1
|
Maia C. Sand fly-borne diseases in Europe: epidemiological overview and potential triggers for their emergence and re-emergence. J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:6-12. [PMID: 38320331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are vectors of human and animal pathogens, including Leishmania species protozoan parasites and viruses of the genus Phlebovirus. In Europe, visceral zoonotic leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum, a deadly disease when left untreated, is endemic in southern countries, and dogs are the main reservoir hosts for human infection. Most phleboviruses cause asymptomatic infections or flu-like syndromes in humans, but Toscana phlebovirus can cause meningitis and encephalitis. These diseases are likely to re-emerge, posing a growing threat to public and animal health. Potential triggers include the movement of humans and dogs, increasing numbers of immunosuppressive conditions, climate change and other human-mediated environmental changes. An overview of the main epidemiological characteristics of the pathogens transmitted by sand flies in Europe and the potential triggers involved in their emergence and re-emergence are reviewed here. There is a need to implement mandatory notification of human and canine leishmaniases and human phleboviruses and coordinated epidemiological surveillance programmes at a European level, and to raise awareness among healthcare professionals and citizens about sand fly-borne diseases, following a One Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1348-009, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
New Isolation of Ponticelli III Virus ( Bunyavirales: Phenuiviridae) in Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020422. [PMID: 36851636 PMCID: PMC9964127 DOI: 10.3390/v15020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of newly described sandfly-borne phleboviruses has been steadily growing in recent years. Some phleboviruses are human pathogens, but their health relevance is largely uncharacterized. We aimed to investigate the circulation of these viruses in the Emilia-Romagna region where several have already been described. A total of 482 sandflies were collected in a site in Reggio Emilia in 2019 and 2020. Sandflies collected in 2020 were grouped in 21 pools with a maximum of 25 sandflies per pool, submitted to real time PCR, and isolated in Vero cell culture. Complete genome sequencing showed the isolation of a strain of a Ponticelli III virus. This virus, which belongs to the species Adana phlebovirus, differed in the M segment from the Ponticelli I and Ponticelli II viruses. Analysis performed on the genomic segments of the newly isolated virus compared with other phleboviruses highlighted a strong purifying selection in the L segments, and different substitution saturation, highest in the M segments. Future research should address the ecological processes driving the occurrence of these novel phleboviruses and their possible impact on public health.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses in Portugal: Four and Still Counting. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081768. [PMID: 36016390 PMCID: PMC9413822 DOI: 10.3390/v14081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to ICTV, there are currently 66 known phlebovirus species. More than 40 of these viruses were isolated or detected in phlebotomine sandflies and some of them are known pathogens. In Portugal, information about sandfly-borne phleboviruses is scarce and scattered sandfly-borne diseases are neglected and often not considered in differential diagnoses. The main objective of this work was to gather the existing information and to raise awareness about the circulating phleboviruses in this country. To date, Massilia and Alcube phleboviruses have been isolated from sandflies in southern Portugal. Human infections with Toscana and Sicilian phleboviruses have been reported, as well as seroprevalence in cats and dogs. More studies are needed in order to understand if the viruses isolated during the entomological surveys have an impact on human health and to fully understand the real importance of the already recognized pathogens in our country.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dachraoui K, Chelbi I, Ben Said M, Ben Osman R, Cherni S, Charrel R, Zhioua E. Transmission Dynamics of Punique Virus in Tunisia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050904. [PMID: 35632646 PMCID: PMC9147715 DOI: 10.3390/v14050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel phlebovirus, Punique virus (PUNV), was discovered and isolated in 2008 from sandflies from Northern Tunisia. PUNV is now classified as a unique member of the Punique phlebovirus species within the Phlebovirus genus in the Phenuiviridae family (order bunyavirales). In this study, we aimed to investigate the transmission dynamics of PUNV in Tunisia. Sandflies were collected during two consecutive years, 2009 and 2010, by CDC light traps. In 2009, a total of 873 sandflies were collected and identified to the species level. Phlebotomus perniciosus was the most abundant species. One pool of P. perniciosus females collected in autumn contained PUNV RNA, yielding an infection rate of 0.11%. The population densities of circulating sandfly species were assessed during May–November 2010 in Northern Tunisia by using sticky traps. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus (71.74%) was the most abundant species, followed by Phlebotumus (Larroussius) longicuspis (17.47%), and Phlebotumus (Larroussius) perfiliewi (8.82%). The densities of dominant sandfly species were found to peak in early spring and again in the autumn. In 2010, species identification was not performed, and sandflies were only discriminated on the basis of sex and collection date. Out of 249 pools, three contained PUNV RNA. Each positive pool allowed virus isolation. The three pools of female sandflies containing PUNV RNA were collected in autumn with an infection rate of 0.05%. These findings provide further evidence that P. perniciosus is the main vector of PUNV in Tunisia, and this phlebovirus is endemic in Tunisia. Our findings provided strong evidence of intensive circulation of PUNV in sandflies and hosts through a viral infection buildup process between sandfly vectors and hosts starting at the beginning of the activity of sandflies in spring to reach a maximum during the second main peak in autumn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Dachraoui
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Unit of Vector Ecology, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (K.D.); (I.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Ifhem Chelbi
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Unit of Vector Ecology, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (K.D.); (I.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sid Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Raja Ben Osman
- National Drug Control Laboratory, Vaccine Control Unit, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Saifedine Cherni
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Unit of Vector Ecology, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (K.D.); (I.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Rémi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix-Marseille University, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Unit of Vector Ecology, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (K.D.); (I.C.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ayhan N, Alten B, Ivovic V, Cvetkovikj A, Stefanovska J, Martinkovic F, Piorkowski G, Moureau G, Gould EA, Pettersson JHO, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Field surveys in Croatia and North Macedonia reveal two novel phleboviruses circulating in sandflies. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34797756 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandfly-borne phleboviruses are distributed widely throughout the Mediterranean Basin, presenting a threat to public health in areas where they circulate. However, the true diversity and distribution of pathogenic and apathogenic sandfly-borne phleboviruses remains a key issue to be studied. In the Balkans, most published data rely on serology-based studies although virus isolation has occasionally been reported. Here, we report the discovery of two novel sandfly-borne phleboviruses, provisionally named Zaba virus (ZABAV) and Bregalaka virus (BREV), which were isolated in Croatia and North Macedonia, respectively. This constitutes the first isolation of phleboviruses in both countries. Genetic analysis based on complete coding sequences indicated that ZABAV and BREV are distinct from each other and belong to the genus Phlebovirus, family Phenuiviridae. Phylogenetic and amino acid modelling of viral polymerase shows that ZABAV and BREV are new members of the Salehabad phlebovirus species and the Adana phlebovirus species, respectively. Moreover, sequence-based vector identification suggests that ZABAV is mainly transmitted by Phlebotomus neglectus and BREV is mainly transmitted by Phlebotomus perfiliewi. BREV neutralizing antibodies were detected in 3.3% of human sera with rates up to 16.7% in certain districts, demonstrating that BREV frequently infects humans in North Macedonia. In vitro viral growth kinetics experiments demonstrated viral replication of both viruses in mammalian and mosquito cells. In vivo experimental studies in mice suggest that ZABAV and BREV exhibit characteristics making them possible human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Ayhan
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Division, VERG Labs, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vladimir Ivovic
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Jovana Stefanovska
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Franjo Martinkovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Geraldine Piorkowski
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Moureau
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - John H-O Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Remi N Charrel
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amaro F, Zé-Zé L, Lourenço J, Giovanetti M, Becker SC, Alves MJ. Phylogenetic Analysis of Massilia phlebovirus in Portugal. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071412. [PMID: 34372617 PMCID: PMC8310352 DOI: 10.3390/v13071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, molecular surveys of arboviruses have enabled the identification of several new viruses, contributing to the knowledge of viral diversity and providing important epidemiological data regarding possible new emerging viruses. A combination of diagnostic assays, Illumina sequencing and phylogenetic inference are here used to characterize two new Massilia phlebovirus strains isolated from sandflies collected in the Arrábida region, Portugal. Whole genome sequence analysis enabled their identification as reassortants and the recognition of genomic variants co-circulating in Portugal. Much is still unknown about the life cycle, geographic range, evolutionary forces and public health importance of these viruses in Portugal and elsewhere, and more studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Amaro
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Líbia Zé-Zé
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Campus da FCUL, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Edificio TecLabs, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK;
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos n. 6627, Pampula, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Christine Becker
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Maria João Alves
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade n. 5, 2965-575 Águas de Moura, Portugal; (L.Z.-Z.); (M.J.A.)
