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Sottil P, Lhomme S, Saune K, El Hayani S, Oliveira-Mendes K, Peron JM, Kamar N, Izopet J, Abravanel F. Evaluation of an automated platform for the detection of HEV RNA in plasma and stool. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114920. [PMID: 38574772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the performance of the automated Altostar HEV RNA platform for detecting HEV RNA. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical performance was determined by testing 81 plasma samples and 10 fecal samples manually quantified previously with the Realstar RT-PCR assay using the Magnapure instrument for extraction. The assays were concordant for 79/81 plasma samples (97.5%) and 10/10 (100%) fecal samples. The two plasma samples that tested negative with the Altostar assay had a very low HEV RNA concentration (1.6 and 1.4 log10 IU/ml). Quantitative results obtained with the automated platform and the manual workflow were highly correlated (ρ= 0.98, p<0.01). The intra-run and inter-run standard deviation were 0.09 IU/ml and 0.13 IU/ml respectively. The assay was linear from 2 to 6 log IU/ml. The limit of detection determined by Probit analysis with the WHO HEV RNA standard was 7.6 [95% CI: 4.4-52.5] IU/ml. CONCLUSIONS The Altostar platform enables highly accurate testing for the detection of HEV RNA in stool and the quantification of HEV RNA in plasma. This allowed us to shorten turnaround times and to save time for the technical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sottil
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France; Inserm UMR 1291 - CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Saune
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France; Inserm UMR 1291 - CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Soheil El Hayani
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Kévin Oliveira-Mendes
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Jean-Marie Peron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Département de Gastroentérologie, 31300, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation multi-organe, 31300, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France; Inserm UMR 1291 - CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, National Reference Center for Hepatitis E, Toulouse 31300, France; Inserm UMR 1291 - CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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2
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León-Janampa N, Boennec N, Le Tilly O, Ereh S, Herbet G, Moreau A, Gatault P, Longuet H, Barbet C, Büchler M, Baron C, Gaudy-Graffin C, Brand D, Marlet J. Relevance of Tacrolimus Trough Concentration and Hepatitis E virus Genetic Changes in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Chronic Hepatitis E. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1333-1342. [PMID: 38707810 PMCID: PMC11069011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause chronic infection (≥3 months) and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients, especially kidney transplant recipients. Low alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and high HEV intrahost diversity have previously been associated with evolution toward chronicity in these patients. We hypothesized that additional clinical and viral factors could be associated with the risk of chronic HEV infection. Methods We investigated a series of 27 kidney transplant recipients with HEV infection, including 20 patients with chronic hepatitis E. Results High tacrolimus trough concentration at diagnosis was the most relevant marker associated with chronic hepatitis E (9.2 vs. 6.4 ng/ml, P = 0.04). Most HEV genetic changes selected during HEV infection were compartmentalized between plasma and feces. Conclusion This compartmentalization highlights the diversity and complexity of HEV replication compartments. Tacrolimus trough concentration at diagnosis of HEV infection could allow an early identification of patients at high risk of chronic hepatitis E and guide treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy León-Janampa
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Natacha Boennec
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Simon Ereh
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gabriel Herbet
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Transplantation rénale – Immunologie clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Longuet
- Transplantation rénale – Immunologie clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christelle Barbet
- Transplantation rénale – Immunologie clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mathias Büchler
- Transplantation rénale – Immunologie clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Baron
- Transplantation rénale – Immunologie clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Catherine Gaudy-Graffin
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Denys Brand
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Marlet
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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3
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Ali MM, Gul M, Imran M, Ijaz M, Azeem S, Ullah A, Yaqub HMF. Molecular identification and genotyping of hepatitis E virus from Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:223. [PMID: 38167570 PMCID: PMC10762251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a global health concern. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in Pakistan. HEV has four genotypes: HEV-1 through HEV-4. The genotypes HEV-1 and HEV-2 are associated with infection in humans, especially in countries with poor sanitation. The genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic and human infection takes place by consuming undercooked meat or being in contact with animals. The present study was designed to ascertain the presence of HEV in the Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. First, blood samples (n = 50) were collected from patients suspected of infection with the hepatitis E virus from the Multan District. The serum was separated and the samples were initially screened using an HEV IgM-ELISA. Second, the ELISA-positive samples were subjected to PCR and were genetically characterized. For PCR, the RNA extraction and complementary DNA synthesis were done using commercial kits. The HEV ORF2 (Open Reading Frame-2, capsid protein) was amplified using nested PCR targeting a 348 bp segment. The PCR amplicons were sequenced and an evolutionary tree was constructed using MEGA X software. A protein model was built employing the SWISS Model after protein translation using ExPASy online tool. The positivity rate of anti-HEV antibodies in serum samples was found as 56% (28/50). All Pakistani HEV showed homology with genotype 1 and shared common evolutionary origin and ancestry with HEV isolates of genotype 1 of London (MH504163), France (MN401238), and Japan (LC314158). Sequence analysis of motif regions assessment and protein structure revealed that the sequences had a similarity with the reference sequence. These data suggest that genotype 1 of HEV is circulating in Pakistan. This finding could be used for the diagnosis and control of HEV in the specific geographic region focusing on its prevalent genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mehek Gul
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahan Azeem
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Farooq Yaqub
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Lhomme S, Magne S, Perelle S, Vaissière E, Abravanel F, Trelon L, Hennechart-Collette C, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Izopet J, Figoni J, Spaccaferri G. Clustered Cases of Waterborne Hepatitis E Virus Infection, France. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051149. [PMID: 37243235 DOI: 10.3390/v15051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of seven cases of hepatitis E virus infection in a French rural hamlet in April 2015 led to investigations confirming the clustering and identifying the source of the infection. Laboratories and general practitioners in the area actively searched for other cases based on RT-PCR and serological tests. The environment, including water sources, was also checked for HEV RNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to compare HEV sequences. No other cases were found. Six of the seven patients lived in the same hamlet, and the seventh used to visit his family who lived there. All HEV strains were very similar and belonged to the HEV3f subgenotype, confirming the clustering of these cases. All the patients drank water from the public network. A break in the water supply to the hamlet was identified at the time the infection probably occurred; HEV RNA was also detected in a private water source that was connected to the public water network. The water flowing from the taps was quite turbid during the break. The private water supply containing HEV RNA was the likely source of the contamination. Private water supplies not disconnected from the public network are still frequent in rural areas, where they may contribute to public water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Virus des Hépatites à Transmission Entériques (Hépatite A et E), Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Magne
- Regional Health Agency of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vaissière
- Santé Publique France (French National Public Health Agency), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Virus des Hépatites à Transmission Entériques (Hépatite A et E), Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Trelon
- Regional Health Agency of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | | | - Audrey Fraisse
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Virus des Hépatites à Transmission Entériques (Hépatite A et E), Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Figoni
- Santé Publique France (French National Public Health Agency), 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Guillaume Spaccaferri
- Santé Publique France (French National Public Health Agency), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Zhang F, Wang Y. HEV Cell Culture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:119-131. [PMID: 37223862 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture is an important research method in virology. Although many attempts have been conducted to culture HEV in cells, only a few cell culture systems were considered to be efficient enough for usage. Concentration of virus stocks, host cells, and medium components affects the culture efficiency and the genetic mutations during HEV passage were found to be associated with the increased virulence in cell culture. As an alternative method for traditional cell culture, the infectious cDNA clones were constructed. The viral thermal stability, factors that impact the host range, post-translation of viral proteins, and function of different viral proteins were studied using the infectious cDNA clones. HEV cell culture studies on progeny virus showed that the viruses secreted from host cells have an envelope and its formation was associated with pORF3. This result explained the phenomenon that virus could infect host cells in the presence of anti-HEV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Therapeutical Monoclonal Antibodies, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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6
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Broadly Reactive Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of Hepatitis E Virus and Simultaneous Genotyping by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0191221. [PMID: 35138152 PMCID: PMC8826742 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01912-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a global public health concern. Although HEV infection is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting, extrahepatic manifestations and chronic infections in immunocompromised patients have been described. HEV strains infecting humans have been classified into four main genotypes. In this study we have developed and validated a novel sensitive real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of all four HEV genotypes. Simultaneous discrimination of genotypes 1, 2, and 4 from genotype 3 by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was possible. In all, 201 serum samples from cases and carriers previously tested for HEV by nested RT-PCR were analyzed. Twenty-seven HEV-positive samples could not be typed by the nested RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing, but were newly typed by SNP analysis. As polymorphisms were present at the primer or probe binding site, we adopted a degenerate primer and mixed probes. When a mixed probe was added, the fluorescence intensity increased, facilitating genotype determination. IMPORTANCE The distribution of HEV-3 and HEV-4 has been changing. HEV-4, which had been predominantly found in Asia, is now being detected in other parts of the world, and there are now reports of chronic infections. Additionally, neurological disorders have frequently been reported in patients with acute or chronic HEV infections. HEV-4 has also been shown to lead to a higher severity in terms of acute hepatitis than does HEV-3. Early typing can provide useful information regarding the route of infection and for tailoring treatment to the expected course of the disease. The present method afforded a good detection rate even when polymorphisms were present within the target region for viral gene detection. We believe that this method can be applied to the analysis of mutation-prone viral genes in the future.
