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Haroon J, Jordan K, Mahdavi K, Rindner E, Becerra S, Surya JR, Zielinski M, Venkatraman V, Goodenowe D, Hofmeister K, Zhang J, Ahlem C, Reading C, Palumbo J, Pourat B, Kuhn T, Jordan S. A phase 2, open-label study of anti-inflammatory NE3107 in patients with dementias. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39027. [PMID: 39058809 PMCID: PMC11272329 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial, neurodegenerative disorder affecting >6 million Americans. Chronic, low-grade neuroinflammation, and insulin resistance may drive AD pathogenesis. We explored the neurophysiological and neuropsychological effects of NE3107, an oral, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing molecule, in AD. METHODS In this phase 2, open-label study, 23 patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia received 20-mg oral NE3107 twice daily for 3 months. Primary endpoints assessed changes from baseline in neurophysiological health and oxidative stress (glutathione level) using advanced neuroimaging analyses. Secondary endpoints evaluated changes from baseline in neuropsychological health using cognitive assessments, including the 11-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog11), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Clinical Dementia Rating, Quick Dementia Rating Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Composite Score, and Global Rating of Change (GRC). Exploratory endpoints assessed changes from baseline in neuroinflammation biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α) and AD (amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau [P-tau]). RESULTS NE3107 was associated with clinician-rated improvements in cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity within the brain. In patients with MMSE ≥ 20 (mild cognitive impairment to mild AD; n = 17), NE3107 was associated with directional, but statistically nonsignificant, changes in brain glutathione levels, along with statistically significant improvements in ADAS-Cog11 (P = .017), Clinical Dementia Rating (P = .042), Quick Dementia Rating Scale (P = .002), Alzheimer's Disease Composite Score (P = .0094), and clinician-rated GRC (P < .001), as well as in cerebrospinal fluid P-tau levels (P = .034) and P-tau:amyloid beta 42 ratio (P = .04). Biomarker analyses also demonstrated directional, but statistically non-significant, changes in plasma TNF-α, consistent with the expected mechanism of NE3107. Importantly, we observed a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.59) between improvements in TNF-α levels and ADAS-Cog11 scores (P = .026) in patients with baseline MMSE ≥ 20. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in this study NE3107 was associated with what appear to be positive neurophysiological and neuropsychological findings, as well as evidence of improvement in biomarkers associated with neuroinflammation and AD in patients diagnosed with dementia. Our findings are consistent with previous preclinical and clinical observations and highlight a central role of neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kennedy Mahdavi
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA
- Synaptec Network, Santa Monica, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taylor Kuhn
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sheldon Jordan
- The Regenesis Project, Santa Monica, CA
- Synaptec Network, Santa Monica, CA
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Karnik SJ, Margetts TJ, Wang HS, Movila A, Oblak AL, Fehrenbacher JC, Kacena MA, Plotkin LI. Mind the Gap: Unraveling the Intricate Dance Between Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias and Bone Health. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:165-176. [PMID: 38285083 PMCID: PMC10912190 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the linked pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease/related dementia (AD/ADRD) and bone disorders like osteoporosis. The emphasis is on "inflammaging"-a low-level inflammation common to both, and its implications in an aging population. RECENT FINDINGS Aging intensifies both ADRD and bone deterioration. Notably, ADRD patients have a heightened fracture risk, impacting morbidity and mortality, though it is uncertain if fractures worsen ADRD. Therapeutically, agents targeting inflammation pathways, especially Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and TNF-α, appear beneficial for both conditions. Additionally, treatments like Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), known for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, are gaining attention. The interconnectedness of AD/ADRD and bone health necessitates a unified treatment approach. By addressing shared mechanisms, we can potentially transform therapeutic strategies, enriching our understanding and refining care in our aging society. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali J Karnik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tyler J Margetts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah S Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Waugh ML, Wolf LM, Turner JP, Phillips LN, Servoss SL, Moss MA. Modulating the RAGE-Induced Inflammatory Response: Peptoids as RAGE Antagonists. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300503. [PMID: 37679300 PMCID: PMC10711691 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
