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Chen R, Guay M, Gilbert NL, Dubé E, Witteman HO, Hakim H. Determinants of parental vaccine hesitancy in Canada: results from the 2017 Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2327. [PMID: 38001412 PMCID: PMC10668395 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten leading threats to global health. Vaccine hesitancy exists when vaccination services are available and accessible, but vaccine uptake is lower than anticipated. It is often attributed to lack of trust in vaccine safety and effectiveness, or low level of concern about the risk of many vaccine-preventable diseases. This study aimed to examine the sociodemographic factors associated with parental vaccine hesitancy and vaccine refusal in Canada using data from the 2017 Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (CNICS). METHOD The 2017 CNICS was a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey to estimate national vaccine uptake and to collect information about parents' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs (KAB) regarding vaccination. Using the KAB questions, parental vaccine hesitancy (i.e., parental hesitation, delay or refusal of at least one recommended vaccination) and refusal (i.e., unvaccinated children) by sociodemographic factors was estimated using weighted prevalence proportions. A multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to examine associations between parental vaccine hesitancy or refusal and sociodemographic factors among parents of two-year-old children in Canada. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of being vaccine-hesitant or vaccine-refusing versus being non-vaccine-hesitant were generated. RESULTS Both unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions models showed that parents with lower household income (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5), and those with a higher number of children in the household (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-3.5) had higher vaccine hesitancy. Conversely, lower vaccine hesitancy was observed among non-immigrant parents (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.6). In addition, lower household income (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-12.9), and higher number of children in the household (aOR 6.9, 95% CI 2.1-22.9) were significantly associated with parental vaccine refusal. Regional variations were also observed. CONCLUSION Several sociodemographic determinants are associated with parental vaccine hesitancy and refusal. The findings of the study could help public health officials and policymakers to develop and implement targeted interventions to improve childhood vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mireille Guay
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas L Gilbert
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Montreal School of Public Health, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eve Dubé
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Hina Hakim
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Mori K, Suzuki A, Kumagai R, Harada S, Kasuya F, Amano A, Kosugi T, Hasegawa M, Nagashima M, Suzuki J, Sadamasu K. A conventional PCR-based method to detect the E2 gene of the rubella virus for epidemiological analysis. Virusdisease 2023; 34:92-96. [PMID: 37009259 PMCID: PMC10050665 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To eliminate the rubella virus (RV), genetic characterization is vital for its detection, identification of endemic transmission, and diagnosis of imported cases. The 739-nucleotide region in the E1 gene has primarily been used for genotyping for epidemiological analysis. However, in the 2018-2019 RV outbreak, identical sequences were observed in patients who were not epidemiologically linked. Additionally, the 739 nt sequences from the outbreak in Tokyo in 2018-2019 were identical to RV identified in China in 2019. This suggests that this region may be insufficient to identify the detected RV strains as endemic or imported. In 62.4% of the specimens, the E1 gene sequences of the 1E RV genotype were identical. Additionally, the observed discordance of sequences from the mainly detected identical sequence in the 739-nt sequence of the E1 gene were one (31.0%), two (3.5%), three (2.6%), and four (0.23%). Moreover, a comparison of the complete structural protein-coding region suggests that the E2 gene is more diverse than the E1 and the capsid gene. Thus, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed to detect the E2 gene and improve epidemiological analysis. A comparison of the sequences identified during the RV outbreak in Tokyo revealed genetic differences in the sequences (15 of the 18 specimens). These results suggest that additional information could be obtained by simultaneously analyzing the E2 and the E1 region. The identified sequences can potentially aid in evaluating the RV strains detected during epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Ai Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Ryota Kumagai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Sachiko Harada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Fumi Kasuya
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Arisa Amano
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kosugi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Michiya Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Mami Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073 Japan