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Cancela F, Noceti O, Arbiza J, Mirazo S. Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2457-2481. [PMID: 36098802 PMCID: PMC9469829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is an enterically transmitted zoonotic disease that causes large waterborne epidemic outbreaks in developing countries and has become an increasing public-health concern in industrialized countries. In this setting, the infection is usually acute and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, although chronic cases in immunocompromised patients have been reported, frequently associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. Moreover, extrahepatic manifestations have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals with acute HEV infection. HEV belongs to the alphavirus-like supergroup III of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, and its genome contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein with eight domains, most of which have not been extensively characterized: methyltransferase, Y domain, papain-like cysteine protease, hypervariable region, proline-rich region, X domain, Hel domain, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode the capsid protein and a multifunctional protein believed to be involved in virion release, respectively. The novel ORF4 is only expressed in HEV genotype 1 under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, and its exact function has not yet been elucidated. Despite important advances in recent years, the biological and molecular processes underlying HEV replication remain poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of detailed information about the functions of the viral proteins and the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning HEV proteins and their biological properties, providing updated detailed data describing their function and focusing in detail on their structural characteristics. Furthermore, we review some unclear aspects of the four proteins encoded by the ORFs, highlighting the current key information gaps and discussing potential novel experimental strategies for shedding light on those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ofelia Noceti
- grid.414402.70000 0004 0469 0889Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático y Unidad Docente Asistencial Centro Nacional de Tratamiento Hepatobiliopancreatico. Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,grid.11630.350000000121657640Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, PC 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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Moraes DF, Lopez-Lopez P, Palmeira JD, Torres RT, Rivero-Juarez A, Dutra V, Nascimento M, Mesquita JR. Screening for hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama), Portugal, 2018-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2764-2768. [PMID: 34913605 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is the most prevalent HEV genotype in Europe causing mostly asymptomatic infections in humans, but can also sporadically cause severe acute hepatitis, chronic liver disease, chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients and extra-hepatic manifestations. Although much is today known about the swine reservoir, no information is available on the occurrence of HEV from widely distributed deer species in Portugal. Here, we investigated the presence and characterized HEV in free-living deer in Portugal by screening stools from red deer (Cervus elaphus) (n = 95) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (n = 35) for HEV by a broad-spectrum nested RT-PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Two red deer females, sampled in central Portugal, showed to be shedding HEV (2.1%; 95% confidence interval: 0.58-7.35). Sequencing and genetic characterization showed that these two deer HEV sequences were 98.96% identical to each other, being both of HEV genotype 3 subgenotype 3e. The increasing numbers and distribution of deer in Portugal and the zoonotic features of the circulating HEV genotype 3 subgenotype 3e highlights the importance of continued surveillance directed to food-borne diseases, especially those involving wild animals and deer in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- DFdSD Moraes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Montana, Cuiabá, Brazil.,State Department for the Environment of Mato Grosso (SEMA), Cuiabá, Brazil.,Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Lopez-Lopez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J D Palmeira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R T Torres
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Rivero-Juarez
- Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - V Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Montana, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Msj Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - J R Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Lienhard J, Vonlanthen-Specker I, Sidler X, Bachofen C. Screening of Swiss Pig Herds for Hepatitis E Virus: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3050. [PMID: 34827782 PMCID: PMC8614339 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute hepatitis in humans worldwide. In industrialised countries, most infections are caused by the zoonotic genotype 3. The main reservoir was found in pigs, with fattening pigs as the main shedders. The aim of this study was to establish a screening tool to detect HEV in pig farms. HEV-positive samples were sequenced using Sanger sequencing. First, different sample materials, including floor swabs, slurry, dust swabs and faeces were tested for HEV. Floor swabs turned out to give the best results and, in the form of sock swabs, were used for the screening of Swiss pig herds. A total of 138 pig farms were tested, with a focus on fattening pigs. Overall, 81 farms (58.8%) were HEV positive. Most sequences belonged to subtype 3h, in which they formed a specific cluster (Swiss cluster). In addition, subtype 3l and two unassigned sequences were detected. As a conclusion, sock swabs were found to be a helpful tool to screen pig herds for HEV and establish a sequence collection that may enable molecular epidemiology and support outbreak investigation and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienhard
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.L.); (I.V.-S.)
| | | | - Xaver Sidler
- Division of Swine Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.L.); (I.V.-S.)
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Gallian P, Lhomme S, Morel P, Gross S, Mantovani C, Hauser L, Tinard X, Pouchol E, Djoudi R, Assal A, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Tiberghien P. Risk for Hepatitis E Virus Transmission by Solvent/Detergent-Treated Plasma. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2881-2886. [PMID: 33219652 PMCID: PMC7706953 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.191482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E has emerged as a major transfusion-transmitted infectious risk. Two recipients of plasma from 2 lots (A and B) of pooled solvent/detergent-treated plasma were found to be infected by hepatitis E virus (HEV) that was determined to have been transmitted by the solvent/detergent-treated plasma. HEV RNA viral loads were 433 IU in lot A and 55 IU in lot B. Retrospective studies found that 100% (13/13) of evaluable lot A recipients versus 18% (3/17) of evaluable lot B recipients had been infected by HEV (p<0.001), albeit not necessarily at time of transfusion. Among evaluable recipients, 86% with a transfused HEV RNA load >50,000 IU were infected, most likely by the HEV-containing solvent/detergent-treated plasma, versus only 7% with a transfused HEV RNA load <50,000 IU (p<0.001). Overall, solvent/detergent-treated plasma might harbor HEV. Such an occurrence might result in a dose-dependent risk for transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E.
