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Ren W, Pei S, Jiang W, Zhao M, Jiang L, Liu H, Yi Y, Hui M, Li J. A replication-deficient H9N2 influenza virus carrying H5 hemagglutinin conferred protection against H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042916. [PMID: 36458187 PMCID: PMC9705590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses have been reported to cause human infections and are believed to have pandemic potential. The vaccine is an effective tool to prevent influenza virus infection. However, inactivated influenza vaccines sometimes result in low antigenicity as result leads to generating of incomplete immune protection in the form of low cellular and humoral immunity. While the low temperature adapted, traditional live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is associated with the potential risk to revert to a virulent phenotype, there appears an essential need for an alternative potent methodology to design and develop influenza vaccines with substantial safety and efficacy which may confer solid protection against H9N2 or H5N1 influenza virus infections. In the present study, a replication-deficient recombinant influenza virus, WM01ma-HA(H5), expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of both H9N2 and H5N1 subtypes was developed. The chimeric gene segment expressing HA(H5), was designed using the sequence of an open reading frame (ORF) of HA adopted from A/wild duck/Hunan/021/2005(H5N1)(HN021ma) which was flanked by the NA packaging signals of mouse-adapted strain A/Mink/Shandong/WM01/2014(H9N2)(WM01ma). Due to the absence of ORF of structural protein NA, the replication of this engineered H9N2 influenza viruses WM01ma-HA(H5) was hampered in vitro and in vivo but was well competent in MDCK cells stably expressing the NA protein of WM01ma. Intranasal vaccination of mice with WM01ma-HA(H5) stimulated robust immune response without any clinical signs and conferred complete protection from infection by H5N1 or H9N2 subtype influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Ren
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuli Pei
- Henan Vocational College of Agriculture, Zhongmu, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Avian Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Meixia Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Le Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Mizhou Hui
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
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Dutta P, Islam A, Sayeed MA, Rahman MA, Abdullah MS, Saha O, Rahman MZ, Klaassen M, Hoque MA, Hassan MM. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of avian influenza virus in backyard poultry of Chattogram, Bangladesh. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105377. [PMID: 36220485 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ducks, the natural reservoir of avian influenza virus (AIV), act as reassortment vessels for HPAI and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus for domestic and wild bird species. In Bangladesh, earlier research was mainly focused on AIV in commercial poultry and live bird markets, where there is scanty literature reported on AIV in apparently healthy backyard poultry at the household level. The present cross-sectional study was carried out to reveal the genomic epidemiology of AIV of backyard poultry in coastal (Anowara) and plain land (Rangunia) areas of Bangladesh. We randomly selected a total of 292 households' poultry (having both chicken and duck) for sampling. We administered structured pre-tested questionnaires to farmers through direct interviews. We tested cloacal samples from birds for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5 and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). All AIV-positive samples were subjected to four-gene segment sequencing (M, PB1, HA, and NA gene). We found that the prevalence of AIV RNA at the household level was 6.2% (n = 18; N = 292), whereas duck and chicken prevalence was 3.6% and 3.2%, respectively. Prevalence varied with season, ranging from 3.1% in the summer to 8.2% in the winter. The prevalence of subtypes H5 and H9 in backyard poultry was 2.7% and 3.3%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of M, HA, NA, and PB1 genes revealed intra-genomic similarity, and they are closely related to previously reported AIV strains in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia. The findings indicate that H5 and H9 subtypes of AIV are circulating in the backyard poultry with or without clinical symptoms. Moreover, we revealed the circulation of 2.3.2.1a (new) clade among the chicken and duck population without occurring outbreak which might be due to vaccination. In addition to routine surveillance, molecular epidemiology of AIV will assist to gain a clear understanding of the genomic evolution of the AIV virus in the backyard poultry rearing system, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective preventive measures to control infection and prevent the potential spillover to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronesh Dutta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria 3216, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA.
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sadeque Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
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3
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Islam A, Islam S, Amin E, Hasan R, Hassan MM, Miah M, Samad MA, Shirin T, Hossain ME, Rahman MZ. Patterns and risk factors of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) virus infection in pigeons and quail at live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2017-2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016970. [PMID: 36387379 PMCID: PMC9645412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza virus (AIV) impacts poultry production, food security, livelihoods, and the risk of transmission to humans. Poultry, like pigeons and quail farming, is a growing sector in Bangladesh. However, the role of pigeons and quails in AIV transmission is not fully understood. Hence, we conducted this study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of AIV subtypes in pigeons and quails at live bird markets (LBMs) in Bangladesh. We collected oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples from 626 birds in 8 districts of Bangladesh from 2017 to 2021. We tested the swab samples for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We then used exploratory analysis to investigate the seasonal and temporal patterns of AIV and a mixed effect logistic model to identify the variable that influences the presence of AIV in pigeons and quails. The overall prevalence of AIV was 25.56%. We found that the prevalence of AIV in pigeons is 17.36%, and in quail is 38.75%. The prevalence of A/H5, A/H9, and A/H5/H9 in quail is 4.17, 17.92, and 1.67%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of A/H5, A/H9, and A/H5/H9 in pigeons is 2.85, 2.59, and 0.26%. We also found that the prevalence of AIV was higher in the dry season than in the wet season in both pigeons and quail. In pigeons, the prevalence of A/untyped (40%) increased considerably in 2020. In quail, however, the prevalence of A/H9 (56%) significantly increased in 2020. The mixed-effect logistic regression model showed that the vendors having waterfowl (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04-4.33), purchasing birds from the wholesale market (AOR: 2.96; 95% CI: 1.48-5.92) instead of farms, mixing sick birds with the healthy ones (AOR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.04-2.45) and mingling unsold birds with new birds (AOR: 3.07; 95% CI: 2.01-4.70) were significantly more likely to be positive for AIV compared with vendors that did not have these characteristics. We also found that the odds of AIV were more than twice as high in quail (AOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.61-4.11) as in pigeons. Furthermore, the likelihood of AIV detection was 4.19 times higher in sick and dead birds (95% CI: 2.38-7.35) than in healthy birds. Our study revealed that proper hygienic practices at the vendors in LBM are not maintained. We recommend improving biosecurity practices at the vendor level in LBM to limit the risk of AIV infection in pigeons and quail in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, VA, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Ali MA, Webby RJ. H5 Influenza Viruses in Egypt. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038745. [PMID: 32122919 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For almost a decade, Egypt has been endemic for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses. In addition to being catastrophic for poultry production, A(H5N1) has also caused 359 human infections in the country (∼40% of global cases), with 120 being fatal. From 2017, A(H5N1) viruses have been gradually replaced by HPAI A(H5N8) viruses seeded from Southeast Asia through Europe; no human cases have been reported since. This lack of human cases is not a consequence of fewer H5 infections in poultry. Despite governmental outbreak control, the number of avian influenza outbreaks has increased since 2006 partially fueled by noncompliance with preventive measures and suboptimal vaccination programs. Adherence to control measures is low because of social norms, especially among women and children-the main caretakers of household flocks in rural areas-and declining public awareness in the community. Egypt has thus become an epicenter for A(H5) virus evolution, with no clear resolution in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA.,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
