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Meneceur S, De Vos CE, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ. New synergistic combination therapy approaches with HDAC inhibitor quisinostat, cisplatin or PARP inhibitor talazoparib for urothelial carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18342. [PMID: 38693852 PMCID: PMC11063726 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) urgently requires new therapeutic options. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are frequently dysregulated in UC and constitute interesting targets for the development of alternative therapy options. Thus, we investigated the effect of the second generation HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) quisinostat in five UC cell lines (UCC) and two normal control cell lines in comparison to romidepsin, a well characterized HDACi which was previously shown to induce cell death and cell cycle arrest. In UCC, quisinostat led to cell cycle alterations, cell death induction and DNA damage, but was well tolerated by normal cells. Combinations of quisinostat with cisplatin or the PARP inhibitor talazoparib led to decrease in cell viability and significant synergistic effect in five UCCs and platinum-resistant sublines allowing dose reduction. Further analyses in UM-UC-3 and J82 at low dose ratio revealed that the mechanisms included cell cycle disturbance, apoptosis induction and DNA damage. These combinations appeared to be well tolerated in normal cells. In conclusion, our results suggest new promising combination regimes for treatment of UC, also in the cisplatin-resistant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meneceur
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Caroline E. De Vos
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ)Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ)Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Michèle J. Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) DüsseldorfCIO Aachen Bonn Köln DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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Schwartz L, Salamon K, Simoni A, Eichler T, Jackson AR, Murtha M, Becknell B, Kauffman A, Linn-Peirano S, Holdsworth N, Tyagi V, Tang H, Rust S, Cortado H, Zabbarova I, Kanai A, Spencer JD. Insulin receptor signaling engages bladder urothelial defenses that limit urinary tract infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114007. [PMID: 38517889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) commonly afflict people with diabetes. To better understand the mechanisms that predispose diabetics to UTIs, we employ diabetic mouse models and altered insulin signaling to show that insulin receptor (IR) shapes UTI defenses. Our findings are validated in human biosamples. We report that diabetic mice have suppressed IR expression and are more susceptible to UTIs caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Systemic IR inhibition increases UPEC susceptibility, while IR activation reduces UTIs. Localized IR deletion in bladder urothelium promotes UTI by increasing barrier permeability and suppressing antimicrobial peptides. Mechanistically, IR deletion reduces nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent programming that co-regulates urothelial tight junction integrity and antimicrobial peptides. Exfoliated urothelial cells or urine samples from diabetic youths show suppressed expression of IR, barrier genes, and antimicrobial peptides. These observations demonstrate that urothelial insulin signaling has a role in UTI prevention and link IR to urothelial barrier maintenance and antimicrobial peptide expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwartz
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kristin Salamon
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Aaron Simoni
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Tad Eichler
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Matthew Murtha
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Andrew Kauffman
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Sarah Linn-Peirano
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalie Holdsworth
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Hancong Tang
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Steve Rust
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Hanna Cortado
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Irina Zabbarova
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anthony Kanai
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John David Spencer
- The Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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3
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Repurposing HDAC inhibitors to enhance ribonuclease 4 and 7 expression and reduce urinary tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213363120. [PMID: 36652479 PMCID: PMC9942862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213363120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, innovative approaches are needed for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Boosting antimicrobial peptide expression may provide an alternative to antibiotics. Here, we developed reporter cell lines and performed a high-throughput screen of clinically used drugs to identify compounds that boost ribonuclease 4 and 7 expression (RNase 4 and 7), peptides that have antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. This screen identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as effective RNase 4 and RNase 7 inducers. Validation studies in primary human kidney and bladder cells confirmed pan-HDAC inhibitors as well as the HDAC class I inhibitor, MS-275, induce RNase 4 and RNase 7 to protect human kidney and bladder cells from uropathogenic Escherichia coli. When we administered MS-275 to mice, RNase 4 and 7 expression increased and mice were protected from acute transurethral E. coli challenge. In support of this mechanism, MS-275 treatment increased acetylated histone H3 binding to the RNASE4 and RNASE7 promoters. Overexpression and knockdown of HDAC class I proteins identified HDAC3 as a primary regulator of RNase 4 and 7. These results demonstrate the protective effects of enhancing RNase 4 and RNase 7, opening the door to repurposing medications as antibiotic conserving therapeutics for urinary tract infection.
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Meneceur S, Grunewald CM, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ. Epigenetic Priming and Development of New Combination Therapy Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2684:259-281. [PMID: 37410240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3291-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (MIBC) has been treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy for over 30 years. With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody drug conjugates and FGFR3 inhibitors new therapeutic options have been approved for patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) and are still under investigation regarding association between patients' response and recently defined molecular subtypes. Unfortunately, similar to chemotherapy, only a fraction of UC patients responds to these new treatment approaches. Thus, either further new efficacious therapeutic options for treatment of individual subtypes or new approaches to overcome treatment resistance and to increase patients' response to standard of care treatment are needed.Epigenetic modifications of DNA and chromatin are known to mediate cellular plasticity or treatment resistance, and the responsible epigenetic regulators are frequently mutated or aberrantly expressed in UC. Thus, these enzymes provide targets for novel drug combination therapies to "episensitize" toward approved standard therapies by epigenetic priming. In general, these epigenetic regulators comprise writers and erasers like DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases (for DNA methylation), histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases (for histone methylation), as well as acetyl transferases and histone deacetylases (for histone and nonhistone acetylation). Such modifications, e.g., acetyl groups, are recognized by further epigenetic reader proteins, e.g., like the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins that often interact in multi-protein complexes and finally regulate chromatin conformation and transcriptional activity.Concurringly, epigenetic regulators target a plethora of cellular functions. Their pharmaceutical inhibitors often inhibit enzymatic activity of more than one isoenzyme or may have further noncanonical cytotoxic effects. Thus, analysis of their functions in UC pathogenesis as well as of the antineoplastic capacity of corresponding inhibitors alone or in combination with other approved drugs should follow a multidimensional approach. Here, we present our standard approach to analyze cellular effects of new epigenetic inhibitors on UC cells alone to define their potency and to conclude on putative reasonable combination therapy partners. We further describe our approach to identify efficacious synergistic combination therapies (e.g., with cisplatin or PARP inhibitors) that may have reduced normal toxicity through dose reduction, which can then be further analyzed in animal experiments. This approach may also serve as prototype for the preclinical evaluation of other epigenetic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meneceur
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Camilla M Grunewald
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
- German Study Group of Bladder Cancer (DFBK e.V.), Munich, Germany.