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11
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Micas F, Suin V, Péron JM, Scholtes C, Tuaillon E, Vanwolleghem T, Bocket L, Lhomme S, Dimeglio C, Izopet J, Abravanel F. Analyses of Clinical and Biological Data for French and Belgian Immunocompetent Patients Infected With Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes 4 and 3. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645020. [PMID: 33936003 PMCID: PMC8079808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are the major causes of acute hepatitis in industrialized countries. Genotype 3 is mainly found in Europe and America, while genotype 4 is predominant in Asia. Several Japanese studies have suggested that genotype 4 is more virulent than genotype 3. We investigated this aspect by analyzing the clinical and biological data for 27 French and Belgian immunocompetent patients infected with HEV genotype 4. Their infections were probably acquired locally, since none of these patients reported traveling outside France or Belgium during the 2–8 weeks before symptoms onset. Each patient was matched for age (±5 years) and gender with two patients infected with HEV genotype 3. Bivariate analysis indicated that the HEV genotype 4-infected patients had significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (2067 IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (1581 IU/L) activities and total bilirubin concentrations (92.4 μmol/L) than did those infected with HEV genotype 3 (1566 IU/L, p = 0.016; 657 IU/L, p = 0.003 and 47 μmol/L, p = 0.046) at diagnosis. In contrast, more patients infected with HEV genotype 3 reported dark urine (71% vs. 39%, p = 0.02) and experienced asthenia (89% vs. 58%, p < 0.01) than did those infected with HEV genotype 4. Two HEV genotype 4-infected patients died of multi-organ failure, while none of the genotype 3-infected patients died (p = 0.035). Finally, stepwise regression analysis retained only a greater increase in ALT (odds-ratio: 1.0005, 95% confidence interval: 1.00012–1.00084) and less frequent fever (odds-ratio = 0.1244; 95% confidence interval: 0.01887–0.82020) for patients infected with HEV genotype 4. We conclude that HEV-4 infections are likely to be associated with higher ALT activity than HEV-3 infections. Additional immunological and virological studies are required to confirm these findings and better understand the influence, if any, of genotype on HEV pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Micas
- Virology Laboratory, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis E Viruses, Federal Institute of Biology, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Vanessa Suin
- National Reference Centre of Hepatitis Viruses, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Péron
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rangueil University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Scholtes
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France.,Department of Virology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Virology Laboratory EA3610, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Virology Laboratory, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis E Viruses, Federal Institute of Biology, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France.,UMR Inserm U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- Virology Laboratory, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis E Viruses, Federal Institute of Biology, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France.,UMR Inserm U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Virology Laboratory, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis E Viruses, Federal Institute of Biology, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France.,UMR Inserm U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Virology Laboratory, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis E Viruses, Federal Institute of Biology, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France.,UMR Inserm U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
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12
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Nicot F, Dimeglio C, Migueres M, Jeanne N, Latour J, Abravanel F, Ranger N, Harter A, Dubois M, Lameiras S, Baulande S, Chapuy-Regaud S, Kamar N, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Classification of the Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Into Distinct Subgenotypes. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:634430. [PMID: 33584599 PMCID: PMC7875884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.634430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is the most common genotype linked to HEV infections in Europe and America. Three major clades (HEV-3.1, HEV-3.2, and HEV-3.3) have been identified but the overlaps between intra-subtype and inter-subtype p-distances make subtype classification inconsistent. Reference sequences have been proposed to facilitate communication between researchers and new putative subtypes have been identified recently. We have used the full or near full-length HEV-3 genome sequences available in the Genbank database (April 2020; n = 503) and distance analyses of clades HEV-3.1 and HEV-3.2 to determine a p-distance cut-off (0.093 nt substitutions/site) in order to define subtypes. This could help to harmonize HEV-3 genotyping, facilitate molecular epidemiology studies and investigations of the biological and clinical differences between HEV-3 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nicot
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Migueres
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Jeanne
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Latour
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Department of Virology, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Noémie Ranger
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Harter
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Dubois
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Department of Virology, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Department of Virology, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organe, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Department of Virology, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite E, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Department of Virology, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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13
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Migueres M, Ducours M, Dimeglio C, Trimoulet P, Abravanel F, Delobel P, Cazanave C, Izopet J. No evidence of sexual transmission of HEV among individuals using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1495-1501. [PMID: 32741049 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in men who have sex with men (MSM) who have been exposed to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV as sexual transmission of HEV has been suggested. A total of 147 PrEP-using MSM and 147 blood donors matched for sex, age and geographical area were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM. Among them, 135 have been followed for 1 year, at the end of which serological tests for HEV were performed retrospectively on stored samples. Laboratory data on sexual transmitted infections (STIs) and viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), were collected. Baseline seroprevalence rates in PrEP users were 42.2% (anti-HEV IgG) and 3.4% (anti-HEV IgM). Those of the control blood donors were similar (anti-HEV IgG 43.5% and anti-HEV IgM 4.1%). There was no incident of HEV infection despite the rates of bacterial STIs (incidence rate (IR) = 46.6%) and HAV infection (IR = 15.8%). Age was the only risk factor associated with anti-HEV IgG seropositivity at baseline and at the end of follow-up. Sexual transmission does not seem to be a major route of HEV infection in MSM, unlike HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Migueres
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, U1043, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Maïlys Ducours
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Bordeaux, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, U1043, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Trimoulet
- Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Bordeaux, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, U1043, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Charles Cazanave
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Bordeaux, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.,Infections humaines à mycoplasmes et à chlamydiae, Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de Référence des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles bactériennes, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, U1043, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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14
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Laugel E, Hartard C, Jeulin H, Berger S, Venard V, Bronowicki JP, Schvoerer E. Full-length genome sequencing of RNA viruses-How the approach can enlighten us on hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2197. [PMID: 34260779 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Among the five main viruses responsible for human hepatitis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are different while sharing similarities. Both viruses can be transmitted by blood or derivatives whereas HEV can also follow environmental or zoonotic routes. These highly variable RNA viruses can cause chronic hepatitis potentially leading to hepatocarcinoma. HCV and HEV can develop new structures and functions under selective pressure to adapt to host immunity, human tissues, treatments or even various animal reservoirs. Elsewhere, with directly acting antiviral treatments, HCV can be eradicated whereas HEV is an emerging pathogen against which specific treatments have to be improved. As a unique molecular tool able to explore viral genomic plasticity, full-length genome (FLG) sequencing has become easier, faster and cheaper. The present review will show how FLG sequencing can explore these RNA viruses with the aim to investigate key genomics data to improve basic knowledge, patients' healthcare and preventive tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Laugel
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Jeulin
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sibel Berger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Véronique Venard
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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15
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Clinical Characteristics of Acute Hepatitis E and Their Correlation with HEV Genotype 3 Subtypes in Italy. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100832. [PMID: 33050666 PMCID: PMC7650787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype 3 (GT3) is responsible for most European autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections. This study analyzed circulating genotypes and GT3 subtypes in the Lazio region, Italy, between 2011 and 2019, as well as their pathogenic characteristics. Of the 64 evaluable HEV GT3 patient-derived sequences, identified subtypes included GT3f (n = 36), GT3e (n = 15), GT3c (n = 9), GT3a (n = 1) and three unsubtyped GT3 sequences. GT3c strains were similar to Dutch sequences (96.8–98.1% identity), GT3e strains showed high similarity (96.8%) with a United Kingdom sequence, while the most related sequences to GT3f Italian strains were isolated in France, Belgium and Japan. One sequence was closely related to another Italian strain isolated in raw sewage in 2016. The liver functioning test median values for 56 evaluable GT3 patients were: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 461 (range 52–4835 U/L); aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 659 (range 64–6588 U/L); and total bilirubin, 3.49 (range 0.4–33 mg/dL). The median HEV RNA viral load for 26 evaluable GT3 patients was 42,240 IU/mL (range 5680–895,490 IU/mL). Of the 37 GT3 patients with available clinical information, no correlation was observed between HEV clinical manifestations and GT3 subtype. HEV symptoms were comparable among GT3c/e/f patients across most analyzed categories except for epigastric pain, which occurred more frequently in patients with HEV GT3e (75%) than in patients with GT3c (50%) or GT3f (19%) (p = 0.01). Additionally, patients with HEV GT3c exhibited significantly higher median international normalized ratio (INR) than patients with GT3e and GT3f (p = 0.033). The severity of GT3 acute hepatitis E was not linked to HEV RNA viral load or to the GT3 subtype.
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16
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Pegylated interferon may be considered in chronic viral hepatitis E resistant to ribavirin in kidney transplant recipients. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:522. [PMID: 32677900 PMCID: PMC7367388 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) may be resistant to immunosuppression reduction and ribavirin treatment in kidney transplant recipients because of mutant strains and severe side effects of ribavirin which conduct to dose reduction. Sofosbuvir efficacy is controversial. Peg-interferon 2 alpha (PEG-IFN) is currently contraindicated due to a high risk of acute humoral and cellular rejection. The present study assessed, for the first time, the effect of PEG-IFN in a kidney transplant recipient infected with HEV. Case presentation The patient had chronic active HEV that was resistant to immunosuppression reduction and optimal ribavirin treatment. He developed significant liver fibrosis. PEG-IFN was administered for 10 months, and it was well tolerated and did not induce rejection. A sustained virological response was obtained. Conclusions We conclude that prolonged treatment with PEG-IFN in kidney transplant recipients infected with HEV could be considered as a salvage option.