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Kwon JH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Brum E, Hasan MZ, Lee DH, Spackman E, Swayne DE. Efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2021; 39:2824-2832. [PMID: 33910774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in Bangladesh since 2007. While clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two H5 vaccines licensed in Bangladesh, RE-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an H5 insert (rHVT-H5), for protection against recent field viruses in chickens. We selected three viruses for efficacy tests (A/chicken/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-3237/2017, A/crow/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8471/2017 and A/chicken/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8323/2017) from 36 H5 viruses isolated from Bangladesh between 2016 and 2018 by comparing the amino acid sequences at five antigenic sites (A-E) and analyzing hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers with reference antisera. The RE-6 and rHVT-H5 vaccines both conferred 80-100% clinical protection (i.e. reduced morbidity and mortality) against the three challenge viruses with no significant differences in protection. In addition, both vaccines significantly decreased viral shedding from infected chickens as compared to challenge control chickens. Based on these metrics, the current licensed H5 vaccines protected chickens against the recent field viruses. However, the A/crow/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8471/2017 virus exhibited antigenic divergence including: several unique amino acid changes in antigenic epitope sites A and B and was a serological outlier in cross HI tests as visualized on the antigenic map. The continuing emergence of such antigenic variants which could alter the dominant antigenicity of field viruses should be continuously monitored and vaccines should be updated if field efficacy declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Current address: Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakiul Hasan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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6
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Adel A, Mosaad Z, Shalaby AG, Selim K, Samy M, Abdelmagid MA, Hagag NM, Arafa AS, Hassan WM, Shahien MA. Molecular evolution of the hemagglutinin gene and epidemiological insight into low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses in Egypt. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:540-549. [PMID: 33887563 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the low pathogenicity of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses, they can induce severe economic losses in various poultry sectors in conjunction with other factors. In Egypt, low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 became endemic in 2011 and has undergone continuous genetic evolution since then. The regular monitoring of the evolution of the virus is necessary to control its spread. During 2017-2020, there were 44 positive samples isolated, and these viruses were genetically sequenced to determine the hemagglutinin (HA) gene circulating in Egypt. The molecular analysis revealed at least nine changes in amino acid residues in comparison with the reference Egyptian strain from the original introduction in 2011 (A/qu/Egypt/113413v/2011), with a similarity of 95%-96%. Amino acid residues 180 and 216 are the most important residues in terms of positive selection pressure. Phylogenetically, the new Egyptian H9N2 viruses in 2017-2020 belonged to a new subcluster related to the strains that had been circulating since 2015. Comparative analysis of the HA gene of LPAI H9N2 viruses in Egypt from 2011 to 2020 supports a continuous evolution through the years with persistent markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Zienab Mosaad
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Karim Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdel Satar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahien
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Continued Evolution of H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses in Bangladeshi Live Poultry Markets: Pathogenic Potential in Poultry and Mammalian Models. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01141-20. [PMID: 32907981 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. This is of particular concern in Bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the A(H5N1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three A(H5) genotypes, designated H5N1-R1, H5N1-R2, and H5N2-R3, that arose from reassortment of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. The H5N1-R1 and H5N1-R2 viruses contained HA, NA, and M genes from the A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and NS genes from other Eurasian influenza viruses. H5N2-R3 viruses contained the HA gene from circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses, NA and M genes from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses, and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and NS genes from other Eurasian influenza viruses. Representative viruses of all three genotypes and a parental clade 2.3.2.1a strain (H5N1-R0) infected and replicated in mice without prior adaptation; the H5N2-R3 virus replicated to the highest titers in the lung. All viruses efficiently infected and killed chickens. All viruses replicated in inoculated ferrets, but no airborne transmission was detected, and only H5N2-R3 showed limited direct-contact transmission. Our findings demonstrate that although the A(H5N1) viruses circulating in Bangladesh have the capacity to infect and replicate in mammals, they show very limited capacity for transmission. However, reassortment does generate viruses of distinct phenotypes.IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have circulated continuously in Bangladesh since 2007, and active surveillance has detected viral evolution driven by mutation and reassortment. Recently, three genetically distinct A(H5N1) reassortant viruses were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Currently, we cannot assign pandemic risk by only sequencing viruses; it must be conducted empirically. We found that the H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exhibited high virulence in mice and chickens, and one virus had limited capacity to transmit between ferrets, a property considered consistent with a higher zoonotic risk.
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Dharmayanti NLPI, Indriani R, Nurjanah D. Vaccine Efficacy on the Novel Reassortant H9N2 Virus in Indonesia. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030449. [PMID: 32785201 PMCID: PMC7565121 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the Avian Influenza (AI) viruses in Indonesia. The variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. In this study, we identified the reassortant H9N2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. The reassortant H9N2 viruses derived the PB2 gene from the H5N1 virus. The pathogenicity test results of the reassortant virus showed various clinical signs of illness, a high mortality rate (10%), and decreased egg production down to 63.12% at two weeks post-infection. In a vaccine efficacy test, the vaccinated groups showed minimally decreased egg production that started to increase to more than 80% at 4-7 weeks post-challenge. Our study showed that inactivated bivalent and monovalent reassortant H9N2 vaccines can induce antibody response, reducing the mortality and virus shedding caused by reassortant H9N2 virus infection. The reassortant H9N2 virus is a threat that requires vigilance in poultry farms and the industry. The vaccines used in this study can be one of the options for control or prevention measures on farms infected with the reassortant H9N2 viruses.
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Controlling Avian Influenza Virus in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070751. [PMID: 32664683 PMCID: PMC7412482 DOI: 10.3390/v12070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a huge challenge for poultry production with negative repercussions for micro- and macro-economy and public health in Bangladesh. High (HP) H5N1 and low pathogenicity (LP) H9N2 AIV are currently endemic in poultry, and both have been reported to infect humans sporadically. Multiple virus introductions of different clades of HPAIV H5N1, reassorted genotypes, and on-going diversification of LPAIV H9N2 create a highly volatile virological environment which potentially implicates increased virulence, adaptation to new host species, and subsequent zoonotic transmission. Allotropy of poultry rearing systems and supply chains further increase the risk of virus spreading, which leads to human exposure and fosters the emergence of new potentially pre-pandemic virus strains. Here, we review the epidemiology, focusing on (i) risk factors for virus spreading, (ii) viral genetic evolution, and (iii) options for AIV control in Bangladesh. It is concluded that improved control strategies would profit from the integration of various intervention tools, including effective vaccination, enhanced biosecurity practice, and improved awareness of producers and traders, although widespread household poultry rearing significantly interferes with any such strategies. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance associated with rapid diagnosis and thorough virus characterization is the basis of such strategies.
