitofrontal cortex gyrification and changes of drinking behaviour during adolescence. Addict Biol 2016; 21:700-8. [PMID: 25913102 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Importantly, the neuro-anatomical foundation for later alcohol-related problems may already manifest pre-natally, particularly due to smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. In this context, cortical gyrification is an interesting marker of neuronal development but has not been investigated as a risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. On magnetic resonance imaging scans of 595 14-year-old adolescents from the IMAGEN sample, we computed whole-brain mean curvature indices to predict change in alcohol-related problems over the following 2 years. Change of alcohol use-related problems was significantly predicted from mean curvature in left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less gyrification of OFC was associated with an increase in alcohol use-related problems over the next 2 years. Moreover, lower gyrification in left OFC was related to pre-natal alcohol exposure, whereas maternal smoking during pregnancy had no effect. Current alcohol use-related problems of the biological mother had no effect on offsprings' OFC gyrification or drinking behaviour. The data support the idea that alcohol consumption during pregnancy mediates the development of neuro-anatomical phenotypes, which in turn constitute a risk factor for increasing problems due to alcohol consumption in a vulnerable stage of life. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or current maternal alcohol/nicotine consumption had no significant effect. The OFC mediates behaviours known to be disturbed in addiction, namely impulse control and reward processing. The results stress the importance of pre-natal alcohol exposure for later increases in alcohol use-related problems, mediated by structural brain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Germany
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Alexis Barbot
- Neurospin; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; France
| | | | - Christian Büchel
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf; Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | | | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; INSERM Unit 1000 ‘Imaging and Psychiatry’; University Paris Sud; France
- AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn; University Paris Descartes; France
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute; University of Toronto; Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Canada
- School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; UK
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychology; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Germany
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
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Puzzle Pieces: Neural Structure and Function in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Diseases 2015; 3:382-415. [PMID: 28943631 PMCID: PMC5548261 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3040382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of genomic imprinting, presenting with a behavioural phenotype encompassing hyperphagia, intellectual disability, social and behavioural difficulties, and propensity to psychiatric illness. Research has tended to focus on the cognitive and behavioural investigation of these features, and, with the exception of eating behaviour, the neural physiology is currently less well understood. A systematic review was undertaken to explore findings relating to neural structure and function in PWS, using search terms designed to encompass all published articles concerning both in vivo and post-mortem studies of neural structure and function in PWS. This supported the general paucity of research in this area, with many articles reporting case studies and qualitative descriptions or focusing solely on the overeating behaviour, although a number of systematic investigations were also identified. Research to date implicates a combination of subcortical and higher order structures in PWS, including those involved in processing reward, motivation, affect and higher order cognitive functions, with both anatomical and functional investigations indicating abnormalities. It appears likely that PWS involves aberrant activity across distributed neural networks. The characterisation of neural structure and function warrants both replication and further systematic study.
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Infante MA, Moore EM, Bischoff-Grethe A, Migliorini R, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Atypical cortical gyrification in adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Brain Res 2015; 1624:446-454. [PMID: 26275919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can adversely affect brain development, although little is known about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on gyrification. Gyrification reflects cortical folding complexity and is a process by which the surface of the brain creates sulci and gyri. Prior studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with reduced gyrification in childhood, but no studies have examined adolescents. Subjects (12-16 years) comprised two age-equivalent groups: 30 adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and 19 non-exposed controls (CON). A T1-weighted image was obtained for all participants. Local gyrification index (LGI) was estimated using FreeSurfer. General linear models were used to determine between group differences in LGI controlling for age and sex. Age-by-group interactions were also investigated while controlling for sex. The AE group displayed reduced LGI relative to CON in the bilateral superior parietal region, right postcentral region, and left precentral and lateral occipital regions (ps<.001). Significant age-by-group interactions were observed in the right precentral and lateral occipital regions, and in the left pars opercularis and inferior parietal regions (ps<.01). The AE group showed age-related reductions in gyrification in all regions whereas the CON group showed increased gyrification with age in the lateral occipital region only. While cross-sectional, the age-related reduction in gyrification observed in the AE group suggests alterations in cortical development throughout adolescence and provides further insight into the pathophysiology and brain maturation of adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Infante
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA.
