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Sant’Anna TBF, Martins TLS, dos Santos Carneiro MA, Teles SA, Caetano KAA, de Araujo NM. First Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotype A5, and Characterization of Occult Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Related Mutations in Latin American and African Immigrants in Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8602. [PMID: 39201291 PMCID: PMC11354843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the molecular profile of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) among socially vulnerable immigrants residing in Brazil to investigate the introduction of uncommon HBV strains into the country. Serum samples from 102 immigrants with positive serology for the HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) were tested for the presence of HBV DNA by PCR assays. Among these, 24 were also positive for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The full or partial genome was sequenced to determine genotype by phylogenetic analysis. Participants were from Haiti (79.4%), Guinea-Bissau (11.8%), Venezuela (7.8%), and Colombia (1%). Of the 21 HBV DNA-positive samples, subgenotypes A1 (52.4%), A5 (28.6%), E (9.5%), F2 (4.8%), and F3 (4.8%) were identified. Among the 78 HBsAg-negative participants, four were positive for HBV DNA, resulting in an occult HBV infection rate of 5.1%. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that most strains were likely introduced to Brazil by migration. Importantly, 80% of A5 sequences had the A1762T/G1764A double mutation, linked to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development. In conclusion, this study is the first report of HBV subgenotype A5 in Brazil, shedding new light on the diversity of HBV strains circulating in the country. Understanding the genetic diversity of HBV in immigrant communities can lead to better prevention and control strategies, benefiting both immigrants and wider society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheila Araujo Teles
- Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Brazil; (T.L.S.M.); (S.A.T.); (K.A.A.C.)
| | | | - Natalia Motta de Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
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2
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Potter BI, Thijssen M, Trovão NS, Pineda-Peña A, Reynders M, Mina T, Alvarez C, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Nevens F, Maes P, Lemey P, Van Ranst M, Baele G, Pourkarim MR. Contemporary and historical human migration patterns shape hepatitis B virus diversity. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae009. [PMID: 38361827 PMCID: PMC10868554 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 296 million chronic cases of hepatitis B, and roughly 880,000 deaths annually. The global burden of HBV is distributed unevenly, largely owing to the heterogeneous geographic distribution of its subtypes, each of which demonstrates different severity and responsiveness to antiviral therapy. It is therefore crucial to the global public health response to HBV that the spatiotemporal spread of each genotype is well characterized. In this study, we describe a collection of 133 newly sequenced HBV strains from recent African immigrants upon their arrival in Belgium. We incorporate these sequences-all of which we determine to come from genotypes A, D, and E-into a large-scale phylogeographic study with genomes sampled across the globe. We focus on investigating the spatio-temporal processes shaping the evolutionary history of the three genotypes we observe. We incorporate several recently published ancient HBV genomes for genotypes A and D to aid our analysis. We show that different spatio-temporal processes underlie the A, D, and E genotypes with the former two having originated in southeastern Asia, after which they spread across the world. The HBV E genotype is estimated to have originated in Africa, after which it spread to Europe and the Americas. Our results highlight the use of phylogeographic reconstruction as a tool to understand the recent spatiotemporal dynamics of HBV, and highlight the importance of supporting vulnerable populations in accordance with the needs presented by specific HBV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney I Potter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Nídia Sequeira Trovão
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Andrea Pineda-Peña
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Portugal Rua da Junqueira No 100, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC); Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Avenida 50 No. 26-20, Bogota 0609, Colombia
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Ruddershove 10, Bruges B-8000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mina
- Nonis Lab Microbiology—Virology Unit, Gregori Afxentiou 5, Limassol 4003, Cyprus
| | - Carolina Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Samad Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
- Cellular Sciences Department, Process Virology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion, Hemmat Exp.Way, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
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Osasona OG, Oguntoye OO, Arowosaye AO, Abdulkareem LO, Adewumi MO, Happi C, Folarin O. Patterns of hepatitis b virus immune escape and pol/rt mutations across clinical cohorts of patients with genotypes a, e and occult hepatitis b infection in Nigeria: A multi-centre study. Virulence 2023; 14:2218076. [PMID: 37262110 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immune escape and Pol/RT mutations account for HBV immunoprophylactic, therapeutic, and diagnostic failure globally. Little is known about circulating HBV immune escape and Pol/RT mutants in Nigeria. This study focused on narrowing the knowledge gap of the pattern and prevalence of the HBV mutants across clinical cohorts of infected patients in southwestern Nigeria. Ninety-five enrollees were purposively recruited across clinical cohorts of HBV-infected patients with HBsAg or anti-HBc positive serological outcome and occult HBV infection. Total DNA was extracted from patients' sera. HBV S and Pol gene-specific nested PCR amplification was carried out. The amplicons were further sequenced for serotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic, and mutational analysis. HBV S and Pol genes were amplified in 60 (63.2%) and 19 (20%) of HBV isolates, respectively. All the sixty HBV S gene and 14 of 19 Pol gene sequences were exploitable. The ayw4 serotype was predominant (95%) while ayw1 serotype was identified in 5% of isolates. Genotype E predominates in 95% of sequences, while genotype A, sub-genotype A3 was observed in 5%. Prevalence of HBV IEMs in the "a" determinant region was 29%. Commonest HBV IEM was S113T followed by G145A and D144E. The Pol/RT mutations rtV214A and rtI163V among others were identified in this study. This study provided data on the occurrence of existing and new HBV IEMs and Pol gene mutations in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola G Osasona
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Abiola O Arowosaye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lukman O Abdulkareem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Moses O Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Christian Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
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4
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Guzmán-Solís AA, Navarro MA, Ávila-Arcos MC, Blanco-Melo D. A Glimpse into the Past: What Ancient Viral Genomes Reveal About Human History. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:49-75. [PMID: 37268008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-123859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans have battled viruses for millennia. However, directly linking the symptomatology of disease outbreaks to specific viral pathogens was not possible until the twentieth century. With the advent of the genomic era and the development of advanced protocols for isolation, sequencing, and analysis of ancient nucleic acids from diverse human remains, the identification and characterization of ancient viruses became feasible. Recent studies have provided invaluable information about past epidemics and made it possible to examine assumptions and inferences on the origin and evolution of certain viral families. In parallel, the study of ancient viruses also uncovered their importance in the evolution of the human lineage and their key roles in shaping major events in human history. In this review, we describe the strategies used for the study of ancient viruses, along with their limitations, and provide a detailed account of what past viral infections have revealed about human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Guzmán-Solís
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Alejandro Navarro
- Licenciatura en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- International Laboratory for Human Genome Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México;
| | - María C Ávila-Arcos
- International Laboratory for Human Genome Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México;
| | - Daniel Blanco-Melo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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5
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Toyé RM, Loureiro CL, Jaspe RC, Zoulim F, Pujol FH, Chemin I. The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1908. [PMID: 37630468 PMCID: PMC10459053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied genotypes. Genotype E is found almost exclusively in West Africa. Genotypes F and H are found in America and are rare in other parts of the world. The distribution of genotype G is not completely known. Genotypes I and J are found in Asia and probably result from recombination events with other genotypes. The number of reported sequences for HBV genotypes E to J is small compared to other genotypes, which could impact phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses. Genotype F is the most divergent of the HBV genotypes and is subdivided into six subgenotypes F1 to F6. Genotype E may be a recent genotype circulating almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. Genotype J is a putative genotype originating from a single Japanese patient. The paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America is due to the under-representation of these regions in clinical and research cohorts. The purpose of this review is to highlight the need for further research on HBV genotypes E to J, which appear to be overlooked genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Maryse Toyé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
| | - Carmen Luisa Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Rossana Celeste Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
- Collégium de Lyon, Institut d’Etudes Avancées, Université Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
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6
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Vincent JP, Nyamasege C, Wang S, Madec Y, Shimakawa Y. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D virus infection in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1099571. [PMID: 36711383 PMCID: PMC9874305 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1099571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral hepatitis causes an important global health burden. In 2016, the World Health Assembly adopted an objective to globally eliminate this as a public health threat by 2030. However, significant gaps exist between countries in their progress. Haiti is the last country that has introduced infant hepatitis B vaccines into the routine immunization program in the Region of the Americas, and its schedule still does not incorporate birth dose vaccines. As the first step to raise awareness of viral hepatitis in this country, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV), and D (HDV) viruses in Haiti. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus for studies reporting the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HDV among Haitian, with no language restriction, published until November 30th, 2021. Prevalence was pooled via a random-effects meta-analysis using a generalized linear mixed model with the logit link. Results Of 453 articles retrieved, 25 studies were included: 16 reported the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), three for anti-HCV antibody, and six for both HBsAg and anti-HCV. No study was found for HDV prevalence. The pooled prevalence of HBsAg was 0.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3-1.4, I 2 = 77.7%] among children, 3.5% (95% CI: 2.8-4.4, I 2 = 93.2%) in the general adult population and 7.4% (95% CI: 4.0-13.3, I 2 = 83.9%) in high-risk adult population. The pooled prevalence of anti-HCV antibody was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6-1.4, I 2 = 93.5%) among the general population and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.4-4.2, I 2 = 0.0%) in high-risk adult population. No study reported the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody exclusively in children. Interpretation The prevalence of blood-borne hepatitis, particularly that of HBV, is substantial in Haiti. The introduction of birth dose hepatitis B vaccines and improving access to testing and treatment services should be urgently considered to meet the elimination goal. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022298081, identifier: PROSPERO (CRD42022298081).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Perpétue Vincent
- Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Jeanne Perpétue Vincent ✉
| | - Carolyn Nyamasege
- Department of Health and Human Services, Institute for Health Policy and Practice, University of New Hampshire, Concord, NH, United States
| | - Su Wang
- Viral Hepatitis Program, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ, United States
| | - Yoann Madec
- Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Shimakawa
- Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Yusuke Shimakawa ✉
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The unexpected high prevalence of HBV subgenotype D4 in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Galicia, a northwestern Spanish region, reflects strong links with Latin America. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105195. [PMID: 35661583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) comprises 9 genotypes and multiple subgenotypes that depict differences in geographic distribution, clinical outcome and response to antiviral therapy. However, the molecular epidemiology of HBV geno/subgenotypes is globally scarce. In Spain, HBV genotype D seems to be more prevalent in the northwestern regions compared to the rest of the country for unclear reasons. METHODS HBV genotyping was performed using geno2pheno on a S gene fragment amplified from plasma collected from all chronic hepatitis B individuals attended at one reference hospital in Santiago de Compostela, the Galicia's capital town. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses using a fragment of 345 bp were performed in all viremic specimens. To avoid misleading allocation as consequence of short fragment analysis, several bioinformatic controls were used. RESULTS A total of 320 individuals with persistent serum HBsAg+ and detectable HBV-DNA were seen between 2000 and 2016 (male 68.4%; median age, 52 years-old; native Spaniards 83.8%). HBV genotype distribution was as follows: A 15.3%; B 1.6%; C 2.5%; D 71.6%; E 3.1%; F 2.2%; G 3.1%; and H 0.6%. HBV genotype D was mostly represented by D4 and D2 subgenotypes (33.4% and 15% of total, respectively). Compared to chronic hepatitis B patients with genotypes B, C, E and G, HBV-D4 carriers tended to be older (54.2% had >50 years-old) and HBeAg-negative (85%). Moreover, 43% were female, 4.7% had cirrhosis, 10.2% hepatitis C and 6.4% HIV coinfection. Phylogenetic analyses could be performed on 82 HBV-D4 specimens; and 79 were confirmed as HBV-D4 using PhyML. Phylogeography using FasTree suggested at least two distinct introductions of HBV-D4 in Galicia, one from the Caribbean and South America, and another from India. CONCLUSIONS HBV subgenotype D4 is the most prevalent HBV variant in chronic hepatitis B patients living in the northwest of Spain, representing 33.4% (107/320) of all chronic hepatitis B infections. This rate of HBV-D4 is among the highest reported worldwide. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses suggest a strong association with historical migrant exchanges with Latin America, and especially with the Caribbean basin.