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Hasan M, Brum E, Nasrin T, Swayne DE. Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa046. [PMID: 34127940 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1-B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzinah Nasrin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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11
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Parvin R, Schinkoethe J, Grund C, Ulrich R, Bönte F, Behr KP, Voss M, Samad MA, Hassan KE, Luttermann C, Beer M, Harder T. Comparison of pathogenicity of subtype H9 avian influenza wild-type viruses from a wide geographic origin expressing mono-, di-, or tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites. Vet Res 2020; 51:48. [PMID: 32234073 PMCID: PMC7106749 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of > 1.2 in chickens or, in case of subtypes H5 and H7, expression of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS), signals high pathogenicity (HP). Viruses of the H9N2-G1 lineage, which spread across Asia and Africa, are classified to be of low pathogenicity although, in the field, they became associated with severe clinical signs and epizootics in chickens. Here we report on a pre-eminent trait of recent H9N2-G1 isolates from Bangladesh and India, which express a tribasic HACS (motif PAKSKR-GLF; reminiscent of an HPAIV-like polybasic HACS) and compare their features to H9Nx viruses with di- and monobasic HACS from other phylogenetic and geographic origins. In an in vitro assay, the tribasic HACS of H9N2 was processed by furin-like proteases similar to bona fide H5 HPAIV while some dibasic sites showed increased cleavability but monobasic HACS none. Yet, all viruses remained trypsin-dependent in cell culture. In ovo, only tribasic H9N2 viruses were found to replicate in a grossly extended spectrum of embryonic organs. In contrast to all subtype H5/H7 HPAI viruses, tribasic H9N2 viruses did not replicate in endothelial cells either in the chorio-allantoic membrane or in other embryonic tissues. By IVPI, all H9Nx isolates proved to be of low pathogenicity. Pathogenicity assessment of tribasic H9N2-G1 viruses remains problematic. It cannot be excluded that the formation of a third basic amino acid in the HACS forms an intermediate step towards a gain in pathogenicity. Continued observation of the evolution of these viruses in the field is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jan Schinkoethe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Bönte
- University of Applied Sciences Wedel, Feldstraße 143, 22880, Wedel, Germany
| | - Klaus P Behr
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Mühlenstraße, 49685, Höltinghausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Voss
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Veterinär-Labor, Abschnede 64, 27472, Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- NRL-AI, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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12
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Kandeil A, Hicks JT, Young SG, El Taweel AN, Kayed AS, Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Bagato O, McKenzie PP, Cai Z, Badra R, Kutkat M, Bahl J, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Active surveillance and genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses in Egypt, 2016-2018. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1370-1382. [PMID: 31526249 PMCID: PMC6758608 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1663712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Egypt is a hotspot for avian influenza virus (AIV) due to the endemicity of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. AIVs were isolated from 329 samples collected in 2016–2018; 48% were H9N2, 37.1% were H5N8, 7.6% were H5N1, and 7.3% were co-infections with 2 of the 3 subtypes. The 32 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of the H5N1 viruses formed a well-defined lineage within clade 2.2.1.2. The 10 HA sequences of the H5N8 viruses belonged to a subclade within 2.3.4.4. The 11 HA of H9N2 isolates showed high sequence homology with other Egyptian G1-like H9N2 viruses. The prevalence of H5N8 viruses in ducks (2.4%) was higher than in chickens (0.94%). Genetic reassortment was detected in H9N2 viruses. Antigenic analysis showed that H9N2 viruses are homogenous, antigenic drift was detected among H5N1 viruses. AI H5N8 showed higher replication rate followed by H9N2 and H5N1, respectively. H5N8 was more common in Southern Egypt, H9N2 in the Nile Delta, and H5N1 in both areas. Ducks and chickens played a significant role in transmission of H5N1 viruses. The endemicity and co-circulation of H5N1, H5N8, and H9N2 AIV coupled with the lack of a clear control strategy continues to provide avenues for further virus evolution in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Joseph T Hicks
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | - Sean G Young
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Ahmed N El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | | | - Zhipeng Cai
- Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Mohamed Kutkat
- Poultry Diseases Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Justin Bahl
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Human Link , Hazmieh , Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
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13
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Lestari, Wibawa H, Lubis EP, Dharmawan R, Rahayu RA, Mulyawan H, Charoenkul K, Nasamran C, Poermadjaja B, Amonsin A. Co-circulation and characterization of HPAI-H5N1 and LPAI-H9N2 recovered from a duck farm, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:994-1007. [PMID: 31770478 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In July 2016, an avian influenza outbreak in duck farms in Yogyakarta province was reported to Disease Investigation Center (DIC), Wates, Indonesia, with approximately 1,000 ducks died or culled. In this study, two avian influenza (AI) virus subtypes, A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OR/2016 (H5N1) and A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OP/2016 (H9N2) isolated from ducks in the same farm during an AI outbreak in Bantul district, Yogyakarta province, were sequenced and characterized. Our results showed that H5N1 virus was closely related to the highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c, while the H9N2 virus was clustered with LPAI viruses from China, Vietnam and Indonesia H9N2 (CVI lineage). Genetic analysis revealed virulence characteristics for both in avian and in mammalian species. In summary, co-circulation of HPAI-H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c and LPAI-H9N2 was identified in a duck farm during an AI outbreak in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Our findings raise a concern of the potential risk of the viruses, which could increase viral transmission and/or threat to human health. Routine surveillance of avian influenza viruses should be continuously conducted to understand the dynamic and diversity of the viruses for influenza prevention and control in Indonesia and SEA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lestari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elly Puspasari Lubis
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rama Dharmawan
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rina Astuti Rahayu
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herdiyanto Mulyawan
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanakarn Nasamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bagoes Poermadjaja
- Disease Investigation Center Wates Yogyakarta, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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15
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Walker D, Seiler P, Friedman K, Kercher L, Jeevan T, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Feeroz MM. Continuing evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:650-661. [PMID: 31014196 PMCID: PMC6493222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1605845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since November 2008, we have conducted active avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh. Clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.2.1a of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have all been identified in Bangladeshi live poultry markets (LPMs), although, since the end of 2014, H5N1 viruses have been exclusively from clade 2.3.2.1a. In June 2015, a new reassortant H5N1 virus (H5N1-R1) from clade 2.3.2.1a was identified, containing haemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh since 2011, plus five other genes of Eurasian-lineage low pathogenic avian influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Here we report the status of circulating avian influenza A viruses in Bangladeshi LPMs from March 2016 to January 2018. Until April 2017, H5N1 viruses exclusively belonged to H5N1-R1 clade 2.3.2.1a. However, in May 2017, we identified another reassortant H5N1 (H5N1-R2), also of clade 2.3.2.1a, wherein the PA gene segment of H5N1-R1 was replaced by that of another Eurasian-lineage LPAI virus related to A/duck/Bangladesh/30828/2016 (H3N8), detected in Bangladeshi LPM in September 2016. Currently, both reassortant H5N1-R1 and H5N1-R2 co-circulate in Bangladeshi LPMs. Furthermore, some LPAI viruses isolated from LPMs during 2016–2017 were closely related to those from ducks in free-range farms and wild birds in Tanguar haor, a wetland region of Bangladesh where ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. These data support a hypothesis where Tanguar haor-like ecosystems provide a mechanism for movement of LPAI viruses to LPMs where reassortment with poultry viruses occurs adding to the diversity of viruses at this human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Jasmine C M Turner
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses , National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - John Franks
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - David Walker
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
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16
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Yang G, Chowdury S, Hodges E, Rahman MZ, Jang Y, Hossain ME, Jones J, Stark TJ, Di H, Cook PW, Ghosh S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Kennedy E, Davis CT. Detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in waterfowl in Bangladesh. Virology 2019; 534:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Nooruzzaman M, Mumu TT, Hasnat A, Akter MN, Rasel MSU, Rahman MM, Parvin R, Begum JA, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. A new reassortant clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing recent outbreaks in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2120-2133. [PMID: 31168925 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A total of 15 dead or sick birds from 13 clinical outbreaks of avian influenza in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in 2017 in Bangladesh were examined. The presence of H5N1 influenza A virus in the affected birds was detected by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on full-length gene sequences of all eight gene segments revealed that these recent outbreaks were caused by a new reassortant of clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 virus, which had been detected earlier in 2015 during surveillance in live bird markets (LBMs) and wet lands. This reassortant virus acquired PB2, PB1, PA, NP and NS genes from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses mostly of non-H9N2 subtypes but retained HA, NA and M genes of the old clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. Nevertheless, the HA gene of these new viruses was 2.7% divergent from that of the old clade 2.3.2.1a viruses circulated in Bangladesh. Interestingly, similar reassortment events could be traced back in four 2.3.2.1a virus isolates of 2013 from backyard ducks. It suggests that this reassortant virus emerged in 2013, which took two years to be detected at a broader scale (i.e. in LBMs), another two years until it became widely spread in poultry and fully replaced the old viruses. Several mutations were detected in the recent Bangladeshi isolates, which are likely to influence possible phenotypic alterations such as increased mammalian adaptation, reduced susceptibility to antiviral agents and reduced host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Azmary Hasnat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Nazia Akter
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salah Uddin Rasel
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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18
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Kim Y, Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Chang YM, Essen S, Samad MA, Lewis NS, Brown IH, Moyen N, Hoque MA, Debnath NC, Pfeiffer DU, Fournié G. Prevalence of Avian Influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2309-2316. [PMID: 30457545 PMCID: PMC6256373 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka and Chittagong, Bangladesh, to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) viruses in different types of poultry and environmental areas by using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression models. We detected these viruses in nearly all LBMs. Prevalence of A(H5) virus was higher in waterfowl than in chickens, whereas prevalence of A(H9) virus was higher in chickens than in waterfowl and, among chicken types, in industrial broilers than in cross-breeds and indigenous breeds. LBMs with >1 wholesaler were more frequently contaminated by A(H5) virus than retail-only LBMs. Prevalence of A(H9) virus in poultry and level of environmental contamination were also higher in LBMs with >1 wholesaler. We found a high level of circulation of both avian influenza viruses in surveyed LBMs. Prevalence was influenced by type of poultry, environmental site, and trading.