While the primary pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by brain deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, chronic inflammation has emerged as an important factor in AD etiology. Upregulated cell surface expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a key receptor of innate immune response, is reported in AD. In parallel, RAGE ligands, including Aβ aggregates, HMGB1, and S100B, are elevated in AD brain. Activation of RAGE by these ligands triggers release of inflammatory cytokines and upregulates cell surface RAGE. Despite such observation, there are currently no therapeutics that target RAGE for treatment of AD-associated neuroinflammation. Peptoids, a novel class of potential AD therapeutics, display low toxicity, facile blood-brain barrier permeability, and resistance to proteolytic degradation. In the current study, peptoids were designed to mimic Aβ, a ligand that binds the V-domain of RAGE, and curtail RAGE inflammatory activation. We reveal the nanomolar binding capability of peptoids JPT1 and JPT1a to RAGE and demonstrate their ability to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production as well as upregulation of RAGE cell surface expression. These results support RAGE antagonist peptoid-based mimics as a prospective therapeutic strategy to counter neuroinflammation in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lim Waugh
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lauren M Wolf
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - James P Turner
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Lauren N Phillips
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shannon L Servoss
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, 3A46 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 2C02 Swearingen Engineering Center, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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4
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Smorodina E, Kav B, Fatafta H, Strodel B. Effects of ion type and concentration on the structure and aggregation of the amyloid peptide A β 16 - 22 $$ {\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{16-22} $$. Proteins 2023. [PMID: 37964477 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the various factors controlling the amyloid aggregation process, the influences of ions on the aggregation rate and the resulting structures are important aspects to consider, which can be studied by molecular simulations. There is a wide variety of protein force fields and ion models, raising the question of which model to use in such studies. To address this question, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of Aβ16-22 , a fragment of the Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide, using different protein force fields, AMBER99SB-disp (A99-d) and CHARMM36m (C36m), and different ion parameters. The influences of NaCl and CaCl2 at various concentrations are studied and compared with the systems without the addition of ions. Our results indicate a sensitivity of the peptide-ion interactions to the different ion models. In particular, we observe a strong binding of Ca2+ to residue E22 with C36m and also with the Åqvist ion model used together with A99-d, which slightly affects the monomeric Aβ16-22 structures and the aggregation rate, but significantly affects the oligomer structures formed in the aggregation simulations. For example, at high Ca2+ concentrations, there was a switch from an antiparallel to a parallel β-sheet. Such ionic influences are of biological relevance because local ion concentrations can change in vivo and could help explain the polymorphism of amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Smorodina
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Batuhan Kav
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hebah Fatafta
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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De Lorenzi E, Seghetti F, Tarozzi A, Pruccoli L, Contardi C, Serra M, Bisi A, Gobbi S, Vistoli G, Gervasoni S, Argentini C, Ghirardo G, Guarato G, Orso G, Belluti F, Di Martino RMC, Zusso M. Targeting the multifaceted neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease by tailored functionalisation of the curcumin scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115297. [PMID: 36996713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous modulation of multifaceted toxicity arising from neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction represents a valuable therapeutic strategy to tackle Alzheimer's disease. Among the significant hallmarks of the disorder, Aβ protein and its aggregation products are well-recognised triggers of the neurotoxic cascade. In this study, by tailored modification of the curcumin-based lead compound 1, we aimed at developing a small library of hybrid compounds targeting Aβ protein oligomerisation and the consequent neurotoxic events. Interestingly, from in vitro studies, analogues 3 and 4, bearing a substituted triazole moiety, emerged as multifunctional agents able to counteract Aβ aggregation, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In vivo proof-of-concept evaluations, performed in a Drosophila oxidative stress model, allowed us to identify compound 4 as a promising lead candidate.