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8
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Belyhun Y, Liebert UG, Maier M. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus among HIV co-infected and mono-infected cohorts in Northwest Ethiopia. Virol J 2022; 19:53. [PMID: 35331278 PMCID: PMC8944073 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a particular concern in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. In Ethiopia, detailed clinical and virological descriptions of HBV prevailing during HIV co-infection and symptomatic liver disease patients are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate HBV virological characteristics from Ethiopian HBV/HIV co-infected and HBV mono-infected individuals. METHODS A total of 4105 sera from HIV positive individuals, liver disease patients, and blood donors were screened serologically for HBV. The overlapping polymerase/surface genome region of HBV from 180 infected individuals was extracted, amplified, and sequenced for genotypic analysis. RESULTS The HBsAg seroprevalence was detected 43% in liver disease patients, 8.4% in blood donors, and 6.7% in HIV/HBV co-infected individuals. The occult HBV prevalence was 3.7% in HIV/HBV co-infected individuals and 2.8% in blood donors with an overall prevalence rate of 3.4%. A phylogenetic analysis showed three HBV genotypes; A (61.1%), D (38.3%) and E (0.6%). Genotype A belongs to subtypes A1 (99.1%) and A9 (0.9%), but genotype D showed heterogeneous subtypes; D2 (63.8%) followed by D4 (21.7%), D1 (8.7%), D3 (4.3%), and D10 (1.4%). CONCLUSIONS The HIV/HBV co-infected individuals and blood donors showed lower HBsAg seroprevalence compared to liver diseases patients. Occult HBV prevalence showed no difference between HIV/HBV co-infected and blood donor groups. This study demonstrated predominance distribution of HBV subtypes A1 and D2 in northwest Ethiopia. The observed virological characteristics could contribute for evidence-based management of viral hepatitis in Ethiopia where antiretroviral therapy guidelines do not cater for viral hepatitis screening during HIV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshambel Belyhun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. .,School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Uwe Gerd Liebert
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Maier
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Ingasia LAO, Wose Kinge C, Kramvis A. Genotype E: The neglected genotype of hepatitis B virus. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1875-1891. [PMID: 35069995 PMCID: PMC8727212 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (sub)genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with one of the highest incidences of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma globally. Although genotype E was identified more than 20 years ago, and is the most widespread genotype in Africa, it has not been extensively studied. The current knowledge status and gaps in its origin and evolution, natural history of infection, disease progression, response to antiviral therapy and vaccination are discussed. Genotype E is an African genotype, with unique molecular characteristics that is found mainly in Western and Central Africa and rarely outside Africa except in individuals of African descent. The low prevalence of this genotype in the African descendant populations in the New World, phylogeographic analyses, the low genetic diversity and evidence of remnants of genotype E in ancient HBV samples suggests the relatively recent re-introduction into the population. There is scarcity of information on the clinical and virological characteristics of genotype E-infected patients, disease progression and outcomes and efficacy of anti-HBV drugs. Individuals infected with genotype E have been characterised with high hepatitis B e antigen-positivity and high viral load with a lower end of treatment response to interferon-alpha. A minority of genotype E-infected participants have been included in studies in which treatment response was monitored. Of concern is that current guidelines do not consider patients infected with genotype E. Thus, there is an urgent need for further large-scale investigations into genotype E, the neglected genotype of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luicer Anne Olubayo Ingasia
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Constance Wose Kinge
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Implementation Science, Right to Care, Johannesburg 0046, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
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10
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Jones PD, Gmunder K, Batrony S, Martin P, Kobetz E, Carrasquillo O. Acceptability and Feasibility of Home-Based Hepatitis B Screening Among Haitian Immigrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2021; 23:1170-1178. [PMID: 33686574 PMCID: PMC9166933 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-021-01165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) is endemic in Haiti, therefore Haitian immigrants should be screened to identify and link affected individuals to care. Current screening approaches are ineffective. We assessed the acceptability and feasibility of home-based screening among Haitian immigrants using community health workers (CHWs). We recruited participants exiting a pragmatic trial evaluating strategies to improve care delivery (NCT02970136). Participants completed an acceptability questionnaire. Blood drawn by CHWs at participants' homes or community sites was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis B core antibody. Of 60 participants, 59 found screening acceptable; 53 had blood drawn. Of those, 45.3% had HBV previously, 49.1% remained susceptible and 5.7% were vaccinated. Respondents cited various reasons community members might find screening unacceptable. The high prior HBV rate highlights the need for effective outreach programs. Home-based HBV screening was both acceptable and feasible among Haitian immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Jones
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1112, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Kristin Gmunder
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Saradjine Batrony
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paul Martin
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 1112, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Erin Kobetz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Computational Medicine and Population Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Olveen Carrasquillo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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MacDonald-Ottevanger MS, Boyd A, Prins M, van der Helm JJ, Zijlmans CWR, Hindori-Mohangoo AD, Harkisoen S, Hermelijn SM, Brinkman K, Codrington J, Roosblad J, Kort SAR, Dams ETM, van de Laar TJW, Vreden SGS. Differences in prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and genotypes between ethnic populations in Suriname, South America. Virology 2021; 564:53-61. [PMID: 34656809 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) are needed to benchmark HBV elimination goals. We recently assessed prevalence of HBV infection and determinants in participants attending the Emergency Department in Paramaribo, Suriname, South America. Overall, 24.5% (95%CI = 22.7-26.4%) of participants had anti-Hepatitis B core antibodies, which was associated with older age (per year, adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.02-1.04), Afro-Surinamese (aOR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.52-2.19) and Javanese ethnicity (aOR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.28-2.07, compared to the grand mean). 3.2% of participants were Hepatitis B surface Ag-positive, which was also associated with older age (per year, aOR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.00-1.04), Javanese (aOR = 4.3, 95%CI = 2.66-6.95) and Afro-Surinamese ethnicity (aOR = 2.36, 95%CI = 1.51-3.71). Sex, nosocomial or culturally-related HBV transmission risk-factors were not associated with infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong ethnic clustering: Indonesian subgenotype HBV/B3 among Javanese and African subgenotypes HBV/A1, HBV/QS-A3 and HBV/E among Afro-Surinamese. Testing for HBV during adulthood should be considered for individuals living in Suriname, specifically with Javanese and Afro-Surinamese ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S MacDonald-Ottevanger
- Scientific Research Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J van der Helm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C W R Zijlmans
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Foundation for Perinatal Interventions and Research in Suriname (Perisur), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - A D Hindori-Mohangoo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Foundation for Perinatal Interventions and Research in Suriname (Perisur), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - S Harkisoen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - S M Hermelijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - K Brinkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Codrington
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J Roosblad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | - E Th M Dams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonessenhuis, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - T J W van de Laar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Sanquin Research, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S G S Vreden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname; Foundation for Scientific Research Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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12
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Guzmán-Solís AA, Villa-Islas V, Bravo-López MJ, Sandoval-Velasco M, Wesp JK, Gómez-Valdés JA, Moreno-Cabrera MDLL, Meraz A, Solís-Pichardo G, Schaaf P, TenOever BR, Blanco-Melo D, Ávila Arcos MC. Ancient viral genomes reveal introduction of human pathogenic viruses into Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade. eLife 2021; 10:e68612. [PMID: 34350829 PMCID: PMC8423449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After the European colonization of the Americas, there was a dramatic population collapse of the Indigenous inhabitants caused in part by the introduction of new pathogens. Although there is much speculation on the etiology of the Colonial epidemics, direct evidence for the presence of specific viruses during the Colonial era is lacking. To uncover the diversity of viral pathogens during this period, we designed an enrichment assay targeting ancient DNA (aDNA) from viruses of clinical importance and applied it to DNA extracts from individuals found in a Colonial hospital and a Colonial chapel (16th-18th century) where records suggest that victims of epidemics were buried during important outbreaks in Mexico City. This allowed us to reconstruct three ancient human parvovirus B19 genomes and one ancient human hepatitis B virus genome from distinct individuals. The viral genomes are similar to African strains, consistent with the inferred morphological and genetic African ancestry of the hosts as well as with the isotopic analysis of the human remains, suggesting an origin on the African continent. This study provides direct molecular evidence of ancient viruses being transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and their subsequent introduction to New Spain. Altogether, our observations enrich the discussion about the etiology of infectious diseases during the Colonial period in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Guzmán-Solís
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Viridiana Villa-Islas
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Miriam J Bravo-López
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Julie K Wesp
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | | | | | - Alejandro Meraz
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e HistoriaMexico CityMexico
| | - Gabriela Solís-Pichardo
- Laboratorio Universitario de Geoquímica Isotópica (LUGIS), Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Peter Schaaf
- LUGIS, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Benjamin R TenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel Blanco-Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WAUnited States
| | - María C Ávila Arcos
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
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13
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Wolf JM, Pereira VRZB, Simon D, Lunge VR. Temporal and geographic spreading of hepatitis B virus genotype A (HBV-A) in Brazil and the Americas. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1130-1140. [PMID: 33932242 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus genotype A (HBV-A) is disseminated in different countries around the world. It presents a high genetic diversity and is classified into seven subgenotypes (A1-A7). HBV-A1 and HBV-A2 are the most frequent and spread in almost all American countries. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of these two subgenotypes, with a special focus on the temporal and geographic spreading in the Americas and Brazil. Bayesian coalescent analyses with HBV-A1 and HBV-A2 whole-genome sequences were performed to study viral phylodynamic and phylogeography. HBV-A1 evolutionary history demonstrated that it was initially disseminated from Africa to other continents probably after the 1400s and mainly in the 17th-18th centuries. The whole viral population grew between the 1700s-1900s and then reached a stationary phase. In Brazil, HBV-A1 common ancestors dated back to the 1600s with successive introductions between the 17th-18th centuries. In contrast, HBV-A2 spread from Europe to other continents after the 1800s, with an increase in the viral population over decades. It was introduced in the 20th century in America and between the 1950s-1970s in Brazil, presenting a high increase in the viral population from the 1970s to the 1980s. The circulation continents for HBV-A1 are Africa and America, while for HBV-A2 are Europe and America. HBV-A is one of the predominant genotypes in America (including Brazil) because of the early introduction by human migration processes of the subgenotypes A1 and A2 between the 16th and 20th centuries and the continuous spreading inside the continent over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Michel Wolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