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Penedos AR, Fernández-García A, Lazar M, Ralh K, Williams D, Brown KE. Mind your Ps: A probabilistic model to aid the interpretation of molecular epidemiology data. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:103989. [PMID: 35398788 PMCID: PMC9006250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing relatedness of pathogen sequences in clinical samples is a core goal in molecular epidemiology. Tools for Bayesian analysis of phylogeny, such as the BEAST software package, have been typically used in the analysis of sequence/time data in public health. However, they are computationally-, time-, and knowledge-intensive, demanding resources that many laboratories do not have available or cannot allocate frequently. Methods To evaluate a faster and simpler alternative method to support the routine interpretation of sequence data for epidemiology, we obtained sequences for two regions in the measles virus genome, N-450 and MF-NCR, from patient samples of genotypes B3, D4 and D8 taken between 2011 and 2017 in the UK and Romania. A mathematical model incorporating time, possible shared ancestry and the Poisson distribution describing the number of expected substitutions at a given time point was developed to exclude epidemiological relatedness between pairs of sequences. The model was validated against the commonly used Bayesian phylogenetic method using an independent dataset collected in 2017–19. Findings We demonstrate that our model, using time and sequence information to predict whether two samples may be related within a given time frame, minimises the risk of erroneous exclusion of relatedness. An easy-to-use implementation in the form of a guide and spreadsheet is provided for convenient application. Interpretation The proposed model only requires a previously calculated substitution rate for the locus and pathogen of interest. It allows for an informed but quick decision on the likelihood of relatedness between two samples within a time frame, without the need for phylogenetic reconstruction, thus facilitating rapid epidemiological interpretation of sequence data. Funding This work was funded by the United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA). The World Health Organization European Regional Office funded Aurora Fernández-García and Mihaela Lazar training visits to UKHSA.
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Wei Z, Wang X, Feng H, Ji F, Bai D, Dong X, Huang W. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid detection of virus. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:415-432. [PMID: 35156471 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the research field and industrial market of in vitro diagnosis (IVD) thrived during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (INAAT) based rapid diagnosis was engendered in a global wised large measure as a problem-solving exercise. This review systematically analyzed the recent advances of INAAT strategies with practical case for the real-world scenario virus detection applications. With the qualities that make INAAT systems useful for making diagnosis relevant decisions, the key performance indicators and the cost-effectiveness of enzyme-assisted methods and enzyme-free methods were compared. The modularity of nucleic acid amplification reactions that can lead to thresholding signal amplifications using INAAT reagents and their methodology design were examined, alongside the potential application with rapid test platform/device integration. Given that clinical practitioners are, by and large, unaware of many the isothermal nucleic acid test advances. This review could bridge the arcane research field of different INAAT systems and signal output modalities with end-users in clinic when choosing suitable test kits and/or methods for rapid virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huhu Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanpu Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Nanchong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Nanchong, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Nanchong, China
| | - Dan Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Nanchong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanchong, China
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5
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Mathis AD, Clemmons NS, Redd SB, Pham H, Leung J, Wharton AK, Anderson R, McNall RJ, Rausch-Phung E, Rosen JB, Blog D, Zucker JR, Bankamp B, Rota PA, Patel M, Gastañaduy PA. Maintenance of measles elimination status in the United States for 20 years despite increasing challenges. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:416-424. [PMID: 34849648 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles elimination (interruption of endemic measles virus transmission) in the United States was declared in 2000; however, the number of cases and outbreaks have increased in recent years. We characterized the epidemiology of measles outbreaks and measles transmission patterns post-elimination to identify potential gaps in the U.S. measles control program. METHODS We analyzed national measles notification data from January 1, 2001-December 31, 2019. We defined measles infection clusters as single cases (isolated cases not linked to additional cases), 2-case clusters, or outbreaks with 3 or more linked cases. We calculated the effective reproduction number (R) to assess changes in transmissibility and reviewed molecular epidemiology data. RESULTS During 2001-2019, 3,873 measles cases, including 747 international importations, were reported in the United States; 29% of importations were associated with outbreaks. Among 871 clusters, 69% were single cases and 72% had no spread. Larger and longer clusters were reported since 2013, including seven outbreaks with >50 cases lasting >2 months, 5 of which occurred in known underimmunized, close-knit communities. No measles lineage circulated in a single transmission chain for >12 months. Higher estimates of R were noted in recent years, although R remained below the epidemic threshold of 1. CONCLUSIONS Current epidemiology continues to support the interruption of endemic measles virus transmission in the United States. However, larger and longer outbreaks in recent post-elimination years and emerging trends of increased transmission in underimmunized communities emphasize the need for targeted approaches to close existing immunity gaps and maintain measles elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria D Mathis
