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Majumdar T, Guha H, Tripura A, Sengupta B, Ojha AK, Das S, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T, Das M. Outbreak of waterborne acute diarrheal disease in a South District village of Tripura: A public health emergency in the Northeast region of India. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31903. [PMID: 38882280 PMCID: PMC11176748 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Food and waterborne outbreaks are a neglected public health problem in India. However, it is important to identify the source of infection and the causative pathogen to curb the outbreak quickly and minimize mortality and morbidity. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted with a line list of 130 diarrheal cases. Epidemiological investigation and laboratory investigation were done. Data were collected from hospital case report forms as well as interviewed affected cases. A case of acute diarrheal disease was reported among the people in the village with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea from December 31, 2022 to January 3, 2023. Out of a total of 130 recorded cases, 33 stool samples were collected and were positive for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri 3a, and Shigella sonnei by cultural and molecular tests. The presumptive fecal pollution indicator assay indicated high coliform counts in the water samples (most probable number [MPN]-05) and the presence of Escherichia coli. The identified pathogens showed susceptibility to gentamicin and meropenem. People who used public drinking water were found to be infected with acute diarrheal disease (ADD). Quick identification of the causative pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance pattern helped correct antibiotic prescriptions and quick recovery of the patients without any deaths. Thus, a timely implementation of food and waterborne outbreak investigation is crucial to saving lives and preventing the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
| | - Hritusree Guha
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
| | - Amar Tripura
- Department of Community Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura, India
| | | | | | - Samaresh Das
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), A Scientific Society Under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, India
| | - T Ramamurthy
- ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, India
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Bose P, Chowdhury G, Halder G, Ghosh D, Deb AK, Kitahara K, Miyoshi SI, Morita M, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Prevalence and changing antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata during 2011-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011964. [PMID: 38377151 PMCID: PMC10906866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of various Shigella serogroups isolated from patients with acute diarrhea of the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kolkata from 2011-2019. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the study period, Shigella isolates were tested for their serogroups, antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence gene profiles. A total of 5.8% of Shigella spp. were isolated, among which S. flexneri (76.1%) was the highest, followed by S. sonnei (18.7%), S. boydii (3.4%), and S. dysenteriae (1.8%). Antimicrobial resistance against nalidixic acid was higher in almost all the Shigella isolates, while the resistance to β-lactamases, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol diverged. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was found to be linked with various genes encoding drug-resistance, multiple mutations in the topoisomerase genes, and mobile genetic elements. All the isolates were positive for the invasion plasmid antigen H gene (ipaH). Dendrogram analysis of the plasmid and pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles revealed 70-80% clonal similarity among each Shigella serotype. CONCLUSION This comprehensive long-term surveillance report highlights the clonal diversity of clinical Shigella strains circulating in Kolkata, India, and shows alarming resistance trends towards recommended antibiotics. The elucidation of this study's outcome is helpful not only in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. but also in developing treatment guidelines appropriate for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bose
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Gourab Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Basak P, Maitra P, Khan U, Saha K, Bhattacharya SS, Dutta M, Bhattacharya S. Capsaicin Inhibits Shigella flexneri Intracellular Growth by Inducing Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903438. [PMID: 35873583 PMCID: PMC9298657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment plays an essential role in preventing Shigella infection. However, incidences of global rise in antibiotic resistance create a major challenge to treat bacterial infection. In this context, there is an urgent need for newer approaches to reduce S. flexneri burden. This study largely focuses on the role of the herbal compound capsaicin (Caps) in inhibiting S. flexneri growth and evaluating the molecular mechanism behind bacterial clearance. Here, we show for the first time that Caps inhibits intracellular S. flexneri growth by inducing autophagy. Activation of autophagy by Caps is mediated through transcription factor TFEB, a master regulator of autophagosome biogenesis. Caps induced the nuclear localization of TFEB. Activation of TFEB further induces the gene transcription of autophagosomal genes. Our findings revealed that the inhibition of autophagy by silencing TFEB and Atg5 induces bacterial growth. Hence, Caps-induced autophagy is one of the key factors responsible for bacterial clearance. Moreover, Caps restricted the intracellular proliferation of S. flexneri-resistant strain. The efficacy of Caps in reducing S. flexneri growth was confirmed by an animal model. This study showed for the first time that S. flexneri infection can be inhibited by inducing autophagy. Overall observations suggest that Caps activates TFEB to induce autophagy and thereby combat S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Basak
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Maitra
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Uzma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Kalyani Saha
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Bhattacharya