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14
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Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: Introduction and dissemination. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104936. [PMID: 34023512 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a viral infectious disease highly spread worldwide with a long evolutionary history associated with human migrations through the continents and countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was disseminated probably from Africa and diverged into ten genotypes (HBV-A to HBV-J) distributed around the world. In Brazil, almost all HBV genotypes were already reported, with a predominance of three ones: A (52.1%), D (36.8%), and F (7.7%). This review aimed to evaluate the introduction and dissemination of the main HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in Brazil over the last centuries to explain the current epidemic scenario. The highest frequency of HBV-A is a consequence of the introduction and spreading of HBV-A1 in the 16th to 19th centuries due to the African slave trade, but the more recent introduction of HBV-A2 from Europe also contributed to the current situation. HBV-D is the second most frequent genotype because it was consecutively introduced by migrations from Europe (mainly subgenotype D3, but also D2) and the Middle East (D1) in the 19th to 20th centuries. On contrary, HBV-F (F1a, F1b, F2a, F2b, F3, and F4) was disseminated by the Amerindians in all South American countries, including Brazil, by migrations inside the continent for more than three centuries ago. Other HBV genotypes are rare and eventually frequent in some human groups because of the dissemination by very specific epidemiological routes. In conclusion, the current scenario of the HBV epidemics is a consequence of the introduction and dissemination of some subgenotypes from the three main genotypes A, D, and F over the last five centuries.
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15
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Hepatitis B Virus Genotype Study in West Africa Reveals an Expanding Clade of Subgenotype A4. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030623. [PMID: 33803011 PMCID: PMC8002614 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) classification comprises up to 10 genotypes with specific geographical distribution worldwide, further subdivided into 40 subgenotypes, which have different impacts on liver disease outcome. Though extensively studied, the classification of subgenotype A sequences remains ambiguous. This study aimed to characterize HBV isolates from West African patients and propose a more advanced classification of subgenotype A. Fourteen HBV full-length genome sequences isolated from patients from The Gambia and Senegal were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of HBV genotype A sequences isolated from Senegalese and Gambian patients exhibited separate clusters from the other known and confirmed subgenotypes A (A1, A2, A6). Most of the sequences (10/14) clustered with an isolate from Cuba, reported as subgenotype A4 (supported by maximal bootstrap value). Four isolates from The Gambia and Senegal clustered separately from all other subgenotypes and samples sequenced in the study. Three of which from The Gambia, designated as an expanding clade of subgenotype A4, exhibited a mean inter-subgenotypic nucleotide divergence over the entire genome sequence higher than 4% in comparison with the other subgenotypes and the other isolates sequenced in the study, except with subgenotype A4 isolates (3.9%), and this was supported by a maximal bootstrap value. The last one from Senegal seemed to be an expanding subgenotype close to the new clade of A4. Amino acid analysis unveiled a novel motif specific to these isolates. This study revealed an expanding evolution of HBV subgenotype A and novel amino acid motifs. It also highlighted the need for a consensus regarding the analysis and classification of HBV sequences.
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16
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Pujol F, Jaspe RC, Loureiro CL, Chemin I. Hepatitis B virus American genotypes: Pathogenic variants ? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:825-835. [PMID: 32553521 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection is responsible for almost 900.000 deaths each year, due to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ten HBV genotypes have been described (A-J). HBV genotype F and H circulate in America. HBV genotypes have been further classified in subgenotypes. There is a strong correlation between the genetic admixture of the American continent and the frequency of genotypes F or H: a high frequency of these genotypes is found in countries with a population with a higher ratio of Amerindian to African genetic admixture. The frequency of occult HBV infection in Amerindian communities from Latin America seems to be higher than the one found in other HBV-infected groups, but its association with American genotypes is unknown. There is growing evidence that some genotypes might be associated with a faster evolution to HCC. In particular, HBV genotype F has been implicated in a frequent and rapid progression to HCC. However, HBV genotype H has been associated to a less severe progression of disease. This study reviews the diversity and frequency of autochthonous HBV variants in the Americas and evaluates their association to severe progression of disease. Although no significant differences were found in the methylation pattern between different genotypes and subgenotypes of the American types, basal core promoter mutations might be more frequent in some subgenotypes, such as F1b and F2, than in other American subgenotypes or genotype H. F1b and probably F2 may be associated with a severe presentation of liver disease as opposed to a more benign course for subgenotype F4 and genotype H. Thus, preliminary evidence suggests that not all of the American variants are associated with a rapid progression to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Apdo 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
| | - Rossana C Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Apdo 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Carmen L Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Apdo 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, centre Léon Bérard, centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
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17
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Ingasia LAO, Kostaki EG, Paraskevis D, Kramvis A. Global and regional dispersal patterns of hepatitis B virus genotype E from and in Africa: A full-genome molecular analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240375. [PMID: 33031453 PMCID: PMC7544117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Description of the spatial characteristics of viral dispersal is important in understanding the history of infections. Nine hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A-I), and a putative 10th genotype (J), with distinct geographical distribution, are recognized. In sub-Saharan Africa (sub)-genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate, with E predominating in western Africa (WA), where HBV is hyperendemic. The low genetic diversity of genotype E (HBV/E) suggests its recent emergence. Our aim was to study the dispersal of HBV/E using full-length, non-redundant and non-recombinant sequences available in public databases. HBV/E was confirmed, and the phylogeny reconstruction performed using maximum likelihood (ML) with bootstrapping. Phylogeographic analysis was conducted by reconstruction of ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony on the estimated ML phylogeny. 46.5% of HBV/E sequences were found within monophyletic clusters. Country-wise analysis revealed the existence of 50 regional clusters. Sequences from WA were located close to the root of the tree, indicating this region as the most probable origin of the HBV/E epidemic and expanded to other geographical regions, within and outside of Africa. A localized dispersal was observed with sequences from Nigeria and Guinea as compared to other WA countries. Based on the sequences available in the databases, the phylogenetic results suggest that European strains originated primarily from WA whereas a majority of American strains originated in Western Central Africa. The differences in regional dispersal patterns of HBV/E suggest limited cross-border transmissions because of restricted population movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luicer Anne Olubayo Ingasia
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evangelia Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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18
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Barquera R, Lamnidis TC, Lankapalli AK, Kocher A, Hernández-Zaragoza DI, Nelson EA, Zamora-Herrera AC, Ramallo P, Bernal-Felipe N, Immel A, Bos K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Barbieri C, Roberts P, Herbig A, Kühnert D, Márquez-Morfín L, Krause J. Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2078-2091.e11. [PMID: 32359431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The forced relocation of several thousand Africans during Mexico's historic period has so far been documented mostly through archival sources, which provide only sparse detail on their origins and lived experience. Here, we employ a bioarchaeological approach to explore the life history of three 16th century Africans from a mass burial at the San José de los Naturales Royal Hospital in Mexico City. Our approach draws together ancient genomic data, osteological analysis, strontium isotope data from tooth enamel, δ13C and δ15N isotope data from dentine, and ethnohistorical information to reveal unprecedented detail on their origins and health. Analyses of skeletal features, radiogenic isotopes, and genetic data from uniparental, genome-wide, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers are consistent with a Sub-Saharan African origin for all three individuals. Complete genomes of Treponema pallidum sub. pertenue (causative agent of yaws) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recovered from these individuals provide insight into their health as related to infectious disease. Phylogenetic analysis of both pathogens reveals their close relationship to strains circulating in current West African populations, lending support to their origins in this region. The further relationship between the treponemal genome retrieved and a treponemal genome previously typed in an individual from Colonial Mexico highlights the role of the transatlantic slave trade in the introduction and dissemination of pathogens into the New World. Putting together all lines of evidence, we were able to create a biological portrait of three individuals whose life stories have long been silenced by disreputable historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thiseas C Lamnidis
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aditya Kumar Lankapalli
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group (TIDE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico; Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Calz. del Hueso 714, Coapa, Los Sauces, Coyoacán, 04940 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute for the Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adriana C Zamora-Herrera
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patxi Ramallo
- Department of Archaeology (DA), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Arriola Pasealekua, 2, 20018 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Natalia Bernal-Felipe
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexander Immel
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Víctor Acuña-Alonzo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution (DLCE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology (DA), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group (TIDE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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19
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McNaughton AL, Revill PA, Littlejohn M, Matthews PC, Ansari MA. Analysis of genomic-length HBV sequences to determine genotype and subgenotype reference sequences. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:271-283. [PMID: 32134374 PMCID: PMC7416611 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a diverse, partially double-stranded DNA virus, with 9 genotypes (A-I), and a putative 10th genotype (J), characterized thus far. Given the broadening interest in HBV sequencing, there is an increasing requirement for a consistent, unified approach to HBV genotype and subgenotype classification. We set out to generate an updated resource of reference sequences using the diversity of all genomic-length HBV sequences available in public databases. We collated and aligned genomic-length HBV sequences from public databases and used maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis to identify genotype clusters. Within each genotype, we examined the phylogenetic support for currently defined subgenotypes, as well as identifying well-supported clades and deriving reference sequences for them. Based on the phylogenies generated, we present a comprehensive set of HBV reference sequences at the genotype and subgenotype level. All of the generated data, including the alignments, phylogenies and chosen reference sequences, are available online (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8851946) as a simple open-access resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Peter A. Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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20
