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Leffers D, Penxova Z, Kempin T, Därr M, Fleckner J, Hollfelder D, Ryan AF, Bruchhage KL, Kurabi A, Leichtle A. Immunomodulatory Response of the Middle Ear Epithelial Cells in Otitis Media. Otol Neurotol 2024; 45:e248-e255. [PMID: 38238924 PMCID: PMC10922874 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000004096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The middle ear (ME) epithelium transforms because of changed immunomodulation during infection. INTRODUCTION The epithelial cells of the tympanic cavity represent the first line of defense in the context of otitis media. They can convert from a typical mucosal site into a respiratory epithelium and vice versa. Our goal is to depict the specific immune response of epithelial cells after infection at the molecular level. METHODS The investigations were carried out on healthy and inflamed ME tissue, removed during surgical interventions in mouse and human models, and in a human in-vitro cell model in human ME epithelial cell line. We determined the epithelial localization of the protein expression of Toll- and NOD-like immune receptors and their associated signaling molecules using immunohistochemistry. In addition, we examined growth behavior and gene expression due to direct stimulation and inhibition. RESULTS We found clinically and immunobiologically confirmed transformation of the inflamed ME epithelium depending on their origin, as well as differences in the distribution of Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors in the epithelial cell lining. Dysregulated gene and protein expression of the inflammatory and apoptotic genes could be modulated by stimulation and inhibition in the epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The local ME mucosal tissue is believed to modulate downstream immune activity after pathogen invasion via intrinsic cellular mechanism. Using translation approaches to target these molecular pathways may offer more reliable clinical resolution of otitis media in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leffers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zuzana Penxova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorge Kempin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Därr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Fleckner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniela Hollfelder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Allen F Ryan
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Surgery/ Otolaryngology, San Diego, USA
| | - Karl-Ludwig Bruchhage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Surgery/ Otolaryngology, San Diego, USA
| | - Anke Leichtle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Khampang P, Samuels TL, Blaine-Sauer S, Lucas J, Yan K, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. 17β-estradiol Attenuates the Middle Ear Inflammatory Response to Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38401061 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 17β-estradiol (E2) is a steroidal hormone with immunomodulatory functions that play a role in infectious and inflammatory diseases. E2 was recently identified as the leading upstream regulator of differentially expressed genes in a comparative RNA sequencing study of pediatric patients with otitis media (OM) versus OM-free counterparts and may therefore play a role in the inflammatory response to bacterial otopathogens during pediatric OM. This study examined the effect of E2 on bacterial-induced inflammatory cytokine expression in an in vitro pediatric OM model. METHODS An immortalized middle ear (ME) epithelial cell line, ROM-SV40, was developed from a pediatric recurrent OM patient. The culture was exposed to E2 at physiological levels for 1-48 h prior to 6 h-stimulation with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) whole cell lysate. TNFA, IL1B, IL6, and IL8 were assayed by qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS E2 pretreatment (24 h) abrogated NTHi induction of IL6; a longer pretreatment (1-10 nM, 48 h) abrogated IL1B induction (p < 0.05). E2 pretreatment (5 nM, 48 h) abrogated NTHi-induced IL8 secretion (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION E2 pretreatment partially rescued NTHi-induced cytokine production by ME epithelia. These data support a role for E2 in moderating the excessive inflammatory response to middle ear infection that contributes to OM pathophysiology. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Simon Blaine-Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Julliette Lucas
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Mohamed NM, Abdelhamid AM, Aref M, Abdelhafeez M, Faris Alotabi H, Mohammed Abdelrahman DS, Elwany NE. Role of cytokines and Th17/Tregs imbalance in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. Modulation of Notch1/Hes1/mTORC1/S6k1 signalling pathway underlies the protective effect of astaxanthin. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111521. [PMID: 38246005 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a recurrent middle ear inflammatory condition. It may be complicated by acquired hearing loss and speech impairment especially in children. Accordingly, the current study aimed to assess the role of cytokines and the imbalance of Th17/Tregs in the pathogenesis of OME. Additionally, the protective effect of astaxanthin and its mechanisms related to Notch1/ Hes1/mTORC1/S6K1 signalling were investigated. METHODS Forty-eight children were grouped as follow: G1: control healthy group G2: acute otitis media (AOM) group, G3: OME group. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced OME rat model, 15 rats were randomised into: G1: normal control group, G2: LPS group, and G3: astaxanthin treated group. RESULTS Biochemical analysis of the children's peripheral blood samples showed that IL1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 were significantly elevated, while TGF-β was significantly decreased in AOM and OME patients (group 2 and 3). In the LPS- induced OME rat model, astaxanthin treatment resulted in suppression of IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, Muc5A, TFF3, NICD, Hes1, mTORC1, and S6K1 in rat middle ear mucosa. Furthermore, astaxanthin significantly downregulated RORγ while upregulating FoxP3 and restored the balance between Th17/Tregs. Moreover, astaxanthin improved the histopathological picture of the inflamed middle ear mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Proinflammatory cytokines as well as Th17/Tregs imbalance play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AOM and OME. Additionally, astaxanthin alleviated LPS- induced OME in rats through suppression of Notch1/ Hes1/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway, and regulation of Th17/Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Mostafa Mohamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Mohamed Aref