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | | | - Robyn Migliorini
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
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Gautam P, Anstey KJ, Wen W, Sachdev PS, Cherbuin N. Cortical gyrification and its relationships with cortical volume, cortical thickness, and cognitive performance in healthy mid-life adults. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:331-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lukoshe A, Hokken-Koelega AC, van der Lugt A, White T. Reduced cortical complexity in children with Prader-Willi Syndrome and its association with cognitive impairment and developmental delay. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107320. [PMID: 25226172 PMCID: PMC4165760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurogenetic disorder with symptoms involving not only hypothalamic, but also a global, central nervous system dysfunction. Previously, qualitative studies reported polymicrogyria in adults with PWS. However, there have been no quantitative neuroimaging studies of cortical morphology in PWS and no studies to date in children with PWS. Thus, our aim was to investigate and quantify cortical complexity in children with PWS compared to healthy controls. In addition, we investigated differences between genetic subtypes of PWS and the relationship between cortical complexity and intelligence within the PWS group. Methods High-resolution structural magnetic resonance images were acquired in 24 children with genetically confirmed PWS (12 carrying a deletion (DEL), 12 with maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD)) and 11 age- and sex-matched typically developing siblings as healthy controls. Local gyrification index (lGI) was obtained using the FreeSurfer software suite. Results Four large clusters, two in each hemisphere, comprising frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, had lower lGI in children with PWS, compared to healthy controls. Clusters with lower lGI also had significantly lower cortical surface area in children with PWS. No differences in cortical thickness of the clusters were found between the PWS and healthy controls. lGI correlated significantly with cortical surface area, but not with cortical thickness. Within the PWS group, lGI in both hemispheres correlated with Total IQ and Verbal IQ, but not with Performance IQ. Children with mUPD, compared to children with DEL, had two small clusters with lower lGI in the right hemisphere. lGI of these clusters correlated with cortical surface area, but not with cortical thickness or IQ. Conclusions These results suggest that lower cortical complexity in children with PWS partially underlies cognitive impairment and developmental delay, probably due to alterations in gene networks that play a prominent role in early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akvile Lukoshe
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita C. Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam – Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sandu AL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Martinot JL. 1910s' brains revisited. Cortical complexity in early 20th century patients with intellectual disability or with dementia praecox. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 130:227-37. [PMID: 24400850 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The idea of cortical surface anomalies in subjects with intellectual disability (mental retardation) and schizophrenia can be traced back to early 20th century qualitative observations. Since it is unknown whether modern quantitative measures of cortical complexity and folding would retrieve those early empirical observations, we measured fractal dimension and sulcal span index in photographs of human brains taken in the 1910's. METHOD Brain photographs were compared between 36 patients with mental retardation and 21 patients with dementia praecox for the fractal dimension and sulcal span index. Also, a mental retardation subgroup with no-or-non-understandable speech (n = 12) was compared with a subgroup with comprehensible speech (n = 23). RESULTS Mental retardation group had a lower whole-brain fractal dimension than dementia praecox, and a higher sulcal span index in left posterior cortex. The mental retardation subgroup with comprehensible speech had a lower fractal dimension in left hemisphere than the subgroup with no-or-non-understandable speech and a lower sulcal index in left posterior cortex. CONCLUSION Measures of cortical complexity and folding suggest differences between mental retardation and dementia praecox, and regional variations according to language abilities in mental retardation. The findings provide a unique picture of cortical surface changes in their original untreated form, one century ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Sandu
- Research Unit 1000, Frédéric Joliot Hospital Department, INSERM -CEA - Paris Sud University, Orsay, France
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Novak MA, El-Mallah SN, Menard MT. Use of the cross-translational model to study self-injurious behavior in human and nonhuman primates. ILAR J 2014; 55:274-83. [PMID: 25225306 PMCID: PMC4240436 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior occurs in the general human population, particularly among teenagers and young adults. Some rhesus macaques also develop self-injurious behavior (SIB) as adolescents or young adults. In both of these cases, the development of harmful behaviors is idiopathic, only coming to the attention of physicians or veterinarians after the disorder is established. Thus, a combination of retrospective, statistical, and empirical procedures are used to understand this disorder. Here, we identify concordances between macaques and humans across five different levels of analysis-(1) form and prevalence, (2) etiology, (3) triggering events, (4) function/maintenance, and (5) therapeutic intervention-and show the value of the cross-translational model (macaques to humans and humans to macaques) in understanding this phenomenon. Substantial concordance is present with respect to the range of severity, the presence of early life stress exposure, and emotional dysregulation. In the macaque model, additional information is available on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response system, possible genetic involvement, and the immediate contextual situations that appear to trigger or exacerbate SIB episodes. In contrast, considerably more information is available from human studies on the effectiveness of various treatment regimens. Veterinarians have drawn on this information to explore these therapeutic interventions in monkeys. We expect that models of SIB will continue to have cross-translational impact as scientists and practitioners move from preclinical to clinical research and treatment.