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Ott P, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Hoffmann MJ, Poyet C, Bendhack ML, Santourlidis S, Erichsen L. Differential DNA Methylation of THOR and hTAPAS in the Regulation of hTERT and the Diagnosis of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184384. [PMID: 36139544 PMCID: PMC9497117 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Because of its high prevalence of >45% in 9 out of 11 (82%) cancer types screened, THOR hypermethylation has been suggested to be a frequent telomerase-activating mechanism in hTERT-expressing tumor types, e.g., in cancers of the prostate, breast, blood, colon, lung, bladder, and brain. In this prime example, we present detailed DNA methylation profiles in urothelial cancer that reveal the exact positions of the most differentially methylated CpG dinucleotides within the THOR region in order to design an efficient Methylation-Specific PCR (MSPCR) approach for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Furthermore, our data suggest an epigenetic mechanism regulating hTERT expression through the methylation status of THOR and lncRNA hTAPAS. Abstract Background: Although DNA methylation in the gene promoters usually represses gene expression, the TERT hypermethylated oncological region (THOR) located 5′ of the hTERT gene is hypermethylated when hTERT is expressed in diverse cancer types, including urothelial cancer (UC). Methods: Comprehensive MeDIP and DNA methylation array analyses complemented by the technically independent method of bisulfite genomic sequencing were applied on pathologically reviewed and classified urothelial carcinoma specimens and healthy urothelial tissue samples to reveal the methylation status of THOR in detail. Results: The detailed DNA methylation profiles reveal the exact positions of differentially methylated CpG dinucleotides within THOR in urothelial cancer and provide evidence ofa diverging role of methylation of these CpGs in the regulation of hTERT. In particular, our data suggest a regulating mechanism in which THOR methylation acts on hTERT expression through epigenetic silencing of the lncRNA hTERT antisense promoter-associated (hTAPAS), which represses hTERT. Conclusions: These findings precisely define the most differentially methylated CpGs of THOR in early urothelial cancer, enabling optimal design of Methylation-Specific PCR (MSPCR) primers to reliably probe these methylation differences for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In addition, this strategy presents a prime example that is also applicable to many other malignancies. Finally, the first evidence for the underlying epigenetic mechanism regulating hTERT expression through the methylation status of THOR is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Ott
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michèle J. Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo L. Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba 80420-011, Brazil
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (L.E.)
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (L.E.)
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Kaldirim M, Lang A, Pfeiler S, Fiegenbaum P, Kelm M, Bönner F, Gerdes N. Modulation of mTOR Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease to Target Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:907348. [PMID: 35845058 PMCID: PMC9280721 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.907348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key component in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases causing a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent research shows that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling plays an important role in the general and inflammation-driven mechanisms that underpin cardiovascular disease. mTOR kinase acts prominently in signaling pathways that govern essential cellular activities including growth, proliferation, motility, energy consumption, and survival. Since the development of drugs targeting mTOR, there is proven efficacy in terms of survival benefit in cancer and allograft rejection. This review presents current information and concepts of mTOR activity in myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis, two important instances of cardiovascular illness involving acute and chronic inflammation. In experimental models, inhibition of mTOR signaling reduces myocardial infarct size, enhances functional remodeling, and lowers the overall burden of atheroma. Aside from the well-known effects of mTOR inhibition, which are suppression of growth and general metabolic activity, mTOR also impacts on specific leukocyte subpopulations and inflammatory processes. Inflammatory cell abundance is decreased due to lower migratory capacity, decreased production of chemoattractants and cytokines, and attenuated proliferation. In contrast to the generally suppressed growth signals, anti-inflammatory cell types such as regulatory T cells and reparative macrophages are enriched and activated, promoting resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, given its involvement in the control of major cellular pathways and the maintenance of a functional immune response, modification of this system necessitates a balanced and time-limited approach. Overall, this review will focus on the advancements, prospects, and limits of regulating mTOR signaling in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Kaldirim
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfeiler
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pia Fiegenbaum
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Bönner
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Hoffmann MJ, Poschmann G, Petzsch P, Wiek C, Stühler K, Köhrer K, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of human urothelial cancer cells with histone deacetylase 5 overexpression. Sci Data 2022; 9:240. [PMID: 35624179 PMCID: PMC9142574 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder is a prevalent cancer worldwide. Because histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important factors in cancer, targeting these epigenetic regulators is considered an attractive strategy to develop novel anticancer drugs. Whereas HDAC1 and HDAC2 promote UC, HDAC5 is often downregulated and only weakly expressed in UC cell lines, suggesting a tumor-suppressive function. We studied the effect of stable lentiviral-mediated HDAC5 overexpression in four UC cell lines with different phenotypes (RT112, VM-Cub-1, SW1710, and UM-UC-3, each with vector controls). In particular, comprehensive proteomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics analyses were performed on the four cell line pairs, which are described here. For comparison, the immortalized benign urothelial cell line HBLAK was included. These datasets will be a useful resource for researchers studying UC, and especially the influence of HDAC5 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, these data will inform studies on HDAC5 as a less studied member of the HDAC family in other cell types and diseases, especially fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Structural Cell Biology Group, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Geng R, Harland N, Montes-Mojarro IA, Fend F, Aicher WK, Stenzl A, Amend B. CD24: A Marker for an Extended Expansion Potential of Urothelial Cancer Cell Organoids In Vitro? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5453. [PMID: 35628262 PMCID: PMC9141653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the most cost-intensive cancer due to high recurrence rates and long follow-up times. Bladder cancer organoids were considered interesting tools for investigating better methods for the detection and treatment of this cancer. METHODS Organoids were generated from urothelial carcinoma tissue samples, then expanded and characterized; the expression of immune modulatory antigens and tumor stem cells markers CD24 and CD44 was explored in early (P ≤ 3) and later (P ≥ 5) passages (P) by immunofluorescence and by quantitative PCR of cDNA. The expression of these factors was investigated in the corresponding cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of the PD-L1 was detected on some but not all organoids. CD276 and CD47 were observed on organoids in all passages investigated. Organoids growing beyond passage 8 expressed both CD24 and CD44 at elevated levels in early and late cultures. Organoids proliferating to the eighth passage initially expressed both CD24 and CD44, but lost CD24 expression over time, while CD44 remained. Organoids growing only up to the 6th passage failed to express CD24 but expressed CD44. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the expression of CD24 in urothelial cancer cell organoids may serve as an indicator for the prolonged proliferation potential of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Geng
- Center for Medical Research, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (R.G.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Niklas Harland
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivonne A. Montes-Mojarro
- Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (I.A.M.-M.); (F.F.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany; (I.A.M.-M.); (F.F.)