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Abdelhafeez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Hadil Faris Alotabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11671 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Doaa Sayed Mohammed Abdelrahman
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11671 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nisreen E Elwany
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
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Zahid A, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Otitis media: recent advances in otitis media vaccine development and model systems. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345027. [PMID: 38328427 PMCID: PMC10847372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is an inflammatory disorder of the middle ear caused by airways-associated bacterial or viral infections. It is one of the most common childhood infections as globally more than 80% of children are diagnosed with acute otitis media by 3 years of age and it is a common reason for doctor's visits, antibiotics prescriptions, and surgery among children. Otitis media is a multifactorial disease with various genetic, immunologic, infectious, and environmental factors predisposing children to develop ear infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common culprits responsible for acute otitis media. Despite the massive global disease burden, the pathogenesis of otitis media is still unclear and requires extensive future research. Antibiotics are the preferred treatment to cure middle ear infections, however, the antimicrobial resistance rate of common middle ear pathogens has increased considerably over the years. At present, pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are administered as a preventive measure against otitis media, nevertheless, these vaccines are only beneficial in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes. Otitis media caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis remain an important healthcare burden. The development of multi-species vaccines is an arduous process but is required to reduce the global burden of this disease. Many novel vaccines against S. pneumoniae, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis are in preclinical trials. It is anticipated that these vaccines will lower the disease burden and provide better protection against otitis media. To study disease pathology the rat, mouse, and chinchilla are commonly used to induce experimental acute otitis media to test new therapeutics, including antibiotics and vaccines. Each of these models has its advantages and disadvantages, yet there is still a need to develop an improved animal model providing a better correlated mechanistic understanding of human middle ear infections, thereby underpinning the development of more effective otitis media therapeutics. This review provides an updated summary of current vaccines against otitis media, various animal models of otitis media, their limitations, and some future insights in this field providing a springboard in the development of new animal models and novel vaccines for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - I. Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian R. Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Micaletti F, Escoffre JM, Kerneis S, Bouakaz A, Galvin JJ, Boullaud L, Bakhos D. Microbubble-assisted ultrasound for inner ear drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115145. [PMID: 38042259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Treating pathologies of the inner ear is a major challenge. To date, a wide range of procedures exists for administering therapeutic agents to the inner ear, with varying degrees of success. The key is to deliver therapeutics in a way that is minimally invasive, effective, long-lasting, and without adverse effects on vestibular and cochlear function. Microbubble-assisted ultrasound ("sonoporation") is a promising new modality that can be adapted to the inner ear. Combining ultrasound technology with microbubbles in the middle ear can increase the permeability of the round window, enabling therapeutic agents to be delivered safely and effectively to the inner ear in a targeted manner. As such, sonoporation is a promising new approach to treat hearing loss and vertigo. This review summarizes all studies on the delivery of therapeutic molecules to the inner ear using sonoporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Micaletti
- ENT and Cervico-Facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
| | | | - Sandrine Kerneis
- ENT and Cervico-Facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - John J Galvin
- Faculty of medicine, Université de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France; House Institute Foundation, 2100 W 3rd Street, Suite 111, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
| | - Luc Boullaud
- ENT and Cervico-Facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France
| | - David Bakhos
- ENT and Cervico-Facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France; Faculty of medicine, Université de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France; House Institute Foundation, 2100 W 3rd Street, Suite 111, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
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Boesoirie SF, Hasansulama W, Lasminingrum L, Novianto AT, Gatera VA, Aroeman NA, Boesoirie TS. The Role of Vitamins A and E Level in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with and without Cholesteatoma. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:3435-3442. [PMID: 38024126 PMCID: PMC10645589 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s414115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim High expression of lytic enzymes and cytokines is related to cell proliferation in Otitis Media Chronic Suppurative (CSOM) with cholesteatoma. In addition, the process of inflammation healing and maintenance of homeostatic conditions requires Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which can cause significant damage to cells. To address this issue, secondary antioxidants such as Vitamins A and E are used to inhibit and neutralize the occurrence of oxidation reactions. These vitamins complement each other, with vitamin A working effectively at low concentrations of oxygen, while vitamin E functions in the opposite manner. Purpose This study aims to investigate the roles of vitamin A and E levels in CSOM patients with Cholesteatoma. Patients and Methods The study was conducted between July and December 2020, and the method used was an analytical observational approach with a case-control design. The sample population comprised 60 CSOM patients divided into 2 groups. These included those with and without cholesteatoma. Results The results showed that there was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of the impact of vitamin A and E levels (respectively, p = 0.626, p = 0.864). Conclusion Considering these results, it was discovered that vitamins A and E levels do not influence the occurrence of CSOM with or without cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinta Fitri Boesoirie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wijana Hasansulama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Lina Lasminingrum