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Ed. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baseline mapping of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:111. [PMID: 33335100 PMCID: PMC7746727 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a newly emergent tick-borne bunyavirus first discovered in 2009 in China. SFTSV is a growing public health problem that may become more prominent owing to multiple competent tick-vectors and the expansion of human populations in areas where the vectors are found. Although tick-vectors of SFTSV are found in a wide geographic area, SFTS cases have only been reported from China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Patients with SFTS often present with high fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and in some cases, symptoms can progress to severe outcomes, including hemorrhagic disease. Reported SFTSV case fatality rates range from ~5 to >30% depending on the region surveyed, with more severe disease reported in older individuals. Currently, treatment options for this viral infection remain mostly supportive as there are no licensed vaccines available and research is in the discovery stage. Animal models for SFTSV appear to recapitulate many facets of human disease, although none of the models mirror all clinical manifestations. There are insufficient data available on basic immunologic responses, the immune correlate(s) of protection, and the determinants of severe disease by SFTSV and related viruses. Many aspects of SFTSV virology and epidemiology are not fully understood, including a detailed understanding of the annual numbers of cases and the vertebrate host of the virus, so additional research on this disease is essential towards the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses (family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales) are associated with febrile illness and infections of the nervous system in humans. These viruses are almost exclusively found in tropical areas of the New World and restricted to semiarid and temperate zones in the Old World. Here, we discovered seven strains of four previously unknown phleboviruses, named Bogoria virus (BOGV), Embossos virus (EMRV), Kiborgoch virus (KBGV), and Perkerra virus (PERV), as well as the recently discovered Ntepes virus, in sandflies collected in the Kenyan Rift Valley. The genomes have a tripartite organization with conserved termini typical of phleboviruses. LOBV, PERV, and EMBV showed low similarity to known phleboviruses, with less than 55% pairwise amino acid identities in the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) proteins, and defined a highly diversified monophyletic clade in sister relationship to the sandfly fever Sicilian serocomplex. All three viruses failed to react with sandfly fever Sicilian virus antisera in recombinant immunofluorescence assays (rIFA), suggesting that the viruses belong to a yet-unknown serogroup. In contrast, KBGV was closely related to Toscana virus (84% identity of RdRp proteins) and shared a most recent common ancestor with the clade comprising sandfly fever Naples and Toscana viruses. KBGV reacted with sandfly fever Naples and Toscana virus antisera in rIFA. The genetic diversity of the detected viruses and their phylogenetic positions implies that the Old World sandfly-borne phleboviruses originated from sub-Saharan Africa. Importantly, our findings suggest that diseases associated with sandfly-borne phlebovirus infections may also affect the Kenyan population.IMPORTANCE Studies on the genetic diversity of arthropod-borne viruses circulating in rural regions can provide critical early indications on new emerging viruses essential for global epidemic preparedness. In this study, we describe the discovery of four phleboviruses in sandflies from the Kenyan Rift Valley. The novel viruses are related to the two medically important serocomplexes, sandfly fever Naples and sandfly fever Sicilian, that are associated with febrile illness and neuroinvasive infections and which were previously not known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge on the occurrence of sandfly-borne phleboviruses in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa can help to decipher their contributions in the etiologies of fevers of unknown origin in patients. Our findings on five genetically diverse phleboviruses detected in Kenya suggest that the common ancestor of Old World phleboviruses existed in sub-Saharan Africa, a hot spot for emerging arboviruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fares W, Dachraoui K, Barhoumi W, Cherni S, Chelbi I, Zhioua E. Co-circulation of Toscana virus and Leishmania infantum in a focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from Central Tunisia. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105342. [PMID: 31954137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites and phleboviruses affecting humans and animals. In this study, we aimed to investigate phlebovirus and Leishmania parasites circulating in a focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) located in a highly irrigated area within the arid Central Tunisia, known mainly to be endemic for zoonotic cutaenous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused Leishmania major and transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps in the village of Saddaguia, an emergent focus of ZVL located in Central Tunisia during September-October 2014, 2015, and 2016. Pools of live female sand flies were screened for phleboviruses and Leishmania by nested PCR in the polymerase gene and kinetoplast minicircle DNA, respectively. Dead sand flies were identified morphologically to species level. Sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius mainly Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Phlebotomus longicuspis were predominant in this ZVL focus compared to P. papatasi. A total of 1932, 1740, and 444 sand flies were tested in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Pathogen screening performed on 4116 sand flies distributed in 148 pools revealed the presence of Leishmania infantum and Toscana virus. The minimum infection rates of sand flies with TOSV in 2014, 2015, and 2016 were 0.05%, 011%, and 0.22%, respectively. The minimum infection rates of sand flies with L. infantum in 2014, 2015, and 2016 were 0.25%, 012%, and 0.79%, respectively. No L. major was detected during the 3-years investigation in this ZVL focus. Our results showed clearly the endemic co-circulation of TOSV and L. infantum in this emergent ZVL focus. However, no co-infection of TOSV and L. infantum was detected in any of the sand fly pools investigated during the three years period. TOSV was isolated from positive pools in 2015. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Tunisian strains of TOSV belonged to the sublineage A. Based on the present findings, our results provided strong evidence that TOSV and L. infantum are transmitted by the same predominant sand fly species of the subgenus Larroussius, and subsequently, humans and dogs could be co-infected through co-infected or successive infected bites. Our results showed clearly that the development of irrigation in arid areas contributed significantly to the establishment of stable transmission cycles of L. infantum and TOSV and subsequently to the emergence of a ZVL focus within this arid bio-geographical area characterized by the presence of multiple foci of ZCL located outside the study site. Thus, more studies are needed to better understand the impact of RNA viruses shared by vectors and reservoir hosts of L. infantum on the development of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Detection of a Novel Phlebovirus (Drin Virus) from Sand Flies in Albania. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050469. [PMID: 31126034 PMCID: PMC6563191 DOI: 10.3390/v11050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are generalist vectors with significant implications for public health. They are able to transmit phleboviruses that cause sand fly fever, headaches, or meningitis in humans. Albania is a country in Southeast Europe with a typical Mediterranean climate which provides convenient conditions for the presence of sand flies. Hence, the circulation of phleboviruses, such as the Toscana and Balkan viruses, has been recently described in the country. We followed a virus discovery approach on sand fly samples collected in 2015 and 2016 in seven regions of Albania, with the aim to investigate and characterize potentially circulating phleboviruses in phlebotomine sand flies. A presumed novel phlebovirus was detected in a pool consisting of 24 Phlebotomus neglectus males. The virus was provisionally named the Drin virus after a river near the locality of Kukës, where the infected sand flies were trapped. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Drin virus is closely related to the Corfou (CFUV) virus, isolated in the 1980s from Phlebotomus major sand flies on the eponymous island of Greece, and may also be involved in human infections because of its similarity to the sand fly fever Sicilian virus. The latter justifies further studies to specifically address this concern. Together with recent findings, this study confirms that Albania and the Balkan peninsula are hot spots for phleboviruses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Papa A. Emerging arboviruses of medical importance in the Mediterranean region. J Clin Virol 2019; 115:5-10. [PMID: 30928817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of viral infections transmitted by arthropods is changing due to a variety of parameters related to the virus, the host and the environment. The Mediterranean region is highly affected by changes in the intensity and extension of global-scale climate patterns, and, due to its location, it provides a vulnerable environment for emergence of arboviral diseases. The main arboviruses that pose currently a public health threat in the Mediterranean region are West Nile virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and, in less extend, tick-borne encephalitis virus. Usutu virus that affects mainly birds, can infect also humans, while Dengue and Chikungunya viruses showed that they are capable to cause sporadic autochthonous cases, and even outbreaks in the Mediterranean region. Sandly-transmitted viruses continue to have a public health impact, and novel ones have been identified. The presence of competent vectors (mainly mosquitoes), combined by arbovirus introduction through viremic travelers returning from endemic regions, prompt for increased surveillance to mitigate the risk for local transmission. In order to tackle efficiently and effectively the emerging arboviral diseases, an integrated "One Health initiative" is required to be maintained, involving public health, animal health and environmental authorities. Awareness of medical and veterinary staff and laboratory capacity are crucial for the early detection of pathogens, while reporting the unusual and enhance surveillance are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
