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Wheeler W, Clark C, DiGiuseppe S. Emerging Fungal Pathogen Rhodotorula Species Isolated From a Patient With a Lung Malignancy. Cureus 2024; 16:e58131. [PMID: 38741797 PMCID: PMC11088968 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula is a genus of ubiquitous pigmented yeast found in the environment and as a commensal of human and animal microbiota. Previously considered nonpathogenic, Rhodotorula has emerged as an important cause of nosocomial and opportunistic infections in susceptible patients. While Rhodotorula spp. are common commensals in healthy individuals, the yeast may overgrow in patients with compromised immune systems causing disease. Herein, we provide a detailed presentation of a rare case involving a 79-year-old Caucasian female with a lung malignancy who developed massive cavitations in her lungs. The patient's lung tissue was cultured and grew an unidentified species of the genus Rhodotorula. The patient's health declined rapidly, and she expired due to hypoxemia. Clinicians must recognize patient groups potentially at risk for infection with Rhodotorula spp. Early identification and initiation of appropriate interventions are crucial in reducing mortality associated with this opportunistic fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wheeler
- Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, USA
| | - Christopher Clark
- Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, USA
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García-Gamboa R, Díaz-Torres O, Senés-Guerrero C, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Moya A, Pérez-Brocal V, Garcia-Gonzalez A, González-Avila M. Associations between bacterial and fungal communities in the human gut microbiota and their implications for nutritional status and body weight. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5703. [PMID: 38459054 PMCID: PMC10923939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between bacterial and fungal communities in the human gut microbiota, impacting on nutritional status and body weight. Cohorts of 10 participants of healthy weight, 10 overweight, and 10 obese individuals, underwent comprehensive analysis, including dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical evaluations. Microbial composition was studied via gene sequencing of 16S and ITS rDNA regions, revealing bacterial (bacteriota) and fungal (mycobiota) profiles. Bacterial diversity exceeded fungal diversity. Statistically significant differences in bacterial communities were found within healthy-weight, overweight, and obese groups. The Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (previously known as the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio) correlated positively with body mass index. The predominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with the genera Nakaseomyces, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, and Hanseniaspora, inversely correlating with weight gain; while Saccharomyces, Debaryomyces, and Pichia correlated positively with body mass index. Overweight and obese individuals who harbored a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, demonstrated a favorable lipid and glucose profiles in contrast to those with lower abundance. The overweight group had elevated Candida, positively linked to simple carbohydrate consumption. The study underscores the role of microbial taxa in body mass index and metabolic health. An imbalanced gut bacteriota/mycobiota may contribute to obesity/metabolic disorders, highlighting the significance of investigating both communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo García-Gamboa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, Nuevo Mexico, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carolina Senés-Guerrero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Sostenibilidad y Cambio Climático, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrés Moya
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UVEG), Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, Nuevo Mexico, 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, col Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Correa CZ, de Tavares Machado Bolonhesi IB, Lopes DD, Prates KVMC, Panagio LA, Ratuchne A, Damianovic MHRZ. Removal of organic matter and nitrogen from dairy effluents in a structured bed reactor operated with intermittent aeration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91060-91073. [PMID: 37464210 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of a structured bed reactor (SBRIA), carried out with intermittent aeration (IA), in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from dairy effluent, when run with different organic loading rates (OLR). The SBRIA was operated for 227 days, with 2:1 AI cycles (2 h with aeration on and 1 h off) and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 16 h. Three phases, with different OLR, were evaluated: phases A (1000 gCOD m-3 day-1 - 63 days), B (1400 gCOD m-3 day-1 - 94 days), and C (1800 gCOD m-3 day-1 - 70 days). The percentage of COD, NH4+-N removal, and nitrogen removal, respectively, were above 85 ± 7%, 73 ± 27%, and 83 ± 5, in all phases. There was no accumulation of the oxidized forms of nitrogen in the reactor. The kinetic test, performed to evaluate the nitrification and denitrification in the system, indicated that even in dissolved oxygen concentrations of 4.5 mg L-1, it was possible to obtain the denitrification process in the system. The results demonstrate that the reactor under study has positive characteristics to be used as an alternative for removing the removal of organic material and nitrogen in the biological treatment of dairy effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Zoe Correa
- Department of Civil Construction, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Campus Universitario, CEP, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Deize Dias Lopes
- Department of Civil Construction, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Campus Universitario, CEP, Londrina, Parana, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Valéria Marques Cardoso Prates