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Dennis M, Spiegler BJ, Juranek JJ, Bigler ED, Snead OC, Fletcher JM. Age, plasticity, and homeostasis in childhood brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2760-73. [PMID: 24096190 PMCID: PMC3859812 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that the younger the age and/or immaturity of the organism, the greater the brain plasticity, the young age plasticity privilege. This paper examines the relation of a young age to plasticity, reviewing human pediatric brain disorders, as well as selected animal models, human developmental and adult brain disorder studies. As well, we review developmental and childhood acquired disorders that involve a failure of regulatory homeostasis. Our core arguments are as follows:
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Dennis
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Schaer M, Ottet MC, Scariati E, Dukes D, Franchini M, Eliez S, Glaser B. Decreased frontal gyrification correlates with altered connectivity in children with autism. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:750. [PMID: 24265612 PMCID: PMC3820980 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural correlates of functional dysconnectivity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been seldom explored, despite the fact that altered functional connectivity is one of the most frequent neuropathological observations in the disorder. We analyzed cerebral morphometry and structural connectivity using multi-modal imaging for 11 children/adolescents with ASD and 11 matched controls. We estimated regional cortical and white matter volumes, as well as vertex-wise measures of cortical thickness and local Gyrification Index (lGI). Diffusion Tensor Images (DTI) were used to measure Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and tractography estimates of short- and long-range connectivity. We observed four clusters of lGI reduction in patients with ASD, three were located in the right inferior frontal region extending to the inferior parietal lobe, and one was in the right medial parieto-occipital region. Reduced volume was found in the anterior corpus callosum, along with fewer inter-hemispheric frontal streamlines. Despite the spatial correspondence of decreased gyrification and reduced long connectivity, we did not observe any significant relationship between the two. However, a positive correlation between lGI and local connectivity was present in all four clusters in patients with ASD. Reduced gyrification in the inferior fronto-parietal and posterior medial cortical regions lends support for early-disrupted cortical growth in both the mirror neuron system and midline structures responsible for social cognition. Early impaired neurodevelopment in these regions may represent an initial substrate for altered maturation in the cerebral networks that support complex social skills. We also demonstrate that gyrification changes are related to connectivity. This supports the idea that an imbalance between short- and long-range white matter tracts not only impairs the integration of information from multiple neural systems, but also alters the shape of the brain early on in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schaer
- Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA, USA ; Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland
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Wallace GL, Robustelli B, Dankner N, Kenworthy L, Giedd JN, Martin A. Increased gyrification, but comparable surface area in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1956-67. [PMID: 23715094 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are associated with atypically excessive early brain growth. Recent studies suggest that later cortical development, specifically cortical thickness, during adolescence and young adulthood is also aberrant. Nevertheless, previous studies of other surface-based metrics (e.g. surface area and gyrification) at high-resolution in autism spectrum disorders are limited. Forty-one males with autism spectrum disorders and 39 typically developing males matched on age (mean ≈ 17; range = 12-24 years) and IQ (mean ≈ 113; range = 85-143) provided high-resolution 3 T anatomical magnetic resonance imaging scans. The FreeSurfer image analysis suite quantified vertex-level surface area and gyrification. There were gyrification increases in the autism spectrum disorders group (relative to typically developing subjects) localized to bilateral posterior cortices (cluster corrected P < 0.01). Furthermore, the association between vocabulary knowledge and gyrification in left inferior parietal cortex (typically developing group: positive correlation; autism spectrum disorders group: no association) differed between groups. Finally, there were no group differences in surface area, and there was no interaction between age and group for either surface area or gyrification (both groups showed decreasing gyrification with increasing age). The present study complements and extends previous work by providing the first evidence of increased gyrification (though no differences in surface area) at high resolution among adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders and by showing a dissociation in the relationship between vocabulary and gyrification in autism spectrum disorders versus typically developing subjects. In contrast with previous findings of age-related cortical thinning in this same autism spectrum disorders sample, here we find that increases in gyrification are maintained across adolescence and young adulthood, implicating developmentally dissociable cortical atypicalities in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Wallace
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1367, USA.