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Center for Medical Research, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, 72074 72072 Tuebingen, Germany; (R.G.); (W.K.A.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
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9
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Grunewald CM, Haist C, König C, Petzsch P, Bister A, Nößner E, Wiek C, Scheckenbach K, Köhrer K, Niegisch G, Hanenberg H, Hoffmann MJ. Epigenetic Priming of Bladder Cancer Cells With Decitabine Increases Cytotoxicity of Human EGFR and CD44v6 CAR Engineered T-Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782448. [PMID: 34868059 PMCID: PMC8637820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of B-cell malignancies with CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells marked a new era in immunotherapy, which yet has to be successfully adopted to solid cancers. Epigenetic inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTi) and histone deacetylases (HDACi) can induce broad changes in gene expression of malignant cells, thus making these inhibitors interesting combination partners for immunotherapeutic approaches. Methods Urothelial carcinoma cell lines (UCC) and benign uroepithelial HBLAK cells pretreated with the DNMTi decitabine or the HDACi romidepsin were co-incubated with CAR T-cells directed against EGFR or CD44v6, and subsequent cytotoxicity assays were performed. Effects on T-cell cytotoxicity and surface antigen expression on UCC were determined by flow cytometry. We also performed next-generation mRNA sequencing of inhibitor-treated UCC and siRNA-mediated knockdown of potential regulators of CAR T-cell killing. Results Exposure to decitabine but not romidepsin enhanced CAR T-cell cytotoxicity towards all UCC lines, but not towards the benign HBLAK cells. Increased killing could neither be attributed to enhanced target antigen expression (EGFR and CD44v6) nor fully explained by changes in the T-cell ligands PD-L1, PD-L2, ICAM-1, or CD95. Instead, gene expression analysis suggested that regulators of cell survival and apoptosis were differentially induced by the treatment. Decitabine altered the balance between survival and apoptosis factors towards an apoptosis-sensitive state associated with increased CAR T-cell killing, while romidepsin, at least partially, tilted this balance in the opposite direction. Knockdown experiments with siRNA in UCC confirmed BID and BCL2L1/BCLX as two key factors for the altered susceptibility of the UCC. Conclusion Our data suggest that the combination of decitabine with CAR T-cell therapy is an attractive novel therapeutic approach to enhance tumor-specific killing of bladder cancer. Since BID and BCL2L1 are essential determinants for the susceptibility of a wide variety of malignant cells, their targeting might be additionally suitable for combination with immunotherapies, e.g., CAR T-cells or checkpoint inhibitors in other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Grunewald
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Haist
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carolin König
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Arthur Bister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elfriede Nößner
- Immunoanalytics: Tissue Control of Immunocytes, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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10
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Alterations of Chromatin Regulators in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236040. [PMID: 34885146 PMCID: PMC8656749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Urinary bladder cancer is one of the ten major cancers worldwide, with higher incidences in males, in smokers, and in highly industrialized countries. New therapies beyond cytotoxic chemotherapy are urgently needed to improve treatment of these tumors. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying their development may help in this regard. Recently, it was discovered that a group of proteins regulating the state of chromatin and thus gene expression is exceptionally and frequently affected by gene mutations in bladder cancers. Altered function of these mutated chromatin regulators must therefore be fundamental in their development, but how and why is poorly understood. Here we review the current knowledge on changes in chromatin regulators and discuss their possible consequences for bladder cancer development and options for new therapies. Abstract Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent histological type of cancer in the urinary bladder. Genomic changes in UC activate MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways, which increase cell proliferation and survival, interfere with cell cycle and checkpoint control, and prevent senescence. A more recently discovered additional category of genetic changes in UC affects chromatin regulators, including histone-modifying enzymes (KMT2C, KMT2D, KDM6A, EZH2), transcription cofactors (CREBBP, EP300), and components of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF (ARID1A, SMARCA4). It is not yet well understood how these changes contribute to the development and progression of UC. Therefore, we review here the emerging knowledge on genomic and gene expression alterations of chromatin regulators and their consequences for cell differentiation, cellular plasticity, and clonal expansion during UC pathogenesis. Our analysis identifies additional relevant chromatin regulators and suggests a model for urothelial carcinogenesis as a basis for further mechanistic studies and targeted therapy development.
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11
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Epigenetic Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells Sensitizes to Cisplatin Chemotherapy and PARP Inhibitor Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061376. [PMID: 33803654 PMCID: PMC8002916 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC) is treated with chemotherapies based on the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin, which only works temporarily due to the development of drug resistance. In this study, we show that it may be possible to overcome such resistances by treating the cancer cells with specific epigenetic drugs. We investigated the “epidrug” PLX51107 that inhibits the chromatin regulator BRD4 (Bromodomain Containing 4). PLX51107 inhibited cell growth, caused DNA damage, and blocked DNA repair response in UC cells. Concomitant application of PLX51107 with cisplatin or the drug talazoparib, interfering with DNA repair, caused cell death very efficiently. PLX51107 thus sensitizes UC cells to other drugs and may allow therapy with novel effective anti-tumor drugs like talazoparib that normally only work in a small proportion of patients with specific gene mutations. These results may help to improve current standard therapy and to develop new treatment options urgently required for UC patients. Abstract Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, which is only moderately efficient, mostly due to development of resistance. New therapy approaches are therefore urgently needed. Epigenetic alterations due to frequent mutations in epigenetic regulators contribute to development of the disease and to treatment resistance, and provide targets for novel drug combination therapies. Here, we determined the cytotoxic impact of the second-generation bromodomain protein inhibitor (BETi) PLX51107 on UC cell lines (UCC) and normal HBLAK control cells. PLX51107 inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and acted synergistically with the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin. While PLX51107 caused significant DNA damage, DNA damage signaling and DNA repair were impeded, a state defined as BRCAness. Accordingly, the drug strongly synergized with cisplatin more efficiently than romidepsin, and with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib to inhibit proliferation and induce cell death in UCC. Thus, a BETi can be used to “episensitize” UC cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy and inhibitors of DNA repair by inducing BRCAness in non BRCA1/2 mutated cancers. In clinical applications, the synergy between PLX51107 and other drugs should permit significant dosage reductions to minimize effects on normal tissues.
