13
|
Williams SG, Fontaine RE, Turcios Ruiz RM, Walke H, Ijaz K, Baggett HC. One Field Epidemiologist per 200,000 Population: Lessons Learned from Implementing a Global Public Health Workforce Target. Health Secur 2020; 18:S113-S118. [PMID: 32004135 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization monitoring and evaluation framework for the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005) describes the targets for the Joint External Evaluation (JEE) indicators. For workforce development, the JEE defines the optimal target for attaining and complying with the IHR (2005) as 1 trained field epidemiologist (or equivalent) per 200,000 population. We explain the derivation and use of the current field epidemiology workforce development target and identify the limitations and lessons learned in applying it to various countries' public health systems. This article also proposes a way forward for improvements and implementation of this workforce development target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seymour G Williams
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Robert E Fontaine
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Reina M Turcios Ruiz
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry Walke
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Kashef Ijaz
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Seymour G. Williams, MD, is Team Lead, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Robert E. Fontaine, MD, is Senior Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program; Reina M. Turcios Ruiz, MD, is Team Lead, Monitoring and Evaluation; all in the Workforce and Institute Development Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Henry Walke, MD, is Director, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Kashef Ijaz, MD, is Principal Deputy Director, and Henry C. Baggett, MD, is Chief, Workforce and Institute Development Branch; both in the Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA. Dr. Williams and Dr. Baggett are senior co-authors. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dama E, Nikiema A, Nichols K, Bicaba BW, Porgho S, Greco Koné R, Tarnagda Z, Cissé A, Ngendakumana I, Adjami A, Medah I, Ake F, Mirza SA. Designing and Piloting a Specimen Transport System in Burkina Faso. Health Secur 2020; 18:S98-S104. [PMID: 32004130 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient specimen transport systems are critical for early disease detection and reporting by laboratory networks. In Burkina Faso, centralized reference laboratories receive specimens from multiple surveillance sites for testing, but transport methods vary, resulting in potential delays and risk to specimen quality. The ministry of health and partners, under the Global Health Security Agenda implementation, piloted a specimen transport system for severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) surveillance in 4 Burkina Faso districts. A baseline assessment was conducted of the current specimen transport network structure and key stakeholders. Assessment results and guidelines for processing SARI specimens informed the pilot specimen transport system design and implementation. Monitoring and evaluation performance indicators included: proportion of packages delivered, timeliness, and quality of courier services (missed or damaged packages). Our baseline assessment found that laboratorians routinely carried specimens from the health center to reference laboratories, resulting in time away from laboratory duties and potential specimen delays or loss of quality. The pilot specimen transport system design engaged Sonapost, the national postal service, to transport specimens from SARI sites to the influenza national reference laboratory. From May 2017 to December 2018, the specimen transport system transported 557 packages containing 1,158 SARI specimens; 95% (529/557) were delivered within 24 hours of pick-up and 77% (892/1,158) within 48 hours of collection. No packages were lost. This article highlights lessons learned that may be useful for other countries considering establishment of a specimen transport system to strengthen laboratory system infrastructure in global health security implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Abdoulaye Nikiema
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Kameko Nichols
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Brice Wilfried Bicaba
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Souleymane Porgho
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Rebecca Greco Koné
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Assana Cissé
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Irene Ngendakumana
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Aimé Adjami
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Isaïe Medah
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Flavien Ake
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Sara A Mirza
- Emilie Dama, PhD, is Senior Laboratory Advisor; Rebecca Greco Koné, MPH, is Country Director, Burkina Faso; and Irene Ngendakumana, MD, is Technical Advisor, Eagle Global Services, a CDC contractor; all with the Division of Global Health Protection, Country Office Burkina Faso, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Abdoulaye Nikièma, PharmD, MSc, is Senior Laboratory Specialist and Global Health Security Program Manager for Burkina, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kameko Nichols is a Transport and Logistics Consultant, The Nichols Group LLC, Washington, DC. Brice Wilfried Bicaba, MD, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Director; Souleymane Porgho, MSc, is an Epidemiologist and Data Manager; and Isaïe Medah, MD, is Director; all at Direction de la Protection de la Santé de la Population, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Zékiba Tarnagda, DVM, PhD, is Head of Influenza, and Assana Cissé, MSc, is a Bacteriologist and Virologist, Influenza; both at the National Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Aimé Adjami, PhD, is a Biologist and Executive Director, and Flavien Ake, PhD, is Director; both at DAVYCAS International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Sara A. Mirza, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| |
Collapse
|