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Tejada-Strop A, Tohme RA, Andre-Alboth J, Childs L, Ji X, de Oliveira Landgraf de Castro V, Boncy J, Kamili S. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Viruses among Pregnant Women in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:230-232. [PMID: 31115307 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is associated with a high fatality rate among pregnant women, and gestational complications have been reported among pregnant women infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HAV and HEV infections among pregnant women in Haiti. We stratified the population (n = 1,307) between West and non-West regions. Specimens were tested for total HAV antibody (anti-HAV), and IgM and IgG HEV antibody (anti-HEV). Overall, 96.8% pregnant women were positive for total anti-HAV, 10.3% for IgG anti-HEV, and 0.3% for IgM anti-HEV. The prevalence of IgG anti-HEV in the non-West region (12.3%) was significantly greater than that in the West region (5.3%) (P < 0.0001). Most pregnant women in Haiti had evidence of past exposure and immunity to HAV. The non-West region had a higher prevalence of HEV. Improvement in water and sanitation will help in the prevention and control of these infections in Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania A Tohme
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jocelyne Andre-Alboth
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Lana Childs
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xin Ji
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jacques Boncy
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Saleem Kamili
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Yin Y, He K, Wu B, Xu M, Du L, Liu W, Liao P, Liu Y, He M. A systematic genotype and subgenotype re-ranking of hepatitis B virus under a novel classification standard. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02556. [PMID: 31687483 PMCID: PMC6820102 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim It is commonly noticed that chaotic and inefficient subgenotyping are universally used academically and clinically, a standardized HBV genotype/subgenotype classification criterion is urgently acquired. Sequence similarity, which was commonly used for the last three decades, should be upgraded by phylogenetic analysis in genotyping of recombinant-free HBV strains. Methods In this study, 4,429 HBV whole-genome sequences were employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of HBV using Bayesian inference. After excluding recombinant sequences, calculating partitioned evolutionary models, excluding recombinant sequences, reconstructing phylogenetic trees, and performing a correlation analysis of genetic distances, geographical distribution and serotypes, we systematically redefined the genotypes and subgenotypes of HBV. Results Compared to previous taxonomy, fourteen subgenotypes (A5-A7; B5-B9; C2-C4, C7; and D6-D7) were revised in the new standard. Now the HBV is divided into ten genotypes (A-J) and 24 subgenotypes (A1-A3; B1-B5; C1-C6; D1-D6; and F1-F4). Conclusion Our robust genotype/subgenotype new taxonomy has objectively re-molded the current shape of HBV classification. We believe that all future hepatitis B related researches or diagnosis will be benefited under the new HBV genotyping/subgenotyping standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Yin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Kai He
- The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bingting Wu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Lianming Du
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science & Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Pu Liao
- Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.,Sichuan Blood Safety and Blood Substitute International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chengdu 610052, China
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22
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Ostankova YV, Semenov AV, Zueva EB, Gabdrakhmanov IA, Kozlov KV, Zhdanov KV, Totolian AA. Variety of the hepatitis B virus genovariants in the military. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-3-46-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To estimate the distribution of genotypes and subgenotypes of the hepatitis B virus among military personnel with chronic viral hepatitis B. Materials and methods. The work used samples of blood plasma and biopsy material obtained from 90 active or retired military personnel with chronic viral hepatitis B with various degrees of fibrosis undergoing treatment in St. Petersburg. Primary detection of HBV was carried out by isolating nucleic acids (NK) from the blood plasma using the «AmplePrime Ribo-prep» commercial kit (FBIS CRIE, Moscow). Specific primers were used for the amplification and sequencing reaction. Overlapping primer pairs were used, jointly flanking 1475 base pairs (bp) fragment, including the recommended for HBV genotyping the 1169 bp Pre-S1/Pre-S2/S. Results. Among 90 samples from patients with chronic viral hepatitis B from different regions of the Russian Federation, HBV subgenotypes are represented in the following ratios: D2 = 45.6% (n=41), D1 = 32.2% (n=29), D3 = 13.3% (n=12), A2 = 6.7% (n=6), D4 and A1 by 1.1%, respectively. The distribution of HBV subgenotypes from the North Caucasian federal district (D1 – 63.6%, D2, D3, D4, A2 – by 9.1%) was significantly different from the distribution among patients from the Central and North-Western federal districts (D1-20, 9%, D2 – 58%, D3 – 16.3%, A2 – 4.8%) (χ2=11,9приp=0,0076, df=3). Uncharacteristic for the Russian Federation subgenotypes D4 and A1, representing single imported cases. The tendency to shift the distribution of genovariants due to imports of the corresponding HBV subgenotypes from other countries, including the Central Asian countries, is discussed. Conclusion. A systematic study of the HBV isolates phylogeny provides new information about the HBV subgenotypes distribution among certain population groups, including military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. V. Semenov
- Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute named after Pasteur; First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
| | - E. B. Zueva
- Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute named after Pasteur
| | | | | | | | - A. A. Totolian
- Saint-Petersburg Science Research Institute named after Pasteur; First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov
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23
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Abe H, Ushijima Y, Bikangui R, Loembe MM, Agnandji ST, de Vries SG, Grobusch MP, Lell B, Yasuda J. Ongoing evolution of hepatitis B virus during viremia in patients with febrile in Central Africa. J Med Virol 2019; 92:251-256. [PMID: 31538666 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains to be a major public health issue worldwide, although there is currently a safe vaccine and effective antiviral treatments. In surveillance of infectious diseases in Gabon, HBV viremia was detected in patients with febrile. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted to characterize the HBV strains currently circulating in Gabon and to investigate HBV genome diversity during viremia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of former subgenotype A5, which exhibits a particular pattern of distribution from several West and Central African countries to Haiti. Furthermore, sequencing analysis identified two similar HBV strains mixed in one sample, and a very rare 1-base pair insertion in the viral precore region. This insertion caused a frameshift mutation, indicating the production of an aberrant fusion protein of the HBV x and e antigens. Our data showed that the detected HBV strain was possibly in an "evolving" state during viremia, a phase of active replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rodrigue Bikangui
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marguerite M Loembe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Université des Sciences de la Santé de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Selidji T Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sophia G de Vries
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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Lago BV, do Espirito-Santo MP, Costa VD, Marques VA, Villar LM, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Lampe E, Mello FCA. Genetic Diversity of the Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotypes in Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090860. [PMID: 31540166 PMCID: PMC6784006 DOI: 10.3390/v11090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes may be related to clinical outcomes and response to antiviral therapy. Most Brazilian studies on HBV subgenotypes are restricted to some regions and to specific population groups. Here, we provide an insight about genetic diversity of HBV subgenotypes in 321 serum samples from all five geographical regions, providing a representative overview of their circulation among chronic carriers. Overall, HBV/A1 was the most prevalent subgenotype, being found as the major one in all regions except in South Brazil. Among HBV/D samples, subgenotype D3 was the most prevalent, found in 51.5%, followed by D2 (27.3%) and D4 (21.2%). D2 and D3 were the most prevalent subgenotypes in South region, with high similarity with European strains. D4 was found in North and Northeast region and clustered with strains from Cape Verde and India. For HBV/F, the most frequent subgenotype was F2 (84.1%), followed by F4 (10.1%) and F1 (5.8%), closely related with strains from Venezuela, Argentina and Chile, respectively. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using an HBV full-length genome obtained from samples infected with genotypes rarely found in Brazil (B, C, and E). According to Bayesian inference, HBV/B2 and HBV/C2 were probably introduced in Brazil through China, and HBV/E from Guinea, all of them mostly linked to recent events of human migration. In conclusion, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the current circulation of HBV subgenotypes in Brazil. Our findings might contribute to a better understand of the dynamics of viral variants, to establish a permanent molecular surveillance on the introduction and dispersion patterns of new strains and, thus, to support public policies to control HBV dissemination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara V Lago
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcia P do Espirito-Santo
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa D Costa
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa A Marques
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Livia M Villar
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Lia L Lewis-Ximenez
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Lampe
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Francisco C A Mello
- Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
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25
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Reconstruction of the spatial and temporal dynamics of hepatitis B virus genotype D in the Americas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220342. [PMID: 31344111 PMCID: PMC6657902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype D (HBV/D) is globally widespread, and ten subgenotypes (D1 to D10) showing distinct geographic distributions have been described to date. The evolutionary history of HBV/D and its subgenotypes, for which few complete genome sequences are available, in the Americas is not well understood. The main objective of the current study was to determine the full-length genomic sequences of HBV/D isolates from Brazil and frequency, origin and spread of HBV/D subgenotypes in the Americas. Complete HBV/D genomes isolated from 39 Brazilian patients infected with subgenotypes D1 (n = 1), D2 (n = 10), D3 (n = 27), and D4 (n = 1) were sequenced and analyzed together with reference sequences using the Bayesian coalescent and phylogeographic framework. A search for HBV/D sequences available in GenBank revealed 209 complete and 926 partial genomes from American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Haiti, Martinique, Mexico, USA and Venezuela), with the major circulating subgenotypes identified as D1 (26%), D2 (17%), D3 (36%), D4 (21%), and D7 (1%) within the continent. The detailed evolutionary history of HBV/D in the Americas was investigated by using different evolutionary time scales. Spatiotemporal reconstruction analyses using short-term substitution rates suggested times of the most recent common ancestor for the American HBV/D subgenotypes coincident with mass migratory movements to Americas during the 19th and 20th centuries. In particular, significant linkages between Argentina and Syria (D1), Brazil and Central/Eastern Europe (D2), USA and India (D2), and Brazil and Southern Europe (D3) were estimated, consistent with historical and epidemiological data.