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Khaleghi-Mehr M, Delshad AA, Shafie-Damavandi S, Roghani M. Metformin mitigates amyloid β 1-40-induced cognitive decline via attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1127-1142. [PMID: 36723832 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is an antidiabetic medicine widely used for management of type 2 diabetes with neuroprotective effects and promising potential to attenuate cognitive impairment. The efficacy of metformin in attenuation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has not been well-documented. Thus, this study was designed to assess protective effect of metformin against Aβ1-40-instigared cognitive impairment. After intra-CA1 microinjection of aggregated Aβ1-40, rats received oral metformin (50 and/or 200 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. Cognition function was analyzed in various behavioral tasks besides measurement of hippocampal oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation along with H&E staining and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunohistochemistry. Obtained data showed significant improvement of discrimination score in novel object recognition test, higher alternation score in Y maze, greater latency in passive avoidance task, and lower working and reference memory errors in radial arm maze in metformin-treated Aβ-injured group. Moreover, metformin treatment attenuated hippocampal levels of nitrite, MDA, protein carbonyl, ROS, TNFα, GFAP, DNA fragmentation intensity, caspase 3 activity, AChE activity, and increased SOD activity and level of IL-10 as an anti-inflammatory factor. In addition, metformin treatment was associated with lower CA1 neuronal loss and it also decreased intensity of 3-NT immunoreactivity as an indicator of nitrosative stress. Taken together, obtained findings showed neuroprotective and anti-dementia property of metformin in male rats and this may have potential benefit in attenuation of cognitive decline and related complications in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as AD besides diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Fagerberg H. Reactive natural kinds and varieties of dependence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 36530757 PMCID: PMC9735059 DOI: 10.1007/s13194-022-00500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper asks when a natural disease kind is truly 'reactive' and when it is merely associated with a corresponding social kind. I begin with a permissive account of real kinds and their structure, distinguishing natural kinds, indifferent kinds and reactive kinds as varieties of real kind characterised by super-explanatory properties. I then situate disease kinds within this framework, arguing that many disease kinds prima facie are both natural and reactive. I proceed to distinguish 'simple dependence', 'secondary dependence' and 'essential dependence' between a natural kind and its classification, and argue that a natural kind is only really reactive, in an important sense, under conditions of essential dependence. On this basis, I offer a principled hypothesis for why psychiatric kinds may be more metaphysically unstable than paradigm somatic disease kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Fagerberg
- Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
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8
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Zhang X, Kang X, Du L, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wang J, Wang S, Chang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Tanshinone IIA loaded chitosan nanoparticles decrease toxicity of β-amyloid peptide in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:81-94. [PMID: 36195161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases that characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Overexpressions of Aβ could induce oxidative stress that might be a key insult to initiate the cascades of Aβ accumulation. As a result, anti-oxidative stress and attenuating Aβ accumulation might be one promising intervention for AD treatment. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a major component of lipophilic tanshinones in Danshen, is proven to be effective in several diseases, including AD. Due to the poor solubility in water, the clinical application of Tan IIA was limited. Therefore, a great number of nanoparticles were designed to overcome this issue. In the current study, we choose chitson as delivery carrier to load Tanshinone IIA (CS@Tan IIA) and explore the protective effects of CS@Tan IIA on the CL2006 strain, a transgenic C. elegans of AD model organism. Compared with Tan IIA monomer, CS@Tan IIA could significantly prolong the lifespan and attenuate the AD-like symptoms, including reducing paralysis and the Aβ deposition by inhibiting the oxidative stress. The mechanism study showed that the protection of CS@Tan IIA was attenuated by knockdown of daf-16 gene, but not skn-1. The results indicated that DAF-16/SOD-3 pathway was required in the protective effects of CS@Tan IIA. Besides DAF-16/SOD-3 pathway, the Tan IIA-loaded CS nanoparticles might protect the C. elegans against the AD insults via promoting autophagy. All the results consistently suggested that coating by chitosan could improve the solubility of Tan IIA and effectively enhance the protective effects of Tan IIA on AD, which might provide a potential drug loading approach for the hydrophobic drugs as Tan IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jihan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Pandey N, Vinod PK. Model scenarios for cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease. iScience 2022; 25:104543. [PMID: 35747391 PMCID: PMC9209725 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Aberrant production and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide into plaques is a frequent feature of AD, but therapeutic approaches targeting Aβ accumulation fail to inhibit disease progression. The approved cholinesterase inhibitor drugs are symptomatic treatments. During human brain development, the progenitor cells differentiate into neurons and switch to a postmitotic state. However, cell cycle re-entry often precedes loss of neurons. We developed mathematical models of multiple routes leading to cell cycle re-entry in neurons that incorporate the crosstalk between cell cycle, neuronal, and apoptotic signaling mechanisms. We show that the integration of multiple feedback loops influences disease severity making the switch to pathological state irreversible. We observe that the transcriptional changes associated with this transition are also characteristics of the AD brain. We propose that targeting multiple arms of the feedback loop may bring about disease-modifying effects in AD. Developed mathematical models of cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease (AD) Integration of multiple feedback loops drives irreversible transition to AD Predicted transcriptional dysregulation is validated using AD gene expression data Inhibition of self-amplifying feedback loops brings about disease-modifying effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Pandey
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
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10
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Thalamocortical bistable switch as a theoretical model of fibromyalgia pathogenesis inferred from a literature survey. J Comput Neurosci 2022; 50:471-484. [PMID: 35816263 PMCID: PMC9666334 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-022-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is an unsolved central pain processing disturbance. We aim to provide a unifying model for FM pathogenesis based on a loop network involving thalamocortical regions, i.e., the ventroposterior lateral thalamus (VPL), the somatosensory cortex (SC), and the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The dynamics of the loop have been described by three differential equations having neuron mean firing rates as variables and containing Hill functions to model mutual interactions among the loop elements. A computational analysis conducted with MATLAB has shown a transition from monostability to bistability of the loop behavior for a weakening of GABAergic transmission between TRN and VPL. This involves the appearance of a high-firing-rate steady state, which becomes dominant and is assumed to represent pathogenic pain processing giving rise to chronic pain. Our model is consistent with a bulk of literature evidence, such as neuroimaging and pharmacological data collected on FM patients, and with correlations between FM and immunoendocrine conditions, such as stress, perimenopause, chronic inflammation, obesity, and chronic dizziness. The model suggests that critical targets for FM treatment are to be found among immunoendocrine pathways leading to GABA/glutamate imbalance having an impact on the thalamocortical system.