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19
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Co-subsistence of avian influenza virus subtypes of low and high pathogenicity in Bangladesh: Challenges for diagnosis, risk assessment and control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8306. [PMID: 31165743 PMCID: PMC6549172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic co-circulation of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIV) of subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 (G1 lineage) in poultry in Bangladesh accelerated diversifying evolution. Two clinical samples from poultry obtained in 2016 yielded five different subtypes (highly pathogenic [HP] H5N1, HP H5N2, HP H7N1, HP H7N2, H9N2) and eight genotypes of AIV by plaque purification. H5 sequences grouped with clade 2.3.2.1a viruses while N1 was related to an older, preceding clade, 2.2.2. The internal genome segments of the plaque-purified viruses originated from clade 2.2.2 of H5N1 or from G1/H9N2 viruses. H9 and N2 segments clustered with contemporary H9N2 strains. In addition, HP H7 sequences were detected for the first time in samples and linked to Pakistani HP H7N3 viruses of 2003. The unexpected findings of mixtures of reassorted HP H5N1 and G1-like H9N2 viruses, which carry genome segments of older clades in association with the detection of HP H7 HA segments calls for confirmation of these results by targeted surveillance in the area of origin of the investigated samples. Hidden niches and obscured transmission pathways may exist that retain or re-introduce genome segments of older viruses or reassortants thereof which causes additional challenges for diagnosis, risk assessment and disease control.
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20
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Ramamurthy M, Sankar S, Abraham AM, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. B cell epitopes in the intrinsically disordered regions of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses for peptide-based vaccine development. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17534-17544. [PMID: 31111560 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are very active in several parts of the globe and are the cause of huge economic loss for the poultry industry and also human fatalities. Three dimensional modeling was carried out for neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of AIV. The C-score, estimated TM-Score, and estimated root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) score for NA of H5N1 were -1.18, 0.57 ± 0.15, and 9.8 ± 7.6, respectively. The C-score, estimated TM-Score, and estimated RMSD score for NA of H9N2 were -1.43, 0.54 ± 0.15, and 10.5 ± 4.6, respectively. The C-score, estimated TM-Score, and estimated RMSD score for HA of H5N1 were -0.03, 0.71 ± 0.12, and 7.7 ± 4.3, respectively. The C-score, estimated TM-Score, and estimated RMSD score for HA of H9N2 were -0.57, 0.64 ± 0.13, and 8.9 ± 4.6, respectively. Intrinsically disordered regions were identified for the NA and HA proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 with the use of PONDR program. Linear B cell epitope was predicted using BepiPred 2 program for NA and HA of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza strains. Discontinuous epitopes were predicted by Discotope 2 program. The linear epitopes that were considered likely to be immunogenic and within the intrinsically disordered region for the NA of H5N1 was TKSTNSRSGFEMIWDPNGWTGTDSSFSVK, and for H9N2 it was VGDTPRNDDSSSSSNCRDPNNERGAP. In the case of HA of H5N1, it was QRLVPKIATRSKVNGQSG and ATGLRNSPQRERRRKK; for H9N2 it was INRTFKPLIGPRPLVNGLQG and SLKLAVGLRNVPARSSR. The discontinuous epitopes of NA of H5N1 and H9N2 were identified at various regions of the protein structure spanning from amino acid residue positions 90 to 449 and 107 to 469, respectively. Similarly, the discontinuous epitopes of HA of H5N1 and H9N2 were identified in the amino acid residue positions 27 to 517 and 136 to 521, respectively. This study has identified potential and highly immunogenic linear and conformational B-cell epitopes towards developing a vaccine against AIV both for human and poultry use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asha Mary Abraham
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Rodriguez L, Nogales A, Iqbal M, Perez DR, Martinez-Sobrido L. Identification of Amino Acid Residues Responsible for Inhibition of Host Gene Expression by Influenza A H9N2 NS1 Targeting of CPSF30. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2546. [PMID: 30405591 PMCID: PMC6207622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) are considered low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV). These viruses are endemic in poultry in many countries in Asia, the Middle East and parts of Africa. Several cases of H9N2-associated infections in humans as well as in pigs have led the World Health Organization (WHO) to include these viruses among those with pandemic potential. To date, the processes and mechanisms associated with H9N2 IAV adaptation to mammals are poorly understood. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from IAV is a virulence factor that counteracts the innate immune responses. Here, we evaluated the ability of the NS1 protein from A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (HK/97) H9N2 to inhibit host immune responses. We found that HK/97 NS1 protein counteracted interferon (IFN) responses but was not able to inhibit host gene expression in human or avian cells. In contrast, the NS1 protein from earlier H9N2 IAV strains, including the first H9N2 A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/1966 (WI/66), were able to inhibit both IFN and host gene expression. Using chimeric constructs between WI/66 and HK/97 NS1 proteins, we identified the region and amino acid residues involved in inhibition of host gene expression. Amino acid substitutions L103F, I106M, P114S, G125D and N139D in HK/97 NS1 resulted in binding to the 30-kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30) and, in consequence, inhibition of host gene expression. Notably, changes in the same amino acid residues resulted in the lack of inhibition of host gene expression by WI/66 NS1. Importantly, our results identified a new combination of amino acids required for NS1 binding to CPSF30 and inhibition of host gene expression. These results also confirm previous studies demonstrating strain specific differences in the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit host gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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22
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Mostafa A, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S. Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090497. [PMID: 30217093 PMCID: PMC6165440 DOI: 10.3390/v10090497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) possess a great zoonotic potential as they are able to infect different avian and mammalian animal hosts, from which they can be transmitted to humans. This is based on the ability of IAV to gradually change their genome by mutation or even reassemble their genome segments during co-infection of the host cell with different IAV strains, resulting in a high genetic diversity. Variants of circulating or newly emerging IAVs continue to trigger global health threats annually for both humans and animals. Here, we provide an introduction on IAVs, highlighting the mechanisms of viral evolution, the host spectrum, and the animal/human interface. Pathogenicity determinants of IAVs in mammals, with special emphasis on newly emerging IAVs with pandemic potential, are discussed. Finally, an overview is provided on various approaches for the prevention of human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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23
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Attenuation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Indonesia following the reassortment and acquisition of genes from low pathogenicity avian influenza A virus progenitors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:147. [PMID: 30131494 PMCID: PMC6104089 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus is endemic in Indonesian poultry and has caused sporadic human infection in Indonesia since 2005. Surveillance of H5N1 viruses in live bird markets (LBMs) during 2012 and 2013 was carried out to provide epidemiologic and virologic information regarding viral circulation and the risk of human exposure. Real-time RT-PCR of avian cloacal swabs and environmental samples revealed influenza A-positive specimens, which were then subjected to virus isolation and genomic sequencing. Genetic analysis of specimens collected at multiple LBMs in Indonesia identified both low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) A(H3N8) and HPAI A(H5N1) viruses belonging to clade 2.1.3.2a. Comparison of internal gene segments among the LPAI and HPAI viruses revealed that the latter had acquired the PB2, PB1, and NS genes from LPAI progenitors and other viruses containing a wild type (wt) genomic constellation. Comparison of murine infectivity of the LPAI A(H3N8), wt HPAI A(H5N1) and reassortant HPAI A(H5N1) viruses showed that the acquisition of LPAI internal genes attenuated the reassortant HPAI virus, producing a mouse infectivity/virulence phenotype comparable to that of the LPAI virus. Comparison of molecular markers in each viral gene segment suggested that mutations in PB2 and NS1 may facilitate attenuation. The discovery of an attenuated HPAI A(H5N1) virus in mice that resulted from reassortment may have implications for the capability of these viruses to transmit and cause disease. In addition, surveillance suggests that LBMs in Indonesia may play a role in the generation of reassortant A(H5) viruses and should be monitored.