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26
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Childs L, Adrien P, Minta AA, François J, Phaïmyr Jn Charles N, Blot V, Rey-Benito G, Vanden Eng JL, Tohme RA. Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Children in Haiti, 2017. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:214-219. [PMID: 31115298 PMCID: PMC6609174 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, which calls for elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by 2030 (definition: ≤ 0.1% hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] prevalence among children aged 5 years). The burden of chronic HBV infection among children in Haiti is unknown. We conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional serological survey among 5- to 7-year-old children based on a two-stage cluster design with two strata: West (includes metropolitan Port-au-Prince) and non-West (all other departments). We collected demographic, socioeconomic, and vaccination history data and tested for HBsAg using a rapid point-of-care test. We estimated HBsAg prevalence and evaluated the association of HBV infection with vaccination history, demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics. Of the 1,152 children, seven (0.5%, 95% CI: 0.2-1.2) were HBsAg positive. The HBsAg prevalence varied by region (West: 0.1%, 95% CI: 0.01-0.9; non-West: 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2-1.9) (P = 0.1), gender (males: 0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2-2.4; females: 0.2%, 95% CI: 0.05-1.1) (P = 0.3), and caregiver's education level (none: 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.2-3.1; some or completed primary: 0.5%, 95% CI: 0.1-1.8; some secondary: 0.4%, 95% CI: 0.1-1.8; secondary and higher: 0.0%, 95% CI: 0-0), although the differences were not statistically significant. None of the HBsAg-positive children had documented vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB). Haiti's chronic HBV infection prevalence among children is low; however, it is above the elimination target. To reach elimination, Haiti needs to achieve high coverage with the three HepB doses and introduce a HepB birth dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Childs
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul Adrien
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Anna A. Minta
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeannot François
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Valery Blot
- Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance, Pétion-Ville, Haiti
| | | | - Jodi L. Vanden Eng
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rania A. Tohme
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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27
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Ahmad AE, Bakari AG, Musa BOP, Mustapha SK, Jamoh BY, Abdullahi IN, Tahir MI, Olatunji AO, Maishanu SH, Suleiman AB, Tolulope A, Hawkins C, Sagay AS, Zoakah A, Olayinka AT. Pattern of prevalent Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Zaria, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2019; 26:80-86. [PMID: 31187746 PMCID: PMC6626198 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_59_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is hyperendemic in Nigeria. Available literature reveal genotype E as being predominant in West Africa. This study aimed at identifying the current pattern and prevalent genotypes of HBV in Zaria, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Four millilitre of blood was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-container from each of 165 HBV surface antigen-positive participants recruited purposively from the gastroenterology clinic from May to August, 2017. Plasma was separated and frozen at −20°C till analysis. Multiplex-nested polymerase chain reaction using type-specific primers was used to identify the various HBV genotypes. Results: Median (and interquartile range ) age of the participants was 31.0 (25.5–39.0) years, with males constituting 107 (64.8%). Majority (83.6%) of the samples analysed were HBV-DNA-positive with 82.6% of the HBV-DNA-positive samples being mixed genotype infections. Irrespective of mode of occurrence, five HBV genotypes were identified with HBV/E (97.1%) being the most predominant, followed by HBV/B (82.6%), HBV/A (24.6%), then HBV/C (17.4%), while HBV/D (0.7%) was the least prevalent. Conclusion: In most (99.1%) of the mixed-infection were a combination of genotype E, the predominant genotype, with other genotypes predominantly genotype B. HBV genotypes E, B, A, C and D are the prevalent genotypes in Zaria, Nigeria, as they occur in single genotype and in mixed-genotypes pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ayuba Zoakah
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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28
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Norder H, Twagirumugabe T, Said J, Tian Y, Tang KW, Lindh M. High Frequency of Either Altered Pre-Core StartCodon or Weakened Kozak Sequence in the CorePromoter Region in Hepatitis B Virus A1 Strainsfrom Rwanda. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030182. [PMID: 30813638 PMCID: PMC6471190 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic in Rwanda and is a major etiologic agent for chronic liver disease in the country. In a previous analysis of HBV strains from Rwanda, the S genes of most strains segregated into one single clade of subgenotype, A1. More than half (55%) of the anti-HBe positive individuals were viremic. In this study, 23 complete HBV genomes and the core promoter region (CP) from 18 additional strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genomes confirmed that most Rwandan strain formed a single unique clade, within subgenotype A1. Strains from 17 of 22 (77%) anti-HBe positive HBV carriers had either mutated the precore start codon (9 strains with either CUG, ACG, UUG, or AAG) or mutations in the Kozak sequence preceding the pre-core start codon (8 strains). These mutually exclusive mutations were also identified in subgenotypes A1 (70/266; 26%), A2 (12/255; 5%), and A3 (26/49; 53%) sequences from the GenBank. The results showed that previous, rarely described HBV variants, expressing little or no HBeAg, are selected in anti-HBe positive subgenotype Al carriers from Rwanda and that mutations reducing HBeAg synthesis might be unique for a particular HBV clade, not just for a specific genotype or subgenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Theogene Twagirumugabe
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Joanna Said
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Yarong Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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29
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Assih M, Ouattara AK, Diarra B, Yonli AT, Compaore TR, Obiri-Yeboah D, Djigma FW, Karou S, Simpore J. Genetic diversity of hepatitis viruses in West-African countries from 1996 to 2018. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:807-821. [PMID: 30533182 PMCID: PMC6280160 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i11.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of hepatic pathology and the response to treatment depend on the hepatitis virus genotype in the infected host. The objective of this review was to determine the distribution of hepatitis virus genotypes in West African countries. A systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct was performed to identify 52 relevant articles reporting hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G viruses genotypes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E with a prevalence of 90.6% (95%CI: 0.891-0.920) found in this review, is characterized by low genetic diversity. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 and 2 represented 96.4% of HCV infections in West African countries, while hepatitis delta virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis G virus genotypes 1 and HEV genotype 3 were reported in some studies in Ghana and Nigeria. HBV genotype E is characterized by high prevalence, low genetic diversity and wide geographical distribution. Further studies on the clinical implications of HBV genotype E and HCV genotypes 1 and 2 are needed for the development of an effective treatment against this viral hepatitis in West African countries. Surveillance of the distribution of different genotypes is also needed to reduce recombination rates and prevent the emergence of more virulent viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maléki Assih
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Karim Ouattara
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Birama Diarra
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Theophane Yonli
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Tegwindé Rebeca Compaore
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 00233, Ghana
| | - Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
| | - Simplice Karou
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA-UL), Universite de Lome, Lome 00229, Togo
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Biochemistry-Microbiology, CERBA/LABIOGENE, Ouagadougou 02006, Burkina Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 00226, Burkina Faso
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30
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Cruz-Santos MD, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Costa-Nunes JD, Malta-Romano C, Teles-Sousa M, Fonseca-Barros LM, Carrilho FJ, Paiva-Ferreira ADS, Rebello-Pinho JR. High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Subgenotype D4 in Northeast Brazil: an Ancient Relic from African Continent? Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:54-63. [PMID: 29311410 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to a chronic liver disease that is distributed worldwide. The characterization of HBV into genotypes/subgenotypes is not only a mere procedure for distinguishing different HBV strains around the world because determining their geographic distribution is crucial to understanding their spread across the world. MATERIAL AND METHODS We characterized different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in five municipalities located in northeastern Maranhão, in the Brazilian north Atlantic coast. 92 HBsAg-positive individuals were submitted to PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Fifty samples were sequenced using automated Sanger sequencing and classified by phylogenetic methods. RESULTS Subgenotypes D4 and A1 were found in 42 (84%) and eight (16%) samples, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe a high frequency of subgenotype D4 in any population. Subgenotype A1 is frequently found across Brazil, but D4 has been rarely detected and only in a few Brazilian states. This study shows the characterization of HBV subgenotypes from a population based study in the state of Maranhão, particularly in populations that do not have frequent contact with populations from other regions of the world. CONCLUSION Our findings showed a HBV subgenotype profile that probably reflect the viruses that were brought with the slave trade from Africa to Maranhão. This study also reinforces the need to evaluate the status of HBV dispersion not only in large urban centers, but also in the hinterland, to enable the implementation of effective control and treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D Cruz-Santos
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jomar D Costa-Nunes
- Center of Clinical Research, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Camila Malta-Romano
- Laboratory of Virology, LIM-52, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinilde Teles-Sousa
- Center of Clinical Research, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lena M Fonseca-Barros
- Center of Clinical Research, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Flair J Carrilho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João R Rebello-Pinho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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31
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Kostaki EG, Karamitros T, Stefanou G, Mamais I, Angelis K, Hatzakis A, Kramvis A, Paraskevis D. Unravelling the history of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D infection using a full-genome phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach. eLife 2018; 7:36709. [PMID: 30082021 PMCID: PMC6118819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a global public health problem. In order to establish how HBV was disseminated across different geographic regions, we estimated the levels of regional clustering for genotypes D and A. We used 916 HBV-D and 493 HBV-A full-length sequences to reconstruct their global phylogeny. Phylogeographic analysis was conducted by the reconstruction of ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony. The putative origin of genotype D was in North Africa/Middle East. HBV-D sequences form low levels of regional clustering for the Middle East and Southern Europe. In contrast, HBV-A sequences form two major clusters, the first including sequences mostly from sub-Saharan Africa, and the second including sequences mostly from Western and Central Europe. Conclusion: We observed considerable differences in the global dissemination patterns of HBV-D and HBV-A and different levels of monophyletic clustering in relation to the regions of prevalence of each genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Garyfallia Stefanou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ioannis Mamais
- Department of Health Sciences, School of SciencesEuropean University of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Konstantinos Angelis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
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32
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Sousa DDD, Silva CRDS, Lima Junior WP, Barros JDA, Nascimento IADS, Souza VCD, Naveca FG, Granja F. Phylogenetic analysis and genotype distribution of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Roraima, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e35. [PMID: 30043939 PMCID: PMC6056886 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. HBV has a
high viral genetic diversity, with 10 genotypes recognized. In Brazil, the
Roraima State is the third in the Northern region regarding the number of
hepatitis B cases. On the other hand, few data on HBV genotyping and
phylogenetic analysis are available. The purpose of this study is to
characterize the HBV genotypes circulating in Roraima State. Of the 113 chronic
hepatitis B patients enrolled in this study, 40 were HBV-DNA positive. A
fragment of 280 bp (S gene) was amplified by PCR and submitted to nucleotide
sequencing. A dataset containing the viral sequences obtained in this study,
plus 130 obtained from GenBank was used for genotyping by phylogenetic analysis.