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Mendizabal M, Haddad L, Marciano S, Ganem FO, Paz S, Gruz F, Ridruejo E, Lurbet MF, Fernandez N, Descalzi V, Anders M, Gadano A, Martínez A, Silva YM. Hepatitis E infection is an infrequent cause of acute hepatitis in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. J Clin Virol 2020; 126:104309. [PMID: 32155452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Argentina is considered a region of low seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV), however; no studies have evaluated its burden among acute hepatitis cases. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the proportion of acute HEV and outcome in a cohort of patients with acute hepatitis from 6 liver units in the Metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (MABA). STUDY DESIGN We performed a prospective cohort study including patients ≥18 years with acute hepatitis (increase in transaminases x 5 ULN) fromJuly 2016 to May 2018. Severe hepatitis was defined as acute hepatitis + INR> 1.5 and acute liver failure as severe hepatitis + encephalopathy. In patients in whom other etiologies were excluded, HEV tests were performed: anti-HEV IgM/G and HEV-RNA in serum and feces. RESULTS Overall, 268 patients with acute hepatitis were included in the study. The most frequent etiologies of acute hepatitis were hepatitis B (67patients, 25 %), hepatotoxicity (65, 24 %) and autoimmune hepatitis (26, 10 %). Acute HEV infection was confirmed in 8 (2.98 %; 95 %CI 1.25-5.63) patients who tested positive for anti-HEV IgM. A total of 63 (23.5 %) patients were hospitalized and 9 (3.3 %) patients died. Overall, 48 (18 %) patients developed severe hepatitis, 6 (2.2 %) have acute liver failure, 6 (1.9 %) underwent liver transplantation and 9 (3.4 %) patients died. CONCLUSIONS the proportion of acute HEV in MABA was low during the period studied. We believe our findings will aid physicians prioritize other etiologies of acute hepatitis over HEV in order to optimize diagnostic resources and offer better care to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mendizabal
- Unidad de Hígado y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina; Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN).
| | - Leila Haddad
- Sección Hepatología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Marciano
- Sección Hepatología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Silvina Paz
- Unidad de Hígado, Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Gruz
- Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Ridruejo
- Unidad de Hígado y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina; Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN); Sección Hepatología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Lurbet
- Sección Hepatología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Fernandez
- Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN); Unidad de Hígado, Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Descalzi
- Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN); Unidad de Hígado y Trasplante Hepático, Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margarita Anders
- Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN); Unidad de Hígado y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Gadano
- Sección Hepatología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Marcelo Silva
- Unidad de Hígado y Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina; Latin American Liver Research, Educational and Awareness Network (LALREAN)
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18
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Abravanel F, Dimeglio C, Castanier M, Péron JM, Kamar N, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Does HEV-3 subtype play a role in the severity of acute hepatitis E? Liver Int 2020; 40:333-337. [PMID: 31837187 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) is a major aetiologic agent of acute hepatitis in industrialized countries. Two main HEV-3 subtypes are found in Europe: subtypes 3c and 3f. We have analysed the clinical and biological parameters from 100 French immunocompetent patients with an HEV subtype 3f or subtype 3c infection, included in a prospective multicentre study. Stepwise regression analysis found that infections with HEV subtype 3f were associated with fever (OR: 6.1 95%CI: 1.4-26.1), have a greater virus load (OR: 7.4; 95%CI: 1.3-42.2) and require more frequent hospitalization (OR: 7.6; 95%CI: 1.1-51.4) than those infected with subtype 3c. The directed acyclic graph strengthens the multivariate analyses indicating a direct link between the HEV subtype, HEV RNA concentration, fever and hospitalization. Further studies on patients in other European countries are needed to confirm this relationship and determine the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abravanel
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathilde Castanier
- Département de Gastroentérologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Péron
- Département de Gastroentérologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Département de Néphrologie-Transplantation d'organe, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, France
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Shirazi R, Pozzi P, Wax M, Bar-Or I, Asulin E, Lustig Y, Mendelson E, Ben-Ari Z, Schwartz E, Mor O. Hepatitis E in pigs in Israel: seroprevalence, molecular characterisation and potential impact on humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30621824 PMCID: PMC6290533 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.49.1800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionThe zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 (HEV-G3) has become a common cause of acute and chronic hepatitis among humans worldwide. In Israel, while HEV-3 sequences have previously been detected in sewage, only the non-zoonotic HEV-G1 genotype has been found in samples from human patients.AimIn this pilot study, we aimed to assess the status of HEV in a sample of the swine population and among swine farm workers in Israel.MethodsPig blood (n = 141) and faecal samples (n = 39), pig farm sewage samples (n = 8) and blood from farm workers (n = 24) were collected between February 2016 and October 2017. Anti-HEV IgG was detected using the Wantai assay. HEV RNA was analysed with the RealStar HEV kit. HEV open reading frame 1 fragments amplified from representative HEV RNA-positive samples were used for phylogenetic analysis.ResultsOverall prevalence of HEV antibodies in pigs was 75.9% (107/141). HEV RNA was detected in plasma (2.1%, 3/141), faecal (22.8%, 18/79) and pig sewage (4/8) samples. Pig and sewage-derived viral sequences clustered with previously identified human sewage HEV-G3 sequences. Most pig farms workers (23 of 24) were HEV-seropositive; none was viraemic or reported previous clinical signs.ConclusionsThis study showed that domestic pigs in Israel are infected with HEV-G3. The high HEV seropositivity of the farm workers together with the previous identification of this virus in human sewage suggests circulation to humans. The clinical impact of these findings on public health should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shirazi
- These authors contributed equally to this article.,Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Veterinary Services Beit Dagan, Beit Dagan, Israel.,These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Marina Wax
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itay Bar-Or
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Efrat Asulin
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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20
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Capai L, Maestrini O, Casabianca F, Villechenaud N, Masse S, Bosseur F, Lamballerie X, Charrel RN, Falchi A. Drastic decline of hepatitis E virus detection in domestic pigs after the age of 6 months, Corsica, France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2462-2473. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandru Capai
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie Université de Corse Corte France
| | - Oscar Maestrini
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Développement de l’Elevage (LRDE) Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Corte France
| | - François Casabianca
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Développement de l’Elevage (LRDE) Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Corte France
| | | | - Shirley Masse
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie Université de Corse Corte France
| | - Frédéric Bosseur
- Sciences Pour l’Environnement – UMR CNRS 6134 niversité de Corse Corte France
| | - Xavier Lamballerie
- IRD 190, INSERM 1207 IHU Méditerranée Infection, Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE): Aix Marseille Univ Marseille France
| | - Rémi N. Charrel
- IRD 190, INSERM 1207 IHU Méditerranée Infection, Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE): Aix Marseille Univ Marseille France
- Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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21
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Plasma Hepatitis E Virus Kinetics in Solid Organ Transplant Patients Receiving Ribavirin. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070630. [PMID: 31323954 PMCID: PMC6669701 DOI: 10.3390/v11070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes chronic hepatitis in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Antiviral therapy consists of three months of ribavirin, although response rates are not optimal. We characterized plasma HEV kinetic patterns in 41 SOT patients during ribavirin therapy. After a median pharmacological delay of three (range: 0-21) days, plasma HEV declined from a median baseline level of 6.12 (3.53-7.45) log copies/mL in four viral kinetic patterns: (i) monophasic (n = 18), (ii) biphasic (n = 13), (iii) triphasic (n = 8), and (iv) flat-partial response (n = 2). The mean plasma HEV half-life was estimated to be 2.0 ± 0.96 days. Twenty-five patients (61%) had a sustained virological response (SVR) 24 weeks after completion of therapy. Viral kinetic patterns (i)-(iii) were not associated with baseline characteristics or outcome of therapy. A flat-partial response was associated with treatment failure. All patients with a log concentration decrease of plasma HEV at day seven of >15% from baseline achieved SVR. In conclusion, viral kinetic modeling of plasma HEV under ribavirin therapy showed, for the first time, four distinct kinetic profiles, a median pharmacologic delay of three days, and an estimated HEV half-life of two days. Viral kinetic patterns were not associated with response to therapy, with the exception of a flat-partial response.
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22
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Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis E Virus Infection in France. Transfus Med Rev 2019; 33:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Dimeglio C, Kania D, Mantono JM, Kagoné T, Zida S, Tassembedo S, Dicko A, Tinto B, Yaro S, Hien H, Rouamba J, Bicaba B, Medah I, Meda N, Traoré O, Tuaillon E, Abravanel F, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus Infections among Patients with Acute Febrile Jaundice in Burkina Faso. Viruses 2019; 11:E554. [PMID: 31207982 PMCID: PMC6630816 DOI: 10.3390/v11060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus infection is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world including Africa. We tested serum samples from 900 patients in Burkina Faso presenting with febrile icterus. They all tested negative for yellow fever, but those from 23/900 (2.6%) patients contained markers of acute HEV infection (anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA positive). Genotyping indicated that 14 of the strains were HEV genotype 2b. There was an overall HEV IgG seroprevalence of 18.2% (164/900). In a bivariate analysis, the factors linked to HEV exposure were climate and patient age. Older patients and those living in arid regions were more likely to have HEV infection. HEV genotype 2b circulating only in humans can be involved in some acute febrile icterus cases in Burkina Faso. Better access to safe water, sanitation, and improved personal hygiene should improve control of HEV infection in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Judith Mbombi Mantono
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Catholique d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Sylvie Zida
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | | | | | | | | | - Hervé Hien
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jérémi Rouamba
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Brice Bicaba
- Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Isaïe Medah
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Nicolas Meda
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Oumar Traoré
- Agence nationale de biosécurité, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections., Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France.