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12
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Glukhov A, Potoldykova N, Taratkin M, Gordeev S, Polyakovsky K, Laukhtina E, Moschini M, Abufaraj M, Shariat SF, Sekacheva M, Enikeev D, Glybochko P. Detection of Urothelial Bladder Cancer Based on Urine and Tissue Telomerase Activity Measured by Novel RT-TRAP-2PCR Method. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051055. [PMID: 33806392 PMCID: PMC7961950 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the diagnostic performance of urine telomerase activity (TA) in detecting bladder cancer (BCa) using the modified Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) and the Real Time Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol with double Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-TRAP-2PCR). Methods: In this case-control study, matching urine (in the pre- and post-surgical period) and tissue samples from 68 patients with BCa were assessed for TA. As a control, 45 urine samples were examined from non-BCa patients. TA levels were measured using TRAP and RT-TRAP-2 PCR methods. Results: Preoperative urinary TA was elevated in 64 (94.1%) of the 68 BCa patients. Urine TA was undetectable in 44 control patients, while TA was detected in one patient with histologically verified cystitis. Sensitivity for BCa detection of 94.1% and specificity of 97.8% were observed for urinary TA, while tissue TA had 100% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity. Both urine and tissue TA levels were not significantly higher in patients with muscle-invasive disease compared to those with non-muscle invasive BCa (p > 0.05). Urine and tissue TA levels were not associated with higher tumor grade, stage, and number of tumors (p > 0.05). However, the association was found between higher urinary and tissue TA levels with tumor size ≥ 3 cm (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). During the first postoperative year, 17 BCa patients experienced disease recurrence, and urinary TA was present in 14 (82.4%) of these patients. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary TA levels for BCa recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) during follow-up were 82% and 94.4%, respectively. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates a high diagnostic performance of urinary and tissue TA levels measured by a new RT-TRAP-2PCR method for detecting and monitoring BCa. Additionally, the association was found between higher urinary and tissue TA levels with tumor size ≥ 3 cm; however, higher TA levels failed for significant correlation with advanced tumor stage and grade. Our study could serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of novel biomarkers using the RT-TRAP-2PCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Glukhov
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, 119146 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya Potoldykova
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Mark Taratkin
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Sergey Gordeev
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Konstantin Polyakovsky
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland;
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mohammad Abufaraj
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Urology, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Shahrokh F. Shariat
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Urology, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- Computational Oncology Group, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Enikeev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petr Glybochko
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (N.P.); (M.T.); (K.P.); (E.L.); (S.F.S.); (P.G.)
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13
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Kobayashi T, Toyoda T, Tajima Y, Kishimoto S, Tsunematsu Y, Sato M, Matsushita K, Yamada T, Shimamura Y, Masuda S, Ochiai M, Ogawa K, Watanabe K, Takamura-Enya T, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K, Miyoshi N. o-Anisidine Dimer, 2-Methoxy- N4-(2-methoxyphenyl) Benzene-1,4-diamine, in Rat Urine Associated with Urinary bladder Carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:912-919. [PMID: 33587850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic amines, o-toluidine (o-Tol) and its structural analog o-anisidine (o-Ans), are IARC Group 1 and Group 2A urinary bladder carcinogens, respectively, and are involved in metabolic activation and DNA damage. Our recent study revealed that 2-methyl-N4-(2-methylphenyl) benzene-1,4-diamine (MMBD), a p-semidine-type homodimer of o-Tol, was detected and identified in an in vitro reaction of o-Tol with S9 mix and in vivo urinary samples of o-Tol-exposed rats. Potent mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic activities were reported with MMBD, suggesting its involvement in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. However, it remains unknown whether o-Ans is converted to active metabolites to induce DNA damage in a similar manner as o-Tol. In this study, we report that a novel o-Ans metabolite, 2-methoxy-N4-(2-methoxyphenyl) benzene-1,4-diamine (MxMxBD), a dimer by head-to-tail binding (p-semidine form), was for the first time identified in o-Ans-exposed rat urine. MxMxBD induced a stronger mutagenicity in N-acetyltransferase overexpressed Salmonella typhimurium strains and potent genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in human bladder carcinoma T24 cells compared with o-Ans. These results suggest that MxMxBD may to some extent contribute toward urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In addition to homodimerization, such as MxMxBD, heterodimerizations were observed when o-Ans was coincubated with o-Tol or aniline (Ani) in in vitro reactions with S9 mix. This study highlights the important consideration of homodimerizations and heterodimerizations of monocyclic aromatic amines, including o-Ans, o-Tol, and Ani, in the evaluation of the combined exposure risk of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuya Tajima
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shinji Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamada
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Masako Ochiai
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enya
- Department of Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Department of Cancer Model Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
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14
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Downregulation of Cell Cycle and Checkpoint Genes by Class I HDAC Inhibitors Limits Synergism with G2/M Checkpoint Inhibitor MK-1775 in Bladder Cancer Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020260. [PMID: 33670166 PMCID: PMC7916885 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since genes encoding epigenetic regulators are often mutated or deregulated in urothelial carcinoma (UC), they represent promising therapeutic targets. Specifically, inhibition of Class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes induces cell death in UC cell lines (UCC) and, in contrast to other cancer types, cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Here, we investigated whether mutations in cell cycle genes contribute to G2/M rather than G1 arrest, identified the precise point of arrest and clarified the function of individual HDAC Class-I isoenzymes. Database analyses of UC tissues and cell lines revealed mutations in G1/S, but not G2/M checkpoint regulators. Using class I-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) with different isoenzyme specificity (Romidepsin, Entinostat, RGFP966), cell cycle arrest was shown to occur at the G2/M transition and to depend on inhibition of HDAC1/2 rather than HDAC3. Since HDAC1/2 inhibition caused cell-type-specific downregulation of genes encoding G2/M regulators, the WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 could not overcome G2/M checkpoint arrest and therefore did not synergize with Romidepsin inhibiting HDAC1/2. Instead, since DNA damage was induced by inhibition of HDAC1/2, but not of HDAC3, combinations between inhibitors of HDAC1/2 and of DNA repair should be attempted.
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15
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Skowron MA, Hoffmann MJ, Watolla MM, Nettersheim D. Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Treatment of (Cisplatin-Resistant) Germ Cell Cancer Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2195:99-111. [PMID: 32852760 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0860-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance still remains a major obstacle in the standard chemotherapeutic approach in late-stage and metastatic testicular germ cell cancer (GCC) patients. This multifactorial and complex phenomenon arises (concomitantly) on several levels due to impaired transport, decreased adduct formation, increased DNA-repair, decreased apoptosis, or compensating pathways. Evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches and pharmacological inhibitors still remains necessary to treat cisplatin-resistant GCCs. In this chapter, we present in vitro techniques to measure cytotoxic impacts of chemotherapeutic drugs on GCC cell lines. Specifically, we will discuss the measurement of relative cell viability by XTT assay, as well as cell cycle distribution and apoptosis assay by Nicoletti- and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay with subsequent flow cytometry, respectively, to evaluate the effects of cytotoxic treatment in GCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike M Watolla
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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16
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Szarvas T, Hoffmann MJ, Olah C, Szekely E, Kiss A, Hess J, Tschirdewahn S, Hadaschik B, Grotheer V, Nyirady P, Csizmarik A, Varadi M, Reis H. MMP-7 Serum and Tissue Levels Are Associated with Poor Survival in Platinum-Treated Bladder Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:diagnostics11010048. [PMID: 33396213 PMCID: PMC7824149 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is a main cause of therapeutic failure and death in bladder cancer. With the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors, prediction of platinum treatment became of great clinical importance. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) was shown to be involved in cisplatin resistance. Therefore, tissue and circulating MMP-7 levels were evaluated in 124 bladder cancer patients who received postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Tissue MMP-7 levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 72 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded chemo-naïve tumor samples, while MMP-7 serum concentrations were determined in 132 serum samples of an independent cohort of 52 patients. MMP-7 tissue and serum levels were correlated with clinicopathological and follow-up data. MMP-7 gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR in 20 urothelial cancer cell lines and two non-malignant urothelial cell lines. MMP-7 was overexpressed in RT-112 and T-24 cells by stable transfection, to assess its functional involvement in platinum sensitivity. High MMP-7 tissue expression and pretreatment serum concentrations were independently associated with poor overall survival (tissue HR = 2.296, 95%CI = 1.235–4.268 and p = 0.009; serum HR = 2.743, 95%CI = 1.258–5.984 and p = 0.011). Therefore, MMP-7 tissue and serum analysis may help to optimize therapeutic decisions. Stable overexpression in RT-112 and T-24 cells did not affect platinum sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.O.); (J.H.); (S.T.); (B.H.)