The HBV subgenotype distribution found was A1 (62.5%), A2 (7.5%), D2, D3, D4
(2.5%), F2a (12.5%), and F3 (10%). We characterized the genotypes and
subgenotypes of HBV circulating among patients in the State of Roraima. In
addition, our study shows for the first time the HBV/F3 genotype circulating in
Brazil. In conclusion, our findings showed a high diversity of HBV genotypes in
Roraima, which is also found in other Brazilian geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dinelly de Sousa
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Claudiane Raquel de Sousa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Wilson Pereira Lima Junior
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros
- Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Coordenação Geral de Vigilância em Saúde, SESAU/RR, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Fiocruz-Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
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33
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Mühlemann B, Jones TC, Damgaard PDB, Allentoft ME, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Usmanova E, Panyushkina IP, Boldgiv B, Bazartseren T, Tashbaeva K, Merz V, Lau N, Smrčka V, Voyakin D, Kitov E, Epimakhov A, Pokutta D, Vicze M, Price TD, Moiseyev V, Hansen AJ, Orlando L, Rasmussen S, Sikora M, Vinner L, Osterhaus ADME, Smith DJ, Glebe D, Fouchier RAM, Drosten C, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period. Nature 2018; 557:418-423. [PMID: 29743673 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 × 10-6-1.51 × 10-5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-documented human migrations during the Bronze and Iron Ages1,2. We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terry C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Faculty of History and Law, A. A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Faculty of History and Law, A. A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda State University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsevel Bazartseren
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Victor Merz
- Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina Lau
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Václav Smrčka
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Egor Kitov
- N. N. Miklouho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Epimakhov
- South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology UBRAS, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dalia Pokutta
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - T Douglas Price
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Cambridge GeoGenetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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34
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de Pina-Araujo IIM, Spitz N, Soares CC, Niel C, Lago BV, Gomes SA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes A1, A2 and E in Cape Verde: Unequal distribution through the islands and association with human flows. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192595. [PMID: 29447232 PMCID: PMC5813952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) diversity has not been previously studied in Cape Verde. The archipelago was discovered in 1460 by Portuguese explorers, who brought African slaves to colonise the islands. In this study, we investigated the HBV characteristics from 183 HBsAg-positive Cape Verdean individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the pre-S/S region and the full-length genomes revealed 54 isolates with HBV/A1 (57%), 21 with HBV/A2 (22%), 19 with HBV/E (20%), and one with HBV/D (1%). HBV genotypes and subgenotypes were unequally distributed through the islands. In São Vicente, the main northern island, most isolates (84%) belonged to the African-originated HBV/A1, with the remaining isolates belonging to HBV/A2, which is prevalent in Europe. Interestingly, the HBV/A1 isolates from São Vicente were closely related to Brazilian sequences into the Asian-American clade, which suggests the dissemination of common African ancestors through slave trade. In contrast, in Santiago and nearby southern islands, where a recent influx from different populations circulates, a higher diversity of HBV was observed: HBV/A1 (40%); HBV/E (32%); HBV/A2 (28%); and HBV/D (1%). HBV/E is a recent genotype disseminated in Africa that was absent in the era of the slave trade. African and European human flows at different times of the history may explain the HBV diversity in Cape Verde. The possible origin and specifics of each HBV genotype circulating in Cape Verde are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Spitz
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline C. Soares
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christian Niel
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara V. Lago
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Selma A. Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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35
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Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes, Epidemiological Characteristics and Clinical Presentation of HBV Chronic Infection in Immigrant Populations Living in Southern Italy. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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36
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Hassan MA, Kim WR, Li R, Smith CI, Fried MW, Sterling RK, Ghany MG, Wahed AS, Ganova-Raeva LM, Roberts LR, Lok ASF. Characteristics of US-Born Versus Foreign-Born Americans of African Descent With Chronic Hepatitis B. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:356-366. [PMID: 28525625 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is more common in African Americans than in white Americans. We compared the epidemiologic, clinical, and virological characteristics of US-born African Americans (USAAs) to those of foreign-born African Americans (FBAAs) with chronic hepatitis B. The adult cohort study of the Hepatitis B Research Network enrolls patients with HBV infection from 21 clinical sites in the United States and Canada. A total of 237 (15%) of the adult participants with chronic HBV infection that were enrolled from January 20, 2011, to October 2, 2013, were of African descent, including 57 USAAs and 180 FBAAs (76%). Compared with FBAAs, USAAs were older and more likely to have acquired HBV through sexual exposure, to be HBeAg-positive, to have higher HBV DNA levels, and to be infected with HBV genotype A2. FBAAs from West Africa were more likely to have elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (72% vs. 50%; P < 0.01) and higher HBV DNA levels (median, 3.2 log10 IU/mL vs. 2.8 log10 IU/mL; P = 0.03) compared with East African FBAAs. The predominant HBV genotype among West African FBAAs was E (67%), whereas genotypes A (78%) and D (16%) were common in East African FBAAs. Significant differences were found between USAAs and FBAAs, highlighting the need for tailored strategies for prevention and management of chronic HBV infection for African Americans.
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37
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Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes, Epidemiological Characteristics, and Clinical Presentation of HBV Chronic Infection in Immigrant Populations Living in Southern Italy. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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38
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Hundie GB, Stalin Raj V, Gebre Michael D, Pas SD, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus ADME, Smits SL, Haagmans BL. A novel hepatitis B virus subgenotype D10 circulating in Ethiopia. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:163-173. [PMID: 27808472 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is genetically highly divergent and classified in ten genotypes and forty subgenotypes in distinct ethno-geographic populations worldwide. Ethiopia is a country with high HBV prevalence; however, little is known about the genetic variability of HBV strains that circulate. Here, we characterize the complete genome of 29 HBV strains originating from five Ethiopian regions, by 454 deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetically, ten strains were classified as genotype A1 and nineteen as genotype D. Fifteen genotype D strains, provisionally named subgenotype D10, showed a novel distinct cluster supported by high bootstrap value and >4% nucleotide divergence from other known subgenotypes. In addition, the novel D10 strains harboured nine unique amino acid signatures in the surface, polymerase and X genes. Seventy-two per cent of the genotype D strains had the precore premature stop codon G1896A. In addition, 63% genotype A and 33% genotype D strains had the basal core promoter mutations, A1762T/G1764A. Furthermore, four pre-S deletion variants and two recombinants were identified in this study. In conclusion, we identified a novel HBV subgenotype D10 circulating in Ethiopia, underlining the high genetic variability of HBV strains in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Hundie
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Gebre Michael
- National blood bank services, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S D Pas
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - S L Smits
- ViroClinics BioScience BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Thurnheer MC, Edwards R, Schulz TR, Yuen L, Littlejohn M, Revill P, Bannister E, Chu M, Tanyeri F, Wade A, Biggs BA, Sasadeusz J. Genotypic profiles of hepatitis B in African immigrants and their clinical relevance. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1000-1007. [PMID: 27862013 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) from 40 adult African immigrants in Australia was characterized to determine the prevalence of different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes. A mutational analysis was then performed to determine the presence of clinically significant mutations and correlate them to clinical outcomes. Initial sequencing analysis revealed 13 with genotype A (32.5%), 13 with genotype D (32.5%), and 14 with genotype E (35%). Serology showed that 37 were HBeAg negative. Phylogenetic analysis identified a high prevalence (25%) of HBV subgenotype A1 in our cohort, a subgenotype which has been associated with more aggressive clinical disease. BCP/PC sequencing was obtained for 38 patients. BCP and/or PC mutations were identified in 36/38 (95%). The median viral load of all patients was 2995 IU/mL and most of the pathology results were within the normal range. Only one patient had an increased APRI score of 1.1 suggestive of cirrhosis. We present novel information on the HBV genotypes amongst the African population in Australia along with clinical correlates. The high prevalence of A1 subgenotype in this population supports the current Australian recommendation to commence hepatocellular carcinoma screening in Africans with chronic HBV from 20 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christine Thurnheer
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Rosalind Edwards
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Ray Schulz
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine/ RMH, University of Melbourne, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Lilly Yuen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Bannister
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Firuz Tanyeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Amanda Wade
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine/ RMH, University of Melbourne, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph Sasadeusz
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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40
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Angounda BM, Ngouloubi GH, Dzia AB, Boumba LMA, Baha W, Moukassa D, Ahombo G, Ennaji MM, Ibara JR. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus among chronic hepatitis B patients from Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:51. [PMID: 27651827 PMCID: PMC5025608 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Hepatitis B infection is a major health problem in Republic of Congo therefore molecular analysis of HBV strains is important to detect the patients at high risk of disease progression. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 111 chronic HBV patients in Pointe Noire. HBsAg, HBeAg and HBeAb were detected. A fragment of the preS1 region of HBV was amplified and sequenced to determine genotypes, subgenotypes and to identify mutations. RESULTS Of the 111 samples analyzed, 35 patients were asymptomatic carriers (ASC), 24 with a chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 33 with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 19 have a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mean age were 45 ± 13 year, 88 (79.3 %) were male and 23 (20.7 %) female. The prevalence of HBeAg was 15.3 % and 73 % of subjects were anti-HBe positive. The mean serum level of alanine aminotransferase transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was 25.1 ± 9 IU/L and 28.6 ± 10 IU/L respectively. Eighty two samples out of 111 (73.9 %) were genotyped by the analyzing of the S region of HBV, 58 (70.7 %) cases belonged to HBV genotype E and 24 (29.3 %) were genotype A with three subgenotypes; A3 (66.7 %), A4 (20.8 %) and A6 (12.5 %). Prevalence of genotype A was relatively high in CAH (33.3 %) and HCC (31.6 %) patients in comparison with other groups. The most prevalent amino acids substitutions were R38K found in 14 (17.1 %) sequences, following by H44L in 11 (13.4 %), K13E in 8 (9.8 %), N29K in 8 (9.8 %), A35E in 8 (9.8 %), V80I in 7 (8.5 %) and in 6 (7.3 %) sequences for S90T. Different substitutions located in the hepatocyte binding site were higher among patients with LC and HCC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study have shown that HBV genotype E and A were the most frequent strains circulating in Republic of Congo patients. HBV pres1 substitutions found in this study were associated with severe clinical forms of liver diseases. This data have shown the importance of implementing an effective program to fight HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunel Monic Angounda
- Laboratory of screening of the transmitted infectious diseases, National Blood Transfusion Centre, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/Eco-toxicology and biodiversity, Virology Team, Cancerology, Quality and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP: 146, Mohammedia, 20650 Morocco
| | | | - Amélia Bokilo Dzia
- Laboratory of screening of the transmitted infectious diseases, National Blood Transfusion Centre, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Luc Magloire Anicet Boumba
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/Eco-toxicology and biodiversity, Virology Team, Cancerology, Quality and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP: 146, Mohammedia, 20650 Morocco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
- General Laondjili Hospital, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Warda Baha
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/Eco-toxicology and biodiversity, Virology Team, Cancerology, Quality and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP: 146, Mohammedia, 20650 Morocco
| | - Donatien Moukassa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