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24
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Lhomme S, Legrand-Abravanel F, Kamar N, Izopet J. Screening, diagnosis and risks associated with Hepatitis E virus infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:403-418. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1613889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Legrand-Abravanel
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organs Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Department of Virology, National reference center for Hepatitis E Virus, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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25
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Bisseux M, Colombet J, Mirand A, Roque-Afonso AM, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Archimbaud C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Debroas D, Bailly JL, Henquell C. Monitoring human enteric viruses in wastewater and relevance to infections encountered in the clinical setting: a one-year experiment in central France, 2014 to 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29471623 PMCID: PMC5824128 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.7.17-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are resistant in the environment and transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Viral shedding in wastewater gives the opportunity to track emerging pathogens and study the epidemiology of enteric infectious diseases in the community. Aim: The aim of this study was to monitor the circulation of enteric viruses in the population of the Clermont-Ferrand area (France) by analysis of urban wastewaters. Methods: Raw and treated wastewaters were collected between October 2014 and October 2015 and concentrated by a two-step protocol using tangential flow ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Processed samples were analysed for molecular detection of adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, parechovirus, enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses. Results: All wastewater samples (n = 54) contained viruses. On average, six and four virus species were detected in, respectively, raw and treated wastewater samples. EV-positive samples were tested for EV-D68 to assess its circulation in the community. EV-D68 was detected in seven of 27 raw samples. We collected data from clinical cases of EV-D68 (n = 17), HAV (n = 4) and HEV infection (n = 16) and compared wastewater-derived sequences with clinical sequences. We showed the silent circulation of EV-D68 in September 2015, the wide circulation of HAV despite few notifications of acute disease and the presence in wastewater of the major HEV subtypes involved in clinical local cases. Conclusion: The environmental surveillance overcomes the sampling bias intrinsic to the study of infections associated with hospitalisation and allows the detection in real time of viral sequences genetically close to those reported in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bisseux
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jonathan Colombet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite A) - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- CHU Toulouse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite E) - Laboratoire Coordonnateur, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite E) - Laboratoire Coordonnateur, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Debroas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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26
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The genetic divergences of codon usage shed new lights on transmission of hepatitis E virus from swine to human. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 68:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Marion O, Capelli N, Lhomme S, Dubois M, Pucelle M, Abravanel F, Kamar N, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 and capsid protein in the blood and urine of immunocompromised patients. J Infect 2019; 78:232-240. [PMID: 30659856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV3) is responsible for acute and chronic liver disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. HEV was recently found in the urine of some acutely and chronically genotype 4-infected patients. METHODS We examined the urinary excretion of HEV3 by 24 consecutive SOT recipients at the acute phase of HEV hepatitis and characterized the excreted virus. RESULTS Urinary HEV RNA was detected in 12 (50%) of the 24 transplanted patients diagnosed with HEV hepatitis. Urinary HEV antigen (Ag) was detected in all but one of the patients (96%). The density of RNA-containing HEV particles in urine was low (1.11-1.12 g/cm3), corresponding to lipid-associated virions. The urinary HEV RNA/Ag detected was not associated with impaired kidney function or de novo proteinuria. Finally, there was more HEV Ag in the serum at the acute phase of HEV infection in SOT recipients whose infection became chronic. CONCLUSIONS HEV3 excreted via the urine of SOT recipients at the acute phase of HEV hepatitis has a lipid envelope. Renal function was not impaired. While urinary HEV Ag was a sensitive indicator of HEV infection, only acute phase serum HEV Ag indicated the development of a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Marion
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Sebastien Lhomme
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Dubois
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Florence Abravanel
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Inserm UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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28
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Grierson SS, McGowan S, Cook C, Steinbach F, Choudhury B. Molecular and in vitro characterisation of hepatitis E virus from UK pigs. Virology 2018; 527:116-121. [PMID: 30496912 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is widespread in the global pig population. Although clinically inapparent in pigs, HEV infection is the cause of Hepatitis E in humans and transmission via the food chain has been established. Following a 2013 study that investigated prevalence of HEV infection in UK slaughter-age pigs samples indicating highest viral load were selected for further characterisation. High throughput sequencing was used to obtain the complete coding sequence from five samples. An in-frame insertion was observed within the HEV hypervariable region in two samples. To interrogate whether this mutation may be the cause of high-level viraemia and faecal shedding as observed in the sampled pigs virus isolation and culture was conducted. Based on viral growth kinetics there was no evidence that these insertions affected replication efficiency in vitro, suggesting as yet undetermined host factors may affect the course of infection and consequently the risk of foodborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia S Grierson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Charlotte Cook
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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29
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Dalton HR, Izopet J. Transmission and Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 and 4 Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018. [PMID: 29530946 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Following the introduction of robust serological and molecular tools, our understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) has improved considerably in recent years. Current thinking suggests that consumption of pork meat products is the key route of infection in humans, but it is certainly not the only one. Other routes of infection include environmental spread, contaminated water, and via the human blood supply. The epidemiology of HEV genotype (gt)3 and gt4 is complex, as there are several sources and routes of infection, and it is likely that these vary between and within countries and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Dalton
- Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro TR1 3LJ, United Kingdom.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Department of Virology, Hepatitis E Virus National Reference Centre, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France.,Toulouse-Purpan Centre for Pathophysiology, INSERM UMR1043/CNRS UMR 5282, CPTP, Toulouse University Paul Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
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30
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Mesquita JR, Istrate C, Santos-Ferreira NL, Ferreira AS, Abreu-Silva J, Veiga J, van der Poel WHM, Nascimento MSJ. Short communication: detection and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in domestic animals of São Tomé and Príncipe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:481-485. [PMID: 30178438 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As in most of the African continent, the status of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in domestic animals in São Tomé and Príncipe, an archipelago off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa, is also completely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the presence of HEV among domestic animals in São Tomé and Príncipe. A total of 93 stool samples from different animal species (goat, cow, pig, chicken, duck, and monkey) were tested for HEV RNA using two real-time RT-PCR assays, followed by a nested RT-PCR assay for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of six samples (1 cow stool and 5 pig stools) were found to be positive for HEV RNA of which one pig stool was positive by broad spectrum nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the retrieved sequence clustered within HEV subgenotype 3f, similar to zoonotic strains of European countries and posing interesting questions on past introduction of European HEV into São Tomé and Príncipe archipelago. This is the first report describing the presence and molecular characterization of HEV in São Tomé and Príncipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu (ESAV), Centro de Estudos em Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde (CI&DETS), Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Ranhados, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal. .,Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Claudia Istrate
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nânci L Santos-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Abreu-Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Veiga
- Instituto Marquês de Valle Flor, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe.,Ministério da Saúde, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Wim H M van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Maria S J Nascimento
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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King NJ, Hewitt J, Perchec-Merien AM. Hiding in Plain Sight? It's Time to Investigate Other Possible Transmission Routes for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Developed Countries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:225-252. [PMID: 29623595 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically in developed countries, reported hepatitis E cases were typically travellers returning from countries where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic, but now there are increasing numbers of non-travel-related ("autochthonous") cases being reported. Data for HEV in New Zealand remain limited and the transmission routes unproven. We critically reviewed the scientific evidence supporting HEV transmission routes in other developed countries to inform how people in New Zealand may be exposed to this virus. A substantial body of indirect evidence shows domesticated pigs are a source of zoonotic human HEV infection, but there is an information bias towards this established reservoir. The increasing range of animals in which HEV has been detected makes it important to consider other possible animal reservoirs of HEV genotypes that can or could infect humans. Foodborne transmission of HEV from swine and deer products has been proven, and a large body of indirect evidence (e.g. food surveys, epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses) support pig products as vehicles of HEV infection. Scarce data from other foods suggest we are neglecting other potential sources of foodborne HEV infection. Moreover, other transmission routes are scarcely investigated in developed countries; the role of infected food handlers, person-to-person transmission via the faecal-oral route, and waterborne transmission from recreational contact or drinking untreated or inadequately treated water. People have become symptomatic after receiving transfusions of HEV-contaminated blood, but it is unclear how important this is in the overall hepatitis E disease burden. There is need for broader research efforts to support establishing risk-based controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J King
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec-Merien
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abravanel F, Pique J, Couturier E, Nicot F, Dimeglio C, Lhomme S, Chiabrando J, Saune K, Péron JM, Kamar N, Evrard S, de Valk H, Cintas P, Izopet J. Acute hepatitis E in French patients and neurological manifestations. J Infect 2018; 77:220-226. [PMID: 29966614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. However, our understanding of the source of contamination is incomplete and the frequency of neurological manifestations in still unknown. METHODS 200 eligible cases reported to the French National Reference Center from January 2015 to December 2015 were prospectively included in this case-control study (1 case: 1 control, matched for sex, age and area of living) to investigate the risk of infection. We documented the factors associated with their HEV infection and clinical manifestations. RESULTS The 200 HEV-infected patients included 137 who were immunocompetent and 63 immunocompromised. The factors associated with an HEV infection were contact with farm animals, eating pork liver sausage and eating unpeeled fruit. The 33 patients (16.5%) who reported neurological symptoms included 14 with neuropathic pain suggesting small fiber neuropathy, 9 with painless sensory disorders, 6 with Parsonage-Turner syndrome, one Guillain-Barre syndrome, one meningitis, one encephalitis and one diplopia. Neurological manifestations were more frequent in immunocompetent patients (22.6% vs 3.2%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the risk of HEV transmission by the environment in industrialized countries. The higher frequency of neurological disorders in immunocompetent patients suggests pathophysiological mechanisms involving the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abravanel
- UMR Inserm, U1043; UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France.