NSs Protein of Sandfly Fever Sicilian Phlebovirus Counteracts Interferon (IFN) Induction by Masking the DNA-Binding Domain of IFN Regulatory Factor 3. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01202-18. [PMID: 30232186 PMCID: PMC6232482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01202-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) is one of the most widespread and frequently identified members of the genus Phlebovirus (order Bunyavirales, family Phenuiviridae) infecting humans. Being transmitted by Phlebotomus sandflies, SFSV causes a self-limiting, acute, often incapacitating febrile disease ("sandfly fever," "Pappataci fever," or "dog disease") that has been known since at least the beginning of the 20th century. We show that, similarly to other pathogenic phleboviruses, SFSV suppresses the induction of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system in an NSs-dependent manner. SFSV NSs interfered with the TBK1-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) branch of the RIG-I signaling pathway but not with NF-κB activation. Consistently, we identified IRF3 as a host interactor of SFSV NSs. In contrast to IRF3, neither the IFN master regulator IRF7 nor any of the related transcription factors IRF2, IRF5, and IRF9 were bound by SFSV NSs. In spite of this specificity for IRF3, NSs did not inhibit its phosphorylation, dimerization, or nuclear accumulation, and the interaction was independent of the IRF3 activation or multimerization state. In further studies, we identified the DNA-binding domain of IRF3 (amino acids 1 to 113) as sufficient for NSs binding and found that SFSV NSs prevented the association of activated IRF3 with the IFN-β promoter. Thus, unlike highly virulent phleboviruses, which either destroy antiviral host factors or sequester whole signaling chains into inactive aggregates, SFSV modulates type I IFN induction by directly masking the DNA-binding domain of IRF3.IMPORTANCE Phleboviruses are receiving increased attention due to the constant discovery of new species and the ongoing spread of long-known members of the genus. Outbreaks of sandfly fever were reported in the 19th century, during World War I, and during World War II. Currently, SFSV is recognized as one of the most widespread phleboviruses, exhibiting high seroprevalence rates in humans and domestic animals and causing a self-limiting but incapacitating disease predominantly in immunologically naive troops and travelers. We show how the nonstructural NSs protein of SFSV counteracts the upregulation of the antiviral interferon (IFN) system. SFSV NSs specifically inhibits promoter binding by IFN transcription factor 3 (IRF3), a molecular strategy which is unique among phleboviruses and, to our knowledge, among human pathogenic RNA viruses in general. This IRF3-specific and stoichiometric mechanism, greatly distinct from the ones exhibited by the highly virulent phleboviruses, correlates with the intermediate level of pathogenicity of SFSV.
Collapse
|
13
|
Calzolari M, Chiapponi C, Bellini R, Bonilauri P, Lelli D, Moreno A, Barbieri I, Pongolini S, Lavazza A, Dottori M. Isolation of three novel reassortant phleboviruses, Ponticelli I, II, III, and of Toscana virus from field-collected sand flies in Italy. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:84. [PMID: 29409533 PMCID: PMC5802049 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different phleboviruses are important pathogens for humans; most of these viruses are transmitted by sand flies. An increasing number of new phleboviruses have been reported over the past decade, especially in Mediterranean countries, mainly via their detection in sand flies. Results At least five different phleboviruses co-circulated in sand flies that were collected in three sites in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) in the summer of 2013. The well-known Toscana virus (TOSV) was isolated; three new, closely related phleboviruses differing in their M segments and tentatively named Ponticelli I, Ponticelli II and Ponticelli III virus, respectively, were isolated; a fifth putative phlebovirus, related to the sand fly fever Naples phlebovirus species, was also detected. The co-circulation, in a restricted area, of three viruses characterized by different M segments, likely resulted from reassortment events. According to the phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences, the TOSV belongs to clade A, together with other Italian isolates, while the Ponticelli viruses fall within the Salehabad phlebovirus species. Conclusions Results highlight an unexpected diversity of phleboviruses that co-circulate in the same area, suggesting that interactions likely occur amongst them, that can present challenges for their correct identification. The co-circulation of different phleboviruses appears to be common, and the bionomics of sand fly populations seem to play a relevant role. Such a complex situation emphasizes the need for detailed investigations of the biology of these viruses to better characterize their pathogenic potential for mammals, including humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2668-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "Giorgio Nicoli", Crevalcore, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Robles NJC, Han HJ, Park SJ, Choi YK. Epidemiology of severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection and the need for therapeutics for the prevention. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2018; 7:43-50. [PMID: 29399579 PMCID: PMC5795044 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2018.7.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past ten years there has been a marked increase in cases of severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome in East Asia. This tick-borne hemorrhagic fever presents along with clinical signs including high fever and leukopenia. In addition to humans, the virus has also been detected with shared genetic homology in farm animals including goats, cattle, horses, and pigs. Furthermore, several genotypes of severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) are currently co-circulating between humans and animals. In China, where the virus was first detected in rural areas in 2009, the SFTSV mortality rate has been reported to be as 6% and higher than 30%, especially in immuno-compromised patients. Moreover, this virus has been isolated in neighbor countries including Japan and South Korea where the fatality rates in 2015 were more than 30% in both countries. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the virology, genotypes, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of SFTSV infection in humans and animals. Currently, a collaborative global approach against SFTSV infection is being undertaken; however, the need for continuous disease surveillance and production of an effective vaccine is imperative as this virus may lead to an epidemic of irreversible status in both humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert John C Robles
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences, De La Salle Araneta University, Malabon City, Philippines
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Research & Development Center, Green Cross WellBeing Corporation, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Papa A, Papadopoulou E. Acute viral infections of the central nervous system, 2014-2016, Greece. J Med Virol 2017; 90:644-647. [PMID: 29168889 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the viral etiology of acute infections of central nervous system (CNS), multiplex and single PCRs combined with serology for arboviruses were applied on samples from 132 hospitalized patients in Greece during May 2014-December 2016. A viral pathogen was detected in 52 of 132 (39.4%) cases with acute CNS infection. Enteroviruses predominated (15/52, 28.8%), followed by West Nile virus (9/52, 17.3%). Phleboviruses, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus accounted for 15.4%, 13.5%, and 11.5% of the cases, respectively. The study gives an insight into the etiology of viral CNS infections in a Mediterranean country, where arboviruses should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute CNS infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpida Papadopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ayhan N, Alten B, Ivovic V, Dvořák V, Martinkovic F, Omeragic J, Stefanovska J, Petric D, Vaselek S, Baymak D, Kasap OE, Volf P, Charrel RN. Direct evidence for an expanded circulation area of the recently identified Balkan virus (Sandfly fever Naples virus species) in several countries of the Balkan archipelago. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:402. [PMID: 28851425 PMCID: PMC5575908 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, Balkan virus (BALKV, family Phenuiviridae, genus Phlebovirus) was discovered in sand flies collected in Albania and genetically characterised as a member of the Sandfly fever Naples species complex. To gain knowledge concerning the geographical area where exposure to BALKV exists, entomological surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015, in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. Results A total of 2830 sand flies were trapped during 2014 and 2015 campaigns, and organised as 263 pools. BALKV RNA was detected in four pools from Croatia and in one pool from BH. Phylogenetic relationships were examined using sequences in the S and L RNA segments. Study of the diversity between BALKV sequences from Albania, Croatia and BH showed that Albanian sequences were the most divergent (9–11% [NP]) from the others and that Croatian and BH sequences were grouped (0.9–5.4% [NP]; 0.7–5% [L]). The sand fly infection rate of BALKV was 0.26% in BH and 0.27% in Croatia. Identification of the species content of pools using cox1 and cytb partial regions showed that the five BALKV positive pools contained Phlebotomus neglectus DNA; in four pools, P neglectus was the unique species, whereas P. tobbi DNA was also detected in one pool. Conclusions We report here (i) the first direct evidence that the Balkan virus initially described in coastal Albania has a much wider dissemination area than originally believed, (ii) two real-time RT-PCR assays that may be useful for further screening of patients presenting with fever of unknown origin that may be caused by Balkan virus infection, (iii) entomological results suggesting that Balkan virus is likely transmitted by Phlebotomus neglectus, and possibly other sand fly species of the subgenus Larroussius. So far, BALKV has been detected only in sand flies. Whether BALKV can cause disease in humans is unknown and remains to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Ayhan