- General Laondjili Hospital, Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Gabriel Ahombo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnologies/Eco-toxicology and biodiversity, Virology Team, Cancerology, Quality and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Techniques Mohammedia University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP: 146, Mohammedia, 20650 Morocco
| | - Jean-Rosaire Ibara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Congo
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41
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Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus from Lambaréné, Gabon. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1963-1973. [PMID: 27553495 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While there is an abundance of data on the epidemiology and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus, especially those carrying Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes or mecA from Western Europe, Northern America and Australia, comparably few studies target African strains. In this study, we characterised genes associated with virulence and resistance, as well the phylogenetic background of S. aureus from healthy carriers and outpatients in Gabon. In total, 103 isolates from 96 study participants were characterised. Seventy-nine isolates originated from throat swabs and 24 isolates from skin lesions. Three isolates carried mecA, although only one, belonging to CC8-MRSA-IV [PVL+] 'USA300', was found to be phenotypically oxacillin-resistant; two CC88-MRSA-IV isolates appeared to be oxacillin-susceptible. PVL genes were common, with a total of 44 isolates (43 %) found to be PVL-positive. CC15-MSSA [PVL+] (n = 29) and CC152-MSSA [PVL+] (n = 9) were the predominant clones among the PVL-positive isolates. Among PVL-negative isolates, CC5-MSSA (n = 12), CC101-MSSA (n = 10) and CC15 (n = 9) were the most frequent. A hitherto undescribed multilocus sequence type of S. schweitzeri was detected twice in unrelated patients. The data emphasise a need for further studies on the role of PVL in African populations and the clinical significance of S. schweitzeri.
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42
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The hepatitis delta genotype 8 in Northeast Brazil: The North Atlantic slave trade as the potential route for infection. Virus Res 2016; 224:6-11. [PMID: 27515509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is not well known, even though HDV and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection leads to severe forms of acute and chronic liver diseases. HDV is endemic in the Western Amazon region. Recently, the HDV genotype 8 was found in chronic patients followed at the center for liver studies in the Northeast Brazil, Maranhão. Previous studies suggested that this genotype was introduced in Maranhão during the slave trade. The presence of HDV in that study, which was done outside the Amazon region, led us to investigate whether the virus is found infecting individuals in other regions of Maranhão as well. Thus, we screened ninety-two HBsAg positive individuals from five Municipalities of Maranhão for anti-HD antibody and eight were found positive (8.7%). These eight positive individuals were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate active HDV infection. Half of them were positive for a fragment sequence of the delta antigen; their sequence samples were submitted to genotype characterization by phylogenetic analysis. All sequences clustered in a unique branch of the tree separated from the other branch described in Africa. Our study confirmed the presence of HDV-8 in Maranhão. These infected individuals had no evidence of contact with African people. Furthermore, we found individuals infected with HDV-8 in two more different municipalities. More studies like ours are urgent because the co-infection HBV/HDV is more difficult to treat. Identification of the endemic regions and implementation of healthy policies for preventing this infection are urgent in this region.
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43
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Candotti D, Diarra B, Bisseye C, Tao I, Pham Quang K, Sanou M, Laperche S, Sanogo R, Allain JP, Simpore J. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in blood donors from Burkina Faso: Prevalence of quasi-subgenotype A3, genotype E, and mixed infections. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2145-2156. [PMID: 27253483 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Burkina Faso is a highly endemic area for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which remains a major challenge for blood safety with >13% of candidate blood donors being chronically infected. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of the viral strains currently circulating. In this study, 99 HBV strains from HBsAg positive candidate blood donors in Ougadougou were genetically characterized by sequencing the pre-S/S region of the viral genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a 25% prevalence of HBV quasi-subgenotype A3 (A3QS ) co-circulating with the confirmed dominant HBV genotype E (72%). HBV/A3QS sequences formed a sub-cluster closely related to West-African sequences previously characterized, and showed a low intra-group genetic diversity (0.75%) suggesting a relatively recent spreading of HBV/A3QS strains in Burkina Faso. Low genetic diversity of genotype E strains compared to A3QS was confirmed. Mixed infections with the two genotypes were identified in 3% of the donors tested and contributed to artifacts during PCR amplification of the viral genome leading to erroneous apparent intergenotype recombinant sequences. While the co-circulation of two HBV genotypes in a restricted area may favor the emergence of intergenotype recombinant variants, strictly controlled molecular experimental procedures should be used to accurately characterize HBV circulating recombinant forms. J. Med. Virol. 88:2145-2156, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Candotti
- INTS/National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Department of Blood-Transmitted Agents, National Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis B&C and HIV in Transfusion, Paris, France. .,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Birama Diarra
- Biomolecular Research Centre Pietro Annigoni, LABIOGENE, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Biomolecular Research Centre Pietro Annigoni, LABIOGENE, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Sciences of Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Issoufou Tao
- Biomolecular Research Centre Pietro Annigoni, LABIOGENE, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kei Pham Quang
- INTS/National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Department of Blood-Transmitted Agents, National Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis B&C and HIV in Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - Mahamoudou Sanou
- Unit of Formation in Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Syria Laperche
- INTS/National Institute of Blood Transfusion, Department of Blood-Transmitted Agents, National Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis B&C and HIV in Transfusion, Paris, France
| | - Rokia Sanogo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Engineering Sciences and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jean-Pierre Allain
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Biomolecular Research Centre Pietro Annigoni, LABIOGENE, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Andriamandimby SF, Lo Presti A, Lai A, Olive MM, Angeletti S, De Florio L, Cella E, Razafindramparany M, Ravalohery JP, Andriamamonjy S, Gioffrè S, Zehender G, Mottini G, Ciccozzi M, Heraud JM. Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Madagascar. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2138-2144. [PMID: 27183503 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus belonging to Hepadnaviridae family. Chronic infection with HBV is one major risk factor of hepatic disease. In Madagascar, former studies classified the country as part of high endemic area, as HBV prevalence can reach 23% in general population. However, this prevalence differs largely between urban and rural areas and is estimated to be, respectively, 5% and 26%. The aims of the present study were to describe the genetic diversity of HBV strains from different regions of Madagascar, and to describe the viral gene flow throughout the country by using phylogenetic analysis. This is the first large-scale molecular and phylogenetic study analyzing HBV sequences from 28 different Malagasy areas, never sampled in the past. In this study, the most prevalent genotype/sub-genotypes was E. Migration analysis showed a gene flow from zone 3 (rural) to zone 2 (suburban), and a greater gene flow from the middle part of Madagascar to the north than to the south. It is important to study the HBV infections in Madagascar and to monitor the potential spread of this viral strain inside this country. J. Med. Virol. 88:2138-2144, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia De Florio
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.,Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Gioffrè
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. .,University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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45
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Godoy BA, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Zagonel-Oliveira M, Alvarado-Mora MV, Salzano FM, Pinho JRR, Fagundes NJR. High prevalence of HBV/A1 subgenotype in native south Americans may be explained by recent economic developments in the Amazon. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:354-63. [PMID: 27267305 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Native American populations present the highest prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection in the Americas, which may be associated to severe disease outcomes. Ten HBV genotypes (A–J) have been described, displaying a remarkable geographic structure, which most likely reflects historic patterns of human migrations. In this study, we characterize the HBV strains circulating in a historical sample of Native South Americans to characterize the historical viral dynamics in this population. The sample consisted of 1070 individuals belonging to 38 populations collected between 1965 and 1997. Presence of HBV DNA was checked by quantitative real-time PCR, and determination of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes was performed through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a fragment including part of HBsAg and Pol coding regions (S/Pol). A Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis was performed to compare the viral population dynamics of HBV/A1 strains found in Native Americans and in the general Brazilian population. A total of 109 individuals were positive for HBV DNA (~ 10%), and 70 samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped. Subgenotype A1 (HBV/A1), related to African populations and the African slave trade, was the most prevalent (66–94%). The Skyline Plot analysis showed a marked population expansion of HBV/A1 in Native Americans occurring more recently (1945–1965) than in the general Brazilian population. Our results suggest that historic processes that contributed to formation of HBV/A1 circulating in Native American are related with more recent migratory waves towards the Amazon basin, which generated a different viral dynamics in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiane A Godoy
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele S Gomes-Gouvêa
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology "João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves", Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zagonel-Oliveira
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; VIZLab - Advanced Visualization Laboratory, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology "João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves", Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João R R Pinho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology "João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves", Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson J R Fagundes
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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46
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Ochwoto M, Kimotho JH, Oyugi J, Okoth F, Kioko H, Mining S, Budambula NLM, Giles E, Andonov A, Songok E, Osiowy C. Hepatitis B infection is highly prevalent among patients presenting with jaundice in Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:101. [PMID: 26932656 PMCID: PMC4774020 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral hepatitis is a major concern worldwide, with hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses showing sporadic outbreaks while hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses are associated with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study determined the proportion, geographic distribution and molecular characterization of hepatitis viruses among patients seeking medical services at hospitals throughout Kenya. METHODS Patients presenting with jaundice at four selected hospitals were recruited (n = 389). Sera were tested for the presence of antibody to hepatitis viruses A through E, and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Nucleic acid from anti-HAV IgM antibody and HBsAg positive samples was extracted, amplified and sequenced. RESULTS Chronic HBV infection was the leading cause of morbidity among patients with symptoms of liver disease seeking medical help. Incident HCV, HEV and HDV infection were not detected among the patients in this study, while the proportion of acute HAV was low; HAV IgM positivity was observed in 6.3 % of patients and sequencing revealed that all cases belonged to genotype 1B. HCV seropositivity upon initial screening was 3.9 % but none were confirmed positive by a supplementary immunoblot assay. There was no serological evidence of HDV and acute HEV infection (anti-HEV IgM). HBsAg was found in 50.6 % of the patients and 2.3 % were positive for IgM antibody to the core protein, indicating probable acute infection. HBV genotype A was predominant (90.3 %) followed by D (9.7 %) among HBV DNA positive specimens. Full genome analysis showed HBV/D isolates having similarity to both D4 and D6 subgenotypes and D/E recombinant reference sequences. Two recombinant sequences demonstrated > 4 % nucleotide divergence from other previously known D/E recombinants. CONCLUSIONS HBV is highly prevalent among patients seeking care for symptoms consistent with hepatitis, compared to the general population. Molecular characterization of HBV isolates indicated recombinant strains that may give rise to new circulating variants. There is a need to document the prevalence, clinical manifestation and distribution of the variants observed. HAV genotype 1B, prevalent in Africa, was observed; however, the absence of HCV, HDV and acute HEV in this study does not rule out their presence in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julius Oyugi
- Medical Microbiology Department, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fredrick Okoth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Simeon Mining
- Moi University and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Nancy L M Budambula
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Present address: Embu University College, Embu, Kenya.