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Nakia S Clemmons
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Susan B Redd
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Huong Pham
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adam K Wharton
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Raydel Anderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rebecca J McNall
- Division of Laboratory Systems, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rausch-Phung
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Jennifer B Rosen
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28 th St, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Debra Blog
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Jane R Zucker
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28 th St, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA.,Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul A Gastañaduy
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Song J, Li C, Rivailler P, Wang H, Hu M, Zhu Z, Cui A, Mao N, Xu W, Zhang Y. Molecular evolution and genomic characteristics of genotype H1 of measles virus. J Med Virol 2021; 94:521-530. [PMID: 34761827 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Measles is one of the most infectious diseases of humans. It is caused by the measles virus (MeV) and can lead to serious illness, lifelong complications, and even death. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is now available to study molecular epidemiology and identify MeV transmission pathways. In the present study, WGS of 23 MeV strains of genotype H1, collected in Mainland China between 2006 and 2018, were generated and compared to 31 WGSs from the public domain to analyze genomic characteristics, evolutionary rates and date of emergence of H1 genotype. The noncoding region between M and F protein genes (M/F NCR) was the most variable region throughout the genome. Although the nucleotide substitution rate of H1 WGS was around 0.75 × 10-3 substitution per site per year, the M/F NCR had an evolutionary rate three times higher, with 2.44 × 10-3 substitution per site per year. Phylogenetic analysis identified three distinct genetic groups. The Time of the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of H1 genotype was estimated at approximately 1988, while the first genetic group appeared around 1995 followed by two other genetic groups in 1999-2002. Bayesian skyline plot showed that the genetic diversity of the H1 genotype remained stable even though the number of MeV cases decreased 50 times between 2014 (52 628) and 2020 (993). The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic might have some effect on the measles epidemic and further studies will be necessary to assess the genetic diversity of the H1 genotype in a post-COVID area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Song
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai
| | - Pierre Rivailler
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Manli Hu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Cui
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Naiying Mao
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC;, WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles/Rubella Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Eight Commercial Assays for the Detection of Measles Virus-Specific IgM Antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03161-20. [PMID: 33731415 PMCID: PMC8315954 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03161-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has targeted measles for global eradication through mass immunization. For effective monitoring of eradication targets, high-quality surveillance is needed. The detection of IgM antibodies, specific to the measles virus, with the use of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA or EIA) is broadly used within the WHO global measles and rubella laboratory network for laboratory confirmation, and in particular, ELISA kits manufactured by Siemens (Enzygnost kits) have been primarily used. Spurred by the discontinuation of these kits, this study aims to report on the clinical sensitivity and specificity of comparable commercial ELISA kits and one automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) method. A panel of 239 serum samples was assembled that included sera from confirmed measles cases (n = 50) and probable post-MMR vaccine response (n = 2). Measles-negative sera (n = 187) were collected from individuals presenting with other fever and rash illnesses. A total of 7 ELISA kits (Euroimmun native antigens and recombinant nucleoprotein, IBL, Clin-Tech Microimmune, NovaTec NovaLisa, Serion, and Siemens Enzygnost) and one CLIA method (DiaSorin LIAISON XL) were evaluated. The ELISA kits included two IgM capture methods and five indirect methods. Calculated sensitivities and specificities ranged from 75.0% to 98.1% and 86.6% to 99.5%, respectively. The parvovirus B19 IgM positive sera were noted to cause false-positive results, particularly for the ELISA kits from Serion and NovaLisa; specificities for this subset of samples ranged from 51.4% to 100.0%. The capture IgM ELISA methods provided the best combination of sensitivity and specificity.
