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Yang X, Yang X, Jiang W, Luo N, Hu Y, Yang Y, Yang X, Hou L, Zhang J, Hu C, Lin J. A cross-sectional investigation of factors influencing mpox vaccine hesitancy for students in Southwest China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2309704. [PMID: 38300140 PMCID: PMC10841021 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2309704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
From July to September 2023, China reported over 1, 400 confirmed cases of mpox transmitted mainly through sexual contact between males. Meanwhile, the percentage of men who have sex with men at universities in southwestern China is increasing every year, which is likely to lead to a potential spread of mpox on campuses. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure against infectious diseases, this study examined the willingness of university students in Southwest China to receive the mpox vaccine and analyzed the factors influencing their decision. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 7311 university students from 10 universities in Southwest China between August 13 and September 1, 2023. The survey revealed a hesitancy rate of 56.13% toward the mpox vaccine, with the most common reason being concerns about vaccine safety (1407/4104, 34.29%). Univariate analysis identified 13 variables that significantly differed between the vaccine acceptance and vaccine hesitancy groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated protective factors for vaccine hesitancy, such as sexually transmitted diseases, previous knowledge about mpox, frequent information about mpox, people can get reinfection of mpox, and worries about mpox endemic in China. Additionally, the confidence and convenience dimensions in the 3Cs model were identified as risk factors for mpox vaccine hesitancy. This study found a high rate of vaccine hesitancy among university students in Southwest China regarding the mpox vaccine. Collaboration between university and healthcare departments is recommended to address mpox vaccine hesitancy among college students, thereby promoting their willingness to receive the mpox vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of Operation Room, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xidan Yang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingli Hou
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Congxia Hu
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jihui Lin
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of LuZhou, School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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2
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Dhapola R, Kumari S, Sharma P, KumarKushawaha P, HariKrishnaReddy D. Update on monkeypox virus infection: Focusing current treatment and prevention approaches. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:465-478. [PMID: 38226405 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the world is still facing the global pandemic COVID-19, another zoonosis monkeypox (Mpox) has emerged posing a great threat to society. Insight into the pathogenesis, symptoms, and management strategies will aid in the development of potent therapeutics for the treatment of monkeypox virus infection. OBJECTIVES To get insight into the current treatment and prevention strategies will aid in effectively coping with the disease. METHODS For obtaining information regarding the ongoing treatment and prevention strategies and the drugs under pipeline, we referred to Google Scholar, Pub Med, Pub Chem, and WHO official site. RESULTS There are a few drugs that came out to be effective for the treatment of Mpox. Tecovirimat acts by inhibiting viral replication and viral wrapping. Another drug is cidofovir, which hinders the activity of viral DNA polymerase but has the drawback of nephrotoxicity. To overcome this, a conjugate of cidofovir is being used-known as brincidofovir-which has a similar mechanism as cidofovir but lesser toxicity. Ribavirin acts via inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDPH) thus disrupting viral translation. It also interferes with helicase activity. Tiazofurin, Adenosine N1 oxide, and HPMPA have shown efficacy in in-vitro studies by inhibiting IMPDH, DNA polymerase, and viral mRNA translation respectively. In-silico studies have proven the effect of nilotinib, simeprevir, and dihydroergotamine for Mpox treatment. They have shown binding affinity for proteins required for the growth and release of MPXV. Vaccines have also been employed for the prevention of Mpox, which includes JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, and VIGIV. CONCLUSION This review highlights the pathogenesis of the virus, disease manifestations, drugs, and vaccines that are being used and those under pipeline for the treatment and prevention of Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pramod KumarKushawaha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Araf Y, Nipa JF, Naher S, Maliha ST, Rahman H, Arafat KI, Munif MR, Uddin MJ, Jeba N, Saha S, Zhai J, Hasan SMN, Xue M, Hossain MG, Zheng C. Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:8839830. [PMID: 38836166 PMCID: PMC11150048 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8839830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Araf
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous Nipa
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, East West University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sabekun Naher
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Tasnim Maliha
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Ifthi Arafat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Raguib Munif
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Nurejunnati Jeba
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - S M Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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4
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Sagdat K, Batyrkhan A, Kanayeva D. Exploring monkeypox virus proteins and rapid detection techniques. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414224. [PMID: 38863833 PMCID: PMC11165096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is an infectious disease caused by the mpox virus and can potentially lead to fatal outcomes. It resembles infections caused by viruses from other families, challenging identification. The pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical manifestations of mpox and other Orthopoxvirus species are similar due to their closely related genetic material. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the roles of various proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins of mpox. It also highlights recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins to detect this infection rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damira Kanayeva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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5
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da Silva GB, de Carvalho Braga G, Simões JLB, Kempka AP, Bagatini MD. Cytokine storm in human monkeypox: A possible involvement of purinergic signaling. Cytokine 2024; 177:156560. [PMID: 38447385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Some evidence has indicated that monkeypox can induce a cytokine storm. Purinergic signaling is a cell pathway related to the cytokine storm. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to cytokine storms in monkeypox infections and the possible involvement of purinergic signaling in the immune response to this virus remain unknown. In this review article, we aimed to highlight a body of scientific evidence that consolidates the role of the cytokine storm in monkeypox infection and proposes a new hypothesis regarding the roles of purinergic signaling in this immune-mediated mechanism. We further suggested some purinergic signaling modulators to mitigate the deleterious and aggravating effects of immune dysregulation in human monkeypox virus infection by inhibiting P2X3, P2X7, P2Y2, and P2Y12, reducing inflammation, and activating A1 and A2A receptors to promote an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilnei Bruno da Silva
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Aniela Pinto Kempka
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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6
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Rabaan AA, Alshahrani FS, Garout M, Alissa M, Mashraqi MM, Alshehri AA, Alsaleh AA, Alwarthan S, Sabour AA, Alfaraj AH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, Abduljabbar WA, Aljeldah M, Alestad JH. Repositioning of anti-infective compounds against monkeypox virus core cysteine proteinase: a molecular dynamics study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8. [PMID: 38652365 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) core cysteine proteinase (CCP) is one of the major drug targets used to examine the inhibitory action of chemical moieties. In this study, an in silico technique was applied to screen 1395 anti-infective compounds to find out the potential molecules against the MPXV-CCP. The top five hits were selected after screening and processed for exhaustive docking based on the docked score of ≤ -9.5 kcal/mol. Later, the top three hits based on the exhaustive-docking score and interaction profile were selected to perform MD simulations. The overall RMSD suggested that two compounds, SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate, showed a highly stable complex with a standard deviation of 0.18 and 0.23 nm, respectively. Later, the MM/GBSA binding free energies of complexes showed significant binding strength with ΔGTOTAL from -21.59 to -15 kcal/mol. This report reported the potential inhibitory activity of SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate against MPXV-CCP by competitively inhibiting the binding of the native substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Fatimah S Alshahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 11362, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, 34222, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 34212, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Sabour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, 33261, Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical laboratory sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, 21134, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, 39831, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehan H Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UK.