| | - Elizabeth Giles
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Anton Andonov
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Elijah Songok
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
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47
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Tohme RA, Andre-Alboth J, Tejada-Strop A, Shi R, Boncy J, François J, Domercant JW, Griswold M, Hyppolite E, Adrien P, Kamili S. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Haiti: A cross-sectional serosurvey. J Clin Virol 2016; 76:66-71. [PMID: 26851543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B vaccine administered shortly after birth is highly effective in preventing mother to child transmission (MTCT) of infection. While hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in Haiti as part of a combined pentavalent vaccine in 2012, a birth dose is not yet included in the immunization schedule. OBJECTIVES Determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women to evaluate the risk of MTCT. STUDY DESIGN We selected 1364 residual serum specimens collected during a 2012 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sentinel serosurvey among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics. Haiti was stratified into two regions: West, which includes metropolitan Port-au-Prince, and non-West, which includes all other departments. We evaluated the association between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and HIV infection with HBV infection. RESULTS Of 1364 selected specimens, 1307 (96%) were available for testing. A total of 422 specimens (32.7%) tested positive for total anti-HBc (38.2% in West vs. 27% in non-West, p<0.001), and 33 specimens (2.5%) were HBsAg positive (2.1% in West vs. 3% in non-West, p=0.4). Of HBsAg positive specimens, 79% had detectable HBV DNA. Women aged 30 and older had more than double the odds of positive total anti-HBc than women aged 15-19 years (p<0.001). Women with secondary (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.81) and post-secondary education (aOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.19-0.79) had lower odds of total anti-HBc positivity compared with women with no education. HIV-status was not associated with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Haiti has an intermediate endemicity of chronic HBV infection with high prevalence of positive HBV DNA among chronically infected women. Introduction of a universal birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine might help prevent perinatal HBV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Tohme
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA,USA.
| | | | | | - Ran Shi
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacques Boncy
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
| | - Jeannot François
- Expanded Program of Immunization, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jean Wysler Domercant
- Haiti Country Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Mark Griswold
- Global Program, National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, Washington DC, USA
| | - Erlantz Hyppolite
- National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Paul Adrien
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Saleem Kamili
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA,USA
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48
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Calisti G, Muhindo R, Boum Y, Wilson LA, Foster GM, Geretti AM, Bhagani S. Epidemiology of HBV infection in a cohort of Ugandan HIV-infected patients and rate and pattern of lamivudine-resistant HBV infection in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:723-9. [PMID: 26386408 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa are not routinely screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens containing only lamivudine as anti-HBV active drug. METHODS In 2009-2011, we screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 2820 HIV-infected adults patients at the Mbarara Hospital Uganda and investigated risk factors for HBV infection. Using samples of dried plasma or blood spots, we tested for HBV viral load and HBV drug resistance mutations in all HBsAg-positive patients on ART for ≥ 12 months. RESULTS In this study, 109 patients tested HBsAg positive (3.9%; 109/2820). HBsAg-positive patients were more likely to have had >4 lifetime sexual partners (p<0.01). Of the 55 HBsAg-positive patients on ART for ≥ 12 months, 53 were only on lamivudine as anti-HBV active drug and two were on tenofovir and lamivudine. HBV-DNA was detected in 30 patients (54.5%; 30/55), all on lamivudine-monotherapy. Of the 23 patients in whom HBV-DNA sequencing was successful, 17 had lamivudine-resistant HBV strains harbouring rtM204V/I mutations accompanied by secondary/compensatory mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that sexual transmission may represent a major mode of spread of HBV in southwest Uganda and confirms the importance of screening for HBV and of using ART regimens containing tenofovir in HIV/HBV co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Calisti
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rose Muhindo
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Yap Boum
- Epicentre Mbarara Research Base, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Laurence A Wilson
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Geraldine M Foster
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of HIV Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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49
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Martínez AA, Zaldívar Y, Arteaga G, de Castillo Z, Ortiz A, Mendoza Y, Castillero O, Castillo JA, Cristina J, Pascale JM. Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes Circulating in Different Risk Groups of Panama, Evidence of the Introduction of Genotype A2 in the Country. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134850. [PMID: 26230260 PMCID: PMC4521924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) can cause acute or chronic infection it is also associated with the development of liver cancer, thousands of new infections occur on a yearly basis, and many of these cases are located in certain areas of the Caribbean and Latin America. In these areas, the HBV prevalence is still high which makes this virus a serious public health concern to the entire region. Studies performed in Panama suggest a complex pattern in the distribution of HBV among the country’s different risk groups. We use phylogenetic analysis in order to determine which HBV genotypes were circulating in these specific groups; for this we used a fragment of the PreS2/2 region of the HBV genome. Subsequently whole HBV genome sequences were used for Bayesian analysis of phylodynamics and phylogeography. Two main genotypes were found: genotype A (54.5%) and genotype F (45.5%). There was a difference in the distribution of genotypes according to risk groups: 72.9% of high risk groups were associated to genotype A, and 55.0% of samples of genotype F were associated to the low risk group (p<0.002). The Bayesian analysis of phylogeny-traits association revealed a statistically significant geographical association (p<0.0001) with both genotypes and different regions of the country. The Bayesian time of most recent common ancestor analysis (tMRCA) revealed a recent tMRCA for genotype A2 circulating in Panama (1997, 95% HPD: 1986—2005), when it is compared with Panamanian genotype F1c sequences (1930, 95% HPD: 1810 – 2005). These results suggest a possible change in the distribution of HBV genotypes in Panama and Latin America as a whole. They also serve to encourage the implementation of vaccination programs in high-risk groups, in order to prevent an increase in the number of new HBV cases in Latin America and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Martínez
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur City, Andhra Pradesh, India
- INDICASAT-AIP, Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Yamitzel Zaldívar
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Griselda Arteaga
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Zoila de Castillo
- Nucleic Acid Test Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Alma Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Yaxelis Mendoza
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur City, Andhra Pradesh, India
- INDICASAT-AIP, Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Omar Castillero
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Juan A. Castillo
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan M. Pascale
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama, Panama
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama, Panama
- * E-mail:
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Paraskevis D, Angelis K, Magiorkinis G, Kostaki E, Ho SYW, Hatzakis A. Dating the origin of hepatitis B virus reveals higher substitution rate and adaptation on the branch leading to F/H genotypes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015. [PMID: 26220838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV), particularly its origins and evolutionary timescale, has been the subject of debate. Three major scenarios have been proposed, variously placing the origin of HBV in humans and great apes from some million years to only a few thousand years ago (ka). To compare these scenarios, we analyzed 105 full-length HBV genome sequences from all major genotypes sampled globally. We found a high correlation between the demographic histories of HBV and humans, as well as coincidence in the times of origin of specific subgenotypes with human migrations giving rise to their host indigenous populations. Together with phylogenetic evidence, this suggests that HBV has co-expanded with modern humans. Based on the co-expansion, we conducted a Bayesian dating analysis to estimate a precise evolutionary timescale for HBV. Five calibrations were used at the origins of F/H genotypes, D4, C3 and B6 from respective indigenous populations in the Pacific and Arctic and A5 from Haiti. The estimated time for the origin of HBV was 34.1ka (95% highest posterior density interval 27.6-41.3ka), coinciding with the dispersal of modern non-African humans. Our study, the first to use full-length HBV sequences, places a precise timescale on the HBV epidemic and also shows that the "branching paradox" of the more divergent genotypes F/H from Amerindians is due to an accelerated substitution rate, probably driven by positive selection. This may explain previously observed differences in the natural history of HBV between genotypes F1 and A2, B1, and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Angelis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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