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An efficient molecular approach to distinguish chains of measles virus transmission in the elimination phase. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104794. [PMID: 33662587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Measles viruses continue to spread globally, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Molecular surveillance of measles virus has become an essential tool to demonstrate whether cascades of infections in a certain region or country are the result of endemic spread or the repeatedly introduction of the virus in contained outbreaks. Currently, molecular surveillance of measles viruses worldwide is mainly based on 450 nucleotides of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein (N450). However, as a result of the disappearance of particular measles virus clades over the past decades, this gene segment does not provide sufficient resolution anymore to answer these questions. To increase the molecular resolution, sequence data were collected from three regions of the measles virus genome, the partial non-coding region between the M and F gene (M-F NCR4465-4754), partial H gene (H8022-8621) and the partial L gene (L10724-11438) for measles viruses detected in 2018 and 2019 in the Netherlands. Analysis of obtained sequence data indicated that sequencing of these three regions resulted in an increase in molecular resolution for measles virus genotype B3 and D8 viruses, two of the four global genotypes currently predominant in the European region. Furthermore, this improved resolution was sufficient to support an epidemiology characterized by repeat introduction of measles virus rather than endemic virus spread. In conclusion, sequencing of the M-F NCR4465-4754, H8022-8621 and L10724-11438 regions of the measles virus is an efficient and useful approach for molecular surveillance of measles viruses.
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Seo CY, Rashid M, Harris T, Stapleton J, Deeks SL. Assessing safety of Ontario’s publicly funded MMR and MMRV immunization programs, 2012 to 2016. Paediatr Child Health 2020; 25:358-364. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The combined measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccines are part of Ontario’s routine immunization schedule.
Objective
To assess adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) reported in Ontario following administration of MMR and MMRV vaccines between 2012 and 2016.
Methods
Reports of AEFIs were extracted from the provincial surveillance database on May 9, 2017. Events were grouped by provincial surveillance definitions. Reporting rates were calculated using provincial population estimates or net doses distributed as the denominator. A serious AEFI is defined as an AEFI that resulted in an in-patient hospitalization or death.
Results
Overall, 289 AEFIs were reported following administration of MMR (n=246) or MMRV (n=43) vaccines, for annualized reporting rates of 16.6 and 8.8 reports per 100,000 distributed doses, respectively. The highest age-specific reporting rate was in children aged 1 to 3 years for MMR (7.7 per 100,000 population) and children aged 4 to 9 years for MMRV (0.8 per 100,000 population). Systemic reactions were the most frequently reported event category, while rash was the most frequently reported event for both vaccines. There were 22 serious AEFIs, 19 following MMR and 3 following MMRV (1.3 and 0.6 per 100,000 doses distributed, respectively).
Conclusions
Our assessment found a low reporting rate of adverse events following MMR and MMRV vaccines in Ontario. No safety concerns were identified. Our findings are consistent with the safety profiles of these vaccines. Continued monitoring of vaccine safety is necessary to maintain timely detection of unusual postvaccine events and public confidence in vaccine safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Rashid
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Jody Stapleton
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario
- Trillium Health Partners, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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10
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Sereenen E, Saw YM, Erkhembayar R, Volodya B, Dashpagma O, Orsoo O, Kariya T, Ochir C, Yamamoto E, Hamajima N. Estimation of the unvaccinated among those aged less than 25 years according to aimag and its association with incidence of measles outbreak 2015-2016 in Mongolia. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2020; 82:437-447. [PMID: 33132428 PMCID: PMC7548245 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.82.3.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mongolia had an epidemic of measles in 2015-2016, even though more than 90% of the population have been vaccinated since 1997. This study aimed to examine the associations between unvaccinated proportion and measles incidence according to aimag. Mongolia has 21 provinces (aimag) with Ulaanbaatar as the capital city. Vaccination coverage between 1991 and 2014 and measles incidence according to aimag were obtained from the National Center for Communicable Diseases of Mongolia database. Accumulated unvaccinated proportion (AUP) among those aged 1 to 24 years in 2015 was estimated from the unvaccinated at the 1st dose of 1991 to 2014. From 1991 to 2014, unvaccinated proportion among those aged 1 to 24 years in the whole country has been reducing from 28.0% in 1991 to 1.8% in 2014. The AUP in 2015 varied from 2.7% (Selenge) to 21.8% (Govisumber). The incidence was remarkably higher in only two aimags with a large density of the unvaccinated aged 1 to 24 years (Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan-Uul) than in the other aimags. The incidence had no significant correlation with the AUP, although the correlation between the incidence and the density of unvaccinated aged 1 to 24 years was significant when the two aimags were included. In conclusion, the AUP between 2.7% and 21.8% had no correlation with the incidence according to aimags in Mongolia measles epidemic 2015-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhbold Sereenen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- E-Health Project, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yu Mon Saw