| | - Julie Pique
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Département de Neurologie, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | | | - Florence Nicot
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- CHU Toulouse, Unité de soutien méthodologique à la recherche, Toulouse, F-31300 France; Inserm U1027, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- UMR Inserm, U1043; UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Julie Chiabrando
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Karine Saune
- UMR Inserm, U1043; UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Jean-Marie Péron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Département de Gastroentérologie, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- UMR Inserm, U1043; UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Service de néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organe, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Solène Evrard
- CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Département d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | | | - Pascal Cintas
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Département de Neurologie, Toulouse, F-31300 France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- UMR Inserm, U1043; UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, F-31300, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Toulouse, F-31300 France
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An Update on the Clinicopathologic Features and Pathologic Diagnosis of Hepatitis E in Liver Specimens. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:273-281. [PMID: 29697415 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is globally seen a leading cause of hepatitis. Now increasingly recognized also in industrialized countries, hepatitis E constitutes a significant health problem worldwide. The patient's immune status determines the clinical course and histopathology of hepatitis E. In immunocompetent patients, hepatitis E usually follows an asymptomatic or subclinical course, but may also present with acute hepatitis. In contrast, immunocompromised patients may develop chronic hepatitis, and patients with preexisting liver diseases are at risk for liver decompensation with potentially fatal outcome. Whereas pathologists only occasionally encounter liver biopsies from immunocompetent individuals with hepatitis E, they are more likely exposed to biopsies from patients with preexisting liver disease or immunocompromised individuals. Histopathologic hallmarks of hepatitis E in immunocompetent patients comprise lobular disarray, lobular, and portal inflammation, as well as hepatocyte necrosis of varying extend and regeneration. Thus, it is similar to acute non-E viral hepatitis, yet further differential diagnoses include autoimmune hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury. Histopathologic findings of hepatitis E in preexisting liver disease are determined by the underlying pathology, but may be more severe. Histopathologic presentation of hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients is highly variable, ranging from minimal active hepatitis to chronic hepatitis with severe activity and progressive fibrosis. Taken together, the variability of the histologic features depending on the clinical context and the overlap with other liver diseases make the histopathologic diagnosis of hepatitis E challenging. Immunohistochemistry for HEV open reading frame 2 protein and molecular testing for HEV RNA are useful tissue-based ancillary tools.
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Nicot F, Jeanne N, Roulet A, Lefebvre C, Carcenac R, Manno M, Dubois M, Kamar N, Lhomme S, Abravanel F, Izopet J. Diversity of hepatitis E virus genotype 3. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1987. [PMID: 29939461 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) can lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, and ribavirin is the treatment of choice. Recently, mutations in the polymerase gene have been associated with ribavirin failure but their frequency before treatment according to HEV-3 subtypes has not been studied on a large data set. We used single-molecule real-time sequencing technology to sequence 115 new complete genomes of HEV-3 infecting French patients. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships, the length of the polyproline region, and mutations in the HEV polymerase gene. Eighty-five (74%) were in the clade HEV-3efg, 28 (24%) in HEV-3chi clade, and 2 (2%) in HEV-3ra clade. Using automated partitioning of maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees, complete genomes were classified into subtypes. Polyproline region length differs within HEV-3 clades (from 189 to 315 nt). Investigating mutations in the polymerase gene, distinct polymorphisms between HEV-3 subtypes were found (G1634R in 95% of HEV-3e, G1634K in 56% of HEV-3ra, and V1479I in all HEV-3efg, clade HEV-3ra, and HEV-3k strains). Subtype-specific polymorphisms in the HEV-3 polymerase have been identified. Our study provides new complete genome sequences of HEV-3 that could be useful for comparing strains circulating in humans and the animal reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nicot
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Jeanne
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Roulet
- Plateforme Génomique, Centre INRA Occitanie-Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Caroline Lefebvre
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Carcenac
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Manno
- Plateforme Génomique, Centre INRA Occitanie-Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Martine Dubois
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Center of Pathophysiology, Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Service de néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation d'Organe, Hôpital Rangueil, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Center of Pathophysiology, Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Center of Pathophysiology, Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre National de Référence du virus de l'hépatite E, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Center of Pathophysiology, Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease posing a severe threat to public health in the world, especially to pregnant women. Currently, no specific treatments are available for HEV infection. Therefore, it is crucial to develop vaccine to prevent this infection. Although several potential candidate vaccines against HEV have been studied for their immunogenicity and efficacy, only Hecolin® which is developed by Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd. and approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) in 2012, is the licensed HEV vaccine in the world so far. Extensive studies on safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in phase III clinical trials have shown that Hecolin® is a promising vaccine for HEV prevention and control. In this article, the advances on HEV vaccine development and research are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Cao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , PR China.,b Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd. , Changchun , Jilin , PR China
| | - Zhenhong Bing
- c Changchun Institute of Biological Products , Changchun , Jilin , PR China
| | - Shiyu Guan
- c Changchun Institute of Biological Products , Changchun , Jilin , PR China
| | - Zecai Zhang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , PR China.,d Key laboratory for Zoonosis , Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , PR China
| | - Xinping Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , PR China.,d Key laboratory for Zoonosis , Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , PR China
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36
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Hernandez M, Cook N. Hepatitis E Virus: A New Foodborne Zoonotic Concern. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:55-70. [PMID: 30077224 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric nonenveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Among the mammalian lineages, four genotypes are associated to human infection: genogroups 1 and 2 infect only humans and are mainly found in developing countries, while genogroups 3 and 4 are zoonotic, being found in a variety of animal species including pigs, and are autochthonous in developed countries. HEV infection can result in liver damage and with genotypes 1 and 2 symptoms can be particularly severe in pregnant women, with a high lethality ratio. Several cases of foodborne transmission of hepatitis E have been reported, often involving consumption of meat, especially raw or undercooked. Information is lacking on the exact extent of foodborne transmission of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, ITACyL, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nigel Cook
- Jorvik Food and Environmental Virology, York, United Kingdom
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37
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Fernandez-Cassi X, Timoneda N, Martínez-Puchol S, Rusiñol M, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Figuerola N, Bofill-Mas S, Abril JF, Girones R. Metagenomics for the study of viruses in urban sewage as a tool for public health surveillance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:870-880. [PMID: 29108696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques for the identification of viruses present in urban sewage has not been fully explored. This is partially due to a lack of reliable and sensitive protocols for studying viral diversity and to the highly complex analysis required for NGS data processing. One important step towards this goal is finding methods that can efficiently concentrate viruses from sewage samples. Here the application of a virus concentration method based on skimmed milk organic flocculation (SMF) using 10L of sewage collected in different seasons enabled the detection of many viruses. However, some viruses, such as human adenoviruses, could not always be detected using metagenomics, even when quantitative PCR (qPCR) assessments were positive. A targeted metagenomic assay for adenoviruses was conducted and 59.41% of the obtained reads were assigned to murine adenoviruses. However, up to 20 different human adenoviruses (HAdV) were detected by this targeted assay being the most abundant HAdV-41 (29.24%) and HAdV-51 (1.63%). To improve metagenomics' sensitivity, two different protocols for virus concentration were comparatively analysed: an ultracentrifugation protocol and a lower-volume SMF protocol. The sewage virome contained 41 viral families, including pathogenic viral species from families Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Papillomaviridae and Hepeviridae. The contribution of urine to sewage metavirome seems to be restricted to a few specific DNA viral families, including the polyomavirus and papillomavirus species. In experimental infections with sewage in a rhesus macaque model, infective human hepatitis E and JC polyomavirus were identified. Urban raw sewage consists of the excreta of thousands of inhabitants; therefore, it is a representative sample for epidemiological surveillance purposes. The knowledge of the metavirome is of significance to public health, highlighting the presence of viral strains that are circulating within a population while acting as a complex matrix for viral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fernandez-Cassi
