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Omatola CA, Mshelbwala PP, Okolo MLO, Onoja AB, Abraham JO, Adaji DM, Samson SO, Okeme TO, Aminu RF, Akor ME, Ayeni G, Muhammed D, Akoh PQ, Ibrahim DS, Edegbo E, Yusuf L, Ocean HO, Akpala SN, Musa OA, Adamu AM. Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:590. [PMID: 38932319 PMCID: PMC11209302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses constitute a significant aetiology of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in human hosts worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The low infectious dose of the virus, protracted shedding in faeces, and the ability to persist in the environment promote viral transmission in different socioeconomic settings. Considering the substantial disease burden across healthcare and community settings and the difficulty in controlling the disease, we review aspects related to current knowledge about norovirus biology, mechanisms driving the evolutionary trends, epidemiology and molecular diversity, pathogenic mechanism, and immunity to viral infection. Additionally, we discuss the reservoir hosts, intra-inter host dynamics, and potential eco-evolutionary significance. Finally, we review norovirus vaccines in the development pipeline and further discuss the various host and pathogen factors that may complicate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Arome Omatola
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | | | - Anyebe Bernard Onoja
- Department of Virology, University College Hospital, Ibadan 211101, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Oyiguh Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - David Moses Adaji
- Department of Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Sunday Ocholi Samson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 29, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Therisa Ojomideju Okeme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Ruth Foluke Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Monday Eneojo Akor
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Gideon Ayeni
- Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Danjuma Muhammed
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Department of Biology, Universiti Putra, Seri Kembangan 43300, Malaysia
| | - Phoebe Queen Akoh
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | - Emmanuel Edegbo
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Lamidi Yusuf
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | | | - Sumaila Ndah Akpala
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja 260101, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Oiza Aishat Musa
- Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba 272102, Kogi State, Nigeria; (C.A.O.)
| | - Andrew Musa Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Biosecurity, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia
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Wang J, Li L, Xu Y, Mao T, Ma Y, Sun X, Liu X, Wang Y, Duan Z. Identification of a novel norovirus species in fox. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105214. [PMID: 35051652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel Norovirus (NoV) was identified by viral metagenomic analysis in fox fecal samples from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The virus exhibited typical genomic characteristics of NoVs. It was closely related to the canine NoV GVII strains with 86.0-86.2% and 91.9% amino acid identities in the capsid protein VP1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), respectively. The fox NoV clustered phylogenetically with the two canine NoV GVII strains, and it was distant from other NoVs. According to the new classification criteria of NoVs, the new fox NoV belongs to the same genotype as GVII, similar to canine GVII NoVs. Moreover, key amino acid residues in the Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding sites and the HBGA binding pattern of the fox NoV differed significantly from those of human and canine GVII NoVs. This study identified a new GVII norovirus from wild foxes in China. These findings enrich our understanding of the diversity of NoVs and provide further evidence regarding the genetic heterogeneity of NoVs in carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lili Li
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yalong Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tongyao Mao
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yalin Ma
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiafei Liu
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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Phillips M, Dunlap BF, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. Enteric Viruses and the Intestinal Microbiota. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01492-20. [PMID: 33115870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common nonbacterial cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, with new variants and genotypes frequently emerging. The origin of these new viruses is unknown; however, animals have been proposed as a potential source, as human noroviruses have been detected in animal species. Here, we investigated the potential of animals to serve as a reservoir of human noroviruses by testing norovirus attachment to formalin-fixed intestinal tissues of a range of potential reservoir animals. We set up a novel method to study norovirus binding using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled virus-like particles (VLPs). In humans, noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), carbohydrates that are expressed, among others, on the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In animals, this interaction is not well understood. To test if virus binding depends on HBGAs, we characterized the HBGA phenotype in animal tissues by immunohistochemistry. With the exception of the black-headed gull and the straw-colored fruitbat, we observed the attachment of several human norovirus genotypes to the intestinal epithelium of all tested animal species. However, we did not find an association between the expression of a specific HBGA phenotype and virus-like particle (VLP) attachment. We show that selected human noroviruses can attach to small-intestinal tissues across species, supporting the hypothesis that human noroviruses can reside in an animal reservoir. However, whether this attachment can subsequently lead to infection needs to be further assessed.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. New norovirus variants and recombinants (re)emerge regularly in the human population. From animal experiments and surveillance studies, it has become clear that at least seven animal models are susceptible to infection with human strains and that domesticated and wild animals shed human noroviruses in their feces. As virus attachment is an important first step for infection, we used a novel method utilizing FITC-labeled VLPs to test for norovirus attachment to intestinal tissues of potential animal hosts. We further characterized these tissues with regard to their HBGA expression, a well-studied norovirus susceptibility factor in humans. We found attachment of several human strains to a variety of animal species independent of their HBGA phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that human strains could reside in an animal reservoir.