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar
- Department of International Cyber Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baigal Volodya
- Immunization Department, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Otgonbayar Dashpagma
- Immunization Department, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Oyunchimeg Orsoo
- Department of Public Administration, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tetsuyoshi Kariya
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chimedsuren Ochir
- Department of International Cyber Education, Graduate School, Mongolian National University of Medical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Eiko Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Venkat H, Briggs G, Brady S, Komatsu K, Hill C, Leung J, Patel M, Livar E, Su CP, Kassem A, Sowers SB, Mercader S, Rota PA, Elson D, Timme E, Robinson S, Fitzpatrick K, Franco J, Hickman C, Gastañaduy PA. Measles Outbreak at a Privately Operated Detention Facility: Arizona, 2016. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:2018-2025. [PMID: 30256908 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a measles outbreak and control measures implemented at a privately operated detention facility housing US Immigration and Customs Enforcement detainees in 2016. METHODS Case-patients reported fever and rash and were either laboratory-confirmed or had an epidemiological link to a laboratory-confirmed case-patient. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity and plaque reduction neutralization tests distinguished between primary acute and reinfection case-patients. Measles-specific IgG was measured to assess detainee immunity levels. We compared attack rates (ARs) among detainees and staff, between IgG-negative and IgG-positive detainees, and by detainee housing units and sexes. RESULTS We identified 32 measles case-patients (23 detainees, 9 staff); rash onsets were during 6 May-26 June 2016. High IgG avidity and neutralizing-antibody titers >40000 to measles (indicating reinfection) were identified in 18 (95%) and 15 (84%) of 19 tested case-patients, respectively. Among 205 unit A detainees tested for presumptive immunity, 186 (91%) had detectable IgG. Overall, the AR was 1.65%. ARs were significantly higher among detainees in unit A (7.05%) compared with units B-F (0.59%), and among male (2.33%) compared with female detainees (0.38%); however, ARs were not significantly different between detainees and staff or between IgG-negative and IgG-positive detainees. Control measures included the vaccination of 1424 of 1425 detainees and 190 of 510 staff, immunity verification for 445 staff, case-patient isolation, and quarantine of affected units. CONCLUSIONS Although ARs were low, measles outbreaks can occur in intense-exposure settings, despite a high population immunity, underscoring the importance of high vaccination coverage and containment in limiting measles transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Venkat
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Arizona Department of Health Services.,Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Phoenix
| | - Graham Briggs
- Pinal County Public Health Services District, Florence, Arizona
| | | | | | - Clancey Hill
- Pinal County Public Health Services District, Florence, Arizona
| | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Manisha Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Chia-Ping Su
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ahmed Kassem
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Boise
| | - Sun B Sowers
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sara Mercader
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Diana Elson
- United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Washington, D.C
| | - Evan Timme
- Pinal County Public Health Services District, Florence, Arizona
| | | | | | - Jabette Franco
- Pinal County Public Health Services District, Florence, Arizona
| | - Carole Hickman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul A Gastañaduy
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Ramsay LC, Crowcroft NS, Thomas S, Aruffo E, Teslya A, Heffernan JM, Gournis E, Hiebert J, Jaeger V, Jiaravuthisan M, Sharron J, Severini A, Deeks SL, Gubbay J, Mazzulli T, Sander B. Cost-effectiveness of measles control during elimination in Ontario, Canada, 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30892178 PMCID: PMC6425553 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.11.1800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundGiven that measles is eliminated in Canada and measles immunisation coverage in Ontario is high, it has been questioned whether Ontario's measles outbreak response is worthwhile.AimOur objective was to determine cost-effectiveness of measles containment protocols in Ontario from the healthcare payer perspective.MethodsWe developed a decision-analysis model comparing Ontario's measles containment strategy (based on actual 2015 outbreak data) with a hypothetical 'modified response'. The modified scenario assumed 10% response costs with reduced case and contact tracing and no outbreak-associated vaccinations; it was based on local and provincial administrative and laboratory data and parameters from peer-reviewed literature. Short- and long-term health outcomes, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs discounted at 1.5%, were estimated. We conducted one- and two-way sensitivity analyses.ResultsThe 2015 outbreak in Ontario comprised 16 measles cases and an estimated 3,369 contacts. Predictive modelling suggested that the outbreak response prevented 16 outbreak-associated cases at a cost of CAD 1,213,491 (EUR 861,579). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was CAD 739,063 (EUR 524,735) per QALY gained for the outbreak response vs modified response. To meet the commonly accepted cost-effectiveness threshold of CAD 50,000 (EUR 35,500) per QALY gained, the outbreak response would have to prevent 94 measles cases. In sensitivity analyses, the findings were robust.ConclusionsOntario's measles outbreak response exceeds generally accepted cost-effectiveness thresholds and may not be the most efficient use of public health resources from a healthcare payer perspective. These findings should be balanced against benefits of increased vaccine coverage and maintaining elimination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Ramsay
- University Health Network, Eaton Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Effie Gournis
- Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Severini
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tony Mazzulli
- University Health Network, Eaton Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Eaton Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Dunn JJ, Baldanti F, Puchhammer E, Panning M, Perez O, Harvala H. Measles is Back - Considerations for laboratory diagnosis. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104430. [PMID: 32454430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that continues to cause significant mortality among young children worldwide despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. During the first half of 2019, over 182 countries reported more than 300,000 measles cases; greater than double the number from the same period in 2018. Timely recognition and laboratory confirmation of infected individuals as well as appropriate infection prevention measures are crucial to avert further transmission. This review highlights the importance of early recognition of the signs and symptoms of measles and provides details on the laboratory methods commonly employed to confirm cases, investigate outbreaks and characterize the virus. It's critical that clinicians, laboratorians and public health administrations work together to rapidly identify, confirm and contain the spread of measles globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dunn
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - F Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - E Puchhammer
- Center for Virology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - M Panning
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Virology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Perez
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - H Harvala
- Department of Infection, University College of London, London, UK; National Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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14
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Brown DW, Warrener L, Scobie HM, Donadel M, Waku-Kouomou D, Mulders MN, Rota PA. Rapid diagnostic tests to address challenges for global measles surveillance. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:77-84. [PMID: 32615510 PMCID: PMC7492366 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with good accuracy has been described. This test enables measles specific IgM antibody detection in serum, capillary blood and oral fluid. RDTs have the potential to transform measles surveillance by allowing real-time case confirmation outside of central/regional laboratories and by facilitating a timely public health response. Measles virus genes can also be amplified and sequenced consistently from dried IgM-positive RDTs stored outside of cold chain, which will enable more complete virologic surveillance. Critical questions remain regarding operational use of RDTs as part of global measles surveillance. Projects to evaluate RDT use as part of national surveillance programs and to commercialize the RDT are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brown
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK; Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lenesha Warrener
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Heather M Scobie
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Morgane Donadel
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mick N Mulders
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Lee AD, Clemmons NS, Patel M, Gastañaduy PA. International Importations of Measles Virus into the United States During the Postelimination Era, 2001-2016. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1616-1623. [PMID: 30535027 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although measles was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000, measles cases and outbreaks continue to occur, resulting from importations of the disease from countries where it remains endemic. METHODS We describe the epidemiology of international importations of measles virus into the United States during the postelimination era. RESULTS From 2001 to 2016, 553 imported measles cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A median of 28 importations occurred each year (range: 18-80). The median age of imported case-patients was 18 years (range: 3 months-75 years); 87% were unvaccinated or had an unknown vaccination status. US residents (as opposed to foreign visitors) accounted for 62% of imported measles cases. Overall, 62% of all imported case-patients reported travel to countries in the Western Pacific and European Regions of the World Health Organization during their exposure periods. The number of measles importations from specific countries was related to the incidence of measles in and the volume of travel to and from the source country. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the importance of measles vaccination of US residents aged ≥6 months before international travel according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations and supporting global measles elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria D Lee
