1
|
Santana JA, Zanon IP, Sarsur Ribeirode Freitas RJ, Viegas FM, de Campos BH, Bicalho GC, de Almeida LR, Hemetrio NS, Nogueira de Carvalho MP, Silveira Silva RO. DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM FREE-LIVING SOUTH AMERICAN COATI ( NASUA NASUA) IN AN URBAN PARK IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:578-583. [PMID: 37817624 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific information regarding staphylococci in procyonids is scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcal species isolated from free-roaming coatis (Nasua nasua) in an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rectal swabs from 55 free-living coatis were plated onto mannitol salt agar for isolating staphylococci, and species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nuc, and sequencing of 16S rRNA and rpoB when needed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of the mecA gene was investigated by PCR. A total of 72.7% of the animals tested positive for staphylococci. Nine different species were identified, and Staphylococcus intermedius (60.4%) and S. delphini (20.9%) were the most frequently isolated species. Most of the isolates were susceptible to most of the antimicrobials evaluated, with a resistance pattern seen for penicillin (13.9%). One isolate was multidrug-resistant (MDR). The present study suggests that coatis are natural hosts of S. intermedius and S. delphini and, despite living in a heavily anthropized environment, the Staphylococcus spp. isolates showed a low incidence of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Almeida Santana
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Pádua Zanon
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Mello Viegas
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Hermine de Campos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Canesso Bicalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nadja Simbera Hemetrio
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG 31365-450, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Infection in Neotropical Primates in Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101167. [PMID: 36297224 PMCID: PMC9610851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) of the family Poxviridae comprises several viruses that are capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. One of the most widespread OPXVs is the Vaccinia virus (VACV), which circulates in zoonotic cycles in South America, especially in Brazil, infecting domestic and wild animals and humans and causing economic losses as well as impacting public health. Despite this, little is known about the presence and/or exposure of neotropical primates to orthopoxviruses in the country. In this study, we report the results of a search for evidence of OPVX infections in neotropical free-living primates in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The sera or liver tissues of 63 neotropical primates were examined through plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) and real-time PCR. OPXV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in two sera (4.5%) from Callithrix penicillata, showing 55% and 85% reduction in plaque counts, evidencing their previous exposure to the virus. Both individuals were collected in urban areas. All real-time PCR assays were negative. This is the first time that evidence of OPXV exposure has been detected in C. penicillata, a species that usually lives at the interface between cities and forests, increasing risks of zoonotic transmissions through spillover/spillback events. In this way, studies on the circulation of OPXV in neotropical free-living primates are necessary, especially now, with the monkeypox virus being detected in new regions of the planet.
Collapse
|
3
|
MacNeill AL. Comparative Pathology of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080892. [PMID: 36015017 PMCID: PMC9412692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a brief history of the impacts that a human-specific Orthopoxvirus (OPXV), Variola virus, had on mankind, recalls how critical vaccination was for the eradication of this disease, and discusses the consequences of discontinuing vaccination against OPXV. One of these consequences is the emergence of zoonotic OPXV diseases, including Monkeypox virus (MPXV). The focus of this manuscript is to compare pathology associated with zoonotic OPXV infection in veterinary species and in humans. Efficient recognition of poxvirus lesions and other, more subtle signs of disease in multiple species is critical to prevent further spread of poxvirus infections. Additionally included are a synopsis of the pathology observed in animal models of MPXV infection, the recent spread of MPXV among humans, and a discussion of the potential for this virus to persist in Europe and the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santana JA, Colombo SA, Silva BA, Diniz AN, de Almeida LR, Oliveira Junior CA, Lobato FCF, de Souza Trindade G, Paglia AP, Silva ROS. Clostridioides difficile and multi-drug-resistant staphylococci in free-living rodents and marsupials in parks of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:401-410. [PMID: 34761356 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a serious threat to human and animal health. Recent studies have shown that synanthropic animals can act as reservoirs and disseminators of pathogens and resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococcal species and Clostridioides difficile isolated from the feces of free-living rodents and marsupials from two urban parks in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. During a 12-month period, fecal samples from 159 free-living animals, including 