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Liu H, Zhu B, Qiu S, Xia Y, Liang B, Yang C, Dong N, Li Y, Xiang Y, Wang S, Xie J, Mahe M, Sun Y, Song H. Dominant serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella spp. in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195259. [PMID: 29614121 PMCID: PMC5882154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella represents one of the major diarrhea-inducing pathogens threatening public health, but its prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China, remains unclear. We conducted comprehensive investigation of Shigella serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Xinjiang, identifying 458 Shigella isolates between 2008 to 2014. Shigella flexneri was identified as predominant species, and several S. flexneri serotypes were isolated, including atypical serotypes 1c, 2c, and 4s. Dominant S. flexneri serotypes were 2a, 1b, 2b, and Xv, different from those generally dominant in China. A hybrid serotype pattern was observed, which included the major Chinese serotypes (2a, Xv) and those predominant in Pakistan (1b, 2b). Shigella sonnei was shown to have a lower frequency compared with that generally observed in China, but an increasing trend of infections associated with this pathogen was observed. Furthermore, a high frequency of drug resistance and different Shigella antimicrobial resistance patterns were demonstrated as well, including very severe resistance phenotypes, such as multidrug resistance and resistance to frontline antibiotics. Seventy-five cephalosporin-resistant Shigella isolates were frequently identified with the resistance determinants that can undergo horizontal transfer, such as blaOXA, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and integrons, facilitating the development of cephalosporin resistance among Shigella subtypes. Additionally, genetic analyses demonstrated that all 86 quinolone-resistant S. flexneri isolates possess 3–4 mutation sites in quinolone resistance-determining regions, primarily contributing to their resistance to quinolone. However, S. sonnei isolates were not shown to be quinolone resistant. Co-resistance to cephalosporins and quinolones was detected in 17 S. flexneri isolates, and these isolates were additionally multidrug resistant and carried β-lactamase genes and quinolone-resistance determinants. As is demonstrated in this study, dominant serotypes of Shigella were distributed in unique trend with dangerous drug resistance patterns. Novel strategies are urgently required to prevent the development of drug resistance among diarrhea-inducing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Binghua Zhu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Xia
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Nian Dong
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yongrui Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Muti Mahe
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YS); (MM)
| | - Yansong Sun
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YS); (MM)
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YS); (MM)
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Chung The H, Baker S. Out of Asia: the independent rise and global spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29595412 PMCID: PMC5989582 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella are ranked among the most prevalent aetiologies of diarrhoeal disease worldwide, disproportionately affecting young children in developing countries and high-risk communities in developed settings. Antimicrobial treatment, most commonly with fluoroquinolones, is currently recommended for Shigella infections to alleviate symptoms and control disease transmission. Resistance to fluoroquinolones has emerged in differing Shigella species (S. dysenteriae, flexneri and sonnei) since the turn of the 21st century, originating in endemic areas, and latterly spreading into non-endemic regions. Despite occurring independently, the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in these different Shigella species shares striking similarities regarding their epidemiology and resistance mechanisms. Here, we review and discuss the current epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella species, particularly in the light of recent genomic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Debnath F, Mukhopadhyay AK, Chowdhury G, Saha RN, Dutta S. An Outbreak of Foodborne Infection Caused by Shigella sonnei in West Bengal, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:162-166. [PMID: 29491243 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A foodborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak due to Shigella sonnei infection occurred in a household after eating foods in a housewarming party at Pakapol Village, South 24 Parganas District of West Bengal, an Indian state, in November 2016. Here, we report the epidemiological and microbiological findings of this outbreak. Thirty-four people attended the party on November 23, 2016, and had lunch together. The median incubation period from the time of food consumption to the development of acute gastroenteritis was 18.5 h (interquartile range, 16.5-22 h). The overall attack rate was 73% (25/34), and 76% (19/25) of them required hospitalization. All age groups were affected with 100% recovery rate. One served food item was significantly associated with the illness, i.e., tomato salad (risk ratio, 4.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-14.13). Among the 12 stool specimens tested, 8 (67%; 8/12) were positive for S. sonnei. All S. sonnei strains were completely resistant to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and erythromycin, and partially resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, streptomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the recent outbreak strains of S. sonnei were clonally related with the locally circulating strains in Kolkata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Debnath
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | | | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | - Rudra Narayan Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