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11
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Sánchez-Marín D, Trujano-Camacho S, Pérez-Plasencia C, De León DC, Campos-Parra AD. LncRNAs driving feedback loops to boost drug resistance: sinuous pathways in cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 543:215763. [PMID: 35680071 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feedback loops mediate signaling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. There are two types, positive and negative feedback loops. Both are subject to alterations, and consequently can become pathogenic in the development of diseases such as cancer. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulators of signaling pathways through feedback loops hidden as the dark regulatory elements yet to be described with great impact on cancer tumorigenesis, development, and drug resistance. Several feedback loops have been studied in cancer, however, how they are regulated by lncRNAs is hardly evident, setting a trending topic in oncological research. In this review, we recapitulate and discuss the feedback loops that are regulated by lncRNAs to promote drug resistance. Furthermore, we propose additional strategies that allow us to identify, analyze and comprehend feedback loops regulated by lncRNAs to induce drug resistance or even to gain insight into novel feedback loops that are stimulated under the pressure of treatment and consequently increase its efficacy. This knowledge will be useful to optimize the therapeutic use of oncological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Marín
- Laboratorio de Genómica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan). San Fernando 22 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Samuel Trujano-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Genómica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan). San Fernando 22 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Laboratorio de Genómica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan). San Fernando 22 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-IZTACALA, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México.
| | - David Cantú De León
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Cáncer. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan). San Fernando 22 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Alma D Campos-Parra
- Laboratorio de Genómica. Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan). San Fernando 22 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
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12
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Ghasemi-Tarie R, Kiasalari Z, Fakour M, Khorasani M, Keshtkar S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Nobiletin prevents amyloid β 1-40-induced cognitive impairment via inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1337-1349. [PMID: 35294678 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented as an age-related neurodegenerative disease with multiple cognitive deficits and amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation is the most important involved factor in its development. Nobiletin is a bioflavonoid isolated from citrus fruits peels with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity as well as anti-dementia property that has shown potency to ameliorate intracellular and extracellular Ab. The aim of the present study was to assess protective effect of nobiletin against Aβ1-40-induced cognitive impairment as a consistent model of AD. After bilateral intrahippocampal (CA1 subfield) injection of Aβ1-40, rats were treated with nobiletin (10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) from stereotaxic surgery day (day 0) till day + 7. Cognition function was evaluated in a battery of behavioral tasks at week 3 with final assessment of hippocampal oxidative stress and inflammation besides Nissl staining and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunohistochemistry. Analysis of behavioral data showed notable and significant improvement of alternation in Y maze test, discrimination ratio in novel object recognition task, and step through latency in passive avoidance test in nobiletin-treated Aβ group. Additionally, nobiletin treatment was associated with lower hippocampal levels of MDA and ROS and partial reversal of SOD activity and also improvement of Nrf2 with no significant effect on GSH and catalase. Furthermore, nobiletin attenuated hippocampal neuroinflammation in Aβ group as shown by lower tissue levels of TLR4, NF-kB, and TNFa. Histochemical findings showed that nobiletin prevents CA1 neuronal loss in Nissl staining in addition to its alleviation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunoreactivity as a marker of nitrosative stress. Collectively, these findings indicated neuroprotective and anti-dementia potential of nobiletin that is partly attributed to its anti-oxidative, anti-nitrosative, and anti-inflammatory property associated with proper modulation of TLR4/NF-kB/Nrf2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Fakour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Khorasani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Keshtkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Delport A, Hewer R. The amyloid precursor protein: a converging point in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4501-4516. [PMID: 35579846 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The decades of evidence that showcase the role of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and its fragment amyloidβ (Aβ), in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis are irrefutable. However, the