Associations between Green Tea Consumption and Coffee Consumption and the Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease

Influences of tea consumption on self-rated health and life satisfaction among older adults: Evidence from the CLHLS

The benefits of tea consumption as a special diet for health and life satisfaction have attracted considerable attention; however, it is not clear whether the effect of tea consumption on self-rated health (SRH) and self-rated life satisfaction (SRL) is equal among all types of tea, and it is unclear whether these associations are impacted by gender and age in older adults. This study aimed to examine the associations between tea consumption, SRH and SRL in older adults and to explore the role of gender and age. Participants aged 65-105 (N = 78,345) were interviewed in the years 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2018 in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS). Generalized estimation equations (GEE) with the identity link function were adopted to estimate the cross-sectional associations of tea consumption with SRH and SRL. GEE with the logic link function were used to explore the longitudinal associations of tea consumption with SRH decline and SRL decline. Drinking tea at present, especially scented tea, was significantly associated with better SRH and SRL for older adults. Male participants benefited more from tea consumption than females, and the protective effect of green tea consumption on improving SRH and SRL in males was evident. Older adults aged 90-105 with current tea consumption daily had better SRH and reduced risk of SRL decline.

Interaction between tea consumption and genes on activities of daily living disability in older adults

The effects of tea consumption on delaying aging and the onset of age-related disabilities have been reported; however, it is unclear whether these benefits are impacted by genes. This study aimed to examine the associations between tea consumption and activities of daily living (ADL) and explore the role of genetic factors. Data from 46,487 older adults aged 64-105 who participated in at least one data wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 were analyzed. Genetic data were produced using the Affymetrix Axiom™myDesign™ (384-format) Human Genotyping Array. The generalized estimation equation and multiple logistic regression models were constructed to examine the effects of tea consumption, polygenic risk score, and their interactions on ADL. Tea consumption was related to reduced ADL decline-the effect was statistically significant among men but not women. A significant interaction between tea consumption and polygenic risk score (PRS) was observed. Tea consumption was associated with a decreased risk of ADL disability only among individuals with a low PRS. These findings indicate that tea consumption plays a role in preventing disability in older adults with low polygenic risk.

Omega-3 Supplementation in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients: Impact on ICU Stay and Hospital Stay-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background/Objectives: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is associated with inflammation and complications, potentially leading to prolonged ICU and hospital stays. Omega-3 PUFA has anti-inflammatory properties, thought to potentially reduce complications in CABG patients. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the impact of perioperative omega-3 PUFA supplementation on total ICU and total hospital stays in CABG patients; Methods: Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation (IV/oral) on ICU and hospital stays in CABG patients were included. Studies were searched for in PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial databases, along with hand searching of reference lists. The quality and risk of bias of the included studies were evaluated by two independent reviewers using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using fixed or random effects models according to the level of heterogeneity by mean difference with their 95% confidence intervals; Results: Twelve studies were included in the qualitative analysis and seven in the meta-analysis. Omega-3 PUFA was associated with a significant reduction in days of hospital stay (-0.58 (95% CI -1.13, -0.04)). Subgroup analysis showed that only oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation resulted in a statistically significant reduction in length of hospitalization after subgroup analysis with MD -0.6 (95% CI -1.17, -0.04); Conclusions: This study suggests that perioperative omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the length of hospitalization in CABG patients, especially when administered orally. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the high level of heterogeneity.

Unraveling tea and coffee consumption effects on cardiovascular diseases risk factors: A narrative review

Backgrounds and Aims

Daily lifestyle plays a vital role in modifying the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Our daily life isn't inseparable from nutrition intake. As such, tea and coffee are often regarded as the most consumed beverages worldwide. There have been a lot of debates on the adverse effects and benefits of consuming these popular beverages. This comprehensive review explores the different types of tea and coffee and their mechanism of action. It delves deeper into their roles in reducing CVD risk, aiding CVD recovery, lowering CVD mortality, and their varying effects across populations and regions.