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Viralesˮ (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Division, VERG Labs, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Vit Dvořák
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Franjo Martinkovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmin Omeragic
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jovana Stefanovska
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Dusan Petric
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slavica Vaselek
- Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Devrim Baymak
- National Institute of Public Health, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Ozge E Kasap
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Division, VERG Labs, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petr Volf
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Remi N Charrel
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Viralesˮ (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005660. [PMID: 28796786 PMCID: PMC5552025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovirus genus (family Phenuiviridae)—the most significant group of viruses transmitted by sand flies—have a relevant role for human pathology. These infections are emerging in the Mediterranean region and will likely spread in forthcoming decades, posing a complex threat to human health. Four species and 2 hybrid strains of Leishmania are pathogenic for humans in the Mediterranean Basin, with an estimated annual incidence of 239,500–393,600 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 1,200–2,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Among the phleboviruses, Toscana virus can cause neuroinvasive infections, while other phleboviruses are responsible for a typical “3-day fever”; the actual incidence of Phlebovirus infections in the Mediterranean area is unknown, although at least 250 million people are exposed. Here, we reviewed the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin, with a focus on humans. Our analysis indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance. Among the emerging challenges concerning sand fly–borne pathogens, the relationships between sand fly–borne protozoa and viruses should be considered in future studies, including epidemiological links between Leishmania and phleboviruses as well as the conditional capacity for these pathogens to be involved in interactions that may evolve towards increased virulence.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ayhan N, Charrel RN. Of phlebotomines (sandflies) and viruses: a comprehensive perspective on a complex situation. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:117-124. [PMID: 28805633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Old World sandfly-borne phleboviruses are classified into three serological complexes: Sandfly fever Sicilian, Sandfly fever Naples and Salehabad. Human pathogens (febrile illness ['sandfly fever'], neuroinvasive infections) belong to the two first complexes. The increasing number of newly discovered sandfly-borne phleboviruses raises concerns about their medical and veterinary importance. They occupy a wide geographic area from Mediterranean basin to North Africa and the Middle East to the central Asia. At least nine species of sandflies can transmit these viruses. Recent results suggest that sandfly vectors are not as specific for viruses as initially believed. Recent seroprevalence studies demonstrate that humans and domestic animals are heavily exposed. Specific molecular diagnostic methods must be developed and implemented in clinical microbiology laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Ayhan
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Remi N Charrel
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Mediterranee Infection), Marseille, France; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Papa A. Emerging arboviral human diseases in Southern Europe. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1315-1322. [PMID: 28252204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Southern Europe is characterized by unique landscape and climate which attract tourists, but also arthropod vectors, some of them carrying pathogens. Among several arboviral diseases that emerged in the region during the last decade, West Nile fever accounted for high number of human cases and fatalities, while Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever expanded its geographic distribution, and is considered as a real threat for Europe. Viruses evolve rapidly and acquire mutations making themselves stronger and naive populations more vulnerable. In an effort to tackle efficiently the emerging arboviral diseases, preparedness and strategic surveillance are needed for the early detection of the pathogen and containment and mitigation of probable outbreaks. In this review, the main human arboviral diseases that emerged in Southern Europe are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ergunay K, Ayhan N, Charrel RN. Novel and emergent sandfly-borne phleboviruses in Asia Minor: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1898. [PMID: 27531681 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses are globally spread agents causing febrile diseases and central nervous system infections. The activity of pathogenic phleboviruses, as well as several novel strains, has been reported from Turkey, a transboundary country connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa with suitable habitats for sandflies. This study overviews all published data on phleboviruses from Turkey and evaluates the impact from the virological, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. A systematic review of Web-based global and local resources was performed. Comparison and phylogenetic analyses of particular phlebovirus sequences were also undertaken. Through the evaluation of 1693 international and regional entries, 31 manuscripts providing data on case reports or outbreaks, serological surveillance, animal infections and exposure, virus characterization, vector surveillance, and/or diagnostics were accessed. Detailed information on 5 novel phleboviruses completely or partially characterized during 2008-2015 as well as on clinical and epidemiological features of major phleboviruses established as human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Sicilian virus has been compiled. The ongoing activity of these agents, as indicated by consistently reported symptomatic cases and confirmed exposure in vertebrates including humans, was noted. The circulation in the Anatolian peninsula of phleboviruses with surprising diversity as well as distinct virus species is documented. Specific phlebovirus strains constitute a public health threat for local populations and travelers and must be considered in the diagnostic workup of clinically compatible cases. Human health impact and epidemiological aspects of certain viruses require further investigation via intensive surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales,", IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Remi N Charrel
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales,", IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Castelli F, Pavli A, Giorgetti PF. Southern Europe. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Castelli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseaases; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - Androula Pavli
- Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Athens Greece
| | - Pier Francesco Giorgetti
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseaases; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papa A, Kontana A, Tsioka K, Saratsis A, Sotiraki S. Novel phlebovirus detected in Haemaphysalis parva ticks in a Greek island. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:157-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Alwassouf S, Christodoulou V, Bichaud L, Ntais P, Mazeris A, Antoniou M, Charrel RN. Seroprevalence of Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses Belonging to Three Serocomplexes (Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian and Salehabad) in Dogs from Greece and Cyprus Using Neutralization Test. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005063. [PMID: 27783676 PMCID: PMC5081206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phleboviruses transmitted by sandflies are endemic in the Mediterranean area. The last decade has witnessed the description of an accumulating number of novel viruses. Although, the risk of exposure of vertebrates is globally assessed, detailed geographic knowledge is poor even in Greece and Cyprus where sandfly fever has been recognized for a long time and repeatedly. A total of 1,250 dogs from mainland Greece and Greek archipelago on one hand and 422 dogs from Cyprus on the other hand have been sampled and tested for neutralising antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV), Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), Arbia virus, and Adana virus i.e. four viruses belonging to the 3 sandfly-borne serocomplexes known to circulate actively in the Mediterranean area. Our results showed that (i) SFSV is highly prevalent with 71.9% (50.7-84.9% depending on the region) in Greece and 60.2% (40.0-72.6%) in Cyprus; (ii) TOSV ranked second with 4.4% (0-15.4%) in Greece and 8.4% (0-11.4%) in Cyprus; (iii) Salehabad viruses (Arbia and Adana) displayed also substantial prevalence rates in both countries with values ranging from 0-22.6% depending on the region and on the virus strain used in the test. These results demonstrate that circulation of viruses transmitted by sand flies can be estimated qualitatively using dog sera. As reported in other regions of the Mediterranean, these results indicate that it is time to shift these viruses from the "neglected" status to the "priority" status in order to stimulate studies aiming at defining and quantifying their medical and veterinary importance and possible public health impact. Specifically, viruses belonging to the Sandfly fever Sicilian complex should be given careful consideration. This calls for implementation of direct and indirect diagnosis in National reference centers and in hospital microbiology laboratories and systematic testing of unelucidated febrile illness and central and peripheral nervous system febrile manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaf Alwassouf