absolute focus on the single APP metabolite Aβ as the cause for AD has resulted in APP and its other fragments that possess toxic propensity, to be overlooked as targets for treatment. The complexity of its processing and its association with systematic metabolism suggests that, if misregulated, APP has the potential to provoke an array of metabolic dysfunctions. This review discusses APP and several of its cleaved products with a particular focus on their toxicity and ability to disrupt healthy cellular function, in relation to AD development. We subsequently argue that the reduction of APP, which would result in a concurrent decrease in Aβ as well as all other toxic APP metabolites, would alleviate the toxic environment associated with AD and slow disease progression. A discussion of those drug-like compounds already identified to possess this capacity is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
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14
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Positive feedback regulation of microglial glucose metabolism by histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Metab 2022; 34:634-648.e6. [PMID: 35303422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and this process involves a switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) toward glycolysis. Here, we show how a positive feedback loop in microglia drives AD pathogenesis, and we demonstrate that inhibiting this cycle in microglia can ameliorate Aβ burden and cognitive deficits in an AD mouse model (5XFAD). After first detecting elevated histone lactylation in brain samples from both 5XFAD mice and individuals with AD, we observed that H4K12la levels are elevated in Aβ plaque-adjacent microglia. This lactate-dependent histone modification is enriched at the promoters of glycolytic genes and activates transcription, thereby increasing glycolytic activity. Ultimately, the glycolysis/H4K12la/PKM2 positive feedback loop exacerbates microglial dysfunction in AD. Pharmacologic inhibition of PKM2 attenuated microglial activation, and microglia-specific ablation of Pkm2 improved spatial learning and memory in AD mice. Thus, our study illustrates that disruption of the positive feedback loop may be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.
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15
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Nguyen PH, Ramamoorthy A, Sahoo BR, Zheng J, Faller P, Straub JE, Dominguez L, Shea JE, Dokholyan NV, De Simone A, Ma B, Nussinov R, Najafi S, Ngo ST, Loquet A, Chiricotto M, Ganguly P, McCarty J, Li MS, Hall C, Wang Y, Miller Y, Melchionna S, Habenstein B, Timr S, Chen J, Hnath B, Strodel B, Kayed R, Lesné S, Wei G, Sterpone F, Doig AJ, Derreumaux P. Amyloid Oligomers: A Joint Experimental/Computational Perspective on Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Type II Diabetes, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2545-2647. [PMID: 33543942 PMCID: PMC8836097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural and dynamic characterization of all species along the pathways from monomers to fibrils is challenging by experimental and computational means because they involve intrinsically disordered proteins in most diseases. Yet understanding how amyloid species become toxic is the challenge in developing a treatment for these diseases. Here we review what computer, in vitro, in vivo, and pharmacological experiments tell us about the accumulation and deposition of the oligomers of the (Aβ, tau), α-synuclein, IAPP, and superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, which have been the mainstream concept underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), type II diabetes (T2D), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, respectively, for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Molecular Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saeed Najafi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mara Chiricotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Pritam Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James McCarty
- Chemistry Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carol Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry and The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Stepan Timr
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sylvain Lesné
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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TRPM2 channel in oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:51-72. [PMID: 33931144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, conserved intracellular organelles best known as the powerhouse of cells for generating ATP, play an important role in apoptosis. Oxidative stress can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and activate mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. TRPM2 is a Ca2+-permeable cation channel that is activated by pathologically relevant concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and one of its well-recognized roles is to confer susceptibility to ROS-induced cell death. Increasing evidence from recent studies supports TRPM2 channel-mediated cell death as an important cellular mechanism linking miscellaneous oxidative stress-inducing pathological factors to associated diseased conditions. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of the TRPM2 channel in neurons in the brain and pancreatic β-cells in mediating mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death, focusing mainly on apoptotic cell death, that are induced by pathological stimuli implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic stroke and diabetes.