- Microbiology Department, Collage of Medicine, 46300, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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7
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Monzón S, Varona S, Negredo A, Vidal-Freire S, Patiño-Galindo JA, Ferressini-Gerpe N, Zaballos A, Orviz E, Ayerdi O, Muñoz-Gómez A, Delgado-Iribarren A, Estrada V, García C, Molero F, Sánchez-Mora P, Torres M, Vázquez A, Galán JC, Torres I, Causse Del Río M, Merino-Diaz L, López M, Galar A, Cardeñoso L, Gutiérrez A, Loras C, Escribano I, Alvarez-Argüelles ME, Del Río L, Simón M, Meléndez MA, Camacho J, Herrero L, Jiménez P, Navarro-Rico ML, Jado I, Giannetti E, Kuhn JH, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Di Paola N, Kugelman JR, Guerra S, García-Sastre A, Cuesta I, Sánchez-Seco MP, Palacios G. Monkeypox virus genomic accordion strategies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3059. [PMID: 38637500 PMCID: PMC11026394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2023 monkeypox (mpox) epidemic was caused by a subclade IIb descendant of a monkeypox virus (MPXV) lineage traced back to Nigeria in 1971. Person-to-person transmission appears higher than for clade I or subclade IIa MPXV, possibly caused by genomic changes in subclade IIb MPXV. Key genomic changes could occur in the genome's low-complexity regions (LCRs), which are challenging to sequence and are often dismissed as uninformative. Here, using a combination of highly sensitive techniques, we determine a high-quality MPXV genome sequence of a representative of the current epidemic with LCRs resolved at unprecedented accuracy. This reveals significant variation in short tandem repeats within LCRs. We demonstrate that LCR entropy in the MPXV genome is significantly higher than that of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and that LCRs are not randomly distributed. In silico analyses indicate that expression, translation, stability, or function of MPXV orthologous poxvirus genes (OPGs), including OPG153, OPG204, and OPG208, could be affected in a manner consistent with the established "genomic accordion" evolutionary strategies of orthopoxviruses. We posit that genomic studies focusing on phenotypic MPXV differences should consider LCR variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2832, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Negredo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Vidal-Freire
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Orviz
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Ayerdi
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Gómez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Molero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Mora
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Galán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Causse Del Río
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Merino-Diaz
- Unidad Clínico de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcos López
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Galar
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Loras
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General y Universitario, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Escribano
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - María Simón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", 28947, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Angeles Meléndez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Navarro-Rico
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaina Giannetti
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Publica y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maripaz P Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Alhalaseh Y, Modi MB, Haddad S, Souchik A, Speiser JJ, Massarani-Wafai R, Dahiya M. Mpox Case Presenting With Genital Lesions and Proctitis. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:243-246. [PMID: 38457670 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus of the Poxviridae family, endemic to Africa. In August 2022, the US government declared it an emergency because of the worldwide spread. Traditionally, Mpox infection spreads through contact with infected animals. However, the 2022 outbreak Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data note that 94% of cases had recent male-to-male sexual or close intimate contact, suggesting a novel sexual transmission. In this article, we report a 39-year-old HIV-positive man presenting with a diffuse cutaneous rash, perianal pain, and bloody stool of 2-week duration. A medical history includes intravenous drug use and multiple sexual partners. Physical examination revealed umbilicated, tan-colored, crusted cutaneous papules scattered across the face, trunk, and genital regions. Perianal lesion biopsy showed an acanthotic epidermis with spongiosis, ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes, and the formation of multinucleated syncytial keratinocytes. A dermal superficial/lichenoid mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with multinucleated giant cells was noted. Perianal lesion polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for Mpox. Colonoscopy revealed a 3-cm circumferential rectal ulcer with gray exudate and necrosis. A rectal ulcer biopsy showed an ulcerated mucosa with acute proctitis and necrosis. There were scattered macrophages with intranuclear inclusion and glassy vacuolization, and Mpox infection was confirmed by immunostaining with a Mpox-specific anti-Vaccinia virus antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Alhalaseh
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Mitul B Modi
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Sandra Haddad
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Adam Souchik
- Department of Dermatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Jodi J Speiser
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Razan Massarani-Wafai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medical Services, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Madhu Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medical Services, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
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9
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Ni X, Wang K, Han Y, Lei J. Structural analysis of conformational changes in the mpox virus A7 protein. Virol Sin 2024; 39:331-334. [PMID: 38159644 PMCID: PMC11074635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
•Phospholipid-binding abilities of mpox virus A7 protein and its truncations are investigated. •The structures of the N-terminal truncations of A7 protein (A7N121 and A7N137) are determined. •Conformational changes of the conserved linking helix in A7 are illustrated. •A structural model of the full-length A7 protein is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Ni
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kai Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinze Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Rani I, Joshi H, Sharma U, Kaur J, Sood S, Ramniwas S, Chauhan A, Abdulabbas HS, Tuli HS. Potential use of cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat drugs in fighting monkeypox infection: recent trends and advancements. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2055-2065. [PMID: 37837475 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of more recent pandemic outbreaks including COVID-19 and monkeypox. A multinational monkeypox outbreak creates a complex situation that necessitates countermeasures to the existing quo. The first incidence of monkeypox was documented in the 1970s, and further outbreaks led to a public health emergency of international concern. Yet as of right now, neither vaccines nor medicines are certain to treat monkeypox. Even the inability of conducting human clinical trials has prevented thousands of patients from receiving effective disease management. The current state of the disease's understanding, the treatment options available, financial resources, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state are the major obstacles to controlling epidemics. The current review focuses on the epidemiology of monkeypox, scientific ideas, and available treatments, including potential monkeypox therapeutic methods. As a result, a thorough understanding of monkeypox literature will facilitate in the development of new therapeutic medications for the prevention and treatment of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, Ambala, 134007, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shivani Sood
- GIOSTAR-USA, Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, Mohali, 140308, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51002, Iraq
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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11
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Yang CH, Song AL, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Cross-species transmission and host range genes in poxviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:177-193. [PMID: 38272237 PMCID: PMC11074647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent epidemic of human mpox, caused by mpox virus (MPXV), raises concerns about the future spread of MPXV and other poxviruses. MPXV is a typical zoonotic virus which can infect human and cause smallpox-like symptoms. MPXV belongs to the Poxviridae family, which has a relatively broad host range from arthropods to vertebrates. Cross-species transmission of poxviruses among different hosts has been frequently reported and resulted in numerous epidemics. Poxviruses have a complex linear double-strand DNA genome that encodes hundreds of proteins. Genes related to the host range of poxvirus are called host range genes (HRGs). This review briefly introduces the taxonomy, phylogeny and hosts of poxviruses, and then comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge about the cross-species transmission of poxviruses. In particular, the HRGs of poxvirus are described and their impacts on viral host range are discussed in depth. We hope that this review will provide a comprehensive perspective about the current progress of researches on cross-species transmission and HRG variation of poxviruses, serving as a valuable reference for academic studies and disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - A-Ling Song
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
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12
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Brien SC, LeBreton M, Doty JB, Mauldin MR, Morgan CN, Pieracci EG, Ritter JM, Matheny A, Tafon BG, Tamoufe U, Missoup AD, Nwobegahay J, Takuo JM, Nkom F, Mouiche MMM, Feussom JMK, Wilkins K, Wade A, McCollum AM. Clinical Manifestations of an Outbreak of Monkeypox Virus in Captive Chimpanzees in Cameroon, 2016. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S275-S284. [PMID: 38164967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a reemerging virus of global concern. An outbreak of clade I MPXV affected 20 captive chimpanzees in Cameroon in 2016. We describe the epidemiology, virology, phylogenetics, and clinical progression of this outbreak. Clinical signs included exanthema, facial swelling, perilaryngeal swelling, and eschar. Mpox can be lethal in captive chimpanzees, with death likely resulting from respiratory complications. We advise avoiding anesthesia in animals with respiratory signs to reduce the likelihood of death. This outbreak presented a risk to animal care staff. There is a need for increased awareness and a One Health approach to preparation for outbreaks in wildlife rescue centers in primate range states where MPXV occurs. Control measures should include quarantining affected animals, limiting human contacts, surveillance of humans and animals, use of personal protective equipment, and regular decontamination of enclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Brien
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
- Ape Action Africa, Mefou Park, Cameroon
| | | | - Jeffrey B Doty
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew R Mauldin
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clint N Morgan
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily G Pieracci
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey Matheny
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Alain D Missoup
- Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Moctar M M Mouiche
- Mosaic, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaounderé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Marc K Feussom
- Cameroon Epidemiological Network for Animal Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Andrea M McCollum
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Kabir F, Plaisance E, Portman A, Marfo A, Cirrincione K, Silva D, Amadi V, Stringer J, Short L. Mpox Viral Lineage Analysis and Technique Development Using Next-generation Sequencing Approach. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S163-S171. [PMID: 37968965 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to Mpox endemic and public health emergency, DCHHS aimed to develop NGS based techniques to streamline Mpox viral clade and lineage analysis. METHODS The Mpox sequencing workflow started with DNA extraction and adapted Illumina's COVIDSeq assay using hMpox primer pools from Yale School of Public Health. Sequencing steps included cDNA amplification, tagmentation, PCR indexing, pooling libraries, sequencing on MiSeq, data analysis, and report generation. The bioinformatic analysis comprised read assembly and consensus sequence mapping to reference genomes and variant identification, and utilized pipelines including Illumina BaseSpace, NextClade, CLC Workbench, Terra.bio for data quality control (QC) and validation. RESULTS In total, 171 mpox samples were sequenced using modified COVIDSeq workflow and QC metrics were assessed for read quality, depth, and coverage. Multiple analysis pipelines identified the West African clade IIb as the only clade during peak Mpox infection from July through October 2022. Analyses also indicated lineage B.1.2 as the dominant variant comprising the majority of Mpox viral genomes (77.7%), implying its geographical distribution in the United States. Viral sequences were uploaded to GISAID EpiPox. CONCLUSIONS We developed NGS workflows to precisely detect and analyze mpox viral clade and lineages aiding in public health genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farruk Kabir