Methods

An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed. Relevant articles were identified through cross-referencing and manual searches. Excluded from the study were commentaries, case reports, clinical vignettes, and non-English articles.

Results

Tea and coffee contain varying levels of caffeine and other bioactive compounds with cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and more. Genetic factors further modulate their effects. Tea flavonoids benefit cholesterol, blood pressure, and endothelial function, while coffee constituents impact oxidative stress, metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and gut flora. Moderate consumption of both beverages may offer cardiovascular benefits, but outcomes vary depending on populations and conditions. Tea and coffee consumption may influence CVD recovery by reducing mortality and improving survival, however, it must be noted that it has the potential to be harmful to some individuals.

Conclusion

Evidence suggests that moderate consumption of these beverages may be linked to reduced cardiovascular mortality, although individual characteristics and pre-existing conditions can influence outcomes. Excessive caffeine consumption, found in both beverages, may pose risks such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality in CVD patients, with a dose-dependent nature. Future research should delve into mechanisms, genetic factors, and diverse cultural impacts of its use. Health care providers should consider individual characteristics when advising on tea and coffee consumption in the context of cardiovascular health.

Impact of Green Tea Consumption on the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major global health concern, responsible for significant morbidity, mortality, and disability. To mitigate the impact of CVDs, individuals often seek preventive measures, and one such approach is the consumption of green tea. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the effects of green tea consumption on the prevalence of cardiovascular outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant studies. Our analysis revealed that the risk factors associated with CVDs can vary across different diseases, with hypertension being a common risk factor for CVD mortality and CVD. Notably, the consumption of green tea exhibited a positive effect on reducing the prevalence of cardiometabolic risks and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, green tea consumption was observed to have a beneficial impact on lowering both diastolic and systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, the studies reviewed in this research suggest that the consumption of green tea has a significant and positive influence on cardiovascular health. These findings highlight the potential of green tea as a valuable component of a healthy lifestyle, offering a promising avenue for its use as a dietary supplement to reduce the risk of CVDs.

Resveratrol and beyond: The Effect of Natural Polyphenols on the Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy dietary habits have clearly been shown to contribute to the development of CVDs. Beyond the primary nutrients, a healthy diet is also rich in plant-derived compounds. Natural polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, and red wine, have a clear role in improving cardiovascular health. In this review, we strive to summarize the results of the relevant pre-clinical and clinical trials that focused on some of the most important natural polyphenols, such as resveratrol and relevant flavonoids. In addition, we aim to identify their common sources, biosynthesis, and describe their mechanism of action including their regulatory effect on signal transduction pathways. Finally, we provide scientific evidence regarding the cardiovascular benefits of moderate, long-term red wine consumption.

Tea's anti-obesity properties, cardiometabolic health-promoting potentials, bioactive compounds, and adverse effects: A review focusing on white and green teas

Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world. Morocco, Japan, and China have consumed green tea for centuries. White tea, which is a variety of green teas, is very popular in China and is highly revered for its taste. Presently, both teas are consumed in other countries around the world, even as functional ingredients, and novel research is constantly being conducted in these areas. We provide an update on the health benefits of white and green teas in this review, based on recent research done to present. After a general introduction, we focused on tea's anti-obesity and human health-promoting potential, adverse effects, and new approaches to tea and its bioactive compounds. It has been found that the health benefits of tea are due to its bioactive components, mainly phenolic compounds. Of these, catechins are the most abundant. This beverage (or its extracts) has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which could contribute to body weight control and the improvement of several chronic diseases. However, some studies have mentioned the possibility of toxic effects; therefore, reducing tea consumption is a good idea, especially during the last trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, new evidence will provide insight into the possible effects of tea on the human gut microbiota, and even on the viruses responsible for SARS-CoV-2. A beverage such as this may favor beneficial gut microbes, which may have important implications due to the influence of gut microbiota on human health.