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17
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Burlando B, Milanese M, Giordano G, Bonifacino T, Ravera S, Blanchini F, Bonanno G. A multistationary loop model of ALS unveils critical molecular interactions involving mitochondria and glucose metabolism. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244234. [PMID: 33332476 PMCID: PMC7746301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a poor-prognosis disease with puzzling pathogenesis and inconclusive treatments. We develop a mathematical model of ALS based on a system of interactive feedback loops, focusing on the mutant SOD1G93A mouse. Misfolded mutant SOD1 aggregates in motor neuron (MN) mitochondria and triggers a first loop characterized by oxidative phosphorylation impairment, AMP kinase over-activation, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK3) rise, glucose metabolism shift from pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to glycolysis, cell redox unbalance, and further worsening of mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress then triggers a second loop, involving the excitotoxic glutamatergic cascade, with cytosolic Ca2+ overload, increase of PFK3 expression, and further metabolic shift from PPP to glycolysis. Finally, cytosolic Ca2+ rise is also detrimental to mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation, thus closing a third loop. These three loops are overlapped and positive (including an even number of inhibitory steps), hence they form a candidate multistationary (bistable) system. To describe the system dynamics, we model the interactions among the functional agents with differential equations. The system turns out to admit two stable equilibria: the healthy state, with high oxidative phosphorylation and preferential PPP, and the pathological state, with AMP kinase activation, PFK3 over expression, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and MN degeneration. We demonstrate that the loop system is monotone: all functional agents consistently act toward the healthy or pathological condition, depending on low or high mutant SOD1 input. We also highlight that molecular interactions involving PFK3 are crucial, as their deletion disrupts the system's bistability leading to a single healthy equilibrium point. Hence, our mathematical model unveils that promising ALS management strategies should be targeted to mechanisms that keep low PFK3 expression and activity within MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Giordano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Blanchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS—Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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18
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Mucci V, Indovina I, Browne CJ, Blanchini F, Giordano G, Marinelli L, Burlando B. Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: A Matter of Loops? Front Neurol 2020; 11:576860. [PMID: 33244308 PMCID: PMC7683778 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.576860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a poorly understood neurological disorder affecting mostly perimenopausal women. MdDS has been hypothesized to be a maladaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, a neuroplasticity disorder, and a consequence of neurochemical imbalances and hormonal changes. Our hypothesis considers elements from these theories, but presents a novel approach based on the analysis of functional loops, according to Systems and Control Theory. Hypothesis: MdDS is characterized by a persistent sensation of self-motion, usually occurring after sea travels. We assume the existence of a neuronal mechanism acting as an oscillator, i.e., an adaptive internal model, that may be able to cancel a sinusoidal disturbance of posture experienced aboard, due to wave motion. Thereafter, we identify this mechanism as a multi-loop neural network that spans between vestibular nuclei and the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum. We demonstrate that this loop system has a tendency to oscillate, which increases with increasing strength of neuronal connections. Therefore, we hypothesize that synaptic plasticity, specifically long-term potentiation, may play a role in making these oscillations poorly damped. Finally, we assume that the neuromodulator Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, which is modulated in perimenopausal women, exacerbates this process thus rendering the transition irreversible and consequently leading to MdDS. Conclusion and Validation: The concept of an oscillator that becomes noxiously permanent can be used as a model for MdDS, given a high correlation between patients with MdDS and sea travels involving undulating passive motion, and an alleviation of symptoms when patients are re-exposed to similar passive motion. The mechanism could be further investigated utilizing posturography tests to evaluate if subjective perception of motion matches with objective postural instability. Neurochemical imbalances that would render individuals more susceptible to developing MdDS could be investigated through hormonal profile screening. Alterations in the connections between vestibular nuclei and cerebellum, notably GABAergic fibers, could be explored by neuroimaging techniques as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation. If our hypothesis were tested and verified, optimal targets for MdDS treatment could be found within both the neural networks and biochemical factors that are deemed to play a fundamental role in loop functioning and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mucci
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Iole Indovina
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cherylea J Browne
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Franco Blanchini
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Giordano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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19
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Malko P, Jiang LH. TRPM2 channel-mediated cell death: An important mechanism linking oxidative stress-inducing pathological factors to associated pathological conditions. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101755. [PMID: 33130440 PMCID: PMC7600390 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from the accumulation of high levels of reactive oxygen species is a salient feature of, and a well-recognised pathological factor for, diverse pathologies. One common mechanism for oxidative stress damage is via the disruption of intracellular ion homeostasis to induce cell death. TRPM2 is a non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channel with a wide distribution throughout the body and is highly sensitive to activation by oxidative stress. Recent studies have collected abundant evidence to show its important role in mediating cell death induced by miscellaneous oxidative stress-inducing pathological factors, both endogenous and exogenous, including ischemia/reperfusion and the neurotoxicants amyloid-β peptides and MPTP/MPP+ that cause neuronal demise in the brain, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, proinflammatory mediators that disrupt endothelial function, diabetogenic agent streptozotocin and diabetes risk factor free fatty acids that induce loss of pancreatic β-cells, bile acids that damage pancreatic acinar cells, renal ischemia/reperfusion and albuminuria that are detrimental to kidney cells, acetaminophen that triggers hepatocyte death, and nanoparticles that injure pericytes. Studies have also shed light on the signalling mechanisms by which these pathological factors activate the TRPM2 channel to alter intracellular ion homeostasis leading to aberrant initiation of various cell death pathways. TRPM2-mediated cell death thus emerges as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of conditions including ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, pancreatitis, chronic kidney disease, liver damage and neurovascular injury. These findings raise the exciting perspective of targeting the TRPM2 channel as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat such oxidative stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Malko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, PR China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.