- UMR “Emergence des Pathologies Virales” (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP), Marseille, France
- Institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurence Bichaud
- UMR “Emergence des Pathologies Virales” (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP), Marseille, France
- Institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pantelis Ntais
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes. Heraklion. Crete, Greece
| | | | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes. Heraklion. Crete, Greece
| | - Remi N. Charrel
- UMR “Emergence des Pathologies Virales” (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP), Marseille, France
- Institut hospitalo-universitaire Méditerranée infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Papa A, Kontana A, Tsioka K, Chaligiannis I, Sotiraki S. Novel phleboviruses detected in ticks, Greece. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:690-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Wuerth JD, Weber F. Phleboviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060174. [PMID: 27338447 PMCID: PMC4926194 DOI: 10.3390/v8060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae contains a number of emerging virus species which pose a threat to both human and animal health. Most prominent members include Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Punta Toro virus (PTV), and the two new members severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV). The nonstructural protein NSs is well established as the main phleboviral virulence factor in the mammalian host. NSs acts as antagonist of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system. Recent progress in the elucidation of the molecular functions of a growing list of NSs proteins highlights the astonishing variety of strategies employed by phleboviruses to evade the IFN system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Deborah Wuerth
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dachraoui K, Fares W, Bichaud L, Barhoumi W, Beier J, Derbali M, Cherni S, Lamballerie XD, Chelbi I, Charrel R, Zhioua E. Phleboviruses associated with sand flies in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia. Acta Trop 2016; 158:13-19. [PMID: 26875761 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An entomological investigation was carried out in 2014 at two sites located in Central Tunisia, one irrigated and another non-irrigated situated in arid bio-geographical areas. Sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius namely Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Phlebotomus longicuspis are the most abundant sand fly species in the irrigated site. However, in the non-irrigated site, Phlebotomus papatasi of the Phlebotomus genus is the most abundant species. A total of 3191 sand flies were collected and pooled with up to 30 specimens per pool based on sex, trapping location and collection date, were tested for the presence of phleboviruses by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the polymerase gene and sequenced. Of a total of 117 pools, 4 were positive, yielding a minimum infection rate of sand flies with phleboviruses of 0.12%. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial nucleotide and amino acid sequence in the polymerase gene showed that these phleboviruses belonged to four different clusters corresponding to Toscana virus (TOSV), Saddaguia virus (SADV), Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus (SFSV) and Utique virus (UTIV). This study provides more evidence that the abundance of P. perfiliewi is associated with the development of irrigation in arid bio-geographical areas of Central Tunisia which may have led to the emergence of phleboviruses. We report the first detection of TOSV from sand flies collected from Central Tunisia.
Collapse
|
27
|
Papa A, Paraforou T, Papakonstantinou I, Pagdatoglou K, Kontana A, Koukoubani T. Severe encephalitis caused by Toscana virus, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:1417-9. [PMID: 25061909 PMCID: PMC4111170 DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.140248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
28
|
Alkan C, Erisoz Kasap O, Alten B, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Sandfly-Borne Phlebovirus Isolations from Turkey: New Insight into the Sandfly fever Sicilian and Sandfly fever Naples Species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004519. [PMID: 27007326 PMCID: PMC4805245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Anatolia in Turkey at the border with Syria, where many refugee camps are settled, is endemic for sandfly-borne leishmaniasis. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses are also known to circulate in this region, although their relevance in terms of medical implications is virtually unknown. Therefore, the specific objectives of our study were firstly to identify isolate and characterise potentially pathogenic phleboviruses in sandflies; secondly to determine the complete genomic sequence of any viruses that we were able to isolate; and thirdly, to further our understanding of the potential medical importance and epidemiological significance of these viruses. To achieve these objectives, we organised field campaigns in 2012 and 2013. Two new phleboviruses (Toros and Zerdali viruses) were isolated and characterized by complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Toros virus was genetically most closely related to Corfou virus within the Sandfly fever Sicilian group. Zerdali virus was most closely related to Tehran virus within the Sandfly fever Naples species. Although these new viruses belong to genetic groups that include several human pathogens, it is not yet clear if Toros and Zerdali viruses can infect humans and cause disease such as sandfly fever. Consequently, the availability of these genetically characterized infectious viruses will enable seroprevalence studies to establish their medical importance in this region and to assist the health agencies to develop appropriate and effective disease control strategies. We provide evidence that sandfly-borne phleboviruses belonging to 3 distinct genetic and phylogenetic groups (Sandfly fever Naples virus [SFNV], Sandfly fever Sicilian virus [SFSV], and Salehabad virus [SALV]) co-circulate in Adana city, in Mediterranean Turkey. While Adana virus was recently described as a new member of the SALV species, Zerdali and Toros viruses are described here as new phleboviruses genetically closely related to SFNV and SFSV, respectively. In this study, isolated and characterised these two new viruses by determining their complete genome sequence and by phylogenetic analysis. This study demonstrates that 3 distinct viruses can co-circulate in the same geographic area and based on their phylogenetic relationships and association with sandflies are likely to be transmitted by these arthropod vectors. Our molecular and phylogenetic data are important for establishing group-specific molecular detection assays in order to further understand of the possible impact of these viruses in animal and human health in this region of Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Alkan
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207—EHESP), Marseille, France
- Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille 13385, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (RNC)
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, ESR Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, ESR Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207—EHESP), Marseille, France
- Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi N. Charrel
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207—EHESP), Marseille, France
- Fondation IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille 13385, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (RNC)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klimentov AS, Butenko AM, Khutoretskaya NV, Shustova EY, Larichev VF, Isaeva OV, Karganova GG, Lukashev AN, Gmyl AP. Development of pan-phlebovirus RT-PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:29-32. [PMID: 26947398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the pan-phlebovirus assay capable of detecting both sandfly/mosquito- and tick-borne phleboviruses. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay was verified using a panel of arboviruses. The RT-PCR assay is simple and sensitive, and thus well suited for screening of field samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Klimentov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia; D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alexander M Butenko
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Natalia V Khutoretskaya
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Shustova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Victor F Larichev
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Olga V Isaeva
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Galina G Karganova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Leninskiye Gory Str. 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Anatoly P Gmyl
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Kievskoe shosse 27km., Moscow 142782, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Amaro F, Hanke D, Zé-Zé L, Alves MJ, Becker SC, Höper D. Genetic characterization of Arrabida virus, a novel phlebovirus isolated in South Portugal. Virus Res 2016; 214:19-25. [PMID: 26795868 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect phleboviruses' natural infection in sandflies, an entomological survey was carried out, from May to October in 2007 and 2008, in Arrábida region in the south of Portugal. The isolation of a new phlebovirus was achieved after inoculation of a sandfly pool homogenate in Vero E6 cells. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequences from the Small, Medium and Large, segments obtained with Next Generation sequencing, we can assume that the new phlebovirus, provisionally named Arrabida virus, is closely related to Massilia, Granada and Punique viruses. This is the first isolation of a sandfly-borne phlebovirus from the Sandfly Naples Fever Virus group in Portugal. Further investigation is needed in order to assess the importance of this phlebovirus for Public Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Amaro
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575, Águas de Moura, Portugal.