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - N Timoneda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Computational Genomics Lab, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Puchol
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Rusiñol
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Rodriguez-Manzano
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Figuerola
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Bofill-Mas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J F Abril
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Computational Genomics Lab, University of Barcelona and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Girones
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Pathak R, Barde PV. Detection of Genotype 1a and 1f of Hepatitis E Virus in Patients Treated at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Central India. Intervirology 2018; 60:201-206. [PMID: 29495017 DOI: 10.1159/000487052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An acute hepatitis, caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a significant global health concern, especially in developing countries. HEV has 1 serotype and 8 genotypes, which are further divided into subtypes. Despite the availability of sporadic cases and outbreak data from India, specific information regarding HEV epidemiological data is lacking from central India. This study was conducted to understand epidemiological and molecular features of HEV in central India. METHODS In this 3-year study conducted from July 2012 to June 2015, IgM ELISA was used for the diagnosis of suspected HEV cases. For identifying the genotype, nRT PCR was conducted and the PCR products were sequenced and analysed. Clinical and demographic data were analysed using statistical tools to highlight the trends. RESULT Out of 1,369 suspected cases, 341 (24.9%) were positive for HEV. The positivity was significantly higher in males (69.2%) and in the age group of > 15-45 years (72.5%). The HEV cases peaked during the summer. Subtypes 1a and 1f of genotype 1 were detected in the area during the study period. CONCLUSION HEV is a major aetiological agent of viral hepatitis in central India with adults and males at higher risk of infection. Two subtypes of the virus were detected in the region. Continuous serological surveillance and molecular monitoring will help to understand the epidemiology of HEV infection, outbreak mitigation and aid in providing treatment.
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Belliere J, Abravanel F, Nogier MB, Martinez S, Cintas P, Lhomme S, Lavayssière L, Cointault O, Faguer S, Izopet J, Kamar N. Transfusion-acquired hepatitis E infection misdiagnosed as severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy in a heart transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28963742 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is the case of a 56-year-old man who underwent heart transplantation. Within the first postoperative days, his respiratory and limb muscles weakened, which was attributed to critical illness polyneuromyopathy (CIPM). At day 70 post transplantation, he had increased liver enzyme levels and acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was diagnosed. HEV RNA was found in the serum, stools, and cerebrospinal fluid. Results of further investigations suggested a possible HEV-related polyradiculoneuropathy. At transplantation, the patient was negative for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and HEV RNA. A trace-back procedure identified the source of infection and concluded that HEV infection was contracted from blood transfusion 12 days prior to transplantation from an HEV RNA-positive donor. Tests of the organ donor for HEV were negative. Phylogenetic analysis revealed sequence homology between the HEV-3 strain of the patient and the HEV-3 strain of the blood donor. Despite ribavirin treatment, the patient died on day 153 post transplantation from multiorgan failure. In conclusion, patients with hepatitis or neuropathic illness who have received blood products should be screened for HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Belliere
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- INSERM U1043, IFR-BMT, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Cintas
- Explorations neurophysiologiques, Centre SLA, Centre de référence de pathologie neuromusculaire, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- INSERM U1043, IFR-BMT, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lavayssière
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Cointault
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- INSERM U1043, IFR-BMT, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Virology, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, IFR-BMT, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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40
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Gonzales-Gustavson E, Timoneda N, Fernandez-Cassi X, Caballero A, Abril JF, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Girones R. Identification of sapovirus GV.2, astrovirus VA3 and novel anelloviruses in serum from patients with acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185911. [PMID: 28982120 PMCID: PMC5628893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by a variety of viruses. However, a substantial number of cases remain with unknown aetiology. We analysed the serum of patients with clinical signs of hepatitis using a metagenomics approach to characterize their viral species composition. Four pools of patients with hepatitis without identified aetiological agents were evaluated. Additionally, one pool of patients with hepatitis E (HEV) and pools of healthy volunteers were included as controls. A high diversity of anelloviruses, including novel sequences, was found in pools from patients with hepatitis of unknown aetiology. Moreover, viruses recently associated with gastroenteritis as sapovirus GV.2 and astrovirus VA3 were also detected only in those pools. Besides, most of the HEV genome was recovered from the HEV pool. Finally, GB virus C and human endogenous retrovirus were found in the HEV and healthy pools. Our study provides an overview of the virome in serum from hepatitis patients suggesting a potential role of these viruses not previously described in cases of hepatitis. However, further epidemiologic studies are necessary to confirm their contribution to the development of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - N. Timoneda
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - X. Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A. Caballero
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J. F. Abril
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Buti
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F. Rodriguez-Frias
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron and CIBEREHD del Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R. Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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41
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Early hepatitis E infection in an unrelated hematopoietic progenitor stem cell donor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:1471-1472. [PMID: 28714948 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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42
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Abravanel F, Lhomme S, El Costa H, Schvartz B, Peron JM, Kamar N, Izopet J. Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus Infections in Humans, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1191-1193. [PMID: 28628452 PMCID: PMC5512490 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been detected in rabbits, but whether rabbit HEV strains can be transmitted to humans is not known. Of 919 HEV-infected patients in France during 2015-2016, five were infected with a rabbit HEV strain. None of the patients had direct contact with rabbits, suggesting foodborne or waterborne infections.
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43
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Lenggenhager D, Weber A. Hepatitis E Virus and the Liver: Clinical Settings and Liver Pathology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:393-407. [PMID: 28506371 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, now increasingly recognized also in nonendemic regions. Clinical manifestation of hepatitis E includes mostly asymptomatic/subclinical presentations or acute, self-limiting hepatitis, but also potentially fatal liver failure or chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals. Accordingly, hepatitis E histolpathologic patterns range from an unremarkable histology over acute (cholestatic) hepatitis with variable degree of necrosis to chronic hepatitis with fibrosis. Awareness of hepatitis E and its differential diagnoses, knowledge of its clinico-pathologic manifestations and familiarity with its diagnostic tools will enable clinicians and pathologists to competently make this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lenggenhager
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.