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erin Plaisance
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Agnes Marfo
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - David Silva
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Victor Amadi
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joey Stringer
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luke Short
- Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Giorgi FM, Pozzobon D, Di Meglio A, Mercatelli D. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the recent Mpox outbreak. Vaccine 2024; 42:1841-1849. [PMID: 38311533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox (formerly named Monkeypox) virus is the etiological cause of a recent multi-country outbreak, with thousands of distinct cases detected outside the endemic areas of Africa as of December 2023. In this article, we analyze the sequences of full genomes of Mpox virus from Europe and compare them with all available Mpox sequences of historical relevance, annotated by year and geographic origin, as well as related Cowpox and Variola (smallpox) virus sequences. Our results show that the recent outbreak is most likely originating from the West African clade of Mpox, with >99 % sequence identity with sequences derived from historical and recent cases, dating from 1971 to 2017. We analyze specific mutations occurring in viral proteins between the current outbreak, previous Mpox and Cowpox sequences, and the historical Variola virus. Genome-wide sequence analysis of the recent outbreak and other Mpox/Cowpox/Variola viruses shows a very high conservation, with 97.9 % (protein-based) and 97.8 % (nucleotide-based) sequence identity. We identified significant correlation in human transcriptional responses as well, with a conserved immune pathway response induced in human cell cultures by the three families of Pox virus. The similarities identified between the major strains of Pox viruses, as well as within the Mpox clades, both at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, provide a molecular basis for the observed efficacy of Variola vaccines in other Poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniele Pozzobon
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Meglio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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15
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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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16
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Kumar A, Singh N, Anvikar AR, Misra G. Monkeypox virus: insights into pathogenesis and laboratory testing methods. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38357674 PMCID: PMC10861412 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that transmits between monkeys and humans, exhibiting clinical similarities with the smallpox virus. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of MPXV revealed that an initial strong innate immune response is elicited on viral infection that subsequently helps in circumventing the host defense. Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global public health emergency in July 2022, it became essential to clearly demarcate the MPXV-induced symptoms from other viral infections. We have exhaustively searched the various databases involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline to extract the information comprehensively compiled in this review. The primary focus of this review is to describe the diagnostic methods for MPXV such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays, along with developments in viral isolation, imaging techniques, and next-generation sequencing. These innovative technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Significant discoveries involving MPXV immunopathogenesis have also been highlighted. Overall, this will be a knowledge repertoire that will be crucial for the development of efficient monitoring and control strategies in response to the MPXV infection helping clinicians and researchers in formulating healthcare strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Neeraj Singh
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Gauri Misra
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
- Head Molecular Diagnostics and COVID-19 Kit Testing Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), Noida, U.P. 201309 India
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17
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Casimiro‐Soriguer CS, Perez‐Florido J, Lara M, Camacho‐Martinez P, Merino‐Diaz L, Pupo‐Ledo I, de Salazar A, Fuentes A, Viñuela L, Chueca N, Martinez‐Martinez L, Lorusso N, Lepe JA, Dopazo J, Garcia F. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the monkeypox outbreak in the South of Spain. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1965. [PMID: 38524774 PMCID: PMC10957719 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Until the May 2022 Monkeypox (MPXV) outbreak, which spread rapidly to many non-endemic countries, the virus was considered a viral zoonosis limited to some African countries. The Andalusian circuit of genomic surveillance was rapidly applied to characterize the MPXV outbreak in the South of Spain. Methods Whole genome sequencing was used to obtain the genomic profiles of samples collected across the south of Spain, representative of all the provinces of Andalusia. Phylogenetic analysis was used to study the relationship of the isolates and the available sequences of the 2022 outbreak. Results Whole genome sequencing of a total of 160 MPXV viruses from the different provinces that reported cases were obtained. Interestingly, we report the sequences of MPXV viruses obtained from two patients who died. While one of the isolates bore no noteworthy mutations that explain a potential heightened virulence, in another patient the second consecutive genome sequence, performed after the administration of tecovirimat, uncovered a mutation within the A0A7H0DN30 gene, known to be a prime target for tecovirimat in its Vaccinia counterpart. In general, a low number of mutations were observed in the sequences reported, which were very similar to the reference of the 2022 outbreak (OX044336), as expected from a DNA virus. The samples likely correspond to several introductions of the circulating MPXV viruses from the last outbreak. The virus sequenced from one of the two patients that died presented a mutation in a gene that bears potential connections to drug resistance. This mutation was absent in the initial sequencing before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Casimiro‐Soriguer
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Javier Perez‐Florido
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Maria Lara
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Pedro Camacho‐Martinez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Laura Merino‐Diaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Pupo‐Ledo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
| | - Adolfo de Salazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Ana Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Laura Viñuela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Luis Martinez‐Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Unit of Microbiology, University Hospital Reina SofiaCordobaSpain
- Departamento de Química AgrícolaEdafología y Microbiología, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)CórdobaSpain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaSevillaSpain
| | - Jose A. Lepe
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Unidad Clínica Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSevillaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Medicine Platform, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of SevilleSevilleSpain
- FPS/ELIXIR‐ES, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health‐FPSSevillaSpain
| | - Federico Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), ISCIIIMadridSpain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario San CecilioGranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
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Tan DHS, Pico Espinosa O, Matelski J, Khera SS, Qamar A, Persaud R, Hurst JR, Ly A, Lam J, Naghibosadat M, Christie N, Hasso M, Gough K, Taggart LR, Tan C, Ostrowski M, Ma H, Gray-Owen SD, Kozak R, Mishra S. Longitudinal Analysis of Mpox Virus DNA Detectability From Multiple Specimen Types During Acute Illness: A Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae073. [PMID: 38390463 PMCID: PMC10883290 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal data on the detectability of monkeypox virus (MPXV) genetic material in different specimen types are scarce. Methods We describe MPXV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results from adults with confirmed mpox infection from Toronto, Canada, including a cohort undergoing weekly collection of specimens from multiple anatomic sites until 1 week after skin lesions had fully healed. We quantified the time from symptom onset to resolution of detectable viral DNA (computed tomography [Ct] ≥ 35) by modeling exponential decay in Ct value as a function of illness day for each site, censoring at the time of tecovirimat initiation. Results Among 64 men who have sex with men, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 39 (32.75-45.25) years, and 49% had HIV. Twenty received tecovirimat. Viral DNA was detectable (Ct < 35) at baseline in 74% of genital/buttock/perianal skin swabs, 56% of other skin swabs, 44% of rectal swabs, 37% of throat swabs, 27% of urine, 26% of nasopharyngeal swabs, and 8% of semen samples. The median time to resolution of detectable DNA (IQR) was longest for genital/buttock/perianal skin and other skin swabs at 30.0 (23.0-47.9) and 22.4 (16.6-29.4) days, respectively, and shortest for nasopharyngeal swabs and semen at 0 (0-12.1) and 0 (0-0) days, respectively. We did not observe an effect of tecovirimat on the rate of decay in viral DNA detectability in any specimen type (all P > .05). Conclusions MPXV DNA detectability varies by specimen type and persists for over 3-4 weeks in skin specimens. The rate of decay did not differ by tecovirimat use in this nonrandomized study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell H S Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oscar Pico Espinosa
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Matelski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreya S Khera
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Attia Qamar
- Scarborough Health Network, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reva Persaud
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacklyn R Hurst
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angel Ly
- Toronto High Containment Facility, Temerty Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Lam
- Toronto High Containment Facility, Temerty Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maedeh Naghibosadat
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Christie
- Toronto High Containment Facility, Temerty Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maan Hasso
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Gough
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda R Taggart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlie Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huiting Ma
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Toronto High Containment Facility, Temerty Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Ejaz M, Jabeen M, Sharif M, Syed MA, Shah PT, Faryal R. Human monkeypox: An updated appraisal on epidemiology, evolution, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300455. [PMID: 37867205 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The recent occurrence of Mpox infections has become a significant global issue in recent months. Despite being an old disease with a low mortality rate, the ongoing multicountry outbreak is atypical due to its occurrence in nonendemic countries. The current review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the literature pertaining to MPXV, with the aim of consolidating the existing data on the virus's epidemiological, biological, and clinical characteristics, as well as vaccination and treatment regimens against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, Government Postgraduate College Mandian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Momina Jabeen
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehmoona Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Pir T Shah
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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20
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Desingu PA, Rubeni TP, Nagarajan K, Sundaresan NR. Molecular evolution of 2022 multi-country outbreak-causing monkeypox virus Clade IIb. iScience 2024; 27:108601. [PMID: 38188513 PMCID: PMC10770499 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (Mpoxv) Clade IIb viruses that caused an outbreak in 2017-18 in Nigeria and its genetically related viruses have been detected in many countries and caused multi-country outbreak in 2022. Since the pandemic-causing Mpoxv Clade IIb viruses are closely related to Clade IIa viruses which mostly cause endemic, the Clade IIb Mpoxv might have certain specific genetic variations that are still largely unknown. Here, we have systematically analyzed genetic alterations in different clades of Mpox viruses. The results suggest that the Mpoxv Clade IIb have genetic variations in terms of genomic gaps, frameshift mutations, in-frame nonsense mutations, amino acid tandem repeats, and APOBEC3 mutations. Further, we observed specific genetic variations in the multiple genes specific for Clade I and Clade IIb, and exclusive genetic variations for Clade IIa and Clade IIb. Collectively, findings shed light on the evolution and genetic variations in the outbreak of 2022 causing Mpoxv Clade IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai 600007, Tamil Nadu