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.N.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-7238-4967
| | - Michèle J. Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Csilla Olah
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.O.); (J.H.); (S.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Eszter Szekely
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andras Kiss
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.O.); (J.H.); (S.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Stephan Tschirdewahn
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.O.); (J.H.); (S.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.O.); (J.H.); (S.T.); (B.H.)
| | - Vera Grotheer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Peter Nyirady
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.N.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Anita Csizmarik
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.N.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Melinda Varadi
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (P.N.); (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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17
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Many Different LINE-1 Retroelements Are Activated in Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249433. [PMID: 33322422 PMCID: PMC7763009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genomes contain about 100,000 LINE-1 (L1) retroelements, of which more than 100 are intact. L1s are normally tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, which often fail in cancer. In bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC), particularly, L1s become DNA-hypomethylated, expressed and contribute to genomic instability and tumor growth. It is, however, unknown which individual L1s are activated. Following RNA-immunoprecipitation with a L1-specific antibody, third generation nanopore sequencing detected transcripts of 90 individual elements in the VM-Cub-1 UC line with high overall L1 expression. In total, 10 L1s accounted for >60% of the reads. Analysis of five specific L1s by RT-qPCR revealed generally increased expression in UC tissues and cell lines over normal controls, but variable expression among tumor cell lines from bladder, prostate and testicular cancer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated active histone marks at L1 sequences with increased expression in VM-Cub-1, but not in a different UC cell line with low L1 expression. We conclude that many L1 elements are epigenetically activated in bladder cancer in a varied pattern. Our findings indicate that expression of individual L1s is highly heterogeneous between and among cancer types.
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Mokou M, Lygirou V, Angelioudaki I, Paschalidis N, Stroggilos R, Frantzi M, Latosinska A, Bamias A, Hoffmann MJ, Mischak H, Vlahou A. A Novel Pipeline for Drug Repurposing for Bladder Cancer Based on Patients' Omics Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3519. [PMID: 33255925 PMCID: PMC7759896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omics signatures of patients with bladder cancer (BC) can guide the identification of known de-risked therapeutic compounds through drug repurposing, an approach not extensively explored yet. In this study, we target drug repurposing in the context of BC, driven by tissue omics signatures. To identify compounds that can reverse aggressive high-risk Non-Muscle Invasive BC (NMIBC) to less aggressive low-risk molecular subtypes, the next generation Connectivity Map (CMap) was employed using as input previously published proteomics and transcriptomics respective signatures. Among the identified compounds, the ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR, WYE-354, showed a consistently very high score for reversing the aggressive BC molecular signatures. WYE-354 impact was assessed in a panel of eight multi-origin BC cell lines and included impaired colony growth and proliferation rate without any impact on apoptosis. Overall, with this study we introduce a promising pipeline for the repurposing of drugs for BC treatment, based on patients' omics signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Mokou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (V.L.); (I.A.); (R.S.)
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany; (M.F.); (A.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (V.L.); (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Ioanna Angelioudaki
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (V.L.); (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Rafael Stroggilos
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (V.L.); (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Frantzi
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany; (M.F.); (A.L.); (H.M.)
| | | | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Haematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michèle J. Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, 30659 Hannover, Germany; (M.F.); (A.L.); (H.M.)
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (V.L.); (I.A.); (R.S.)
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19
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Knockdown of UTX/KDM6A Enriches Precursor Cell Populations in Urothelial Cell Cultures and Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041023. [PMID: 32326336 PMCID: PMC7226239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase UTX (gene: KDM6A) directs cell and tissue differentiation during development. Deleterious mutations in KDM6A occur in many human cancers, most frequently in urothelial carcinoma. The consequences of these mutations are poorly understood; plausibly, they may disturb urothelial differentiation. We therefore investigated the effects of UTX siRNA-mediated knockdown in two in vitro models of urothelial differentiation; namely, primary cultures of urothelial epithelial cells treated with troglitazone and PD153035 and the immortalized urothelial cell line HBLAK treated with high calcium and serum. In both models, efficient UTX knockdown did not block morphological and biochemical differentiation. An apparent delay was due to a cytotoxic effect on the cell cultures before the initiation of differentiation, which induced apoptosis partly in a p53-dependent manner. As a consequence, slowly cycling, smaller, KRT14high precursor cells in the HBLAK cell line were enriched at the expense of more differentiated, larger, proliferating KRT14low cells. UTX knockdown induced apoptosis and enriched KRT14high cells in the BFTC-905 papillary urothelial carcinoma cell line as well. Our findings suggest an explanation for the frequent occurrence of KDM6A mutations across all stages and molecular subtypes of urothelial carcinoma, whereby loss of UTX function does not primarily impede later stages of urothelial differentiation, but favors the expansion of precursor populations to provide a reservoir of potential tumor-initiating cells.