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Av. Dos Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Luciano Aparecido Panagio
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Campus Universitario, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Ratuchne
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Campus Universitario, Londrina, Parana, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic
- Laboratory of Biological Processes, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 1100, João Dagnone Ave., Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
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Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Sitarik AR, Johnson CC, Johnson-Hooper TM, Kassem Z, Levin AM, Lynch SV, Ownby DR, Phillips JM, Yong GJM, Wegienka G, Straughen JK. Early-life gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preadolescents. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:2051-2060. [PMID: 35440767 PMCID: PMC9582043 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota maturation coincides with nervous system development. Cross-sectional data suggest gut microbiota of individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differs. We hypothesized that infant gut microbiota composition is associated with later ADHD development in our on-going birth cohort study, WHEALS. METHODS Gut microbiota was profiled using 16S ribosomal RNA and the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) sequencing in stool samples from 1 month and 6 months of age. ADHD was defined by parent-reported or medical record doctor diagnosis at age 10. RESULTS A total of 314 children had gut microbiota and ADHD data; 59 (18.8%) had ADHD. After covariate adjustment, bacterial phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.017) and bacterial composition (unweighted UniFrac p = 0.006, R2 = 0.9%) at age 6 months were associated with development of ADHD. At 1 month of age, 18 bacterial and 3 fungal OTUs were associated with ADHD development. At 6 months of age, 51 bacterial OTUs were associated with ADHD; 14 of the order Lactobacillales. Three fungal OTUs at 6 months of age were associated with ADHD development. CONCLUSIONS Infant gut microbiota is associated with ADHD development in pre-adolescents. Further studies replicating these findings and evaluating potential mechanisms of the association are needed. IMPACT Cross-sectional studies suggest that the gut microbiota of individuals with and without ADHD differs. We found evidence that the bacterial gut microbiota of infants at 1 month and 6 months of age is associated with ADHD at age 10 years. We also found novel evidence that the fungal gut microbiota in infancy (ages 1 month and 6 months) is associated with ADHD at age 10 years. This study addresses a gap in the literature in providing longitudinal evidence for an association of the infant gut microbiota with later ADHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Cassidy-Bushrow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | | | - Christine Cole Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tisa M Johnson-Hooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Kassem
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Ownby
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jannel M Phillips
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Services, Division of Neuropsychology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Germaine J M Yong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer K Straughen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abouloifa H, Rokni Y, Hasnaoui I, Bellaouchi R, Gaamouche S, Ghabbour N, Karboune S, Ben Salah R, Brasca M, D'hallewin G, Saalaoui E, Asehraou A. Characterization of antimicrobial compounds obtained from the potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61 and their application as a biopreservative agent. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1501-1513. [PMID: 35804284 PMCID: PMC9433471 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize the antimicrobial compounds obtained from the potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61, isolated from traditional fermented green olive, involved in their activity against fungi and bacteria responsible for food spoilage and poisonings. Their application as a biopreservative agent was also investigated. The culture of L. plantarum S61 showed substantial antifungal and antibacterial activity against yeasts (Rhodotorula glutinis and Candida pelliculosa), molds (Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizopus oryzae), and pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19,117, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14,028, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 49,189), with inhibition zones > 10 mm. Likewise, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. plantarum S61 showed an essential inhibitory effect against fungi and bacteria, with inhibition diameters of 12.25-22.05 mm and 16.95-17.25 mm, respectively. The CFS inhibited molds' biomass and mycelium growth, with inhibition ranges of 63.18-83.64% and 22.57-38.93%, respectively. The antifungal activity of the CFS was stable during 4 weeks of storage at 25 °C, while it gradually decreased during storage at 4 °C. Several antimicrobial compounds were evidenced in the CFS of L. plantarum S61, including organic acids, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, proteins, and fatty acids. The protein fraction, purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), demonstrated important antifungal activity, in relation to the fraction with molecular weight between 2 and 6 kDa. L. plantarum S61 and its CFS, tested in apple and orange fruit biopreservation, demonstrated their protective effect against P. digitatum spoilage. The CFS exhibited effectiveness in reducing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 14,028 in apple juice. L. plantarum S61 and/or its bioactive compounds CFS represent a promising strategy for biocontrol against pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in the agro-industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Abouloifa