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Líbia Zé-Zé
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575, Águas de Moura, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Alves
- Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health Ricardo Jorge, Avenida da Liberdade 5, 2965-575, Águas de Moura, Portugal.
| | - Stefanie C Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30599 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bichaud L, Dachraoui K, Alwassouf S, Alkan C, Mensi M, Piorkowski G, Sakhria S, Seston M, Fares W, De Lamballerie X, Zhioua E, Charrel RN. Isolation, full genomic characterization and neutralization-based human seroprevalence of Medjerda Valley virus, a novel sandfly-borne phlebovirus belonging to the Salehabad virus complex in northern Tunisia. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:602-610. [PMID: 26704069 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A new phlebovirus, Medjerda Valley virus (MVV), was isolated from one pool of Phlebotomus sp. (Diptera; Psychodidae) sandflies trapped in the vicinity of the Utique site, northern Tunisia. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences of the three RNA segments indicated that MVV is most closely related to members of the Salehabad virus species, where it is the fourth virus for which the complete sequence is available. A seroprevalence study was performed to search for neutralizing antibodies in human sera in the same region. The results demonstrate that in this area, MVV can readily infect humans despite low seroprevalence rates. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our human seroprevalence results, together with high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece. Further studies are needed to investigate the capacity of each specific member of the Salehabad virus species to cause human or animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bichaud
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Khalil Dachraoui
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Sulaf Alwassouf
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Cigdem Alkan
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Mensi
- Regional Health Department, Governorate of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Géraldine Piorkowski
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Sakhria
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Morgan Seston
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Wasfi Fares
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Xavier De Lamballerie
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Mediterranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elyes Zhioua
- Laboratory of Vector Ecology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- UMR_D 190 'Emergence des Pathologies Virales', Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, INSERM U1207, EHESP French School of Public Health, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Mediterranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Papa A, Kesisidou C, Kontana A, Arapidou Z, Petropoulou D. Phlebovirus infection in Greece: a case report. Hippokratia 2015; 19:189-191. [PMID: 27418773 PMCID: PMC4938115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sandfly-transmitted phleboviruses cause to humans an asymptomatic or mild infection to severe meningitis or encephalitis. Phleovirus infections are common in the Mediterranean countries during the summertime when sandflies are active. It is estimated that several cases remain undiagnosed. DESCRIPTION OF CASE In July 2013, a 45-year-old Greek male, was admitted to the General Hospital of Florina in northwestern Greece with two-day history of fever, myalgia, arthralgia, mild headache, and hemorrhagic exanthema. A serum sample obtained from the patient on the 6(th) day of illness was tested negative for West Nile virus infection. Instead, high titers of IgM and IgG antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV) were detected, with low titers against sandfly fever Naples virus and no reactivity against sandfly fever Sicilian and Cyprus viruses, suggesting that the causative agent was TOSV or other phlebovirus with antigenic similarity to TOSV. CONCLUSION Phleboviruses have to be included in the differential diagnosis of acute summer febrile cases, accompanied or not by neurological symptoms. Effort has to be paid to test clinical samples during the first days of the disease when the virus is detectable by molecular or isolation methods, in order to elucidate the complex epidemiology of phleboviruses in the Mediterranean area. Hippokratia 2015; 19 (2):189-191.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, , Greece
| | - Ch Kesisidou
- Internal Medicine Clinic, General Hospital of Florina, Florina, Greece
| | - A Kontana
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, , Greece
| | - Z Arapidou
- Internal Medicine Clinic, General Hospital of Florina, Florina, Greece
| | - D Petropoulou
- Internal Medicine Clinic, General Hospital of Florina, Florina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Papa A, Kontana A, Tsergouli K. Phlebovirus infections in Greece. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1072-6. [PMID: 25733059 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sandfly fever viruses are endemic in the Mediterranean region causing to humans asymptomatic or mild infections to severe neurological syndromes. In order to investigate the epidemiology of phlebovirus infections in Greece, samples from 499 patients with acute febrile illness (50.2% accompanied by neurological symptoms) were tested during 2010-2014 by serological and molecular methods. Phlebovirus infection was detected in 40 (8%) patients, 25 of them presenting acute neurological infection. Most cases were observed in the summer, with a peak in August. Increased number of cases was observed in 2013, and three of them were observed in Athens. Toscana virus lineage C RNA was detected in one encephalitis case, while the serological results showed that most cases were caused by phleboviruses belonging to the sandfly fever Naples virus serocomplex. This study provided the first insight into the epidemiology of phleboviral disease in Greece.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of Adana virus, a novel phlebovirus belonging to the Salehabad virus complex, in Turkey. J Virol 2015; 89:4080-91. [PMID: 25653443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03027-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A new phlebovirus, Adana virus, was isolated from a pool of Phlebotomus spp. (Diptera; Psychodidae) in the province of Adana, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences indicated that Adana virus belongs to the Salehabad virus species of the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Adana virus is the third virus of the Salehabad virus species for which the complete sequence has been determined. To understand the epidemiology of Adana virus, a seroprevalence study using microneutralization assay was performed to detect the presence of specific antibodies in human and domestic animal sera collected in Adana as well as Mersin province, located 147 km west of Adana. The results demonstrate that the virus is present in both provinces. High seroprevalence rates in goats, sheep, and dogs support intensive exposure to Adana virus in the region, which has not been previously reported for any virus included in the Salehabad serocomplex; however, low seroprevalence rates in humans suggest that Adana virus is not likely to constitute an important public health problem in exposed human populations, but this deserves further studies. IMPORTANCE Until recently, in the genus Phlebovirus, the Salehabad virus species consisted of two viruses: Salehabad virus, isolated from sand flies in Iran, and Arbia virus, isolated from sand flies in Italy. Here we present the isolation and complete genome characterization of the Adana virus, which we propose to be included in the Salehabad virus species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and complete genome characterization, from sand flies in Turkey, of a Salehabad virus-related phlebovirus with supporting seropositivity in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions, where phleboviruses have been circulating and causing outbreaks. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our results, which indicate a high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fares W, Charrel R, Dachraoui K, Bichaud L, Barhoumi W, Derbali M, Cherni S, Chelbi I, de Lamballerie X, Zhioua E. Infection of sand flies collected from different bio-geographical areas of Tunisia with phleboviruses. Acta Trop 2015; 141:1-6. [PMID: 25255967 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An entomological investigation performed in 2013 covering different bio-geographical areas varying from humid in the north to the arid in the center showed that sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius including Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus perfiliewi, and Phlebotomus longicuspis are abundant and widely distributed in Tunisia. A total of 3992 collected and pooled with up to 30 specimens per pool based on sex, trapping location and collection data were tested for the presence of phleboviruses by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Of a total of 135 pools, 23 were positive, yielding and minimum infection rate of 0.6%. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial amino acid sequence in the polymerase gene showed that all these phleboviruses were grouped in one cluster clearly distinct from but closely related to Massilia virus and Granada virus. This putative novel virus, tentatively called Saddaguia virus (SADV), is widely distributed in Tunisia. Together with Toscana, Punique, and Utique viruses, SADV is the fourth recognized phlebovirus to be transmitted by sand flies in Tunisia. The medical and public health interest of SADV remains to be investigated.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks
Collapse
|
37
|
Ergunay K, Kasap OE, Orsten S, Oter K, Gunay F, Yoldar AZA, Dincer E, Alten B, Ozkul A. Phlebovirus and Leishmania detection in sandflies from eastern Thrace and northern Cyprus. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:575. [PMID: 25499083 PMCID: PMC4269954 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of several pathogens with significant impact for public health. This study was conducted to investigate and characterize phlebovirus and Leishmania infections in vector sandflies collected in the eastern Thrace region in Turkey and Northern Cyprus, where previous data indicate activity of these agents. Methods Field sampling of sandflies was performed at 4 locations in Edirne and Tekirdag provinces of eastern Thrace and at 17 locations in Lefkosa, Girne, Magosa and Guzelyurt provinces of northern Cyprus. In sandfly pools, phlebovirus RNA and Leishmania DNA were screened via a generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and kinetoplast minicircle PCR, respectively. Selected sandfly specimens unsuitable for pathogen detection were identified to species level. Cytochrome oxidase 1 gene region was used for DNA barcoding of selected specimens and pathogen positive pools. Positive amplicons were cloned and characterized by sequencing. Results A total of 2690 sandflies, collected from Eastern Thrace (15.4%) and Northern Cyprus (84.6%) were evaluated. Morphological examination of 780 specimens from Cyprus exhibited Phlebotomus perfiliewi sensu lato (72.6%), Phlebotomus tobbi (19.7%), Phlebotomus papatasi (2.8%), Laroussius sp. (1.6%) and Sergentomyia azizi (1.6%), Sergentomyia sp. (0.9%), Sergentomyia minuta (0.5%) and Phleobotomus jacusieli (0.1%) species. Pathogen screening was performed in 1910 specimens distributed in 195 pools. In eight pools of P.tobbi sandflies collected in Cyprus, Leishmania infantum DNA was demonstrated. Toscana virus (TOSV) genotype A sequences were identified in two pools of P. perfiliewi s.l. and one pool of P.tobbi sandflies from Cyprus. Co-infection of TOSV and Leishmania infantum was characterized in a P.tobbi pool. Sequences belonging to novel phleboviruses are revealed in three P. perfiliewi s.l. pools. One sequence, provisionally named Edirne virus, identified in Edirne province in eastern Thrace, demonstrated the highest rate of genomic similarity to Adria and Salehabad viruses. Furthermore, Girne 1 and Girne 2 viruses, identified in Girne province, revealed similarities to TOSV and Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus and related strains, respectively. Conclusions Activity of TOSV genotype A strains in Cyprus and co-infection of sandfly vectors with L. infantum was documented for the first time. Novel phlebovirus strains of unknown medical significance was identified in sampling regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Morphology Building 3rd Floor, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Serra Orsten
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Morphology Building 3rd Floor, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kerem Oter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Gunay
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Ender Dincer
- Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Bulent Alten
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Laboratory and surveillance studies following a suspected Dengue case in Greece, 2012. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 30:150-3. [PMID: 25481048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the laboratory assays used to investigate a suspected dengue case in summer 2012 in western Greece and to report the public health response. DESIGN OF METHODS Samples from the patient were tested for detection of Dengue virus (DENV) antibodies, NS1 antigen and RNA. Public health professionals interviewed residents of the village, and blood samples taken from 132 persons were tested for antibodies for DENV and West Nile virus (WNV). Samples from 10 persons who reported symptoms in the prior 15 days (including 3 persons who had fever at the time of sampling) were tested for DENV, WNV and additional arboviruses. Entomological missions were organized in the area of potential exposure to investigate the presence of competent DENV vectors. RESULTS Based on a combination of serological and molecular methods, DENV infection was excluded, and the problems in the serology, especially in the DENV NS1 antigen, were attributed to interfering factors. A 6.1% WNV seroprevalence was detected in the region, and phlebovirus IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in two of three persons who had fever at the time of sampling. Aedes albopictus adult mosquitoes were present in the region. CONCLUSIONS A multi-disciplinary field and laboratory investigation showed no evidence of DENV infection. There is a need for industries to improve the immunometric assays to avoid interference with rheumatoid or other factors, and increased awareness is needed for the evaluation of the diagnostic assays. The high WNV seroprevalence in the investigated region highlights the need for strengthening awareness on vector borne diseases. The presence of Ae. albopictus suggests that the possibility of introduction of DENV exists, and preparedness plans are needed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Papa A, Mallias J, Tsergouli K, Markou F, Poulou A, Milidis T. Neuroinvasive phlebovirus infection in Greece: a case report. Intervirology 2014; 57:393-5. [PMID: 25378100 DOI: 10.1159/000363505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sandfly fever phleboviruses are endemic in Mediterranean countries. We report a febrile phlebovirus case in a Greek patient who presented signs of neuroinvasive infection. METHODS In summer 2010, a 20-year-old male was admitted to hospital with fever and lethargy; he was a resident of central Macedonia, northern Greece, where a large outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) infections occurred at that time. Since there was no laboratory evidence of WNV infection, the patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for a probable phlebovirus infection. RESULTS High titers of IgM and IgG antibodies against Toscana virus were detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, while the titers against sandfly fever Naples virus were lower; no reactivity was detected against sandfly Sicilian and Cyprus viruses. Since neutralization assays were not performed and PCR resulted in being negative, it was concluded that the causative agent was a phlebovirus of the sandfly fever Naples serocomplex. CONCLUSION The present case confirms results from previous seroprevalence studies showing that phleboviruses of the sandfly fever Naples serocomplex are present in Greece and provides evidence that they cause febrile neuroinvasive disease in humans, prompting for inclusion of phleboviral infections in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile cases during the time when sandflies are active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cui N, Liu R, Lu QB, Wang LY, Qin SL, Yang ZD, Zhuang L, Liu K, Li H, Zhang XA, Hu JG, Wang JY, Liu W, Cao WC. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus-related human encephalitis. J Infect 2014; 70:52-9. [PMID: 25135231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus. Until recently, SFTSV-associated encephalitis remained largely uninvestigated. METHODS We made clinical investigation on SFTS patients who experienced encephalitis in one reference hospital in Henan Province from 2011 to 2013 to identify the risk factors for encephalitis occurrence and their fatal outcome development. RESULTS Altogether 538 SFTS patients were included and 19.1% of them developed encephalitis. Fatal outcome occurred in 44.7% of the encephalitis patients. The risk factors associated with encephalitis occurrence and death included older age, longer delay between disease onset and hospital admission, pre-existing diabetes and myalgias, as well as the laboratory evaluations of higher virus load on admission, decreased WBC, PLT count, lymphocyte percentage and ALB, elevated neutrophils percentage, AST, ALT, LDH, CK, ALP, GGT, BUN and CREA. These parameters could be used as potential predictors referring to severe SFTS cases. One SFTSV strain was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid sample. Cytokine/chemokine assay revealed that blood EOTAXIN, IFN-γ, IL-15, IL-6, IP-10, TNF-α were remarkably elevated before clinical deterioration in the confirmed encephalitis patient. CONCLUSIONS SFTSV is capable of infecting the central nervous system and screening for SFTSV in encephalitis of unknown reason should be performed in SFTS endemic regions. The encephalitis occurrence and fatal outcome could be potentially predicted by clinical and laboratory evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China; Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Shu-Li Qin