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20
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Nini A, Hoffmann MJ, Lampignano R, Große Siemer R, van Dalum G, Szarvas T, Cotarelo CL, Schulz WA, Niederacher D, Neubauer H, Stoecklein NH, Niegisch G. Evaluation of HER2 expression in urothelial carcinoma cells as a biomarker for circulating tumor cells. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 98:355-367. [PMID: 32212383 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) by techniques based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is suboptimal in urothelial carcinoma (UC). As HER2 is thought to be broadly expressed in UC, we explored its utility for CTC detection. METHODS HER2 and EpCAM expression was analyzed in 18 UC cell lines (UCCs) by qRT-PCR, western blot and fluorescence-activated cell scanning (FACS) and compared to the strongly HER2-expressing breast cancer cell line SKBR3 and other controls. HER2 expression in UC patient tissues was measured by qRT PCR and correlated with data on survival and risk for metastasis. UCCs with high EpCAM and variable HER2 expression were used for spike-in experiments in the CellSearch system. Twenty-one blood samples from 13 metastatic UC patients were analyzed for HER2-positive CTCs with CellSearch. RESULTS HER2 mRNA and protein were broadly expressed in UCC, with some heterogeneity, but at least 10-fold lower than in the HER-2+ SKBR3 cells. Variations were unrelated to cellular phenotype or clinicopathological characteristics. EpCAM expression was essentially restricted to UCCs with epitheloid phenotypes. Heterogeneity of EpCAM and HER2 expression was observed also in spike-in experiments. The 7 of 21 blood samples from 6 of 13 patients were enumerated as CTC positive via EpCAM, but only one sample stained weakly positive (1+) for HER2. CONCLUSIONS Detection rate of CTCs by EpCAM in UC is poor, even in metastatic patients. Because of its widespread expression, particularly in patients with high risk of metastasis, detection of HER2 could improve identification of UC CTCs, which is why combined detection using antibodies for EpCAM and HER2 may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nini
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michèle Janine Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rita Lampignano
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Große Siemer
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Guus van Dalum
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Urology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cristina Lopez Cotarelo
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Arthur Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Disseminated Cancer Cell Network (DCCNet) Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Disseminated Cancer Cell Network (DCCNet) Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolas Hendrik Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Disseminated Cancer Cell Network (DCCNet) Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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21
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Basic Hallmarks of Urothelial Cancer Unleashed in Primary Uroepithelium by Interference with the Epigenetic Master Regulator ODC1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3808. [PMID: 32123240 PMCID: PMC7052216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common disease causing significant morbidity and mortality as well as considerable costs for health systems. Extensive aberrant methylation of DNA is broadly documented in early UC, contributing to genetic instability, altered gene expression and tumor progression. However the triggers initiating aberrant methylation are unknown. Recently we discovered that several genes encoding key enzymes of methyl group and polyamine metabolism, including Ornithine Decarboxylase 1 (ODC1), are affected by DNA methylation in early stage UC. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these epigenetic alterations act in a feed-forward fashion to promote aberrant DNA methylation in UC. We demonstrate that siRNA-mediated knockdown of ODC1 expression elicits genome-wide LINE-1 demethylation, induction of LINE-1 transcripts and double-strand DNA breaks and decreases viability in primary cultured uroepithelial cells. Similarly, following siRNA-mediated knockdown of ODC1, UC cells undergo double-strand DNA breaks and apoptosis. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that ODC1 gene hypermethylation could be a starting point for the onset of genome-wide epigenetic aberrations in urothelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, LINE-1 induction enabled by ODC1 interference provides a new experimental model to study mechanisms and consequences of LINE-1 activation in the etiology and progression of UC as well as presumably other cancers.
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22
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Combination of Decitabine and Entinostat Synergistically Inhibits Urothelial Bladder Cancer Cells via Activation of FoxO1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020337. [PMID: 32028599 PMCID: PMC7073167 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of cisplatin-resistance in bladder cancer is frequent and results in disease progression. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are a high medical need for patients suffering from chemotherapy failure. The purpose of this study was to test the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (DAC) with the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat (ENT) in bladder cancer cells with different platinum sensitivities: J82, cisplatin-resistant J82CisR, and RT-112. Intermittent treatment of J82 cells with cisplatin resulted in the six-fold more cisplatin-resistant cell line J82CisR. Combinations of DAC and/or ENT plus cisplatin could not reverse chemoresistance. However, the combination of DAC and ENT acted cytotoxic in a highly synergistic manner as shown by Chou-Talalay analysis via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Importantly, this effect was cancer cell-selective as no synergism was found for the combination in the non-cancerous urothelial cell line HBLAK. Expression analysis indicated that epigenetic treatment led to up-regulation of forkhead box class O1 (FoxO1) and further activated proapoptotic Bim and the cell cycle regulator p21 and reduced expression of survivin in J82CisR. In conclusion, the combination of DAC and ENT is highly synergistic and has a promising potential for therapy of bladder cancer, particularly in cases with platinum resistance.
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23
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Günes C, Wezel F, Southgate J, Bolenz C. Implications of TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity in urothelial carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:386-393. [PMID: 29599449 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity imparts eukaryotic cells with unlimited proliferation capacity, one of the cancer hallmarks. Over 90% of human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tumours are positive for telomerase activity. Telomerase activation can occur through several mechanisms. Mutations in the core promoter region of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) cause telomerase reactivation in 60-80% of UCBs, whereas the prevalence of these mutations is lower in urothelial cancers of other origins. TERT promoter mutations are the most frequent genetic alteration across all stages of UCB, indicating a strong selection pressure during neoplastic transformation. TERT promoter mutations could arise during regeneration of normal urothelium and, owing to consequential telomerase reactivation, might be the basis of UCB initiation, which represents a new model of urothelial cancer origination. In the future, TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity might have diagnostic and therapeutic applications in UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Department of Biology, Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of York, York, UK
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24
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Sassenberg M, Droop J, Schulz WA, Dietrich D, Loick SM, Wiek C, Scheckenbach K, Gaisa NT, Hoffmann MJ. Upregulation of the long non-coding RNA CASC9 as a biomarker for squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:806. [PMID: 31412811 PMCID: PMC6694542 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are available for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown promise as biomarkers in other cancer types and in some cases functionally contribute to tumor development and progression. Here, we searched for lncRNAs useful as biomarkers in HNSCC. METHODS Public datasets were mined for lncRNA candidates. Two independent HNSCC tissue sets and a bladder cancer tissue set were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Effects of lncRNA overexpression or downregulation on cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and chemosensitivity were studied in HNSCC cell lines. RESULTS Data mining revealed prominently CASC9, a lncRNA significantly overexpressed in HNSCC tumor tissues according to the TCGA RNAseq data. Overexpression was confirmed by RT-qPCR analyses of patient tissues from two independent cohorts. CASC9 expression discriminated tumors from normal tissues with even higher specificity than HOTAIR, a lncRNA previously suggested as an HNSCC biomarker. Specificity of HNSCC detection by CASC9 was further improved by combination with HOTAIR. Analysis of TCGA pan-cancer data revealed significant overexpression of CASC9 across different other entities including bladder, liver, lung and stomach cancers and especially in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. By RT-qPCR analysis we furthermore detected stronger CASC9 overexpression in pure SCC of the urinary bladder and mixed urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation than in pure urothelial carcinomas. Thus, CASC9 might represent a general diagnostic biomarker and particularly for SCCs. Unexpectedly, up- or downregulation of CASC9 expression in HNSCC cell lines with low or high CASC9 expression, respectively, did not result in significant changes of cell viability, clonogenicity, migration or chemosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS CASC9 is a promising biomarker for HNSCC detection. While regularly overexpressed, however, this lncRNA does not seem to act as a major driver of development or progression in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Sassenberg