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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21
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Ogunleye SC, Akinsulie OC, Aborode AT, Olorunshola MM, Gbore D, Oladoye M, Adesola RO, Gbadegoye JO, Olatoye BJ, Lawal MA, Bakare AB, Adekanye O, Chinyere EC. The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: the role of one health. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1334238. [PMID: 38249416 PMCID: PMC10797020 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1334238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in rural communities and healthcare facilities. The One Health approach was emphasized as crucial in the prevention and management of this issue. Literature suggests that preventing repeated zoonotic introductions could potentially halt the transmission of the mpox virus from animal to human hosts, leading to a potential decrease in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seto C. Ogunleye
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan C. Akinsulie
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mercy M. Olorunshola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Gbore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Ridwan O. Adesola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Gbadegoye
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Nigeria College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
- Healthy Africans Platform, Research and Development, Ibada, Nigeria
| | | | - Mariam A. Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Akeem B. Bakare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibada, Nigeria
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22
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Adegboye O, Alele F, Pak A, Alakunle E, Emeto T, Leggat P, Okeke M. Monkeypox Outbreak 2022, from a Rare Disease to Global Health Emergence: Implications for Travellers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:355-368. [PMID: 38801590 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), poses a significant public health threat with the potential for global dissemination beyond its endemic regions in Central and West Africa. This study explores the multifaceted aspects of monkeypox, covering its epidemiology, genomics, travel-related spread, mass gathering implications, and economic consequences. Epidemiologically, mpox exhibits distinct patterns, with variations in age and gender susceptibility. Severe cases can arise in immunocompromised individuals, underscoring the importance of understanding the factors contributing to its transmission. Genomic analysis of MPXV highlights its evolutionary relationship with the variola virus and vaccinia virus. Different MPXV clades exhibit varying levels of virulence and transmission potential, with Clade I associated with higher mortality rates. Moreover, the role of recombination in MPXV evolution remains a subject of interest, with implications for understanding its genetic diversity. Travel and mass gatherings play a pivotal role in the spread of monkeypox. The ease of international travel and increasing globalization have led to outbreaks beyond African borders. The economic ramifications of mpox outbreaks extend beyond public health. Direct treatment costs, productivity losses, and resource-intensive control efforts can strain healthcare systems and economies. While vaccination and mitigation strategies have proven effective, the cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination in non-endemic countries remains a subject of debate. This study emphasizes the role of travel, mass gatherings, and genomics in its spread and underscores the economic impacts on affected regions. Enhancing surveillance, vaccination strategies, and public health measures are essential in controlling this emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia.
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Faith Alele
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Anton Pak
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, 640001, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus Emeto
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter Leggat
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Malachy Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, 640001, Nigeria
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23
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Kalaba MH, El-Sherbiny GM, Sharaf MH, Farghal EE. Biological Characteristics and Pathogenesis of Monkeypox Virus: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:91-109. [PMID: 38801573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although the smallpox virus has been eradicated worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a warning about the virus's potential to propagate globally. The WHO labeled monkeypox a world public health emergency in July 2022, requiring urgent prevention and treatment. The monkeypox virus is a part of the Poxviridae family, Orthopoxvirus genus, and is accountable for smallpox, which has killed over a million people in the past. Natural hosts of the virus include squirrels, Gambian rodents, chimpanzees, and other monkeys. The monkeypox virus has transmitted to humans through primary vectors (various animal species) and secondary vectors, including direct touch with lesions, breathing particles from body fluids, and infected bedding. The viral particles are ovoid or brick-shaped, 200-250 nm in diameter, contain a single double-stranded DNA molecule, and reproduce only in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Monkeypox causes fever, cold, muscle pains, headache, fatigue, and backache. The phylogenetic investigation distinguished between two genetic clades of monkeypox: the more pathogenic Congo Basin clade and the West Africa clade. In recent years, the geographical spread of the human monkeypox virus has accelerated despite a paucity of information regarding the disease's emergence, ecology, and epidemiology. Using lesion samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the monkeypox virus was diagnosed. In the USA, the improved Ankara vaccine can now be used to protect people who are at a higher risk of getting monkeypox. Antivirals that we have now work well against smallpox and may stop the spread of monkeypox, but there is no particular therapy for monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Kalaba
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El-Sherbiny
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed H Sharaf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Eman E Farghal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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24
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Shah BM, Modi P. Breaking Barriers: Current Advances and Future Directions in Mpox Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:62-76. [PMID: 38151842 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501281263231218070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox, a newly discovered zoonotic infection, can be transmitted from animal to human and between humans. Serological and genomic studies are used to identify the virus. OBJECTIVE Currently, there are no proven effective treatments for Mpox. Also, the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccinia immune globulin, oral Tecovirimat (an inhibitor of intracellular viral release), and oral Brincidofovir (a DNA polymerase inhibitor) against the Mpox virus are uncertain, highlighting the need for more effective and safe treatments. As a result, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy to identify previously licensed drugs that can be repurposed to treat Mpox. RESULTS Various approaches have been employed to identify previously approved drugs that can target specific Mpox virus proteins, including thymidylate kinase, D9 decapping enzyme, E8 protein, Topoisomerase1, p37, envelope proteins (D13, A26, and H3), F13 protein, virus's main cysteine proteases, and DNA polymerase. CONCLUSION In this summary, we provide an overview of potential drugs that could be used to treat Mpox and discuss the underlying biological processes of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Palmi Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L.J. University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
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25
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Anuraga G, Lang J, Xuan DTM, Ta HDK, Jiang JZ, Sun Z, Dey S, Kumar S, Singh A, Kajla G, Wang WJ, Wang CY. Integrated bioinformatics approaches to investigate alterations in transcriptomic profiles of monkeypox infected human cell line model. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:60-69. [PMID: 37992435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent re-emergence of the monkeypox (mpox) epidemic in nonendemic regions has raised concerns regarding a potential global outbreak. The mpox virus (MPV) is a smallpox-like virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus (family: Poxviridae). Although studies suggest that MPV infection suppresses the Toll-like receptor-3- and tumor necrosis factor-α-related signaling pathways, whether MPV regulates other immune-related pathways remains unclear. METHODS In this study, two distinct temporal patterns were used for establishing an MPV-infected human immortal epithelial cancer cell line (HeLa). These two durations 2 and 12 h of incubation were selected to identify the coregulated genes and pathways affected by MPV infection. RESULTS The use of the Gene Ontology framework, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome database, and MetaCore software yielded valuable insights. Specifically, various pathways were found to be enriched in HeLa cells infected with MPV for 2 and 12 h. These pathways included Notch, CD40, CD95, hypoxia-inducible factor-1-α, interleukin (IL)- 1, IL-6, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and oxidative stress-induced signalling pathways. Clusters and pathways of metabolism and viral replication cycles were significantly associated with the 2-hour infection group. This association was identified based on the regulation of genes such as HSPG2, RHPN2, MYL1, ASPHD2, CA9, VIPR1, SNX12, MGC2752, SLC25A1, PEX19, and AREG. Furthermore, clusters and pathways related to immunity and cell movement were found to be associated with the 12-hour infection group. This association was identified based on the regulation of genes such as C1orf21, C19orf48, HRK, IL8, GULP1, SCAND2, ATP5C1, FEZ1, SGSH, TACC2, CYP4X1, MMP1, CPB1, P2RY13, WDR27, PRPF4, and ENDOD1. CONCLUSIONS This study can improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and post-infection sequelae of mpox. Our findings provide valuable insights into the various modes of MPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangga Anuraga
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana, Surabaya, East Java 60234, Indonesia
| | - Jilu Lang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Cardiovascular Surgery and Department of Cardiac Vascular Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Do Thi Minh Xuan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hoang Dang Khoa Ta
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Zhen Jiang
- Emergency Department, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengda Sun
- Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Regional Laboratories, The Permanente Medical Group, 1725 Eastshore Hwy, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Sanskriti Dey
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ayushi Singh
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gagan Kajla
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Faculty of Biotechnology and Applied Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center and Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana, Surabaya, East Java 60234, Indonesia; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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26
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Dwivedi S, Singh V, Agrawal R, Misra R, Sadashiv, Fatima G, Abidi A, Misra S. Human Monkeypox Virus and Host Immunity: New Challenges in Diagnostics and Treatment Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:219-237. [PMID: 38801581 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV), responsible for human disease, has historically been limited to the African countries, with only a few isolated instances reported elsewhere in the world. Nevertheless, in recent years, there have been occurrences of monkeypox in regions where the disease is typically absent, which has garnered global interest. Within a period of less than four months, the incidence of MPXV infections has surged to over 48,000 cases, resulting in a total of 13 deaths. This chapter has addressed the genetics of the pox virus, specifically the human monkeypox virus, and its interaction with the immune systems of host organisms. The present chapter is skillfully constructed, encompassing diagnostic methodologies that span from traditional to developing molecular techniques. Furthermore, the chapter provides a succinct analysis of the therapeutic methods employed, potential future developments, and the various emerging difficulties encountered in illness management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India.