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20
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Magi S, Piccirillo S, Maiolino M, Lariccia V, Amoroso S. NCX1 and EAAC1 transporters are involved in the protective action of glutamate in an in vitro Alzheimer's disease-like model. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102268. [PMID: 32827867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that metabolic dysfunctions are at the roots of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, defects in cerebral glucose metabolism, which have been often noted even before the occurrence of clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions, are now regarded as critical contributors to the pathogenesis of AD. Hence, the stimulation of energy metabolism, by enhancing the availability of specific metabolites, might be an alternative way to improve ATP synthesis and to positively affect AD progression. For instance, glutamate may serve as an intermediary metabolite for ATP synthesis through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation. We have recently shown that two transporters are critical for the anaplerotic use of glutamate: the Na+-dependent Excitatory Amino Acids Carrier 1 (EAAC1) and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1). Therefore, in the present study, we established an AD-like phenotype by perturbing glucose metabolism in both primary rat cortical neurons and retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, and we explored the potential of glutamate to halt cell damage by monitoring neurotoxicity, AD markers, ATP synthesis, cytosolic Ca2+ levels and EAAC1/NCX1 functional activities. We found that glutamate significantly increased ATP production and cell survival, reduced the increase of AD biomarkers (amyloid β protein and the hyperphosphorylated form of tau protein), and recovered the increase of NCX reverse-mode activity. The RNA silencing of either EAAC1 or NCX1 caused the loss of the beneficial effects of glutamate, suggesting the requirement of a functional interplay between these transporters for glutamate-induced protection. Remarkably, our results indicate, as proof-of-principle, that facilitating the use of alternative fuels, like glutamate, may be an effective approach to overcome deficits in glucose utilization and significantly slow down neuronal degenerative process in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Magi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Piccirillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Maiolino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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21
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ROS-associated immune response and metabolism: a mechanistic approach with implication of various diseases. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2293-2317. [PMID: 32524152 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining the defense mechanism against external agents and also internal danger signals. Metabolic programming of immune cells is required for functioning of different subsets of immune cells under different physiological conditions. The field of immunometabolism has gained ground because of its immense importance in coordination and balance of immune responses. Metabolism is very much related with production of energy and certain by-products. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as one of the by-products of various metabolic pathways. The amount, localization of ROS and redox status determine transcription of genes, and also influences the metabolism of immune cells. This review discusses ROS, metabolism of immune cells at different cellular conditions and sheds some light on how ROS might regulate immunometabolism.