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Droop
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophia Marie Loick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Hoffmann MJ, Beck MLC, Poschmann G, Petzsch P, Wiek C, Stühler K, Köhrer K, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. HDAC5 Expression in Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines Inhibits Long-Term Proliferation but Can Promote Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2135. [PMID: 31052182 PMCID: PMC6539474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) generally promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, whereas class IIA HDACs like HDAC4 and HDAC5 may promote or impede cancer development in a tissue-dependent manner. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), HDAC5 is often downregulated. Accordingly, HDAC5 was weakly expressed in UC cell lines suggesting a possible tumor-suppressive function. We therefore characterized the effects of stable HDAC5 expression in four UC cell lines (RT112, VM-Cub-1, SW1710 and UM-UC-3) with different phenotypes reflecting the heterogeneity of UC, by assessing proliferation, clonogenicity and migration ability. Further, we detailed changes in the proteome and transcriptome by immunoblotting, mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing analysis. We observed that HDAC5 overexpression in general decreased cell proliferation, but in one cell line (VM-Cub-1) induced a dramatic change from an epitheloid to a mesenchymal phenotype, i.e., epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These phenotypical changes were confirmed by comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics analyses. In contrast to HDAC5, overexpression of HDAC4 exerted only weak effects on cell proliferation and phenotypes. We conclude that overexpression of HDAC5 may generally decrease proliferation in UC, but, intriguingly, may induce EMT on its own in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael L C Beck
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Contingencies of UTX/KDM6A Action in Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040481. [PMID: 30987376 PMCID: PMC6520694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein X-Linked (UTX/KDM6A) demethylates H3K27me2/3 at genes and enhancers and is often inactivated by mutations in urothelial carcinoma (UC). The consequences of its inactivation are however poorly understood. We have investigated the consequences of moderate UTX overexpression across a range of UC cell lines with or without mutations in KDM6A or its interaction partners and in a normal control cell line. Effects on cell proliferation, especially long-term, varied dramatically between the cell lines, ranging from deleterious to beneficial. Similarly, effects on global gene expression determined by RNA-Seq were variable with few overlapping up- or downregulated genes between the cell lines. Our data indicate that UTX does not act in a uniform fashion in UC. Rather, its effect depends on several contingencies including, prominently, the status of KMT2C and KMT2D which interact with UTX in the COMPASS complex. In particular, we provide evidence that these factors determine the amount of nuclear UTX.
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27
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Kaletsch A, Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Wang C, Hansen FK, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Gertzen C, Gohlke H, Kassack MU, Kurz T, Schulz WA, Niegisch G. Effects of novel HDAC inhibitors on urothelial carcinoma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:100. [PMID: 30064501 PMCID: PMC6069857 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are promising anti-cancer drugs that could also be employed for urothelial carcinoma (UC) therapy. It is unclear, however, whether inhibition of all 11 zinc-dependent HDACs or of individual enzymes is more efficacious and specific. Here, we investigated the novel HDACi 19i (LMK235) with presumed preferential activity against class IIA HDAC4/5 in comparison to the pan-HDACi vorinostat (SAHA) and the HDAC4-specific HDACi TMP269 in UC cell lines with basal expression of HDAC4 and characterized two HDAC4-overexpressing UC cell lines. Methods Cytotoxic concentrations 50% (CC50s) for HDACi were determined by MTT assay and high-content analysis-based fluorescent live/dead assay in UC cell lines with different expression of HDAC4 and as well as in normal urothelial cell cultures, HBLAK and HEK-293 cell lines. Effects of HDACis were analyzed by flow cytometry; molecular changes were followed by qRT-PCR and Western blots. UC lines overexpressing HDAC4 were established by lentiviral transduction. Inhibitor activity profiles of HDACi were obtained by current state in vitro assays, and docking analysis was performed using an updated crystal structure of HDAC4. Results In UC cell lines, 19i CC50s ranged around 1 μM; control lines were similarly or less sensitive. Like SAHA, 19i increased the G2/M-fraction, disturbed mitosis, and elicited apoptosis or in some cells senescence. Thymidylate synthase expression was diminished, and p21CIP1 was induced; global histone acetylation and α-tubulin acetylation also increased. In most cell lines, 19i as well as SAHA induced HDAC5 and HDAC4 mRNAs while rather repressing HDAC7. UC cell lines overexpressing HDAC4 were not significantly less sensitive to 19i. Reevaluation of the in vitro HDAC isoenzyme activity inhibition profile of 19i and its docking to HDAC4 using current assays suggested rather low activity against class IIA HDACs. The specific class IIA HDAC inhibitor TMP269 impeded proliferation of UC cell lines only at concentrations > 10 μM. Conclusions Anti-neoplastic effects of 19i on UC cells appear to be exerted by targeting class I HDACs. In fact, HDAC4 may rather impede UC growth. Our results suggest that targeting of class IIA HDACs 4/5 may not be optimal for UC therapy. Moreover, our investigation provides further evidence for cross-regulation of class IIA HDACs by class I HDACs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0531-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kaletsch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ananda A Jaguva Vasudevan
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Chenyin Wang
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias U Kassack
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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28
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Weber L, Schulz WA, Philippou S, Eckardt J, Ubrig B, Hoffmann MJ, Tannapfel A, Kalbe B, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Characterization of the Olfactory Receptor OR10H1 in Human Urinary Bladder Cancer. Front Physiol 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29867524 PMCID: PMC5964926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a large group of G-protein coupled receptors predominantly found in the olfactory epithelium. Many ORs are, however, ectopically expressed in other tissues and involved in several diseases including cancer. In this study, we describe that one OR, OR10H1, is predominantly expressed in the human urinary bladder with a notably higher expression at mRNA and protein level in bladder cancer tissues. Interestingly, also significantly higher amounts of OR10H1 transcripts were detectable in the urine of bladder cancer patients than in the urine of control persons. We identified the sandalwood-related compound Sandranol as a specific agonist of OR10H1. This deorphanization allowed the functional characterization of OR10H1 in BFTC905 bladder cancer cells. The effect of receptor activation was morphologically apparent in cell rounding, accompanied by changes in the cytoskeleton detected by β-actin, T-cadherin and β-Catenin staining. In addition, Sandranol treatment significantly diminished cell viability, cell proliferation and migration and induced a limited degree of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increased G1 fraction. In a concentration-dependent manner, Sandranol application elevated cAMP levels, which was reduced by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, and elicited intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase. Furthermore, activation of OR10H1 enhanced secretion of ATP and serotonin. Our results suggest OR10H1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weber
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Translational Wound Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Augusta Kliniken Bochum Hattingen, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josephine Eckardt