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24
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Horm SV, Yann S, Tok S, Sorn S, Holl D, Tum S, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Horwood PF, Dussart P. Influenza A(H5N1) viruses with A(H9N2) single gene (matrix or PB1) reassortment isolated from Cambodian live bird markets. Virology 2018; 523:22-26. [PMID: 30075357 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. These reassortant strains, designated A/duck/Cambodia/Z564W35M1/2015 and A/chicken/Cambodia/Z850W49M1/2015, both contained a single gene (PB1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses. All other viral genes from both isolates clustered with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. Continued and prolonged co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodian live bird markets may present a risk for the emergence of novel influenza reassortant viruses with negative agricultural and/or public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Srey Viseth Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokhoun Yann
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Songha Tok
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Davun Holl
- General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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25
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El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Marathe BM, Hasan MK, Feeroz MM, Krauss S, Vogel P, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Genetic characterization and pathogenic potential of H10 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10693. [PMID: 30013138 PMCID: PMC6048039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal human cases of avian-origin H10N8 influenza virus infections have raised concern about their potential for human-to-human transmission. H10 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic birds across Eurasia and North America. We isolated eight H10 AIVs (four H10N7, two H10N9, one H10N1, and one H10N6) from live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Genetic analyses demonstrated that all eight isolates belong to the Eurasian lineage. HA phylogenetic and antigenic analyses indicated that two antigenically distinct groups of H10 AIVs are circulating in Bangladeshi live poultry markets. We evaluated the virulence of four representative H10 AIV strains in DBA/2J mice and found that they replicated efficiently in mice without prior adaptation. Moreover, H10N6 and H10N1 AIVs caused high mortality with systemic dissemination. These results indicate that H10 AIVs pose a potential threat to human health and the mechanisms of their transmissibility should be elucidated.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bangladesh
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutination, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Poultry/virology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/mortality
- Poultry Diseases/transmission
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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26
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El-Shesheny R, Feeroz MM, Krauss S, Vogel P, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Replication and pathogenic potential of influenza A virus subtypes H3, H7, and H15 from free-range ducks in Bangladesh in mammals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:70. [PMID: 29691394 PMCID: PMC5915612 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of wild aquatic birds and free-range domestic ducks in the Tanguar Haor wetlands in Bangladesh has identified influenza virus subtypes H3N6, H7N1, H7N5, H7N9, and H15N9. Molecular characterization of these viruses indicates their contribution to the genesis of new genotypes of H5N1 influenza viruses from clade 2.3.2.1a that are dominant in poultry markets in Bangladesh as well as to the genesis of the highly pathogenic H5N8 virus currently causing disease outbreaks in domestic poultry in Europe and the Middle East. Therefore, we studied the antigenicity, replication, and pathogenicity of influenza viruses isolated from Tanguar Haor in the DBA/2J mouse model. All viruses replicated in the lung without prior mammalian adaptation, and H7N1 and H7N9 viruses caused 100% and 60% mortality, respectively. H7N5 viruses replicated only in the lungs, whereas H7N1 and H7N9 viruses also replicated in the heart, liver, and brain. Replication and transmission studies in mallard ducks showed that H7N1 and H7N9 viruses replicated in ducks without clinical signs of disease and shed at high titers from the cloaca of infected and contact ducks, which could facilitate virus transmission and spread. Our results indicate that H7 avian influenza viruses from free-range ducks can replicate in mammals, cause severe disease, and be efficiently transmitted to contact ducks. Our study highlights the role of free-range ducks in the spread of influenza viruses to other species in live poultry markets and the potential for these viruses to infect and cause disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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27
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Chattopadhyay K, Fournié G, Abul Kalam M, Biswas PK, Hoque A, Debnath NC, Rahman M, Pfeiffer DU, Harper D, Heymann DL. A Qualitative Stakeholder Analysis of Avian Influenza Policy in Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:63-71. [PMID: 29134437 PMCID: PMC6003964 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza is a major animal and public health concern in Bangladesh. A decade after development and implementation of the first national avian influenza and human pandemic influenza preparedness and response plan in Bangladesh, a two-stage qualitative stakeholder analysis was performed in relation to the policy development process and the actual policy. This study specifically aimed to identify the future policy options to prevent and control avian influenza and other poultry-related zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh. It was recommended that the policy should be based on the One Health concept, be evidence-based, sustainable, reviewed and updated as necessary. The future policy environment that is suitable for developing and implementing these policies should take into account the following points: the need to formally engage multiple sectors, the need for clear and acceptable leadership, roles and responsibilities and the need for a common pool of resources and provision for transferring resources. Most of these recommendations are directed towards the Government of Bangladesh. However, other sectors, including research and poultry production stakeholders, also have a major role to play to inform policy making and actively participate in the multi-sectoral approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chattopadhyay
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Md Abul Kalam
- USAID's Preparedness and Response Project, Development Alternative Incorporated, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh K Biswas
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahasanul Hoque
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Nitish C Debnath
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - David Harper
- Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
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28
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Zecchin B, Minoungou G, Fusaro A, Moctar S, Ouedraogo-Kaboré A, Schivo A, Salviato A, Marciano S, Monne I. Influenza A(H9N2) Virus, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:2118-2119. [PMID: 28980894 PMCID: PMC5708222 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified influenza A(H9N2) virus G1 lineage in poultry in Burkina Faso. Urgent actions are needed to raise awareness about the risk associated with spread of this zoonotic virus subtype in the area and to construct a strategy for effective prevention and control of influenza caused by this virus.
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29
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Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury P, Barua H, Debnath NC, Yamage M. Incidence of contamination of live bird markets in Bangladesh with influenza A virus and subtypes H5, H7 and H9. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:687-695. [PMID: 29226568 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of robust active surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIV) affecting poultry in South Asian countries, monitoring of live bird markets (LBMs) can be an alternative. In a longitudinal study of 32 LBM, five environments were sampled as follows: market floor, stall floor, slaughter area, poultry holding cage and water used for meat processing. Samples were taken monthly for 5 months, September 2013-January 2014. Incidence rates (IRs) of LBM contamination with AIV and its subtypes H5, H7 and H9 were assessed. In 10 of the LBM selected, biosecurity measures had been implemented through FAO interventions: the other 22 were non-intervened. Standard procedures were applied to detect AIV and three subtypes in pooled samples (1:5). An LBM was considered positive for AIV or a subtype if at least one of the pooled samples tested positive. The incidence rates of LBM contamination with AIV, H5, H7 and H9 were 0.194 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.136-0.276), 0.031 (95% CI 0.013-0.075), 0 and 0.175 (95% CI 0.12-0.253) per LBM-month at risk, respectively. The log IR ratio between the FAO-intervened and non-intervened LBM for contamination with AIV was -0.329 (95% CI -1.052 to -0.394, p = .372), 0.598 (95% CI -1.593 to 2.789, p = .593) with subtype H5 and -0.500 (95% CI -1.249 to 0.248, p = .190) with subtype H9, indicating no significant difference. The results obtained suggest that both H5 and H9 were circulating in LBM in Bangladesh in the second half of 2013. The incidence of contamination with H9 was much higher than with H5.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - M Giasuddin
- National Reference Laboratories for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - P Chowdhury
- Department of Livestock Services, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - H Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - N C Debnath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Yamage
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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30