- IHRC Inc., contracting agency to the Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nakia S Clemmons
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Manisha Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul A Gastañaduy
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Bolotin S, Severini A, Hatchette T, McLachlan E, Savage R, Hughes SL, Wang J, Deeks SL, Wilson S, Brisson M, Halperin SA, Gubbay J, Mazzulli T, Serhir B, Ward BJ, Crowcroft N. Assessment of population immunity to measles in Ontario, Canada: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2856-2864. [PMID: 31184979 PMCID: PMC6930091 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1619402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canada eliminated measles in 1998. We conducted a sero-epidemiology study to estimate population immunity to measles in the province of Ontario, Canada and to identify groups at higher risk of outbreaks. We used a previously developed modified enzyme immunoassay to test 1,199 residual sera from patients aged 1–39 years. We re-tested negative and equivocal sera using a plaque reduction neutralization assay. We interpreted our results in the context of Ontario’s immunization program and vaccine coverage data. Of 1,199 sera, 1035 (86.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 84.4, 88.2) were above the measles threshold for protection, 70 (5.8%, 95% CI 4.5, 7.2) were equivocal and 94 (7.8%, 95% CI 6.3, 9.4) were negative. The proportion of positive sera was highest for those 1–5 years, with 180/199 (90.5%, 95% CI 86.4, 94.5) positive sera, and lowest for those age 12–19 years, at 158/199 (79.4%, 95% CI 73.8, 85.0). Adjusted for age, females were more likely than males to have antibody titers above the threshold of protection (odds ratio = 1.60, 95% CI 1.14, 2.24). Most of the study cohort were eligible for two measles vaccine doses, and vaccine uptake in Ontario is >90% for school-aged cohorts. We observed a higher than expected proportion of sera with antibody levels below the threshold of protection, suggesting that immunity in some Ontario age-groups may be waning, despite high vaccine coverage. Alternatively, the traditional measles correlates of protection may not be an appropriate measure of population protection in measles-eliminated settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Bolotin
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McLachlan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - John Wang
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Brisson
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec/Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natasha Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Molecular characterization of measles viruses in China: Circulation dynamics of the endemic H1 genotype from 2011 to 2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218782. [PMID: 31220172 PMCID: PMC6586441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in China, the incidence of measles in China has decreased extensively. The incidence reached its lowest levels in contemporary history in 2012 and 2017, with incidence rates of 4.6 and 4.3 per million population, respectively. However, more than 147,000 measles cases were reported from 2013 to 2016. Furthermore, the proportions of cases in infants < 8 months and adults have been increasing since 2013, representing a considerable challenge for measles elimination in China. A total of 14,868 measles viruses were isolated from confirmed measles cases from 2011 to 2017, of which 14,631 were identified as the predominant endemic genotype, H1; 87 were identified as genotype A viruses that were vaccine associated strains; and 150 were identified as non-H1 genotype viruses. The non-H1 genotype viruses included 62 D8 viruses, 70 D9 viruses, 3 D11 viruses, 14 B3 viruses, and 1 G3 virus, which were identified as imported or import-related viruses that caused sporadic cases or small outbreaks. Most of the transmission chains detected during the period 2011–2012 were interrupted and were followed by many new transmission chains of unknown origin that spread, causing a large measles resurgence in China during 2013–2016. After 4 years of measles resurgence and continuous implementation of the routine immunization program and SIAs, the population immunity reached a sufficiently high level to interrupt most of the transmission chains; only a few strains survived, which continued to be sporadically detected in China in 2017. In the present study, the results from the combined epidemiological and molecular virological data demonstrated the great progress towards measles elimination in China by the further analysis of circulation dynamics for the endemic H1 genotype measles virus from 2011 to 2017. And this study accumulated critical baseline data on circulating wild-type measles viruses in China and provides comprehensive information to the world. These comprehensive baseline data provide evidence to support measles elimination in the future, not only in China but also in other countries worldwide. In addition, the information will be very useful to other countries for tracing their sources of measles cases and for identifying transmission links, which can help prevent potential measles outbreaks.