- Research Unit of Microbiology, Biomolecules and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Chemistry-Physics and Biotechnology of Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques - Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco. .,Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Yahya Rokni
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.,Research Unit Bioprocess and Biointerfaces, Laboratory of Industrial Engineering and Surface Engineering, National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Mghila, 23000, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Ismail Hasnaoui
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sara Gaamouche
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Nabil Ghabbour
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco.,Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B. P 1223, Taza, Morocco
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Riadh Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP: 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Guy D'hallewin
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, UOS Sassari, Traversa La Crucca, 3 Loc. Baldinca, 07040, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ennouamane Saalaoui
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, 60 000, Oujda, Morocco
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Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Wastewater Valorization with the Oleaginous Yeasts R. kratochvilovae EXF7516 and C. oleaginosum ATCC 20509. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the conversion of lignocellulose, phenolic wastewaters are generated. Therefore, researchers have investigated wastewater valorization processes in which these pollutants are converted to chemicals, i.e., lipids. However, wastewaters are lean feedstocks, so these valorization processes in research typically require the addition of large quantities of sugars and sterilization, which increase costs. This paper investigates a repeated batch fermentation strategy with Rhodotorula kratochvilovae EXF7516 and Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum ATCC 20509, without these requirements. The pollutant removal and its conversion to microbial oil were evaluated. Because of the presence of non-monomeric substrates, the ligninolytic enzyme activity was also investigated. The repeated batch fermentation strategy was successful, as more lipids accumulated every cycle, up to a total of 5.4 g/L (23% cell dry weight). In addition, the yeasts consumed up to 87% of monomeric substrates, i.e., sugars, aromatics, and organics acids, and up to 23% of non-monomeric substrates, i.e., partially degraded xylan, lignin, cellulose. Interestingly, lipid production was only observed during the harvest phase of each cycle, as the cells experienced stress, possibly due to oxygen limitation. This work presents the first results on the feasibility of valorizing non-sterilized lignocellulosic wastewater with R. kratochvilovae and C. oleaginosum using a cost-effective repeated batch strategy.
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Coutinho JOPA, Quintanilha MF, Campos MRA, Ferreira E, de Menezes GCA, Rosa LH, Rosa CA, Vital KD, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Nicoli JR, Tiago FCP, Martins FS. Antarctic Strain of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18,377 Attenuates Mucositis Induced by 5-Fluorouracil in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:486-500. [PMID: 34255281 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucositis is one of the most strenuous side effects caused by chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), during the treatment of several types of cancers. The disease is so prevalent and aggressive that many patients cannot resist such symptoms. However, despite its frequency and clinical significance, there is no effective treatment to prevent or treat mucositis. Thus, the use of probiotics as an adjuvant for the treatment has gained prominence. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of oral administration of the Antarctic strain of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18,377 as an alternative to minimize side effects of 5-FU-induced mucositis in mice. Body weight, food consumption, stool consistency, and presence of blood in the feces were assessed daily in mice orally treated or not with the yeast and submitted or not to experimental mucositis. Blood, bones, and intestinal tissues and fluid were used to determine intestinal permeability and immunological, microbiological, and histopathological parameters. Treatment with R. mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18,377 was able to decrease clinical signs of the disease, such as reduction of food intake and body weight loss, and also decreased the number of intestinal enterobacteria and intestinal length shortening. Additionally, treatment was able to decrease the levels of MPO and EPO activities and inflammatory infiltrates, as well as the histopathological lesions characteristic of mucositis in the jejunum and ileum. Results of the present study showed that the oral administration of R. mucilaginosa UFMGCB 18,377 protected mice against mucositis induced by 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana O P A Coutinho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mônica F Quintanilha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina R A Campos
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Graciéle C A de Menezes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Katia D Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone O A Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert N Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana C P Tiago
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Agentes Bioterapêuticos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30270-901, Brazil.
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