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Barman S, Marinova-Petkova A, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, El-Shesheny R, Turner JCM, Franks J, Walker D, Seiler J, Friedman K, Kercher L, Jeevan T, Darnell D, Kayali G, Jones-Engel L, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Feeroz MM. Role of domestic ducks in the emergence of a new genotype of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e72. [PMID: 28790460 PMCID: PMC5583668 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses were first isolated in Bangladesh in February 2007. Subsequently, clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2 and 2.3.2.1a were identified in Bangladesh, and our previous surveillance data revealed that by the end of 2014, the circulating viruses exclusively comprised clade 2.3.2.1a. We recently determined the status of circulating avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh by conducting surveillance of live poultry markets and waterfowl in wetland areas from February 2015 through February 2016. Until April 2015, clade 2.3.2.1a persisted without any change in genotype. However, in June 2015, we identified a new genotype of H5N1 viruses, clade 2.3.2.1a, which quickly became predominant. These newly emerged H5N1 viruses contained the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix genes of circulating 2.3.2.1a Bangladeshi H5N1 viruses and five other genes of low pathogenic Eurasian-lineage avian influenza A viruses. Some of these internal genes were closely related to those of low pathogenic viruses isolated from ducks in free-range farms and wild birds in a wetland region of northeastern Bangladesh, where commercially raised domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. These findings indicate that migratory birds of the Central Asian flyway and domestic ducks in the free-range farms in Tanguar haor-like wetlands played an important role in the emergence of this novel genotype of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Jasmine CM Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jon Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77459, USA
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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Marinova-Petkova A, Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Turner J, Walker D, Seiler P, Franks J, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. The Continuing Evolution of H5N1 and H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Bangladesh Between 2013 and 2014. Avian Dis 2017; 60:108-17. [PMID: 27309046 DOI: 10.1637/11136-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the Bangladesh live bird markets (LBMs) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (Qinghai-like H5N1 lineage) by the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1. This clade, which continues to circulate in Bangladesh and neighboring countries, is an intra-and interclade reassortant; its HA, polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase (PA), and nonstructural (NS) genes come from subclade 2.3.2.1a; the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) comes from subclade 2.3.2.1c; and the NA, nucleocapsid protein (NP), and matrix (M) gene from clade 2.3.4.2. The H9N2 influenza viruses cocirculating in the Bangladesh LBMs are also reassortants, possessing five genes (NS, M, NP, PA, and PB1) from an HPAI H7N3 virus previously isolated in Pakistan. Despite frequent coinfection of chickens and ducks, reassortment between these H5N1 and H9N2 viruses has been rare. However, all such reassortants detected in 2011 through 2013 have carried seven genes from the local HPAI H5N1 lineage and the PB1 gene from the Bangladeshi H9N2 clade G1 Mideast, itself derived from HPAI H7N3 virus. Although the live birds we sampled in Bangladesh showed no clinical signs of morbidity, the emergence of this reassortant HPAI H5N1 lineage further complicates endemic circulation of H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh, posing a threat to both poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- C National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Jasmine Turner
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - David Walker
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Patrick Seiler
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - John Franks
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Scott Krauss
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard J Webby
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robert G Webster
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,D Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589
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32
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Moatasim Y, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Elghaffar SKA, El Shesheny R, Elwahy AHM, Ali MA. Single gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 in the low pathogenic H9N2 backbone and its impact on pathogenicity and infectivity of novel reassortant viruses. Arch Virol 2017. [PMID: 28620809 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N1 and H9N2 viruses have been extensively circulating in various avian species and frequently infect mammals, including humans. The synchronous circulation of both viruses in Egypt provides an opportunity for possible genetic assortment, posing a probable threat to global public health. To assess the potential risk of the IAV reassortants derived from co-circulation of these two AI subtypes, reverse genetics technology was used to generate a set of IAV reassortants carrying single genetic segments of clade 2.2.1.2 virus A/duck/Egypt/Q4596D/2012 (H5N1), a representative of the most prevalent H5N1 clade in Egypt, in the genetic backbone of A/chicken/Egypt/S4456B/2011 (H9N2), a representative of G1-like H9N2 lineage which is widely circulating in Egypt. Furthermore, the genetic compatibility, growth kinetics and virulence were evaluated in vitro in mammalian systems using the MDCK cell line and avian system using SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Pathogenicity and virus shedding were further tested using SPF chickens. Out of the eight desired H9-reassortants, we could rescue only 5 reassortant viruses, either due to difficulty in cloning (PB1 of H5N1 virus) or genetic incompatibility (NP-H5/H9 and NA-H5/H9). Results revealed higher replication rates for the H9N2 virus having the NS segment of H5N1 virus. The lowest survival rate in both SPF eggs and SPF chickens was associated with the H5N1 parent virus infection, followed by the HA-H5/H9 virus. Our findings also suggest that all other reassortant viruses were of lower pathogenicity than the wild type H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Sary Khaleel Abd Elghaffar
- Pathology and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Behouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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33
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Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq A, Moatasim Y, Cai Z, McKenzie P, Webby R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Novel reassortant H9N2 viruses in pigeons and evidence for antigenic diversity of H9N2 viruses isolated from quails in Egypt. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:548-562. [PMID: 27902350 PMCID: PMC5817215 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemicity of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) among Egyptian poultry represents a public health risk. Co-circulation of low pathogenic AIV H9N2 subtype with highly pathogenic AIV H5N1 subtype in Egyptian farms provides a possibility to generate novel reassortant viruses. Here, the genetic characteristics of surface glycoproteins of 59 Egyptian H9N2 viruses, isolated between 2013 and 2015, were analysed. To elucidate the potential of genetic reassortment, 10 H9N2 isolates were selected based on different avian hosts (chickens, ducks, pigeons and quails) and phylogenetic analyses of their full genome sequences were conducted. Additionally, we performed antigenic analysis to further investigate the antigenic evolution of H9N2 viruses isolated during 2011-2015. Different viral characteristics including receptor-binding affinity and drug resistance of representative Egyptian H9N2 viruses were further investigated. The surface glycoproteins of current Egyptian H9N2 viruses were closely related to viruses of the G1-like lineage isolated from Egypt. Several genetic markers that enhance virulence in poultry and transmission to humans were detected. Analysis of the full genome of 10 H9N2 isolates indicated that two pigeon isolates inherited five internal genes from Eurasian AIVs circulating in wild birds. Antigenic conservation of different Egyptian H9N2 isolates from chickens, pigeons and ducks was observed, whereas quail isolates showed antigenic drift. The Egyptian H9N2 viruses preferentially bound to the human-like receptor rather than to the avian-like receptor. Our results suggest that the endemic H9N2 viruses in Egypt contain elements that may favour avian-to-human transmission and thus represent a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Asmaa Maatouq
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
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34
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Marinova-Petkova A, Franks J, Tenzin S, Dahal N, Dukpa K, Dorjee J, Feeroz MM, Rehg JE, Barman S, Krauss S, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Highly Pathogenic Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Clade 2.3.2.1a in Poultry, Bhutan. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:2137-2141. [PMID: 27584733 PMCID: PMC5189144 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1), clade 2.3.2.1a, with an H9-like polymerase basic protein 1 gene, isolated in Bhutan in 2012, replicated faster in vitro than its H5N1 parental genotype and was transmitted more efficiently in a chicken model. These properties likely help limit/eradicate outbreaks, combined with strict control measures.
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35
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Biological characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses that infected humans in Egypt in 2014-2015. Arch Virol 2016; 162:687-700. [PMID: 27864633 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 influenza viruses emerged as a human pathogen in 1997 with expected potential to undergo sustained human-to-human transmission and pandemic viral spread. HPAI H5N1 is endemic in Egyptian poultry and has caused sporadic human infection. The first outbreak in early 2006 was caused by clade 2.2 viruses that rapidly evolved genetically and antigenically. A sharp increase in the number of human cases was reported in Egypt in the 2014/2015 season. In this study, we analyzed and characterized three isolates of HPAI H5N1 viruses isolated from infected humans in Egypt in 2014/2015. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the nucleotide sequences of eight segments of the three isolates were clustered with those of members of clade 2.2.1.2. We also found that the human isolates from 2014/2015 had a slight, non-significant difference in their affinity for human-like sialic acid receptors. In contrast, they showed significant differences in their replication kinetics in MDCK, MDCK-SIAT, and A549 cells as well as in embryonated chicken eggs. An antiviral bioassay study revealed that all of the isolates were susceptible to amantadine. Therefore, further investigation and monitoring is required to correlate the genetic and/or antigenic changes of the emerging HPAI H5N1 viruses with possible alteration in their characteristics and their potential to become a further threat to public health.