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18
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Orsoo O, Saw YM, Sereenen E, Yadamsuren B, Byambaa A, Kariya T, Yamamoto E, Hamajima N. Epidemiological characteristics and trends of a Nationwide measles outbreak in Mongolia, 2015-2016. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:201. [PMID: 30770746 PMCID: PMC6377723 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mongolia was one of the four countries that received a measles-elimination certificate from the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific in 2014. Following the outbreaks in many countries including China, a large measles outbreak occurred in Mongolia in 2015. This study reports 2015–2016 measles outbreak incidence, mortality, and complications, according to time, geographical distribution, and host characteristics. Methods The epidemiological characteristics and trends of measles outbreak were analyzed using the Mongolian national surveillance data reported to the Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health, from January 2015 to December 2016. Results In total, 23,464 cases of measles including eight deaths were reported in 2015, and 30,273 cases of measles including 132 deaths were reported in 2016, which peaked in June 2015 and March 2016, respectively. Majority of the cases were reported from Ulaanbaatar (35,397, 65.9%). The highest attack rates were 241 per 10,000 population in Darkhan-Uul aimag, and 263 per 10,000 population in Ulaanbaatar. Measles-related death, nosocomial infection, and complications were most frequent among children aged < 1 year. Conclusions Following no reports of measles since 2011, a large nationwide outbreak occurred in Mongolia, despite the high vaccination coverage in the past. The highest incidence rate was reported in Ulaanbaatar city, and Umnugovi aimag in 2015 and Darkhan-Uul aimag in 2016. The most affected age group were aged < 1 year and those aged 15–24 years. Mortality cases were prominent among children aged < 1 year who were not eligible for vaccination. A systematic vaccination strategy is required to prevent another measles outbreak. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6511-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyunchimeg Orsoo
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Medical Service, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yu Mon Saw
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. .,Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Enkhbold Sereenen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Public Administration and Management, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Ariunsanaa Byambaa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Bio-Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tetsuyoshi Kariya
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiko Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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19
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Importance of real-time RT-PCR to supplement the laboratory diagnosis in the measles elimination program in China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208161. [PMID: 30500842 PMCID: PMC6267958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to high vaccination coverage, timely and accurate laboratory confirmation of measles cases is critical to interrupt measles transmission. To evaluate the role of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the diagnosis of measles cases, 46,363 suspected measles cases with rash and 395 suspected measles cases without rash were analyzed in this study; the cases were obtained from the Chinese measles surveillance system (MSS) during 2014–2017 and simultaneously detected by measles-specific IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time RT-PCR. However, some IgM-negative measles cases were identified by real-time RT-PCR. The proportion of these IgM-negative and viral nucleic acid-positive measles cases was high among measles cases with measles vaccination history, cases without rash symptoms, and cases within 3 days of specimen collection after onset. The proportion of IgM-negative and viral nucleic acid-positive measles cases in the 0–3 day group was up to 14.4% for measles cases with rash and 40% for measles cases without rash. Moreover, the proportions of IgM-negative and nucleic acid-positive measles cases gradually increased with the increase in the measles vaccination dose. Therefore, integrated with IgM ELISA, real-time RT-PCR would greatly improve the accurate diagnosis of measles cases and avoid missing the measles cases, especially for measles cases during the first few days after onset when the patients were highly contagious and for measles cases with secondary vaccine failure. In conclusion, our study reconfirmed that IgM ELISA is the gold-standard detection assay for measles cases confirmation. However, real-time RT-PCR should be introduced and used to supplement the laboratory diagnosis, especially in the setting of pre-elimination and/or elimination wherever appropriate.
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20
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Gastañaduy PA, Banerjee E, DeBolt C, Bravo-Alcántara P, Samad SA, Pastor D, Rota PA, Patel M, Crowcroft NS, Durrheim DN. Public health responses during measles outbreaks in elimination settings: Strategies and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2222-2238. [PMID: 29932850 PMCID: PMC6207419 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1474310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late September 2016, the Americas became the first region in the world to have eliminated endemic transmission of measles virus. Several other countries have also verified measles elimination, and countries in all six World Health Organization regions have adopted measles elimination goals. The public health strategies used to respond to measles outbreaks in elimination settings are thus becoming relevant to more countries. This review highlights the strategies used to limit measles spread in elimination settings: (1) assembly of an outbreak control committee; (2) isolation of measles cases while infectious; (3) exclusion and quarantining of individuals without evidence of immunity; (4) vaccination of susceptible individuals; (5) use of immunoglobulin to prevent measles in exposed susceptible high-risk persons; (6) and maintaining laboratory proficiency for confirmation of measles. Deciding on the extent of containment efforts should be based on the expected benefit of reactive interventions, balanced against the logistical challenges in implementing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Gastañaduy
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Banerjee
- Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance Unit, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chas DeBolt
- Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pamela Bravo-Alcántara
- Comprehensive Family Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Desiree Pastor
- Comprehensive Family Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natasha S. Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David N. Durrheim
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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