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Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K. Development of cortical folding during evolution and ontogeny. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:275-84. [PMID: 23415112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortical folding is a hallmark of many, but not all, mammalian brains. The degree of folding increases with brain size across mammals, but at different scales between orders and families. In this review we summarize recent studies that have shed light on cortical folding and discuss new models that arise from these data. Genetic analyses argue for an independent development of brain volume and gyrification, but more recent data on the cellular development of the cortex and its connectivity highlight the role of these processes in cortical folding (grey matter hypothesis). This, and the widely discussed tension hypothesis, further tested by analyzing the mechanical properties of maturing nerve fibers, synapses, and dendrites, can provide the basis for a future integrative view on cortical folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany.
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31
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Treble A, Juranek J, Stuebing KK, Dennis M, Fletcher JM. Functional significance of atypical cortical organization in spina bifida myelomeningocele: relations of cortical thickness and gyrification with IQ and fine motor dexterity. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2357-69. [PMID: 22875857 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex in spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM) is atypically organized, but it is not known how specific features of atypical cortical organization promote or disrupt cognitive and motor function. Relations of deviant cortical thickness and gyrification with IQ and fine motor dexterity were investigated in 64 individuals with SBM and 26 typically developing (TD) individuals, aged 8-28 years. Cortical thickness and 3D local gyrification index (LGI) were quantified from 33 cortical regions per hemisphere using FreeSurfer. Results replicated previous findings, showing regions of higher and lower cortical thickness and LGI in SBM relative to the TD comparison individuals. Cortical thickness and LGI were negatively associated in most cortical regions, though less consistently in the TD group. Whereas cortical thickness and LGI tended to be negatively associated with IQ and fine motor outcomes in regions that were thicker or more gyrified in SBM, associations tended to be positive in regions that were thinner or less gyrified in SBM. The more deviant the levels of cortical thickness and LGI-whether higher or lower relative to the TD group-the more impaired the IQ and fine motor outcomes, suggesting that these cortical atypicalities in SBM are functionally maladaptive, rather than adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amery Treble
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Wu YT, Shyu KK, Jao CW, Liao YL, Wang TY, Wu HM, Wang PS, Soong BW. Quantifying cerebellar atrophy in multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type (MSA-C) using three-dimensional gyrification index analysis. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Schaer M, Cuadra MB, Schmansky N, Fischl B, Thiran JP, Eliez S. How to measure cortical folding from MR images: a step-by-step tutorial to compute local gyrification index. J Vis Exp 2012:e3417. [PMID: 22230945 DOI: 10.3791/3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will be identifiable at any age. As recently reviewed by Mangin and colleagues(2), several methods exist to quantify different characteristics of gyrification. For instance, sulcal morphometry can be used to measure shape descriptors such as the depth, length or indices of inter-hemispheric asymmetry(3). These geometrical properties have the advantage of being easy to interpret. However, sulcal morphometry tightly relies on the accurate identification of a given set of sulci and hence provides a fragmented description of gyrification. A more fine-grained quantification of gyrification can be achieved with curvature-based measurements, where smoothed absolute mean curvature is typically computed at thousands of points over the cortical surface(4). The curvature is however not straightforward to comprehend, as it remains unclear if there is any direct relationship between the curvedness and a biologically meaningful correlate such as cortical volume or surface. To address the diverse issues raised by the measurement of cortical folding, we previously developed an algorithm to quantify local gyrification with an exquisite spatial resolution and of simple interpretation. Our method is inspired of the Gyrification Index(5), a method originally used in comparative neuroanatomy to evaluate the cortical folding differences across species. In our implementation, which we name local Gyrification Index (lGI(1)), we measure the amount of cortex buried within the sulcal folds as compared with the amount of visible cortex in circular regions of interest. Given that the cortex grows primarily through radial expansion(6), our method was specifically designed to identify early defects of cortical development. In this article, we detail the computation of local Gyrification Index, which is now freely distributed as a part of the FreeSurfer Software (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital). FreeSurfer provides a set of automated reconstruction tools of the brain's cortical surface from structural MRI data. The cortical surface extracted in the native space of the images with sub-millimeter accuracy is then further used for the creation of an outer surface, which will serve as a basis for the lGI calculation. A circular region of interest is then delineated on the outer surface, and its corresponding region of interest on the cortical surface is identified using a matching algorithm as described in our validation study(1). This process is repeatedly iterated with largely overlapping regions of interest, resulting in cortical maps of gyrification for subsequent statistical comparisons (Fig. 1). Of note, another measurement of local gyrification with a similar inspiration was proposed by Toro and colleagues(7), where the folding index at each point is computed as the ratio of the cortical area contained in a sphere divided by the area of a disc with the same radius. The two implementations differ in that the one by Toro et al. is based on Euclidian distances and thus considers discontinuous patches of cortical area, whereas ours uses a strict geodesic algorithm and include only the continuous patch of cortical area opening at the brain surface in a circular region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schaer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine.