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Yang SC, Lin CH, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:811-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Shigellosis is one of the major causes of diarrhoea in India. The accurate estimates of morbidity and mortality due to shigellosis are lacking, though it is endemic in the country and has been reported to cause many outbreaks. The limited information available indicates Shigella to be an important food-borne pathogen in India. S. flexneri is the most common species, S. sonnei and non-agglutinable shigellae seem to be steadily surfacing, while S. dysenteriae has temporarily disappeared from the northern and eastern regions. Antibiotic-resistant strains of different Shigella species and serotypes have emerged all over the world. Especially important is the global emergence of multidrug resistant shigellae, notably the increasing resistance to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, and also azithromycin. This calls for a continuous and strong surveillance of antibiotic resistance across the country for periodic updation of the local antibiograms. The prevention of shigellosis is desirable as it will substantially reduce the morbidity associated with diarrhoea in the country. Public health measures like provision of safe water and adequate sanitation are of immense importance to reduce the burden of shigellosis, however, the provision of resources to develop such an infrastructure in India is a complex issue and will take time to resolve. Thus, the scientific thrust should be focused towards development of a safe and affordable multivalent vaccine. This review is focused upon the epidemiology, disease burden and the therapeutic challenges of shigellosis in Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Chang Z, Zhang J, Ran L, Sun J, Liu F, Luo L, Zeng L, Wang L, Li Z, Yu H, Liao Q. The changing epidemiology of bacillary dysentery and characteristics of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolated in China from 2004-2014. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:685. [PMID: 27863468 PMCID: PMC5116132 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella is a significant public health problem in developing countries such as China. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological pattern of bacillary dysentery, the diversity of the causative agent, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. for the purpose of determining the most effective allocation of resources and prioritization of interventions. Methods Surveillance data were acquired from the National Infectious Disease Information Reporting System (2004–2014) and from the sentinel hospital-based surveillance system (2005–2014). We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of bacillary dysentery, age and sex distribution, species diversity, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. Results The surveillance registry included over 3 million probable cases of bacillary dysentery during the period 2004–2014. The annual incidence rate of bacillary dysentery decreased from 38.03 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2004 to 11.24 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2014. The case-fatality rate decreased from 0.028% in 2004 to 0.003% in 2014. Children aged <1 year and 1–4 years were most affected, with higher incidence rates (228.59 cases per 100,000 person-years and 92.58 cases per 100,000 person-years respectively). The annual epidemic season occurred between June and September. A higher incidence rate of bacillary dysentery was found in the Northwest region, Beijing and Tianjin during the study period. Shigella flexneri was the most prevalent species that caused bacillary dysentery in China (63.86%), followed by Shigella sonnei (34.89%). Shigella isolates were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (89.13%), ampicillin (88.90%), tetracycline (88.43%), and sulfamethoxazole (82.92%). During the study period, isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime increased from 8.53 and 7.87% in 2005 to 44.65 and 29.94% in 2014, respectively. Conclusions The incidence rate of bacillary dysentery has undergone an obvious decrease from 2004 to 2014. Priority interventions should be delivered to populations in northwest China and to individuals aged <5 years. Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella is a serious public health problem and it is important to consider the susceptibility profile of isolates before determining treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjia Zeng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Das A, Natarajan M, Mandal J. The Emergence of Quinolone Resistant Shigella sonnei, Pondicherry, India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160290. [PMID: 27494616 PMCID: PMC4975386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin resistant Shigella sonnei across the globe have been increasing alarmingly. In order to understand the emergence of S.sonnei with respect to ciprofloxacin resistance in our patient population, the following study was carried out. Of the 184 Shigella sp. Isolated from 2012 to 2015, 34 S.sonnei which were confirmed by standard methods and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing were selected. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16/34 quinolone resistant isolates tested ranged from 4micrograms/ml to 16micrograms/ml for ciprofloxacin, from 16 micrograms/ml to 64 micrograms/ml for ofloxacin and from 16micrograms/ml to 64micrograms/ml for levofloxacin. Sequence determination of the quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes showed mutations in GyrA at Gln69/Trp, Phe71/Ser, Ser72/Pro, Met75/Leu, Ser90/Cys, Met94/Leu, His106/Pro, Asn161/His, Thr163/Ala and in ParC at Ala64/Asp. Among the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQRs) targets investigated,qnrB was the most (93.7%) prevalent followed by qnrC (18.7%). None hadqnrA, qnrS and qepA. Two (0.1%) of the isolates harboured theaac(6’)-lb gene. Drug accumulation assay detected the presence of efflux pump activity in 9/15 (60%) among ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. All isolates harboured the ipaH gene followed by ial (17.6%), sen (11.7%), set1A&set1B (5.8%) genes. None had stx1 element. PCR for Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences resulted in 4 unique clusters, of which Type III was the most (44%) dominant but there was no correlation between the ERIC types and the antibiotic resistance pattern or the virulence profile. A documented increase in S.sonnei harbouring the qnrgenes and some unusual genes like set1Aand indicate an ongoing process of horizontal gene transfer. The accumulation of novel mutations in GyrA and ParC in the presence of efflux pump and PMQR genes contributed to the raised MIC to quinolones. These findings are crucial in our understanding of quinolone resistance in these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Mailan Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Jharna Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
- * E-mail:
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Chung The H, Rabaa MA, Pham Thanh D, De Lappe N, Cormican M, Valcanis M, Howden BP, Wangchuk S, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Vu Thuy D, Thompson CN, Phu Huong Lan N, Voong Vinh P, Ha Thanh T, Turner P, Sar P, Thwaites G, Thomson NR, Holt KE, Baker S. South Asia as a Reservoir for the Global Spread of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002055. [PMID: 27483136 PMCID: PMC4970813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in the Shigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineage of Shigella sonnei (lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei are being increasingly isolated in Asia and sporadically reported on other continents. We hypothesized that Asia is a primary hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed whole-genome sequencing on a collection of 60 contemporaneous ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei isolated in four countries within Asia (Vietnam, n = 11; Bhutan, n = 12; Thailand, n = 1; Cambodia, n = 1) and two outside of Asia (Australia, n = 19; Ireland, n = 16). We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny, we found that all ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei formed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of lineage III. Furthermore, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin within S. sonnei may be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequential gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the United States and Europe. Our analysis was limited by the number of S. sonnei sequences available from diverse geographical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled reservoir populations of antimicrobial-resistant S. sonnei. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is likely driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei and is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, with S. sonnei acting as a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niall De Lappe
- National Salmonella, Shigella, and Listeria monocytogenes Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Cormican
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duong Vu Thuy
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Corinne N. Thompson
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Phu Huong Lan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Poda Sar
- Cambodia-Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Guy Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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De Lappe N, O'Connor J, Garvey P, McKeown P, Cormican M. Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigella sonnei Associated with Travel to India. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:894-6. [PMID: 25897625 PMCID: PMC4412218 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Antibacterial potential of a small peptide from Bacillus sp. RPT-0001 and its capping for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. J Microbiol 2015; 53:643-52. [PMID: 26231370 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infirmity and death from diseases caused by unsafe food are a continual hazard to communal health safety and socio-economic growth throughout the world. Chemical preservatives are associated with health hazards and toxicity issues. In the study reported here, 200 soil isolates from Western Himalayan region in India were screened for potential antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens. This study led to the isolation of a bacterial strain belonging to the Genus Bacillus and was designated as RPT-0001. The associated antibacterial activity was sensitive to pronase E treatment. Bioassay-guided fractionation using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) led to isolation of the antibacterial peptide designated as RPT-0001. The molecular weight of RPT-0001 was determined by electro-spray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) as 276.9 Da. RPT-0001 was inhibitory to both Gram-negative and Grampositive food-borne bacteria tested. The characteristics of RPT-0001 do not match with that of any other known antibacterial peptides produced by Bacillus sp. or related genera. Purified RPT-0001 was successfully used in synthesis of silver nanoparticles effective against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial peptide and silver nanoparticles synthesized utilizing it as a capping and reducing agent hold promising potential in food preservation, in packaging material and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of foodborne infections.
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14
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Kim HJ, Youn SK, Lee S, Choi YH. Epidemiological characteristics of imported shigellosis in Korea, 2010-2011. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 4:159-65. [PMID: 24159548 PMCID: PMC3787527 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a global disease as food poisoning by infection of Shigella spp (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei). In Korea, approximately 500 cases of shigellosis have reported every year since 2004, and imported shigellosis is increasing gradually from 2006 in particular. According to increase of numbers of overseas travelers, the numbers of patients diseased with imported shigellosis is also increasing. We need continuous surveillance studies network (SSN) for control of imported shigellosis. We studied epidemiological characteristic of imported shigellosis by using database of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) from 2010 to 2011. The imported shigellosis is analyzed on correlation with variable factors such as sex, age, symptom, visited country as well as Shigella spp in the database. Total 399 patients diseased with shigellosis have been reported between 2010 and 2011, The 212 patients (53.1%) among them were disease with imported shigellosis and the 205 patients (96.7%) were diagnosed as definite shigellosis. Shigella sonnei (65.6%) and Shigella flexneri (20.3%) were isolated in order. Clinical symptoms of the shigellosis were diarrhea (96.5%), abdominal pain (54.7%), fever (52.8%), chill (31.6%), and weakness (21.7% etc) in order. Duration of diarrhea was 1 to 5 days, the number of diarrhea was mostly more than 10 times, and type of stool was almost yellow stool. Almost shigellosis was occurred in the travelers visited to Asia (98.1%). Particularly, the occurrence rate of shigellosis was highest in traveler visited to Southeast Asia which is India (21.7%), Cambodia (19.8%), Philippines (17.9%), and Vietnam (9.0%) in order. According to increase of traveler to Southeast Asia, imported Shigellosis also increased. We need to strengthen the public health and hygiene, which is infection prevention rules, eating properly-cook food, washing hands, drinking boiled water, for traveler to Asia. The quarantine and surveillance system to control imported shigellosis is need continually in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Ki Youn
- Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
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