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India
| | - Ruchika Agrawal
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India
| | - Radhieka Misra
- Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sadashiv
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, 229405, India
| | - Ghizal Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Afroz Abidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Atal Bihari Bajpayee Medical University, Lucknow, 225001, India
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27
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Kumari R, Arya P, Yadav SP, Mishra RC, Yadav JP. Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) Infection: A Review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:76-82. [PMID: 38243966 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265258451231214063506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- Department of Psychology, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Surya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Yoga, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Ratish Chandra Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Department of Zoology, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
- Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, 122502, India
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Rastogi A, Kumar M. Current Status of Vaccine Development for Monkeypox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:289-300. [PMID: 38801585 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) of poxviridae family causes a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (Mpox). MPXV cases have a fatality ratio ranging from 0 to 11% globally and have been more prevalent in children. There are three generations of smallpox vaccines that protect against MPXV. First and second generation of the vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccine protects MPXV. However, various adverse side effects were associated with the first and second generations of vaccines. In contrast, the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) replication-incompetent vaccine shows fewer adverse effects and a significant amount of neutralizing antibodies in mammalian cells. A third-generation Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) was approved to prevent Mpox in 2019. Recently, MVA-BN-based Imvanex, Imvamune, and JYNNEOS vaccines have also been administered against MPXV. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency in May 2022 due to increased MPXV cases. Various computational studies have also designed a multi-epitope-based vaccine against the MPXV. In the multi-epitope-based vaccine, different epitopes like B-cell, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL), CD8+, and CD4+ epitopes were derived from MPXV proteins. Further, these epitopes were linked with the help of various linkers to design a multi-epitope vaccine against MPXV. In summary, we have provided an overview of the current status of the vaccine against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Rastogi
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zebardast A, Latifi T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Gholami Barzoki M, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S. Plausible reasons for the resurgence of Mpox (formerly Monkeypox): an overview. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2023; 9:23. [PMID: 38143281 PMCID: PMC10749502 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-023-00209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large and diversified viruses that cause an emerging zoonotic disease known as monkeypox (mpox). In the past, mpox predominated primarily in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa. Recently, the exportation of mpoxv from Africa to other continents has been progressively reported. However, the lack of travel history to Africa in most of the currently reported cases in 2022 promotes the sign of changing epidemiology of this disease. Concerns over the geographic distribution and continued resurgence of mpox is growing. In this review, we addressed the geographic distribution, transmission, reasons for the resurgence of mpox, and vaccination. Although the precise cause of the resurgence in mpox cases is mostly unknown, several suggested factors are believed to be waning immunity, accumulation of unvaccinated people, ecological conditions, risk behaviors of men who have sex with men, and genetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Zebardast
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Gholami Barzoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Yu J, Zhang X, Liu J, Xiang L, Huang S, Xie X, Fang L, Lin Y, Zhang M, Wang L, He J, Zhang B, Di B, Peng B, Liang J, Shen C, Zhao W, Li B. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the first local monkeypox virus cluster in Guangdong Province, China. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8241. [PMID: 38086870 PMCID: PMC10716143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The first local mpox outbreak in Guangdong Province, China occurred in June 2023. However, epidemiological data have failed to quickly identify the source and transmission of the outbreak. Here, phylogeny and molecular evolution of 10 monkeypox virus (MPXV) genome sequences from the Guangdong outbreak were characterized, revealing local silent transmissions that may have occurred in Guangdong whose mpox outbreaks suggested a molecular epidemiological correlation with Portugal and several regions of China during the same period. The lineage IIb C.1, which includes all 10 MPXV from Guangdong, shows consistent temporal continuity in both phylogenetic characteristics and unique molecular evolutionary mutation spectrum, reflected in the continuous increase of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and shared mutations over time. Compared with the Japan MPXV, the Guangdong MPXV showed higher genomic nucleotide differences and separated 14 shared mutations from the B.1 lineage, comprising 6 non-synonymous mutations in genes linked to host regulation, virus infection, and virus life cycle. The unique mutation spectrum with temporal continuity in IIb C.1, related to apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3, promotes rapid viral evolution and diversification. The findings contribute to understanding the ongoing mpox outbreak in China and offer insights for developing joint prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Linlin Xiang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Shen Huang
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Xiaoting Xie
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Linqing Wang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Biao Di
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1 Qide Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510440, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518055, China
| | - Jingtao Liang
- Foshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3 Yingyin Road, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528010, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Baisheng Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emerging Infectious Disease Response, No. 160 Qunxian Road, Dashi Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511430, China.
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Okwor T, Mbala PK, Evans DH, Kindrachuk J. A contemporary review of clade-specific virological differences in monkeypox viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1502-1507. [PMID: 37507009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that has had on-going public health impacts in endemic regions of Central and West Africa for over a half-century. Historically, the MPXV clade endemic in regions of Central Africa is associated with higher morbidity and mortality as compared with the clade endemic in West Africa. OBJECTIVES Here, we review the virological characteristics of MPXV and discuss potential relationships between virulence factors and clade- (and subclade-) specific differences in virulence and transmission patterns. SOURCES Targeted search was conducted in PubMed using ((monkeypox virus) OR (Orthopoxvirus)) AND (zoonosis)) OR ((monkeypox) OR (human mpox). CONTENT Forty-seven references were considered that included three publicly available data reports and/or press releases, one book chapter, and 44 published manuscripts. IMPLICATIONS Although zoonosis has been historically linked to emergence events in humans, epidemiological analyses of more recent outbreaks have identified increasing frequencies of human-to-human transmission. Furthermore, viral transmission during the 2022 global human mpox outbreak, caused by a recently identified MPXV subclade, has relied exclusively on human-to-human contact with no known zoonotic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochi Okwor
- Department of Planning, Research & Statistics, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Placide K Mbala
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Département de Biologie Médicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - David H Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Hirani R, Noruzi K, Iqbal A, Hussaini AS, Khan RA, Harutyunyan A, Etienne M, Tiwari RK. A Review of the Past, Present, and Future of the Monkeypox Virus: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons from COVID-19 for Global Health Security. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2713. [PMID: 38004725 PMCID: PMC10673257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox, a rare but significant zoonotic and orthopoxviral disease, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its recent resurgence in multiple countries throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania. The disease has emerged as a novel threat to the global health systems that are still striving to recover from the major shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The unusual manifestation of the illness highlights a substantial knowledge deficit and necessitates the immediate development of a public health action strategy, considering the epidemiological differences observed in the ongoing outbreak and the appearance of cases in non-endemic nations. This literature review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on monkeypox, encompassing its historical context, etiology, epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and recent outbreak. Particular attention is given to both advances and gaps in our understanding of monkeypox, and we point toward future directions for research and intervention efforts as pertains to vaccine development and distribution. Lastly, we will also review the recent outbreak through a sociopolitical lens as relates to decision-making strategies, especially given the lessons learned from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Hirani
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Kaleb Noruzi
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aroubah Iqbal
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Anum S. Hussaini
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rafay A. Khan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Aleksandr Harutyunyan
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Mill Etienne
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (R.H.); (A.I.); (R.A.K.)
- Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Koirala S, Samanta S, Mahapatra S, Ursal KD, Poddar S, Kar P. Molecular level investigation for identifying potential inhibitors against thymidylate kinase of monkeypox through in silico approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37909473 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The need for more advanced and effective monkeypox (Mpox) treatments has become evident with numerous Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreaks. Over the years, interest has increased in developing targeted medicines that are efficient, safe, and precise while avoiding adverse effects. Here, we screened 32409 compounds against thymidylate kinase (TMPK), an emerging target for Mpox treatment. We studied their pharmacological characteristics and analyzed those through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations followed by molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) based free energy calculations. According to our findings, the leads CID40777874 and CID28960001 had the highest binding affinities towards TMPK with ΔGbind of -8.04 and -5.58 kcal/mol, respectively, which outperformed our control drug cidofovir (ΔGbind = -2.92 kcal/mol) in terms of binding favourability. Additionally, we observed crucial TMPK dynamics brought on by ligand-binding and identified key residues such as Phe68 and Tyr101 as the critical points of the protein-ligand interaction. The DCCM analysis revealed the role of ligand binding in stabilizing TMPK's binding region, as indicated by residual correlation motions. Moreover, the PSN analysis revealed that the interaction with ligand induces changes in residual network properties, enhancing the stability of complexes. We successfully identified novel compounds that may serve as potential building blocks for constructing contemporary antivirals against MPXV and highlighted the molecular mechanisms underlying their binding with TMPK. Overall, our findings will play a significant role in advancing the development of new therapies against Mpox and facilitating a comprehensive understanding of their interaction patterns.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Sunanda Samanta
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Kapil Dattatray Ursal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
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Ferrareze PAG, Pereira E Costa RA, Thompson CE. Genomic characterization and molecular evolution of human monkeypox viruses. Arch Virol 2023; 168:278. [PMID: 37864757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is a member of the family Poxviridae, as are variola virus and vaccinia virus. It has a linear double-strand DNA genome approximately 197 kb long, containing ~190 non-overlapping ORFs. Comparison of members of the Central and West African clades shows the presence of unique genes that are associated with different disease presentations, depending on the strain. The last smallpox vaccination efforts ended in the mid-1980s, and there is concern about the recent spread of human monkeypox disease around the world. Almost 87,000 human monkeypox cases have been diagnosed in the world, of which more than 10,900 were in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and molecular evolution of hMpxV. From computational biology analysis of 640 hMpxV genomes from 1962 to 2022, synteny breaks and gene conservation were observed between Central and West clade genomes, and strains belonged with the 2022 outbreak assigned to the West African clade. Evidence was found for diversifying selective pressure at specific sites within protein coding sequences, acting on immunomodulatory processes. The existence of different sites under diversifying and purifying selection in paralog genes indicates adaptive mechanisms underlying the host-pathogen interaction of monkeypox virus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Aline Gröhs Ferrareze
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Elizabeth Thompson
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), 245/200C Sarmento Leite St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Akaishi T. Recently Added Frameshift Mutation in Human Monkeypox Virus (hMPXV) OPG191 Gene. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 261:103-107. [PMID: 37438121 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2023.j057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) has caused sporadic outbreaks intermittently across countries in recent years, with the largest outbreak in 2022. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study searched for recently developed structural variants of the viral genome. A total of 22 hMPXV whole genome sequences were randomly selected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank sequence database for initial screening. As a result, a recent frameshift mutation based on a 2-base insertion in a coding region was identified at the 3' terminal of the OPG191 gene, which encodes MPXVgp168 (B7R) protein. With this insertion, the protein was prematurely truncated, and the last 11 amino acids were missing, with 3 alternative amino acids added. Among the hMPXV genome sequences registered in the GenBank database as of January 2023, 61 sequences lacked the 2-base insertion and 3,362 sequences were inserted. All 61 sequences without mutations were collected before 2020, whereas 3,358 (99.9%) of the 3,362 sequences with the insertion were collected during or after 2022. These findings imply that a 2-base insertion has recently emerged and has been fixed among the virus population that prevailed in 2022. In summary, a recently emerged frameshift mutation with a 2-base insertion was identified in hMPXV OPG191 gene. Although the structural and functional consequences of this mutation on virulence and infectivity are unknown, research on the possible associations between this mutation and recent hMPXV outbreaks is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Akaishi
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University
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Lv Z, Ji F, Song J, Li P, Chen M, Chang J. Predicting the spatial structure of membrane protein and B-cell epitopes of the MPXV_VEROE6 strain of monkeypox virus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20386. [PMID: 37767496 PMCID: PMC10520823 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By targeting the membrane (M) proteins of monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain VEROE6, we analyzed its evolutionary hierarchy and predicted its dominant antigenic B-cell epitope to provide a theoretical basis for the development of MPXV epitope vaccines and related monoclonal antibodies. In this study, phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the nucleic acid sequences of MPXV and the amino acid sequences of M proteins. The 3D structure of the MPXV_VEROE6 M proteins was predicted with AlphaFold v2.0 and the dominant antigenic B-cell epitopes were comprehensively predicted by analyzing parameters such as flexible segments, the hydrophilic index, the antigenic index, and the protein surface probability. The results showed that the M protein of MPXV_VEROE6 contained 377 amino acids, and their spatial configuration was relatively regular with a turning and random coil structure. The results of a comprehensive multiparameter analysis indicated that possible B-cell epitopes were located in the 23-28, 57-63, 67-78, 80-93, 98-105, 125-131, 143-149, 201-206, 231-237, 261-270, 291-303, and 346-362 amino acid segments. This study elucidated the structural and evolutionary characteristics of MPXV membrane proteins with the aim of providing theoretical information for the development of epitope vaccines, rapid diagnostic reagents, and monoclonal antibodies for monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- The Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Active Components and Drug Release Technology, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- The Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Active Components and Drug Release Technology, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011,China
| | - Panpan Li
- The Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Active Components and Drug Release Technology, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junmin Chang
- The Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Active Components and Drug Release Technology, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
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Sharma E, Malhotra S, Kaul S, Jain N, Nagaich U. Unveiling the Mpox menace: exploring the intricacies of a zoonotic virus and clinical implications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116024. [PMID: 37481798 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an orthopoxvirus based zoonotic infection that induces a smallpox-like human illness. Since the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first human case of mpox in 1970, the disease has proliferated to other areas of Africa, predominantly the West, and Central, with instances recently confirmed outside of Africa. Reports of cases of mpox in 2022 have brought into light its re-emergence. Even though the smallpox vaccine protects against the mpox virus, new nonimmune generations contribute to the rising prevalence of the cases. People are coming into contact with potential hosts as a result of environmental factors, raising the probability of animal-to-human transmission. Mpox poses a more serious threat to previously unaffected nations as it is showing up in data provided by governmental bodies due to increased transmission risk brought on by globalization, armed conflict, and environmental factors. In this article, we have extensively covered the virology, etiology, and epidemiology of the disease. Various gene studies, recent drugs studied, and clinical trials pertaining to mpox have been incorporated in this review. Additionally, we have compiled a comprehensive analysis of various systematic reviews and meta-analyses concerning pregnancies complicated by mpox, retrospective studies examining mpox and HIV-coinfection, mpox in conjuction with SARS-CoV-2, and HIV coinfection, as well as case studies exploring the implications of mpox manifestations in conjunction with syphilis, gonorrhoea, myocarditis, and neuroinflammatory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Malhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shreya Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Basu K, Krugliak M, Arkin IT. Viroporins of Mpox Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13828. [PMID: 37762131 PMCID: PMC10530900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox or monkeypox virus (MPXV) belongs to the subclass of Poxviridae and has emerged recently as a global threat. With a limited number of anti-viral drugs available for this new virus species, it is challenging to thwart the illness it begets. Therefore, characterizing new drug targets in the virus may prove advantageous to curbing the disease. Since channels as a family are excellent drug targets, we have sought to identify viral ion channels for this virus, which are instrumental in formulating channel-blocking anti-viral drugs. Bioinformatics analyses yielded eight transmembranous proteins smaller or equal to 100 amino acids in length. Subsequently, three independent bacteria-based assays have pointed to five of the eight proteins that exhibit ion channel activity. Finally, we propose a tentative structure of four ion channels from their primary amino acid sequences, employing AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamic simulation methods. These results may represent the first steps in characterizing MPXV viroporins en route to developing blockers that inhibit their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaiah T. Arkin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (K.B.); (M.K.)