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Desdouits M, de Graaf M, Strubbia S, Oude Munnink BB, Kroneman A, Le Guyader FS, Koopmans MPG. Novel opportunities for NGS-based one health surveillance of foodborne viruses. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:14. [PMID: 33829135 PMCID: PMC7993515 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viral infections rank among the top 5 causes of disease, with noroviruses and hepatitis A causing the greatest burden globally. Contamination of foods by infected food handlers or through environmental pollution are the main sources of foodborne illness, with a lesser role for consumption of products from infected animals. Viral partial genomic sequencing has been used for more than two decades to track foodborne outbreaks and whole genome or metagenomics next-generation-sequencing (NGS) are new additions to the toolbox of food microbiology laboratories. We discuss developments in the field of targeted and metagenomic NGS, with an emphasis on application in food virology, the challenges and possible solutions towards future routine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Desdouits
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Strubbia
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Bas B. Oude Munnink
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Kroneman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chhabra P, de Graaf M, Parra GI, Chan MCW, Green K, Martella V, Wang Q, White PA, Katayama K, Vennema H, Koopmans MPG, Vinjé J. Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1393-1406. [PMID: 31483239 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are genetically diverse RNA viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in mammalian hosts. Phylogenetically, they can be segregated into different genogroups as well as P (polymerase)-groups and further into genotypes and P-types based on amino acid diversity of the complete VP1 gene and nucleotide diversity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of ORF1, respectively. In recent years, several new noroviruses have been reported that warrant an update of the existing classification scheme. Using previously described 2× standard deviation (sd) criteria to group sequences into separate clusters, we expanded the number of genogroups to 10 (GI-GX) and the number of genotypes to 48 (9 GI, 27 GII, 3 GIII, 2 GIV, 2 GV, 2 GVI and 1 genotype each for GVII, GVIII, GIX [formerly GII.15] and GX). Viruses for which currently only one sequence is available in public databases were classified into tentative new genogroups (GNA1 and GNA2) and genotypes (GII.NA1, GII.NA2 and GIV.NA1) with their definitive assignment awaiting additional related sequences. Based on nucleotide diversity in the RdRp region, noroviruses can be divided into 60 P-types (14 GI, 37 GII, 2 GIII, 1 GIV, 2 GV, 2 GVI, 1 GVII and 1 GX), 2 tentative P-groups and 14 tentative P-types. Future classification and nomenclature updates will be based on complete genome sequences and will be coordinated and disseminated by the international norovirus classification-working group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chhabra
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Martin Chi-Wai Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kim Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harry Vennema
- Division for Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Jo WK, van Elk C, van de Bildt M, van Run P, Petry M, Jesse ST, Jung K, Ludlow M, Kuiken T, Osterhaus A. An evolutionary divergent pestivirus lacking the N pro gene systemically infects a whale species. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1383-1392. [PMID: 31526243 PMCID: PMC6758615 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1664940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses typically infect members of the order Artiodactyla, including ruminants and pigs, although putative rat and bat pestiviruses have also been described. In the present study, we identified and characterized an evolutionary divergent pestivirus in the toothed whale species, harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). We tentatively named the virus Phocoena pestivirus (PhoPeV). PhoPeV displays a typical pestivirus genome organization except for the unique absence of Npro, an N-terminal autoprotease that targets the innate host immune response. Evolutionary evidence indicates that PhoPeV emerged following an interspecies transmission event from an ancestral pestivirus that expressed Npro. We show that 9% (n = 10) of stranded porpoises from the Dutch North Sea coast (n = 112) were positive for PhoPeV and they displayed a systemic infection reminiscent of non-cytopathogenic persistent pestivirus infection. The identification of PhoPeV extends the host range of pestiviruses to cetaceans (dolphins, whales, porpoises), which are considered to have evolved from artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates). Elucidation of the pathophysiology of PhoPeV infection and Npro unique absence will add to our understanding of molecular mechanisms governing pestivirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Jo