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute for Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ubrig
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta Kliniken Bochum Hattingen, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michéle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute for Pathology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Zuiverloon TC, de Jong FC, Costello JC, Theodorescu D. Systematic Review: Characteristics and Preclinical Uses of Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Bladder Cancer 2018; 4:169-183. [PMID: 29732388 PMCID: PMC5929350 DOI: 10.3233/blc-180167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) cell lines are indispensable in basic and preclinical research. Currently, an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of available BC cell lines is not available. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview and resources on the origin, pathological and molecular characteristics of commonly used human, murine and canine BC cell lines. METHODS A PubMed search was performed for relevant articles published between 1980 and 2017 according to the following MeSH terms: cell line; cell line, tumor; urinary bladder neoplasms; carcinoma, transitional cell. The Cellosaurus database was searched, using the term "bladder" and/or "urothelial carcinoma". We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS We provide information on 157 human, murine and canine BC cell lines. 103 human BC cell lines have molecular data available, of which 69 have been profiled by at least one "omic" technology. We outline how these cell lines are currently being used for in vitro and in vivo experimental models. These results allow direct comparison of BC cell lines to patient samples, providing information needed to make informed decisions on the most genomically appropriate cell line to answer research questions. Furthermore, we show that cross-contamination remains an issue and describe guidelines for prevention. CONCLUSIONS In the BC field, multiple human, murine and canine BC cell lines have been developed and many have become indispensable for in vitro and in vivo research. High-throughput -omic technologies have dramatically increased the amount of molecular data on these cell lines. We synthesized a comprehensive overview of these data as a resource for the BC scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlita C.M. Zuiverloon
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Florus C. de Jong
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James C. Costello
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Hölscher AS, Schulz WA, Pinkerneil M, Niegisch G, Hoffmann MJ. Combined inhibition of BET proteins and class I HDACs synergistically induces apoptosis in urothelial carcinoma cell lines. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:1. [PMID: 29312470 PMCID: PMC5755363 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New efficient therapies for urothelial carcinoma (UC) are urgently required. Small-molecule drugs targeting chromatin regulators are reasonable candidates because these regulators are frequently mutated or deregulated in UC. Indeed, in previous work, Romidepsin, which targets class I histone deacetylases (HDAC), efficiently killed UC cells, but did not elicit canonical apoptosis and affected benign urothelial cells indiscriminately. Combinations of HDAC inhibitors with JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain-containing acetylation reader proteins like BRD4, which promote especially the transcription of pro-tumorigenic genes, have shown efficacy in several tumor types. We therefore investigated the effects of combined Romidepsin and JQ1 treatment on UC and benign urothelial control cells. Results JQ1 alone induced cell cycle arrest, but only limited apoptosis in eight UC cell lines with strongly varying IC50 values between 0.18 and 10 μM. Comparable effects were achieved by siRNA-mediated knockdown of BRD4. Romidepsin and JQ1 acted in a synergistic manner across all UC cell lines, efficiently inhibiting cell cycle progression, suppressing clonogenic growth, and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Benign control cells were growth-arrested without apoptosis induction, but retained long-term proliferation capacity. In UC cells, anti-apoptotic and oncogenic factors Survivin, BCL-2, BCL-XL, c-MYC, EZH2 and SKP2 were consistently downregulated by the drug combination and AKT phosphorylation was diminished. Around the transcriptional start sites of these genes, the drug combination enhanced H3K27 acetylation, but decreased H3K4 trimethylation. The cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1C/p57KIP2 was dramatically induced at mRNA and protein levels. However, Cas9-mediated CDKN1C/p57KIP2 knockout did not rescue UC cells from apoptosis. Conclusion Our results demonstrate significant synergistic effects on induction of apoptosis in UC cells by the combination treatment with JQ1 and Romidepsin, but only minor effects in benign cells. Thus, this study established a promising new small-molecule combination therapy approach for UC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-017-0434-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Hölscher
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Pinkerneil M, Hoffmann MJ, Niegisch G. Epigenetic Treatment Options in Urothelial Carcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:289-317. [PMID: 28889393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations, dysregulation, and dysbalance of epigenetic regulators are especially frequent in urothelial carcinoma (UC) compared to other malignancies. Accordingly, targeting epigenetic regulators may provide a window of opportunity particularly in anticancer therapy of UC. In general, these epigenetic regulators comprise DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases (for DNA methylation), histone methyltransferases, and histone demethylases (for histone methylation) as well as acetyl transferases and histone deacetylases (for histone and non-histone acetylation).As epigenetic regulators target a plethora of cellular functions and available inhibitors often inhibit enzymatic activity of more than one isoenzyme or may have further off-target effects, analysis of their functions in UC pathogenesis as well as of the antineoplastic capacity of according inhibitors should follow a multidimensional approach.Here, we present our standard approach for the analysis of the cellular and molecular functions of individual HDAC enzymes, their suitability as treatment targets and for the evaluation of isoenzyme-specific HDAC inhibitors regarding their antineoplastic efficacy. This approach may also serve as prototype for the preclinical evaluation of other epigenetic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pinkerneil
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Gebäude 13.72, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Gebäude 13.72, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Gebäude 13.72, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Skowron MA, Sathe A, Romano A, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA, van Koeveringe GA, Albers P, Nawroth R, Niegisch G. Applying the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay to study treatment approaches in urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e11-544.e23. [PMID: 28551413 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid development of novel treatment options demands valid preclinical screening models for urothelial carcinoma (UC). The translational value of high-throughput drug testing using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures is limited while for xenograft models handling efforts and costs often become prohibitive for larger-scale drug testing. Therefore, we investigated to which extent the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay might provide an alternative model to study antineoplastic treatment approaches for UC. METHODS The ability of 8 human UC cell lines (UCCs) to form tumors after implantation on CAMs was investigated. Epithelial-like RT-112 and mesenchymal-like T-24 UCCs in cell culture or as CAM tumors were treated with cisplatin alone or combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) romidepsin and suberanilohydroxamic acid. Tumor weight, size, and bioluminescence activity were monitored; tumor specimens were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS UCCs were reliably implantable on the CAM, but tumor development varied among cell lines. Expression of differentiation markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, CK5, CK18, and CK20) was similar in CAM tumors and 2D cultures. Cellular phenotypes also remained stable after recultivation of CAM tumors in 2D cultures. Bioluminescence images correlated with tumor weight. Cisplatin and HDACi decreased weight and growth of CAM tumors in a dose-dependent manner, but HDACi treatment acted less efficiently as in 2D cultures, especially on its typically associated molecular markers. Synergistic effects of HDACi and subsequent cisplatin treatment on UCCs were neither detected in 2D cultures nor detected in CAM tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the CAM assay is a useful tool for studying tumor growth and response to conventional anticancer drugs under 3D conditions, especially cytotoxic drugs as cisplatin. With some limitations, it might serve as a cost- and time-effective preclinical screening assay for novel therapeutic approaches before further assessment in expensive and cumbersome animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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