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Alsaiari AA, Hakami MA, Alotaibi BS, Alkhalil SS, Alkhorayef N, Khan K, Jalal K. Delineating multi-epitopes vaccine designing from membrane protein CL5 against all monkeypox strains: a pangenome reverse vaccinology approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37599459 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2248301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The recently identified monkeypox virus (MPXV or mpox) is a zoonotic orthopox virus that infects humans and causes diseases with traits like smallpox. The world health organization (WHO) estimates that 3-6% of MPXV cases result in death. As it might impact everyone globally, like COVID, and become the next pandemic, the cure for this disease is important for global public health. The high incidence and disease ratio of MPXV necessitates immediate efforts to design a unique vaccine candidate capable of addressing MPXV diseases. Here, we used a computational pan-genome-based vaccine design strategy for all currently reported 19 MPXV strains acquired from different regions of the world. Thus, this study's objective was to develop a new and safe vaccine candidate against MPXV by targeting the membrane CL5 protein; identified after the pangenome analysis. Proteomics and reverse vaccinology have covered up all of the MPXV epitopes that would usually stimulate robust host immune responses. Following this, only two mapped (MHC-I, MHC-II, and B-cell) epitopes were observed to be extremely effective that can be used in the construction of CL5 protein vaccine candidates. The suggested vaccine (V5) candidate from eight vaccine models was shown to be antigenic, non-allergenic, and stable (with 213 amino acids). The vaccine's candidate efficacy was evaluated by using many in silico methods to predict, improve, and validate its 3D structure. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that the proposed vaccine candidate ensemble has a high interaction energy with the HLAs and TRL2/4 immunological receptors under study. Later, the vaccine sequence was used to generate an expression vector for the E. coli K12 strain. Further study uncovers that V5 was highly immunogenic because it produced robust primary, secondary, and tertiary immune responses. Eventually, the use of computer-aided vaccine designing may significantly reduce costs and speed up the process of developing vaccines. Although, the results of this research are promising, however, more research (experimental; in vivo, and in vitro studies) is needed to verify the biological efficacy of the proposed vaccine against MPXV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader S Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia S Alkhalil
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alkhorayef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al- Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Podduturi S, Vemula D, Singothu S, Bhandari V. In-silico investigation of E8 surface protein of the monkeypox virus to identify potential therapeutic agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37555596 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2245041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The re-emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) in 2022 has become a global issue. The virus was first found in Denmark in 1958. The first human MPXV disease was reported in 1980 in Congo, caused by a rare zoonotic virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Like SARS-CoV, there are no specific drugs to treat this infection. Taking cues from the successful implementation of drug repositioning for the Covid-19 pandemic using in silico drug discovery. We employed structure-based drug design in the study to repurpose the existing drug and natural product derivatives libraries against MPXV. The E8 protein was chosen as a therapeutic target because it is a surface membrane protein involved in viral entry and adhesion to the host cell surface membrane. Our study was bifurcated into the following steps; determining and analyzing the structure of the E8, followed by structure-based virtual screening of different datasets (natural products obtained from bacteria and fungi and FDA-approved drugs) to identify the hits. Based on the best binding affinities and protein-ligand interactions, we further proceeded for molecular dynamic (MD) studies of the identified hits, which revealed Gabosine D (docking score = -8.469 kcal/mol, MM/GBSA dG bind = -41.6729 kcal/mol) and Edoxudine (docking score = -6.372 kcal/mol, MM/GBSA dG bind = -35.8291 kcal/mol) as the best lead molecules. MD simulation for 100 ns was performed in triplicate, and post MM/GBSA analysis was conducted, which proves the stability of the identified leads. In addition, their ADME profiles also confirmed their suitability as therapeutic options for the treatment of monkeypox.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shourya Podduturi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Divya Vemula
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siva Singothu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Li X, Habibipour S, Chou T, Yang OO. The role of APOBEC3-induced mutations in the differential evolution of monkeypox virus. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2308.03714v1. [PMID: 37608930 PMCID: PMC10441442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that newly sampled monkeypox virus (MPXV) genomes exhibit mutations consistent with Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide-like3 (APOBEC3)-mediated editing, compared to MPXV genomes collected earlier. It is unclear whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) result from APOBEC3-induced editing or are a consequence of genetic drift within one or more MPXV animal reservoirs. We develop a simple method based on a generalization of the General-Time-Reversible (GTR) model to show that the observed SNPs are likely the result of APOBEC3-induced editing. The statistical features allow us to extract lineage information and estimate evolutionary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Li
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sara Habibipour
- Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Rabaan AA, Alwashmi ASS, Mashraqi MM, Alshehri AA, Alawfi A, Alshengeti A, Najim MA, AlShehail BM, AlShahrani AJ, Garout M. Cheminformatics and machine learning approaches for repurposing anti-viral compounds against monkeypox virus thymidylate kinase. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10705-8. [PMID: 37531040 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the emerging epidemic concerns is Monkeypox disease which is spreading globally. This disease is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), with an increasing global incidence with an outbreak in 2022. One of the novel targets for monkeypox disease is thymidylate kinase, which is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. In this study, docking-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics techniques were employed in addition to the machine learning (ML) model to investigate the potential anti-viral natural small compounds to inhibit thymidylate kinase of MPXV. Several potential hits were identified through high-throughput virtual screening, and further top three candidates were selected, which ranked using the ML model. These three compounds were then examined under molecular dynamics simulation and MM/GBSA-binding free energy analysis. Among these, Chlorhexidine HCl showed high potential for binding to the thymidylate kinase with stable and consistent conformation with RMSD < 0.3 nm. The MM/GBSA analysis also showed the minimum binding free energy (ΔGTOTAL) of -62.41 kcal/mol for this compound. Overall, this study used structure-based drug design complemented by machine learning-guided ligand-based drug design to screen potential hit compounds from the anti-viral natural compound database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, 41491, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, 41491, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection prevention and control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, 41491, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 41411, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah J AlShahrani
- Department of Public Health, Health affairs, Ministry of Health, 62523, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
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Rcheulishvili N, Mao J, Papukashvili D, Feng S, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Design, evaluation, and immune simulation of potentially universal multi-epitope mpox vaccine candidate: focus on DNA vaccine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1203355. [PMID: 37547674 PMCID: PMC10403236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the mpox virus. Mpox symptoms are similar to smallpox with less severity and lower mortality. As yet mpox virus is not characterized by as high transmissibility as some severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, still, it is spreading, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Thus, taking preventive measures, such as vaccination, is highly recommended. While the smallpox vaccine has demonstrated considerable efficacy against the mpox virus due to the antigenic similarities, the development of a universal anti-mpox vaccine remains a necessary pursuit. Recently, nucleic acid vaccines have garnered special attention owing to their numerous advantages compared to traditional vaccines. Importantly, DNA vaccines have certain advantages over mRNA vaccines. In this study, a potentially universal DNA vaccine candidate against mpox based on conserved epitopes was designed and its efficacy was evaluated via an immunoinformatics approach. The vaccine candidate demonstrated potent humoral and cellular immune responses in silico, indicating the potential efficacy in vivo and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Zahmatyar M, Fazlollahi A, Motamedi A, Zolfi M, Seyedi F, Nejadghaderi SA, Sullman MJM, Mohammadinasab R, Kolahi AA, Arshi S, Safiri S. Human monkeypox: history, presentations, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1157670. [PMID: 37547598 PMCID: PMC10397518 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1157670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection that is similar to the diseases caused by other poxviruses. It is endemic among wild rodents in the rainforests of Central and Western Africa, and can be transmitted via direct skin contact or mucosal exposure to infected animals. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy, the last of which is the main symptom that distinguishes it from smallpox. In order to prevent and manage the disease, those who are infected must be rapidly diagnosed and isolated. Several vaccines have already been developed (e.g., JYNNEOS, ACAM2000 and ACAM3000) and antiviral drugs (e.g., cidofovir and tecovirimat) can also be used to treat the disease. In the present study, we reviewed the history, morphology, clinical presentations, transmission routes, diagnosis, prevention, and potential treatment strategies for monkeypox, in order to enable health authorities and physicians to better deal with this emerging crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zahmatyar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asra Fazlollahi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maedeh Zolfi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Seyedi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnam Arshi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Qudus MS, Cui X, Tian M, Afaq U, Sajid M, Qureshi S, Liu S, Ma J, Wang G, Faraz M, Sadia H, Wu K, Zhu C. The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1196699. [PMID: 37533932 PMCID: PMC10391643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1196699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox's advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic's reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - June Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhou J, Wang X, Zhou Z, Wang S. Insights into the Evolution and Host Adaptation of the Monkeypox Virus from a Codon Usage Perspective: Focus on the Ongoing 2022 Outbreak. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11524. [PMID: 37511283 PMCID: PMC10380431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The exceptionally widespread outbreak of human monkeypox, an emerging zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), with more than 69,000 confirmed cases in 100 non-endemic countries since 2022, is a major public health concern. Codon usage patterns reflect genetic variation and adaptation to new hosts and ecological niches. However, detailed analyses of codon usage bias in MPXV based on large-scale genomic data, especially for strains responsible for the 2022 outbreak, are lacking. In this study, we analyzed codon usage in MPXV and its relationship with host adaptation. We confirmed the ongoing outbreak of MPXVs belonging to the West Africa (WA) lineage by principal component analysis based on their codon usage patterns. The 2022 outbreak strains had a relatively low codon usage bias. Codon usage of MPXVs was shaped by mutation and natural selection; however, different from past strains, codon usage in the 2022 outbreak strains was predominantly determined by mutation pressure. Additionally, as revealed by the codon adaptation index (CAI), relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), and similarity index (SiD) analyses, the codon usage patterns of MPXVs were also affected by their hosts. In particular, the 2022 outbreak strains showed slightly but significantly greater adaptation to many primates, including humans, and were subjected to stronger selection pressure induced by hosts. Our results suggest that MPXVs contributing to the 2022 outbreak have unique evolutionary features, emphasizing the importance of sustained monitoring of their transmission and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Zhou
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing 100850, China
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Ghosh N, Chacko L, Vallamkondu J, Banerjee T, Sarkar C, Singh B, Kalra RS, Bhatti JS, Kandimalla R, Dewanjee S. Clinical Strategies and Therapeutics for Human Monkeypox Virus: A Revised Perspective on Recent Outbreaks. Viruses 2023; 15:1533. [PMID: 37515218 PMCID: PMC10384767 DOI: 10.3390/v15071533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus Orthopoxviridae, a family of notorious smallpox viruses, and so it shares similar clinical pathophysiological features. The recent multicountry HMPX outbreak (May 2022 onwards) is recognized as an emerging global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, shunting its endemic status as opined over the past few decades. Re-emergence of HMPX raises concern to reassess the present clinical strategy and therapeutics as its outbreak evolves further. Keeping a check on these developments, here we provide insights into the HMPX epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical representation. Weighing on its early prevention, we reviewed the strategies that are being enrolled for HMPX diagnosis. In the line of expanded MPXV prevalence, we further reviewed its clinical management and the diverse employed preventive/therapeutic strategies, including vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, VIGIV) and antiviral drugs/inhibitors (Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir). Taken together, with a revised perspective of HMPX re-emergence, the present report summarizes new knowledge on its prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Ghosh
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Leena Chacko
- BioAnalytical Laboratory, Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD 20850-3173, USA
| | | | - Tanmoy Banerjee
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrima Sarkar
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Station, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Esqueda A, Sun H, Bonner J, Lai H, Jugler C, Kibler KV, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. A Monoclonal Antibody Produced in Glycoengineered Plants Potently Neutralizes Monkeypox Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1179. [PMID: 37514995 PMCID: PMC10416152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 global outbreaks of monkeypox virus (MPXV) and increased human-to-human transmission calls for the urgent development of countermeasures to protect people who cannot benefit from vaccination. Here, we describe the development of glycovariants of 7D11, a neutralizing monoclonal IgG antibody (mAb) directed against the L1 transmembrane protein of the related vaccinia virus, in a plant-based system as a potential therapeutic against the current MPVX outbreak. Our results indicated that 7D11 mAb quickly accumulates to high levels within a week after gene introduction to plants. Plant-produced 7D11 mAb assembled correctly into the tetrameric IgG structure and can be easily purified to homogeneity. 7D11 mAb exhibited a largely homogeneous N-glycosylation profile, with or without plant-specific xylose and fucose residues, depending on the expression host, namely wild-type or glycoengineered plants. Plant-made 7D11 retained specific binding to its antigen and displayed a strong neutralization activity against MPXV, as least as potent as the reported activity against vaccinia virus. Our study highlights the utility of anti-L1 mAbs as MPXV therapeutics, and the use of glycoengineered plants to develop mAb glycovariants for potentially enhancing the efficacy of mAbs to combat ever-emerging/re-emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James Bonner
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Karen V. Kibler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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49
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Rabaan AA, Alasiri NA, Aljeldah M, Alshukairiis AN, AlMusa Z, Alfouzan WA, Abuzaid AA, Alamri AA, Al-Afghani HM, Al-Baghli N, Alqahtani N, Al-Baghli N, Almoutawa MY, Mahmoud Alawi M, Alabdullah M, Bati NAA, Alsaleh AA, Tombuloglu H, Arteaga-Livias K, Al-Ahdal T, Garout M, Imran M. An Updated Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease: Emphasis on Genomic Diversity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37509470 PMCID: PMC10376458 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus has remained the most virulent poxvirus since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mostly in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox (Mpox) in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in a smallpox-like disease. It was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the disease has spread over West and Central Africa. The purpose of this review was to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview on the genomic diversity and evolution of a re-emerging infectious disease. The genetic profile of Mpox may also be helpful in targeting new therapeutic options based on genes, mutations, and phylogeny. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of Mpox cases are critical tools for obtaining a better knowledge of the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Nada A Alasiri
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer N Alshukairiis
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab AlMusa
- Infectious Disease Section, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmonem A Abuzaid
- Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aref A Alamri
- Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M Al-Afghani
- Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia
- iGene Center for Research and Training, Jeddah 2022, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadira Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Alqahtani
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Al-Baghli
- Directorate of Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashahed Y Almoutawa
- Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 32833, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Mahmoud Alawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alabdullah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al Mubarraz 36342, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda A Al Bati
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, Rural Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kovy Arteaga-Livias
- Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huanuco 10000, Peru
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Research Associate, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Wang Y, Yang K, Zhou H. Immunogenic proteins and potential delivery platforms for mpox virus vaccine development: A rapid review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125515. [PMID: 37353117 PMCID: PMC10284459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Since May 2022, the mpox virus (MPXV) has spread worldwide and become a potential threat to global public health. Vaccines are important tools for preventing MPXV transmission and infection in the population. However, there are still no available potent and applicable vaccines specifically for MPXV. Herein, we highlight several potential vaccine targets for MPVX and emphasize potent immunogens, such as M1R, E8L, H3L, A29L, A35R, and B6R proteins. These proteins can be integrated into diverse vaccine platforms to elicit powerful B-cell and T-cell responses, thereby providing protective immunity against MPXV infection. Overall, research on the MPXV vaccine targets would provide valuable information for developing timely effective MPXV-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China.
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