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang 464000, PR China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jian-Gong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu S, Chai C, Wang C, Amer S, Lv H, He H, Sun J, Lin J. Systematic review of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: virology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:90-102. [PMID: 24310908 PMCID: PMC4237196 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was firstly discovered in China in 2010, followed by several reports from many other countries worldwide. SFTS virus (SFTSV) has been identified as the causative agent of the disease and has been recognized as a public health threat. This novel Bunyavirus belongs to the Phlebovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae. This review also describes the different aspects of virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms on the basis of the published article surveillance data and phylogenetic analyses of viral sequences of large, medium, and small segments retrieved from database using mega 5.05, simplot 3.5.1, network 4.611, and epi information system 3.5.3 software. SFTS presents with fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and considerable changes in several serum biomarkers. The disease has 10 ∼ 15% mortality rate, commonly because of multiorgan dysfunction. SFTSV is mainly reported in the rural areas of Central and North-Eastern China, with seasonal occurrence from May to September, mainly targeting those of ≥50 years of age. A wide range of domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, dogs, and chickens have been proven seropositive for SFTSV. Ticks, especially Haemaphysalis longicornis, are suspected to be the potential vector, which have a broad animal host range in the world. More studies are needed to elucidate the vector–animal–human ecological cycle, the pathogenic mechanisms in high level animal models and vaccine development. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alkan C, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X, Alten B, Gould EA, Charrel RN. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
43
|
Sakhria S, Bichaud L, Mensi M, Salez N, Dachraoui K, Thirion L, Cherni S, Chelbi I, De Lamballerie X, Zhioua E, Charrel RN. Co-circulation of Toscana virus and Punique virus in northern Tunisia: a microneutralisation-based seroprevalence study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2429. [PMID: 24069484 PMCID: PMC3772032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In northern Tunisia, the co-circulation of two related sand fly-borne phleboviruses, Toscana virus (TOSV) and Punique virus (PUNV) was previously demonstrated. In contrast to TOSV, a prominent human pathogen, there is no data supporting that PUNV is capable to infect and cause disease to humans. We studied the respective involvement of TOSV and PUNV in human infections in northern Tunisia through a seroprevalence study. Methods The presence of TOSV and PUNV neutralising antibodies (NT-Ab) was tested in human sera collected from 5 districts of the governorate of Bizerte, and the titres of NT-Ab were estimated by microneutralisation (MN) assay. Principal Findings A total of 1,273 sera were processed. TOSV and PUNV NT-Ab were detected in 522 (41%) and 111 sera (8.72%) respectively. TOSV seroprevalence varied from 17.2% to 59.4% depending on the district. Analysis of TOSV geometric mean titre values demonstrated a constant increase according to the age. The vast majority of sera containing NT-Ab were found to be more reactive toward TOSV than PUNV. Indeed, past infections with PUNV and TOSV were undisputable for 5 and 414 sera, respectively. Conclusions PUNV may be capable to infect humans but at a low rate. TOSV is responsible for the vast majority of human infections by sand fly-borne phleboviruses in northern Tunisia. TOSV must be considered by physician and tested in diagnostic laboratories for patients with meningitis and unexplained fever in northern Tunisia. In northern Tunisia, two different pheboviruses are known to circulate in sand fly population, Toscana virus (TOSV) and Punique virus (PUNV). In contrast to TOSV, a prominent human pathogen, there is no data supporting that PUNV is capable to infect humans and to cause a disease. We studied the respective involvement of TOSV and PUNV in human infections in northern Tunisia through a seroprevalence study. Because TOSV and PUNV are antigenically and genetically closely related, it is difficult to distinguish between them by using broadly reactive serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, we developed a method of microneutralisation assay using the two viruses in a comparative manner. A total of 1,273 sera were processed. We provide first evidence to support (i) that Punique virus may be capable to infect humans but at a low rate, (ii) that TOSV, the most prevalent arbovirus in Southern Europe, is responsible for the vast majority of human infections by sand fly-borne phleboviruses in northern Tunisia. Therefore, it is important to consider TOSV as an important pathogen that needs to be included in all virological diagnostic concerning patients with meningitis and unexplained febrile illness originated from Northern Tunisia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Bichaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Mensi
- Regional Health Department, Governorate of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Nicolas Salez
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurence Thirion
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Xavier De Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Rémi N. Charrel
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
- IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Maroli M, Feliciangeli MD, Bichaud L, Charrel RN, Gradoni L. Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:123-47. [PMID: 22924419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maroli
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Anagnostou V, Papa A. Prevalence of antibodies to phleboviruses within the sand fly fever Naples virus species in humans, northern Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:566-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Seroprevalence of Toscana virus among residents of Aegean Sea islands, Greece. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013; 11:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
47
|
Palacios G, Savji N, Travassos da Rosa A, Desai A, Sanchez-Seco MP, Guzman H, Lipkin WI, Tesh R. Characterization of the Salehabad virus species complex of the genus Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae). J Gen Virol 2012; 94:837-842. [PMID: 23239568 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic and antigenic characterization of the Salehabad virus, a species of the genus Phlebovirus, and four other unclassified phleboviruses (Arbia, Adria, Arumowot and Odrenisrou) demonstrate a serological and genetic relation to one another and are distinct from the eight other recognized species within the genus Phlebovirus. We propose to incorporate these four unclassified viruses as part of the Salehabad species complex within the genus. The known geographical distribution for the members of this species group includes southern Europe, Central Asia and Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Genomic Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazir Savji
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amelia Travassos da Rosa
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Aaloki Desai
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hilda Guzman
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Tesh
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xanthopoulou K, Anagnostou V, Ivovic V, Djurkovic-Djakovic O, Rogozi E, Sotiraki S, Papa A. Distribution of Sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Two Ionian Islands and Northern Greece. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1591-4. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Xanthopoulou
- A′ Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Anagnostou
- A′ Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vladimir Ivovic
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Djurkovic-Djakovic
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elton Rogozi
- Department of Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- A′ Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|