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22
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Gleichman AJ, Carmichael ST. Glia in neurodegeneration: Drivers of disease or along for the ride? Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104957. [PMID: 32512150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While much of the research on neurodegenerative diseases has focused on neurons, non-neuronal cells are also affected. The extent to which glia and other non-neuronal cells are causally involved in disease pathogenesis versus more passively responding to disease is an area of active research. This is complicated by the fact that there is rarely one known cause of neurodegenerative diseases; rather, these disorders likely involve feedback loops that perpetuate dysfunction. Here, we will review genetic as well as experimental evidence that suggest that non-neuronal cells are at least partially driving disease pathogenesis in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Gleichman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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23
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Vyas Y, Montgomery JM, Cheyne JE. Hippocampal Deficits in Amyloid-β-Related Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:266. [PMID: 32317913 PMCID: PMC7154147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, disorientation, mood and behavior changes, confusion, unfounded suspicions, and eventually, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and walking. These symptoms are caused by neuronal degeneration and cell loss that begins in the hippocampus, and later in disease progression spreading to the rest of the brain. While there are some medications that alleviate initial symptoms, there are currently no treatments that stop disease progression. Hippocampal deficits in amyloid-β-related rodent models of AD have revealed synaptic, behavioral and circuit-level defects. These changes in synaptic function, plasticity, neuronal excitability, brain connectivity, and excitation/inhibition imbalance all have profound effects on circuit function, which in turn could exacerbate disease progression. Despite, the wealth of studies on AD pathology we don't yet have a complete understanding of hippocampal deficits in AD. With the increasing development of in vivo recording techniques in awake and freely moving animals, future studies will extend our current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning how hippocampal function is altered in AD, and aid in progression of treatment strategies that prevent and/or delay AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliette E. Cheyne
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tanaka M, Bohár Z, Vécsei L. Are Kynurenines Accomplices or Principal Villains in Dementia? Maintenance of Kynurenine Metabolism. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030564. [PMID: 32012948 PMCID: PMC7036975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, 50 million people suffer from dementia, a group of symptoms affecting cognitive and social functions, progressing severely enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for most of the dementia cases. Pathological and clinical findings have led to proposing several hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, finding a presence of positive feedback loops and additionally observing the disturbance of a branch of tryptophan metabolism, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Either causative or resultant of dementia, elevated levels of neurotoxic KYN metabolites are observed, potentially upregulating multiple feedback loops of AD pathogenesis. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, which belongs to one of only two classes of medications approved for clinical use, but other NMDAR modulators have been explored so far in vain. An endogenous KYN pathway metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), likewise inhibits the excitotoxic NMDAR. Besides its anti-excitotoxicity, KYNA is a multitarget compound that triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Modifying the KYNA level is a potential multitarget strategy to normalize the disturbed KYN pathway and thus to alleviate juxtaposing AD pathogeneses. In this review, the maintenance of KYN metabolism by modifying the level of KYNA is proposed and discussed in search for a novel lead compound against the progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
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Lavado LK, Zhang MH, Patel K, Khan S, Patel UK. Biometals as Potential Predictors of the Neurodegenerative Decline in Alzheimer's Disease. Cureus 2019; 11:e5573. [PMID: 31695992 PMCID: PMC6820671 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that is diagnosed by gradual memory loss and certain cognitive impairments involving attention, reasoning, and language. Most of the research on Alzheimer’s disease focuses on the correlation of its neuropathological changes in the neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyper-phosphorylated tau protein and β-amyloid plaques with respect to cognitive impairment. Its pathology, however, remains incompletely understood. Currently, research has demonstrated that environmental factors such as biometals play a crucial role in exacerbating AD progression. The present review examines the role of metals in AD progression and how metal dyshomeostasis attributes to AD pathogenesis. It was found that certain metals possess both beneficial and harmful properties in terms of AD progression. Depending upon the concentration of the metal of interest, copper, zinc, iron, and selenium have general beneficial properties. However, when present in excess, they can lead to oxidative stress and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, amongst other harmful effects, while calcium and magnesium were seen to have beneficial effects by regulating biometal uptake. In this review, we have provided evidential studies that focus on the involvement of certain metals in antioxidant pathways leading to the formation of reactive species indicative of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle H Zhang
- Psychological & Brain Sciences and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Karan Patel
- Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sohim Khan
- Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Urvish K Patel
- Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Zheng H, Cheng B, Li Y, Li X, Chen X, Zhang YW. TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglial Survival and Energy Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:395. [PMID: 30532704 PMCID: PMC6265312 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia among the elderly population. Recent genetic studies have identified rare variants of the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) as significant genetic risk factors in late-onset AD (LOAD). TREM2 is specifically expressed in brain microglia and modulates microglial functions in response to key AD pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. In this review article, we discuss recent research progress in our understanding on the role of TREM2 in microglia and its relevance to AD pathologies. In addition, we discuss evidence describing new TREM2 ligands and the role of TREM2 signaling in microglial survival and energy metabolism. A comprehensive understanding of TREM2 function in the pathogenesis of AD offers a unique opportunity to explore the potential of this microglial receptor as an alternative target in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoying Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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