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Palaniyappan L, Liddle PF. Differential effects of surface area, gyrification and cortical thickness on voxel based morphometric deficits in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2011; 60:693-9. [PMID: 22227049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) and Surface Based Morphometry (SBM) are the two most commonly used methods to study the structure of gray matter in various disease states such as schizophrenia. Though overlapping changes have been observed in same datasets using the two procedures, the proportional contribution of the anatomical properties of the cortical mantle such as thickness, surface area and gyrification to the group differences in gray matter volume (GMV) observed using VBM is unknown. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between the GMV and the anatomical properties of the cortical mantle in regions showing significant VBM changes in schizophrenia using a sample of 57 patients and 41 healthy controls. To this end, we obtained significant clusters showing VBM changes in schizophrenia and studied the contribution of the three anatomical properties derived from SBM to the observed group differences in the GMV using a multiple mediation analysis. Our results suggest that while SBM measures make distinct but regionally variable contribution to the VBM differences, a large proportion of the group difference observed using VBM is not explained by the individual surface anatomical properties. While VBM may be more sensitive in identifying the regions with gray matter abnormalities, studies investigating the pathophysiology of illnesses such as schizophrenia are better informed when both SBM and VBM analyses are performed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, A Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhu M, Wang C, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yu C, Jiang T. Reduced cortical thickness in mental retardation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29673. [PMID: 22216343 PMCID: PMC3246471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental retardation is a developmental disorder associated with impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors. Many studies have addressed white matter abnormalities in patients with mental retardation, while the changes of the cerebral cortex have been studied to a lesser extent. Quantitative analysis of cortical integrity using cortical thickness measurement may provide new insights into the gray matter pathology. In this study, cortical thickness was compared between 13 patients with mental retardation and 26 demographically matched healthy controls. We found that patients with mental retardation had significantly reduced cortical thickness in multiple brain regions compared with healthy controls. These regions include the bilateral lingual gyrus, the bilateral fusiform gyrus, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the bilateral temporal pole, the left inferior temporal gyrus, the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the right precentral gyrus. The observed cortical thickness reductions might be the anatomical substrates for the impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors in patients with mental retardation. Cortical thickness measurement might provide a sensitive prospective surrogate marker for clinical trials of neuroprotective medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Maohu Zhu
- LIAMA Center for Computational Medicine, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- LIAMA Center for Computational Medicine, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Palaniyappan L, Mallikarjun P, Joseph V, White TP, Liddle PF. Folding of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: regional differences in gyrification. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:974-9. [PMID: 21257157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anatomy of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia has been studied previously by quantifying the degree of gyrification. Conflicting results exist, with some studies showing hypergyria and others showing hypogyria. It is likely that regional variations in cortical folding exist within the prefrontal cortex that could be explored by studying the anatomical subdivisions formed by the sulci and gyri. With surface reconstructions from magnetic resonance imaging, we studied the gyrification within anatomically meaningful subdivisions of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. METHODS Prefrontal cortex was studied with an automated method to obtain Local Gyrification Index, reflecting the degree of cortical folding in 57 patients with schizophrenia and 42 control subjects. Regional differences within prefrontal cortex were compared between the two groups with a sulcogyral atlas. Effects of hemisphere and age were subsequently assessed. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had significant hypogyria in most prefrontal regions except the frontomarginal region, which showed hypergyria. The normal left > right pattern of prefrontal gyrification was reversed in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia also showed significant age-related reduction in gyrification at the hypogyric regions. CONCLUSIONS The differences between reported findings regarding prefrontal gyrification might reflect regional variation in the nature of the abnormal process of gyrification in schizophrenia. Prefrontal gyrification is significantly influenced by age in schizophrenia, in addition to the influence of neurodevelopmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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