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Cornelis van Elk
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marco van de Bildt
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Monique Petry
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Sonja T Jesse
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Emelianchik A, Rodrigues TCS, Subramaniam K, Nielsen O, Burek-Huntington KA, Rotstein D, Popov VL, Stone D, Waltzek TB. Characterization of a novel rhabdovirus isolated from a stranded harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Virus Res 2019; 273:197742. [PMID: 31499088 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An adult male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) stranded off the coast of Alaska displaying poor body condition, scattered mild ulcerative dermatitis, and necrotizing balanoposthitis. Necropsy findings included severe verminous panniculitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and enteritis. Histopathological examination of skin lesions revealed a pustular epidermitis and dermatitis, with ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes and occasional amphophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. A swab sample collected from the ulcerative penile lesions was processed for virus isolation resulting in cytopathic effects observed in primary beluga whale kidney (BWK) cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed bullet-shaped virions budding from the cell surface of infected BWK cells consistent with a rhabdovirus. A cDNA library was prepared using RNA extracted from infected cell culture supernatant and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. The near-complete genome of a novel rhabdovirus was recovered. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses based on the complete L gene supported the harbour porpoise rhabdovirus (HPRV) as a new species. HPRV clustered phylogenetically with dolphin rhabdovirus (DRV) and this cetacean rhabdovirus clade was found to be the sister group to members of the genus Perhabdovirus that infect fish. A specific nested RT-PCR assay detected HPRV RNA in the epaxial musculature of the harbour porpoise. Our results are consistent with a previous hypothesis that cetacean rhabdoviruses may have arisen following a host jump from fish and suggest that DRV and HPRV represent separate species belonging in a new genus within the family Rhabdoviridae. Further research is needed to determine the health impact of HPRV in harbour porpoise populations, its prevalence, and route of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - David Rotstein
- Marine Mammal Pathology Services, 19117 Bloomfield Road, 20832, Olney, Maryland, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, 77555-0609, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - David Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, 32611, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis. This review summarizes new information on noroviruses that may lead to the development of improved measures for limiting their human health impact. RECENT FINDINGS GII.4 strains remain the most common human noroviruses causing disease, although GII.2 and GII.17 strains have recently emerged as dominant strains in some populations. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression on the gut mucosa drives susceptibility to different norovirus strains. Antibodies that block virus binding to these glycans correlate with protection from infection and illness. Immunocompromised patients are significantly impacted by norovirus infection, and the increasing availability of molecular diagnostics has improved infection recognition. Human noroviruses can be propagated in human intestinal enteroid cultures containing enterocytes that are a significant primary target for initiating infection. Strain-specific requirements for replication exist with bile being essential for some strains. Several vaccine candidates are progressing through preclinical and clinical development and studies of potential antiviral interventions are underway. SUMMARY Norovirus epidemiology is complex and requires continued surveillance to track the emergence of new strains and recombinants, especially with the continued progress in vaccine development. Humans are the best model to study disease pathogenesis and prevention. New in-vitro cultivation methods should lead to better approaches for understanding virus-host interactions and ultimately to improved strategies for mitigation of human norovirus-associated disease.