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36
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Shanta IS, Hasnat MA, Zeidner N, Gurley ES, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Sharker MAY, Hossain K, Khan SU, Haider N, Bhuyan AA, Hossain MA, Luby SP. Raising Backyard Poultry in Rural Bangladesh: Financial and Nutritional Benefits, but Persistent Risky Practices. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1454-1464. [PMID: 27311406 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Poultry is commonly raised by households in rural Bangladesh. In 2007, the Government of Bangladesh began a mass media campaign to disseminate 10 recommended precautions to prevent transmission of H5N1 from poultry to humans. This longitudinal study explored the contribution of backyard poultry on household economy and nutrition and compared poultry-raising practices to government recommendations. From 2009 to 2012, we enrolled a nationally representative sample of 2489 primary backyard poultry raisers from 115 rural villages selected by probability proportional to population size. Researchers interviewed the raisers to collect data on poultry-raising practices. They followed the raisers for 2-12 months to collect data on household income and nutrition from poultry. Income from backyard poultry flocks accounted for 2.8% of monthly household income. Return on annual investment (ROI) per flock was 480%. Yearly, median family consumption of eggs was one-fifth of the total produced eggs and three poultry from their own flock. Respondents' reported practices conflicted with government recommendations. Sixty per cent of raisers had never heard of avian influenza or 'bird flu'. Among the respondents, 85% handled sick poultry or poultry that died due to illness, and 49% slaughtered or defeathered sick poultry. In 37% of households, children touched poultry. Fifty-eight per cent never washed their hands with soap after handling poultry, while <1% covered their nose and mouth with a cloth when handling poultry. Only 3% reported poultry illness and deaths to local authorities. These reported practices did not improve during the study period. Raising backyard poultry in rural Bangladesh provides important income and nutrition with an excellent ROI. Government recommendations to reduce the risk of avian influenza transmission did not impact the behaviour of poultry producers. Further research should prioritize developing interventions that simultaneously reduce the risk of avian influenza transmission and increase productivity of backyard poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - E Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M A Y Sharker
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - S U Khan
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - N Haider
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Section for Epidemiology, DTU vet, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A A Bhuyan
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Hossain
- Department of Livestock Service, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S P Luby
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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37
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Dash SK, Kumar M, Kataria JM, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Kulkarni DD. Partial heterologous protection by low pathogenic H9N2 virus against natural H9N2-PB1 gene reassortant highly pathogenic H5N1 virus in chickens. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Wang Y, Yuan X, Qi L, Zhang Y, Xu H, Yang J, Ai W, Qi W, Liao M, Wang D, Song M, Li F. H9N2 avian influenza virus-derived natural reassortant H5N2 virus in swan containing the hemagglutinin segment from Eurasian H5 avian influenza virus with an in-frame deletion of four basic residues in the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:17-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Richard M, Fouchier RAM. Influenza A virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:68-85. [PMID: 26385895 PMCID: PMC5006288 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses of humans originate from animals. For instance, there are now eight paramyxoviruses, four coronaviruses and four orthomxoviruses that cause recurrent epidemics in humans but were once confined to other hosts. In the last decade, several members of the same virus families have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans. Fortunately, these viruses have not become established in humans, because they lacked the ability of sustained transmission between humans. However, these outbreaks highlighted the lack of understanding of what makes a virus transmissible. In part triggered by the relatively high frequency of occurrence of influenza A virus zoonoses and pandemics, the influenza research community has started to investigate the viral genetic and biological traits that drive virus transmission via aerosols or respiratory droplets between mammals. Here we summarize recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for airborne transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses of subtypes H5, H7 and H9 and pandemic viruses of subtypes H1, H2 and H3. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of respiratory virus transmission is not only key from a basic scientific perspective, but may also aid in assessing the risks posed by zoonotic viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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Prevalence of avian influenza virus in wild birds before and after the HPAI H5N8 outbreak in 2014 in South Korea. J Microbiol 2015; 53:475-80. [PMID: 26115997 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus outbreaks have occurred five times in Korea, with four HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and one HPAI H5N8 outbreak. Migratory birds have been suggested to be the first source of HPAI in Korea. Here, we surveyed migratory wild birds for the presence of AI and compared regional AI prevalence in wild birds from September 2012 to April 2014 for birds having migratory pathways in South Korea. Finally, we investigated the prevalence of AI in migratory birds before and after HPAI H5N8 outbreaks. Overall, we captured 1617 migratory wild birds, while 18,817 feces samples and 74 dead birds were collected from major wild bird habitats. A total of 21 HPAI viruses were isolated from dead birds, and 86 low pathogenic AI (LPAI) viruses were isolated from captured birds and from feces samples. Spatiotemporal distribution analysis revealed that AI viruses were spread southward until December, but tended to shift north after January, consistent with the movement of migratory birds in South Korea. Furthermore, we found that LPAI virus prevalences within wild birds were notably higher in 2013-2014 than the previous prevalence during the northward migration season. The data from our study demonstrate the importance of the surveillance of AI in wild birds. Future studies including in-depth genetic analysis in combination with evaluation of the movement and ecology of migratory birds might help us to bridge the gaps in our knowledge and better explain, predict, and ultimately prevent future HPAI outbreaks.
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41
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Naguib MM, Arafa ASA, El-Kady MF, Selim AA, Gunalan V, Maurer-Stroh S, Goller KV, Hassan MK, Beer M, Abdelwhab EM, Harder TC. Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:278-91. [PMID: 26049044 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Egypt, since 2006, descendants of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP AIV) H5N1 of clade 2.2 continue to cause sharp losses in poultry production and seriously threaten public health. Potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses established an endemic status in poultry in Egypt as well and co-circulate with HP AIV H5N1 rising concerns of reassortments between H9N2 and H5N1 viruses along with an increase of mixed infections of poultry. Nucleotide sequences of whole genomes of 15 different isolates (H5N1: 7; H9N2: 8), and of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) encoding segments of nine further clinical samples (H5N1: 2; H9N2: 7) from 2013 and 2014 were generated and analysed. The HA of H5N1 viruses clustered with clade 2.2.1 while the H9 HA formed three distinguishable subgroups within cluster B viruses. BEAST analysis revealed that H9N2 viruses are likely present in Egypt since 2009. Several previously undescribed substituting mutations putatively associated with host tropism and virulence modulation were detected in different proteins of the analysed H9N2 and H5N1 viruses. Reassortment between HP AIV H5N1 and H9N2 is anticipated in Egypt, and timely detection of such events is of public health concern. As a rapid tool for detection of such reassortants discriminative SYBR-Green reverse transcription real-time PCR assays (SG-RT-qPCR), targeting the internal genes of the Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses were developed for the rapid screening of viral RNAs from both virus isolates and clinical samples. However, in accordance to Sanger sequencing, no reassortants were found by SG-RT-qPCR. Nevertheless, the complex epidemiology of avian influenza in poultry in Egypt will require sustained close observation. Further development and continuing adaptation of rapid and cost-effective screening assays such as the SG-RT-qPCR protocol developed here are at the basis of efforts for improvement the currently critical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Satar A Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Poultry Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Selim
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671 Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551 Singapore, Singapore; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 169854 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katja V Goller
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed K Hassan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Martin Beer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E M Abdelwhab
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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42
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Haque ME, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Molecular evolution of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh between 2007 and 2012. Avian Pathol 2015; 43:183-94. [PMID: 24689433 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.898244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Bangladesh, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 was first detected in February 2007. Since then the virus has become entrenched in poultry farms of Bangladesh. There have so far been seven human cases of H5N1 HPAI infection in Bangladesh with one death. The objective of the present study was to investigate the molecular evolution of H5N1 HPAI viruses during 2007 to 2012. Partial or complete nucleotide sequences of all eight gene segments of two chicken isolates, five gene segments of a duck isolate and the haemagglutinin gene segment of 18 isolates from Bangladesh were established in the present study and subjected to molecular analysis. In addition, full-length sequences of different gene segments of other Bangladeshi H5N1 isolates available in GenBank were included in the analysis. The analysis revealed that the first introduction of clade 2.2 virus in Bangladesh in 2007 was followed by the introduction of clade 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4 viruses in 2011. However, only clade 2.3.2.1 viruses could be isolated in 2012, indicating progressive replacement of clade 2.2 and 2.3.4 viruses. There has been an event of segment re-assortment between H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh, where H5N1 virus acquired the PB1 gene from a H9N2 virus. Point mutations have accumulated in Bangladeshi isolates over the last 5 years with potential modification of receptor binding site and antigenic sites. Extensive and continuous molecular epidemiological studies are necessary to monitor the evolution of circulating avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Haque