Protective effects and molecular mechanisms of tea polyphenols on cardiovascular diseases

Aging is the most important factor contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the incidence and severity of cardiovascular events tend to increase with age. Currently, CVD is the leading cause of death in the global population. In-depth analysis of the mechanisms and interventions of cardiovascular aging and related diseases is an important basis for achieving healthy aging. Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the general term for the polyhydroxy compounds contained in tea leaves, whose main components are catechins, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, condensed phenolic acids and polymeric phenols. Among them, catechins are the main components of TPs. In this article, we provide a detailed review of the classification and composition of teas, as well as an overview of the causes of aging-related CVDs. Then, we focus on ten aspects of the effects of TPs, including anti-hypertension, lipid-lowering effects, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-atherosclerosis, recovery of endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, myocardial protective effect, to improve CVDs and the detailed molecular mechanisms.

Association between the Japanese Diet and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography

Several cohort studies have reported that the Japanese diet is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality. However, the results were not always consistent, and most of those studies conducted dietary surveys around 1990. We investigated the association between the Japanese diet and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 802 patients undergoing coronary angiography. The Japanese diet score was defined as the sum of scores of the intakes of fish, soy products, vegetables, seaweed, fruits, and green tea. CAD was found in 511 patients, of whom 173 had myocardial infarction (MI). Intakes of fish, soy products, vegetables, seaweed, fruits, and green tea were lower in patients with CAD, especially in those with MI, than in those without CAD. As a result, the Japanese diet score was significantly lower in patients with CAD than in those without CAD (p < 0.001). To clarify the association between the Japanese diet and CAD, the 802 study patients were divided into three tertiles by the Japanese diet score. The proportion of CAD decreased with the Japanese diet score, reaching 72% in patients at T1 (lowest score), 63% at T2, and 55% at T3 (highest) (p < 0.05). The proportion of MI also decreased with the Japanese diet score, reaching 25% at T1, 24% at T2, and 15% at T3 (p < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, compared with T1, the adjusted odds ratios for CAD and MI were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.63) and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.38-0.99) for T3, respectively. Thus, the Japanese diet was found to be inversely associated with CAD in Japanese patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Green tea consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between green tea consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether an association exists between them in cohort studies.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies conducted until September 2022. Prospective cohort studies that provided relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association were included. Study-specific risk estimates were combined using a random-effects model. A total of seven studies, with 9211 CHD cases among 772,922 participants, were included. We observed a nonlinear association between green tea consumption and the risk of CHD (P for nonlinearity = 0.0009). Compared with nonconsumers, the RRs (95% CI) of CHD across levels of green tea consumption were 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) for 1 cup/day (1 cup = 300 ml), 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) for 2 cups/day, 0.85 (0.77, 0.92) for 3 cups/day, 0.88 (0.81, 0.96) for 4 cups/day, and 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) for 5 cups/day.

CONCLUSIONS

This updated meta-analysis of studies from East Asia suggests that green tea consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of CHD, especially among those with low-to-moderate consumption. Additional cohorts are still needed before we could draw a definitive conclusion.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42022357687.

The effects of green tea supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

A bulk of observational studies have revealed the protective role of green tea supplementation in cardiovascular diseases. The current systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to establish the effects of green tea supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors including lipid profile, blood pressure, glycemic control markers and CRP.

Methods

A systematic literature search of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of green tea supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors was undertaken in online databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase using a combination of green tea and cardiovascular risk factors search terms. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCTs.

Results

Among the initial 11,286 studies that were identified from electronic databases search, 55 eligible RCTs with 63 effect sizes were eligible. Results from the random effects meta-analysis showed that GTE supplementation significantly reduced TC (WMD = -7.62; 95% CI: -10.51, -4.73; P = < 0.001), LDL-C (WMD = -5.80; 95% CI: -8.30, -3.30; P = < 0.001), FBS (WMD = -1.67; 95% CI: -2.58, -0.75; P = < 0.001), HbA1c (WMD = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.04; P = 0.008), DBP (WMD = -0.87; 95% CI: -1.45, -0.29; P = 0.003), while increasing HDL-C (WMD = 1.85; 95% CI: 0.87, 2.84; P = 0.010). Subgroup analyses based on the duration of supplementation (≥ 12 vs. < 12 weeks), dose of green tea extract (GTE) (≥1,000 vs. < 1,000 mg/d), sex (male, female, and both), baseline serum levels of lipid profile, and glycemic control factors demonstrated different results for some risk factors.