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Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050478. [PMID: 31130647 PMCID: PMC6563253 DOI: 10.3390/v11050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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13
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Teng JLL, Martelli P, Chan WM, Lee HH, Hui SW, Lau CCY, Tse H, Yuen KY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Two novel noroviruses and a novel norovirus genogroup in California sea lions. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:777-782. [PMID: 29722646 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two novel noroviruses (NoVs) were discovered from faecal samples from California sea lions from an oceanarium in Hong Kong, and named California sea lion NoV 1 (Csl/NoV1) and California sea lion NoV 2 (Csl/NoV2). Whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome organization and amino acid motifs of both Csl/NoV1 and Csl/NoV2 were typical of those of other NoVs in their open reading frames (ORFs). Csl/NoV1 possessed only 52.6-52.8 % amino acid identity in VP1 to the closest matches in genogroup GII. Therefore, Csl/NoV1 should constitute a novel genogroup of NoV. Shifting of the phylogenetic position of Csl/NoV1 in the RdRp, VP1 and VP2 trees was observed, which may have been due to recombination events and/or biased mutations. Csl/NoV2 possessed 55.4-56.2 % amino acid identity in VP1 to its closest relatives in genogroup GVI, which means that it represents a new genotype in genogroup GVI. Further studies will reveal what diseases these NoVs can cause in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade L L Teng
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hwei Huih Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Herman Tse
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent literature and findings concerning selected foodborne viruses. Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. However, they are threats to human public health and make up for the majority of cases. In contrast, the meaning of viruses born from within the food such as natural animal and plant viruses is still in many cases unknown. An exception is Hepatitis E virus that is endemic in pigs, transmitted via pork meat and is recognised as an emerging zoonosis in industrialised countries. SUMMARY Even though the clinical meaning of "new" foodborne viruses, often detected by next generation sequencing, still needs clarification, the method has great potential to enhance surveillance and detection particularly in view of an increasingly globalised food trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Yang L, Wang Q, Xu L, Tu C, Huang X, He B. Detection and Characterization of a Novel Norovirus in Bats, China. Virol Sin 2018; 33:100-103. [PMID: 29508188 PMCID: PMC5866260 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling'en Yang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian A & F University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian A & F University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Animal Science, Fujian A & F University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian A & F University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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16
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Jo WK, Osterhaus ADME, Ludlow M. Transmission of morbilliviruses within and among marine mammal species. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Identification of a novel canine norovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 52:75-81. [PMID: 28450084 PMCID: PMC7185614 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
By screening a collection of fecal samples from young dogs from different European countries, noroviruses (NoVs) were found in 13/294 (4.4%) animals with signs of enteritis whilst they were not detected in healthy dogs (0/42). An informative portion of the genome (3.4 kb at the 3′ end) was generated for four NoV strains. In the capsid protein VP1 region, strains 63.15/2015/ITA and FD53/2007/ITA were genetically related to the canine GVI.2 strain C33/Viseu/2007/PRT (97.4–98.6% nt and 90.3–98.6% aa). Strain FD210/2007/ITA displayed the highest identity to the GVI.1 canine strain Bari/91/2007/ITA (88.0% nt and 95.0% aa). Strain 5010/2009/ITA displayed only 66.6–67.6% nt and 75.5–81.6% aa identities to the GVI.1 canine strains FD210/2007/ITA and Bari/91/2007/ITA and the GVI feline strain M49-1/2012/JPN. Identity to the other canine/feline NoVs strains in the VP1 was lower than 67.6% nt and 62.7% aa. Based on the full-length VP1 amino acid sequence and the criteria proposed for distinction of NoV genotypes, the canine NoV 5010/2009/ITA could represent the prototype of a third GVI genotype, thus providing further evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of NoVs in carnivores. Noroviruses are important human pathogens, also found in several animal species. Canine noroviruses were detected in 4.4% (13/294) of diarrhoeic dogs. Upon genome sequencing, a novel canine norovirus was identified. The observed genetic diversity may pose a challenge for diagnostics.
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