- a Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science , Bangladesh Agricultural University , Mymensingh , Bangladesh
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Yu M, Zhang K, Qi W, Huang Z, Ye J, Ma Y, Liao M, Ning Z. Expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines in the lung and brain of avian influenza virus H9N2 infected BALB/c mice. Virol J 2014; 11:229. [PMID: 25547136 PMCID: PMC4296676 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) becomes the focus for its ability of transmission to mammals and as a donor to provide internal genes to form the new epidemic lethal influenza viruses. Residue 627 in PB2 has been proven the virulence factor of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice, but the detailed data for inflammation difference between H9N2 virus strains with site 627 mutation is still unclear. The inflammasome NLRP3 is recently reported as the cellular machinery responsible for activation of inflammatory processes and plays an important role during the development of inflammation caused by influenza virus infection. Methods In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines of IL-1β and TNF-α in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 AIV strains with only a site 627 difference at both mRNA and protein levels at different time points. Results The results showed that the expression level of NLRP3, IL-1β and TNF-α changed in the lung and brain of BALB/c mice after infection by VK627 and rVK627E. The immunohistological results showed that the positive cells of NLRP3, IL-1β and TNF-α altered the positive levels of original cells in tissues and infiltrated inflammatory cells which caused by H9N2 infection. Conclusions Our results provided the basic data at differences in expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 influenza viruses with only a site 627 difference. This implied that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in host response to influenza virus infection and determines the outcome of clinical manifestation and pathological injury. This will explain the variable of pathological presentation in tissues and enhance research on inflammation process of the AIV H9N2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaizhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhui Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Genesis of avian influenza H9N2 in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e88. [PMID: 26038507 PMCID: PMC4317637 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza subtype H9N2 is endemic in many bird species in Asia and the Middle East and has contributed to the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8, which are potential pandemic threats. H9N2 viruses that have spread to Bangladesh have acquired multiple gene segments from highly pathogenic (HP) H7N3 viruses that are presumably in Pakistan and currently cocirculate with HP H5N1. However, the source and geographic origin of these H9N2 viruses are not clear. We characterized the complete genetic sequences of 37 Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses isolated in 2011–2013 and investigated their inter- and intrasubtypic genetic diversities by tracing their genesis in relationship to other H9N2 viruses isolated from neighboring countries. H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh are homogenous with several mammalian host-specific markers and are a new H9N2 sublineage wherein the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is derived from an Iranian H9N2 lineage (Mideast_B Iran), the neuraminidase (NA) and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes are from Dubai H9N2 (Mideast_C Dubai), and the non-structural protein (NS), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein (MP), polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1) genes are from HP H7N3 originating from Pakistan. Different H9N2 genotypes that were replaced in 2006 and 2009 by other reassortants have been detected in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses suggest that the current genotype descended from the prototypical H9N2 lineage (G1), which circulated in poultry in China during the late 1990s and came to Bangladesh via the poultry trade within the Middle East, and that this genotype subsequently reassorted with H7N3 and H9N2 lineages from Pakistan and spread throughout India. Thus, continual surveillance of Bangladeshi HP H5N1, H7N3 and H9N2 is warranted to identify further evolution and adaptation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Shanmuganatham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka 1342, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | | | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - SMRabiul Alam
- Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka 1342, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - MKamrul Hasan
- Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka 1342, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Yu M, Qi W, Huang Z, Zhang K, Ye J, Liu R, Wang H, Ma Y, Liao M, Ning Z. Expression profile and histological distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 during H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:505-14. [PMID: 25265877 PMCID: PMC7087031 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus is a pandemic threat which has repeatedly caused infection in humans and shows enhanced replication and transmission in mice. Previous reports showed that host factors, the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein, can block the replication of pathogens and affect their pathogenesis. BALB/c mice are routine laboratory animals used in influenza virus research, but the effects of H9N2 influenza virus on tissue distribution and expression pattern of IFITM in these mice are unknown. Here, we investigated the expression patterns and tissue distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in BALB/c mice by infection with H9N2 AIV strains with only a PB2 residue 627 difference. The results showed that the expression patterns of ITITM1 and IFITM3 differ in various tissues of BALB/c mice at different time points after infection. IFITM1 and IFITM3 showed cell- and tissue-specific distribution in the lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain. Notably, the epithelial and neuronal cells all expressed the proteins of IFITM1 and IFITM3. Our results provide the first look at differences in IFITM1 and IFITM3 expression patterns in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 influenza viruses. This will enhance research on the interaction between AIV and host and further will elucidate the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection based on the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Shehata MM, Bagato O, Rubrum A, Shanmuganatham K, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt between 2011 and 2013. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2861-76. [PMID: 24990416 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 has been circulating in the Middle East since the 1990s. For uncertain reasons, H9N2 was not detected in Egyptian farms until the end of 2010. Circulation of H9N2 viruses in Egyptian poultry in the presence of the enzootic highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype adds a huge risk factor to the Egyptian poultry industry. In this study, 22 H9N2 viruses collected from 2011 to 2013 in Egypt were isolated and sequenced. The genomic signatures and protein sequences of these isolates were analyzed. Multiple mammalian-host-associated mutations were detected that favor transmission from avian to mammalian hosts. Other mutations related to virulence were also identified. Phylogenetic data showed that Egyptian H9N2 viruses were closely related to viruses isolated from neighboring Middle Eastern countries, and their HA gene resembled those of viruses of the G1-like lineage. No reassortment was detected with H5N1 subtypes. Serological analysis of H9N2 virus revealed antigenic conservation among Egyptian isolates. Accordingly, continuous surveillance that results in genetic and antigenic characterization of H9N2 in Egypt is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt
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Identification of amino acid changes that may have been critical for the genesis of A(H7N9) influenza viruses. J Virol 2014; 88:4877-96. [PMID: 24522919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00107-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Novel influenza A viruses of the H7N9 subtype [A(H7N9)] emerged in the spring of 2013 in China and had infected 163 people as of 10 January 2014; 50 of them died of the severe respiratory infection caused by these viruses. Phylogenetic studies have indicated that the novel A(H7N9) viruses emerged from reassortment of H7, N9, and H9N2 viruses. Inspections of protein sequences from A(H7N9) viruses and their immediate predecessors revealed several amino acid changes in A(H7N9) viruses that may have facilitated transmission and replication in the novel host. Since mutations that occurred more ancestrally may also have contributed to the genesis of A(H7N9) viruses, we inferred historical evolutionary events leading to the novel viruses. We identified a number of amino acid changes on the evolutionary path to A(H7N9) viruses, including substitutions that may be associated with host range, replicative ability, and/or host responses to infection. The biological significance of these amino acid changes can be tested in future studies. IMPORTANCE The novel influenza A viruses of the H7N9 subtype [A(H7N9)], which first emerged in the spring of 2013, cause severe respiratory infections in humans. Here, we performed a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the progenitors of A(H7N9) viruses to identify amino acid changes that may have been critical for the emergence of A(H7N9) viruses and their ability to infect humans. We provide a list of potentially important amino acid changes that can be tested for their significance for the influenza virus host range, replicative ability, and/or host responses to infection.
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48
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Multiple introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses into Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e11. [PMID: 26038508 PMCID: PMC3944120 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 influenza viruses are endemic to poultry markets in Bangladesh and have cocirculated since 2008. H9N2 influenza viruses circulated constantly in the poultry markets, whereas highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses occurred sporadically, with peaks of activity in cooler months. Thirty highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from poultry were characterized by antigenic, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.2.1 were isolated from live bird markets only. Phylogenetic analysis of the 30 H5N1 isolates revealed multiple introductions of H5N1 influenza viruses in Bangladesh. There was no reassortment between the local H9N2 influenza viruses and H5N1 genotype, despite their prolonged cocirculation. However, we detected two reassortant H5N1 viruses, carrying the M gene from the Chinese H9N2 lineage, which briefly circulated in the Bangladesh poultry markets and then disappeared. On the other hand, interclade reassortment occurred within H5N1 lineages and played a role in the genesis of the currently dominant H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Few ‘human-like' mutations in H5N1 may account for the limited number of human cases. Antigenically, clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh have evolved since their introduction and are currently mainly homogenous, and show evidence of recent antigenic drift. Although reassortants containing H9N2 genes were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh, these reassortants failed to supplant the dominant H5N1 lineage.
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