Conclusion

The current study suggests improvements in the lipid and glycemic profiles following green tea supplementation. These findings support previous evidence showing the health benefits of green tea supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors.

Catechins: Protective mechanism of antioxidant stress in atherosclerosis

Tea has long been valued for its health benefits, especially its potential to prevent and treat atherosclerosis (AS). Abnormal lipid metabolism and oxidative stress are major factors that contribute to the development of AS. Tea, which originated in China, is believed to help prevent AS. Research has shown that tea is rich in catechins, which is considered a potential source of natural antioxidants. Catechins are the most abundant antioxidants in green tea, and are considered to be the main compound responsible for tea's antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties of catechins are largely dependent on the structure of molecules, and the number and location of hydroxyl groups or their substituents. As an exogenous antioxidant, catechins can effectively eliminate lipid peroxidation products. They can also play an antioxidant role indirectly by activating the endogenous antioxidant system by regulating enzyme activity and signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the preventive effect of catechin in AS, and emphasized that improving the antioxidant effect and lipid metabolism disorders of catechins is the key to managing AS.

Association between tea consumption and prevention of coronary artery disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Background

Evidence from previous studies reporting on the relationship between tea consumption and its preventive effect on coronary artery disease (CAD) has conflicting outcomes. With the accumulation of new clinical evidence, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess tea consumption and CAD risk.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases for published observational studies from their inception to May 2022. A random-effects model was used to calculate risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We also conducted linear and non-linear dose-response meta-analyses to analyze the association. We regarded that one cup equals 237 mL. Subgroup analyses and univariate meta-regression were conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 35 studies, including 24 on green tea and 11 on black tea consumption, were included in this meta-analysis. An inverse association for the risk of CAD was observed for black tea (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.96) and green tea (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99). The dose-response meta-analysis showed that drinking less than four cups of black tea daily may effectively prevent CAD, while more than 4-6 cups/d will promote disease risk. Furthermore, the dose-response relationship between green tea consumption and the prevention of CAD showed that the risk of CAD gradually decreased as green tea consumption increased. We also demonstrated that the more cups of green tea consumed, the lower the risk of CAD. In the subgroup analysis by continent, a significant negative correlation between CAD risk and green tea consumption was observed in the Asian population (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99) but not in the western population [North America (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.03), Europe/Oceana (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.07)].

Conclusions

Higher green tea consumption was associated with reduced CAD risk, but drinking more than 4-6 cups of black tea per day may increase the risk. This study offers new insight into the relationship between tea consumption and its preventive effect on CAD. However, further large prospective cohort studies are needed to validate these findings.

Systematic review registration

The protocol of this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) system (CRD42022348069).

Effects of Green Tea (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on Cardiac Function - A Review of the Therapeutic Mechanism and Potentials

Heart disease, the leading cause of death globally, refers to various illnesses that affect heart structure and function. Specific abnormalities affecting cardiac muscle contractility and remodeling and common factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis underlie the pathogenesis of heart diseases. Epidemiology studies have associated green tea consumption with lower morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, including heart and blood vessel dysfunction. Among the various compounds found in green tea, catechins are believed to play a significant role in producing benefits to cardiovascular health. Comprehensive literature reviews have been published to summarize the tea catechins' antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects in the context of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and metabolic diseases. However, recent studies on tea catechins, especially the most abundant (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), revealed their capabilities in regulating cardiac muscle contraction by directly altering myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity on force development and Ca2+ ion handling in cardiomyocytes under both physiological and pathological conditions. In vitro and in vivo data also demonstrated that green tea extract or EGCG protected or rescued cardiac function, independent of their well-known effects against oxidative stress and inflammation. This minireview will focus on the specific effects of tea catechins on heart muscle contractility at the molecular and cellular level, revisit their effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of heart diseases, and discuss EGCG's potential as one of the lead compounds for new drug discovery for heart diseases.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-reoxygenation damage via raising autophagy related 4C expression