136 rodents and 23 marsupials, were collected from two urban parks in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Staphylococcus spp. were more likely to be isolated from rodents than marsupials (p = 0.0164). Eight different staphylococcal species were isolated from 36 (26.5%) rodents and one marsupial (4.3%). S. saprophyticus (48.6%) was the most frequently isolated species, and almost a quarter of the isolates (24.3%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, four (10.8%) of which were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Two (5.4%) strains were resistant to cefoxitin and were then classified as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and one also tested positive for the mecA gene. C. difficile was isolated from two rodents (1.5%), and one strain was toxigenic and classified as ribotype 064. One isolate was resistant to rifampicin, but both strains were susceptible to all other antimicrobials tested, including metronidazole and vancomycin. All C. difficile isolates and all staphylococcal strains resistant to antimicrobials were recovered from the same park. The present study suggests that free-living rodents in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) are mainly colonized by S. saprophyticus and may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus spp. and C. difficile strains. This is the first study to evaluate the presence of staphylococci and C. difficile from free-living opossums and suggest a low fecal shedding of these organisms by these mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Almeida Santana
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Salene Angelini Colombo
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Brendhal Almeida Silva
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nádia Diniz
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte, MG, 662731270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Oliveira Junior
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte, MG, 662731270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte, MG, 662731270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva LF, de Oliveira SAM, de Alencar Mota ALA, Gonçalves VSP, de Oliveira Freitas C, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, de Sant'Ana FJF. Seroprevalence of bovine vaccinia in cows and its correlation with the productive profile of affected farms in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:411-419. [PMID: 34729709 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is an infectious disease caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) characterized by vesicular and exanthematic lesions, mainly in cattle. Although BV has been described in some Brazilian regions in the last decades, official information regarding the current prevalence in bovine herds of Midwestern Brazil is lacking. Thus, the current study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with BV in cattle in the Distrito Federal (DF), Brazil. Sera of 312 cows of 64 herds were tested by virus-neutralizing test for VACV antibodies. Herd and animal seroprevalence were estimated to be 33.3% (CI 95%: 18.2-48.3%) and 10.6% (CI 95%: 1.0-20.2%), respectively. Seropositive cows were detected in dairy, beef, and mixed-purpose farms. The results of an epidemiological questionnaire showed that no risk factor analyzed was positively associated with seropositivity to VACV. There was no significant association between type of milking (manual/mechanic) and seropositivity to VACV; however, most seropositive cows were present in farms with high daily milk production and high number of lactating and adult cows. Our results indicate that VACV circulates in many regions of DF with considerable prevalence in dairy cows. Control measures to restrict VACV circulation and consequences of the infection may be advisable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ferreira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050511. [PMID: 33922509 PMCID: PMC8145679 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças não Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva NIO, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E43. [PMID: 33396609 PMCID: PMC7823380 DOI: 10.3390/v13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (N.I.O.S.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.); (G.d.S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antunes JMADP, Borges IA, Trindade GDS, Kroon EG, Cruvinel TMDA, Peres MG, Megid J. Exposure of free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) to the vaccinia virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:481-485. [PMID: 31574216 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of free-ranging animals/hunting dogs as sources of infection in the vaccinia virus (VACV) transmission chain. Serological, cell culture and molecular assays were conducted in 56 free-ranging animals and 22 hunting dogs. ELISA/neutralizing assays showed that two (2.5%) capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) had anti-OPV positive antibodies, while all samples tested negative through PCR/cell culture. After being hit by cars on roads, capybaras that exhibited neither clinical signs nor any association with bovine outbreaks had neutralizing antibodies against the Orthopoxvirus, as detected through plaque-reduction neutralizing tests and ELISA. Evidence exists regarding peridomestic capybaras acting as a source of the virus and serving as a link between wild and urban environments, thus contributing to viral maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Gea Peres
- UNESP-Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- UNESP-Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|