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44
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Evaluation of two VIDAS ® prototypes for detecting anti-HEV IgG. J Clin Virol 2017; 89:46-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Emmoth E, Rovira J, Rajkovic A, Corcuera E, Wilches Pérez D, Dergel I, Ottoson JR, Widén F. Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteriophages as Models for Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Food Matrices. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:20-34. [PMID: 27783334 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus has been recognised as a food-borne virus hazard in pork products, due to its zoonotic properties. This risk can be reduced by adequate treatment of the food to inactivate food-borne viruses. We used a spectrum of viruses and bacteriophages to evaluate the effect of three food treatments: high pressure processing (HPP), lactic acid (LA) and intense light pulse (ILP) treatments. On swine liver at 400 MPa for 10 min, HPP gave log10 reductions of ≥4.2, ≥5.0 and 3.4 for feline calicivirus (FCV) 2280, FCV wildtype (wt) and murine norovirus 1 (MNV 1), respectively. Escherichia coli coliphage ϕX174 displayed a lower reduction of 1.1, while Escherichia coli coliphage MS2 was unaffected. For ham at 600 MPa, the corresponding reductions were 4.1, 4.4, 2.9, 1.7 and 1.3 log10. LA treatment at 2.2 M gave log10 reductions in the viral spectrum of 0.29-2.1 for swine liver and 0.87-3.1 for ham, with ϕX174 and MNV 1, respectively, as the most stable microorganisms. The ILP treatment gave log10 reductions of 1.6-2.8 for swine liver, 0.97-2.2 for ham and 1.3-2.3 for sausage, at 15-60 J cm-2, with MS2 as the most stable microorganism. The HPP treatment gave significantly (p < 0.05) greater virus reduction on swine liver than ham for the viruses at equivalent pressure/time combinations. For ILP treatment, reductions on swine liver were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than on ham for all microorganisms. The results presented here could be used in assessments of different strategies to protect consumers against virus contamination and in advice to food producers. Conservative model indicators for the pathogenic viruses could be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Emmoth
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Food2Know, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University, Nemanjina 6, Zemun-Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Elena Corcuera
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Diego Wilches Pérez
- Hiperbaric España Polígono Industrial Villalonquéjar, C/Condado de Treviño, 6, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Irene Dergel
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob R Ottoson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Risk-Benefit Analysis, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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46
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Autochthonous sporadic acute hepatitis E caused by two distinct subgenotype 3b hepatitis E virus strains with only 90% nucleotide identity. Clin J Gastroenterol 2017; 10:168-173. [PMID: 28205112 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-017-0718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Fougère M, Saune K, Alvarez M, Péron JM, Delobel P, Izopet J. HEV infection in French HIV-infected patients. J Infect 2016; 74:310-313. [PMID: 27998748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The reported prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in HIV-positive patients from industrialized countries varies greatly. It is also difficult to compare these data with the anti-IgG prevalence in the general population because age and sex are not matched in most studies. Moreover, MSM are at increased risk of viral hepatitis. METHODS HEV is endemic in southwestern France. We investigated therefore 300 HIV-infected patients consecutively attending the out-patient clinic of Toulouse University Hospital. Each HIV-infected patient was matched for sex and age with 2 healthy blood donors from the same area. They were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgG was found in 116 HIV-infected patients (38.7%) and in 284 matched controls (47.3%, p = 0.027). However, anti-HEV IgG concentration tended to be lower in HIV-patients than in controls. Anti-HEV IgM prevalence was similar HIV-infected patients (3.6%) and in matched controls (3.8%, p = 0.85). CONCLUSION The prevalence and concentrations of anti-HEV IgG in HIV-infected patients from Southern-France were lower than in controls, suggesting a weaker humoral response. But their prevalences of anti-HEV IgM were similar, indicating a high incidence of HEV infection. These data do not indicate that HEV is transmitted sexually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abravanel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Fougère
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Saune
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Alvarez
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, F-31049, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Péron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Gastroentérologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, F-31049, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282/Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, F-31024, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre National de Référence Hépatite E, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, F-31300, Toulouse, France
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48
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Brown A, Halliday JS, Swadling L, Madden RG, Bendall R, Hunter JG, Maggs J, Simmonds P, Smith DB, Vine L, McLaughlin C, Collier J, Bonsall D, Jeffery K, Dunachie S, Klenerman P, Izopet J, Kamar N, Dalton HR, Barnes E. Characterization of the Specificity, Functionality, and Durability of Host T-Cell Responses Against the Full-Length Hepatitis E Virus. Hepatology 2016; 64:1934-1950. [PMID: 27631819 PMCID: PMC5132006 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interplay between host antiviral immunity and immunopathology during hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection determines important clinical outcomes. We characterized the specificity, functionality, and durability of host T-cell responses against the full-length HEV virus and assessed a novel "Quantiferon" assay for the rapid diagnosis of HEV infection. Eighty-nine volunteers were recruited from Oxford, Truro (UK), and Toulouse (France), including 44 immune-competent patients with acute HEV infection, 18 HEV-exposed immunosuppressed organ-transplant recipients (8 with chronic HEV), and 27 healthy volunteers. A genotype 3a peptide library (616 overlapping peptides spanning open reading frames [ORFs] 1-3) was used in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) T-cell ELISpot assays. CD4+ /CD8+ T-cell subsets and polyfunctionality were defined using ICCS and SPICE analysis. Quantification of IFN-γ used whole-blood stimulation with recombinant HEV-capsid protein in the QuantiFERON kit. HEV-specific T-cell responses were detected in 41/44 immune-competent HEV exposed volunteers (median magnitude: 397 spot-forming units/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells), most frequently targeting ORF2. High-magnitude, polyfunctional CD4 and CD8+ T cells were detected during acute disease and maintained to 12 years, but these declined over time, with CD8+ responses becoming more monofunctional. Low-level responses were detectable in immunosuppressed patients. Twenty-three novel HEV CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell targets were mapped predominantly to conserved genomic regions. QuantiFERON testing demonstrated an inverse correlation between IFN-γ production and the time from clinical presentation, providing 100% specificity, and 71% sensitivity (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.86) for HEV exposure at 0.3 IU/mL. CONCLUSION Robust HEV-specific T-cell responses generated during acute disease predominantly target ORF2, but decline in magnitude and polyfunctionality over time. Defining HEV T-cell targets will be important for the investigation of HEV-associated autoimmune disease. (Hepatology 2016;64:1934-1950).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - John S. Halliday
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Leo Swadling
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - James Maggs
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Donald B. Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Louisa Vine
- The Royal Cornwall HospitalTruroUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Collier
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David Bonsall
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxfordUnited Kingdom
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49
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Miura T, Lhomme S, Le Saux JC, Le Mehaute P, Guillois Y, Couturier E, Izopet J, Abranavel F, Le Guyader FS. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:194-9. [PMID: 27165600 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A hepatitis E outbreak, which occurred on a small isolated island, provided an opportunity to evaluate the association between the number of hepatitis E cases in the community and the concentration of virus detected in sewage. Samples were collected from the different sewage treatment plants from the island and analyzed for the presence of hepatitis E (HEV) virus using real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that if 1-4 % of inhabitants connected to a WWTP were infected with HEV, raw sewage contained HEV at detectable levels. The finding that such a small number of infected people can contaminate municipal sewage works raises the potential of the further distribution of the virus. Indeed, investigating the routes of transmission of HEV, including the potential for sewage effluent to contain infectious HEV, may help us to better understand the epidemiology of this pathogen, which is considered to be an emerging concern in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Saux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | | | - Yvonnick Guillois
- Regional Epidemiology Unit for the Brittany region, Institut de veille sanitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Elizabeth Couturier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abranavel
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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50
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Nicot F, Cazabat M, Lhomme S, Marion O, Sauné K, Chiabrando J, Dubois M, Kamar N, Abravanel F, Izopet J. Quantification of HEV RNA by Droplet Digital PCR. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080233. [PMID: 27548205 PMCID: PMC4997595 DOI: 10.3390/v8080233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of real-time PCR for hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA quantification differs greatly among techniques. Standardized tools that measure the real quantity of virus are needed. We assessed the performance of a reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay that gives absolute quantities of HEV RNA. Analytical and clinical validation was done on HEV genotypes 1, 3 and 4, and was based on open reading frame (ORF)3 amplification. The within-run and between-run reproducibilities were very good, the analytical sensitivity was 80 HEV RNA international units (IU)/mL and linearities of HEV genotype 1, 3 and 4 were very similar. Clinical validation based on 45 samples of genotype 1, 3 or 4 gave results that correlated well with a validated reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay (Spearman rs = 0.89, p < 0.0001). The RT-ddPCR assay is a sensitive method and could be a promising tool for standardizing HEV RNA quantification in various sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nicot
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Michelle Cazabat
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Olivier Marion
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation multi-organe, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Karine Sauné
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Julie Chiabrando
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Martine Dubois
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Nassim Kamar
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, Département de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation multi-organe, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Florence Abravanel
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France.
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Toulouse, Toulouse F-31300, France.
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