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious issue during the therapy of myocardial infarction. Herein, we explored the beneficial influence of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-stimulated cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells damage, along with possible internal molecular mechanism related autophagy related 4C (ATG4C). H9c2 cells were subjected to H/R stimulation and/or EGCG treatment. ATG4C mRNA expression was measured via q-PCR assay. ATG4C overexpression plasmid (OE-ATG4C) was transfected to arise ATG4C level. Cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ATP level were tested via CCK-8 assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, DCFH-DA staining and ATP Assay Kit, respectively. Western blotting was performed to test Cleaved-caspase 3, Cleaved-caspase 9, cytochrome C, and LC3B protein levels. H/R stimulation resulted in H9c2 cell viability loss, promoted cell apoptosis, and ROS overproduction, as well as lowered ATP level in cells. EGCG treatment alleviated H/R-resulted H9c2 cell viability loss, cell apoptosis, ROS overproduction, and reduction of ATP level. Moreover, H/R stimulation reduced the ATG4C expression in H9c2 cells, while EGCG raised the ATG4C expression. Overexpression of ATG4C strengthened the beneficial influence of EGCG on H/R-stimulated H9c2 cell viability, apoptosis and ROS production. Besides, ATG4C overexpression weakened the H/R-stimulated H9c2 cell autophagy via reducing LC3B II/I expression. EGCG exerted beneficial influence on H/R-stimulated cardiomyocytes, which protected cardiomyocytes from H/R-stimulated viability loss, apoptosis, and ROS overproduction via enhancing ATG4C expression.

The Cardiovascular Benefits of Caffeinated Beverages: Real or Surreal? /"Metron Ariston - All in Moderation"

Caffeinated beverages are the most widely consumed beverages globally with coffee and tea as the two most prominent sources of caffeine. Caffeine content varies across different types of beverages. In addition to caffeine, coffee and tea have other biologically active compounds, and all may affect general and cardiovascular (CV) health. Moderate caffeine consumption (<300-400 mg/day), regardless of the source, is considered safe by both European and US Health Authorities, as it is not associated with adverse health and CV effects, while it may confer certain health benefits. There is a nonlinear association between coffee ingestion and CV risk; moderate coffee drinking is inversely significantly associated with CV risk, with the highest benefit at 2-4 cups per day, while heavy coffee drinking might confer increased risk. With regards to tea, due to a lower caffeine content per serving, its consumption is only limited by the total caffeine daily intake. Both these caffeinated beverages, coffee and tea, have additional phenolic compounds, with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which confer cardioprotective benefits. Of the several coffee compounds, chloroacetic acids and melanoidins offer such beneficial effects, while diterpenes may have unfavorable effects on lipids. Most of the tea ingredients (polyphenols) are cardioprotective. A major concern relates to energy drinks with their much higher caffeine content which puts individuals, especially adolescents and young adults, at high health and CV risk. All these issues are herein discussed, including pertinent studies and meta-analyses, pathogenetic mechanisms involved and relevant recommendations from health authorities.

Green and white teas as health-promoting foods

Tea is one of the most consumed beverages around the world and as such, it is constantly the object of novel research. This review focuses on the research performed during the last five years to provide an updated view of the current position of tea regarding human health. According to most authors, tea health benefits can be traced back to its bioactive components, mostly phenolic compounds. Among them, catechins are the most abundant. Tea has an important antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory properties, which make this beverage (or its extracts) a potential aid in the fight against several chronic diseases. On the other hand, some studies report the possibility of toxic effects and it is advisable to reduce tea consumption, such as in the last trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, new technologies are increasing researchers' possibilities to study the effect of tea on human gut microbiota and even against SARS CoV-2. This beverage favours some beneficial gut microbes, which could have important repercussions due to the influence of gut microbiota on human health.