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Arif Tria Novianto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vesara Ardhe Gatera
- Department of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur – Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nur Akbar Aroeman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Thaufiq Siddiq Boesoirie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Blaine‐Sauer S, Samuels TL, Khampang P, Yan K, McCormick ME, Chun RH, Harvey SA, Friedland DR, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. Establishment of novel immortalized middle ear cell lines as models for otitis media. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1428-1435. [PMID: 37899851 PMCID: PMC10601576 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Otitis media (OM) is among the most frequently diagnosed pediatric diseases in the US. Despite the significant public health burden of OM and the contribution research in culture models has made to understanding its pathobiology, a singular immortalized human middle ear epithelial (MEE) cell line exists (HMEEC-1, adult-derived). We previously developed MEE cultures from pediatric patients with non-inflamed MEE (PCI), recurrent OM (ROM), or OM with effusion (OME) and demonstrated differences in their baseline inflammatory cytokine expression and response to stimulation with an OM-relevant pathogen lysate and cytokines. Herein, we sought to immortalize these cultures and assess retention of their phenotypes. Methods MEE cultures were immortalized via lentivirus encoding temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen. Immortalized MEE lines and HMEEC-1 grown in monolayer were stimulated with non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) lysate. Gene expression (TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL8, MUC5AC, and MUC5B) was assessed by qPCR. Results Similar to parental cultures, baseline cytokine expressions were higher in pediatric OM lines than in HMEEC-1 and PCI, and HMEEC-1 cells were less responsive to stimulation than pediatric lines. Conclusion Immortalized MEE lines retained the inflammatory expression and responsiveness of their tissues of origin and differences between non-OM versus OM and pediatric versus adult cultures, supporting their value as novel in vitro culture models for OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blaine‐Sauer
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael E. McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Robert H. Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven A. Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Froedtert HospitalMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - David R. Friedland
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Froedtert HospitalMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Children's WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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Gao M, Xiao H, Liang Y, Cai H, Guo X, Lin J, Zhuang S, Xu J, Ye S. The Hyperproliferation Mechanism of Cholesteatoma Based on Proteomics: SNCA Promotes Autophagy-Mediated Cell Proliferation Through the PI3K/AKT/CyclinD1 Signaling Pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100628. [PMID: 37532176 PMCID: PMC10495652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesteatoma is a chronic inflammatory ear disease with abnormal keratinized epithelium proliferation and tissue damage. However, the mechanism of keratinized epithelium hyperproliferation in cholesteatoma remains unknown. Hence, our study sought to shed light on mechanisms affecting the pathology and development of cholesteatoma, which could help develop adjunctive treatments. To investigate molecular changes in cholesteatoma pathogenesis, we analyzed clinical cholesteatoma specimens and paired ear canal skin with mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatics. From our screen, alpha-synuclein (SNCA) was overexpressed in middle ear cholesteatoma and might be a key hub protein associated with inflammation, proliferation, and autophagy in cholesteatoma. SNCA was more sensitive to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, and autophagy marker increase was accompanied by autophagy activation in middle ear cholesteatoma tissues. Overexpression of SNCA activated autophagy and promoted cell proliferation and migration, especially under lipopolysaccharide inflammatory stimulation. Moreover, inhibiting autophagy impaired SNCA-mediated keratinocyte proliferation and corresponded with inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/CyclinD1 pathways. Also, 740Y-P, a PI3K activator reversed the suppression of autophagy and PI3K signaling by siATG5 in SNCA-overexpressing cells, which restored proliferative activity. Besides, knockdown of SNCA in RHEK-1 and HaCaT cells or knockdown of PI3K in RHEK-1 and HaCaT cells overexpressing SNCA both resulted in attenuated cell proliferation. Our studies indicated that SNCA overexpression in cholesteatoma might maintain the proliferative ability of cholesteatoma keratinocytes by promoting autophagy under inflammatory conditions. This suggests that dual inhibition of SNCA and autophagy may be a promising new target for treating cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonglan Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huimin Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Suling Zhuang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Shengnan Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Lee HM, Son YS, Kim HS, Kim JY, Kim SH, Lee JH, Choi SW, Oh SJ, Kong SK, Baek MJ, Lee IW. Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa of Rats. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 16:225-235. [PMID: 37202348 PMCID: PMC10471908 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2023.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Particulate matter (PM) is a risk factor for various diseases. Recent studies have established an association between otitis media (OM) and PM exposure. To confirm this relationship, we developed a novel exposure model designed to control the concentration of PM, and we observed the effects of PM exposure on the Eustachian tube (ET) and middle ear mucosa of rats. METHODS Forty healthy, 10-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3-day, 7-day, 14-day exposure, and control groups (each, n=10). The rats were exposed to incense smoke as the PM source for 3 hours per day. After exposure, bilateral ETs and mastoid bullae were harvested, and histopathological findings were compared using microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the middle ear mucosa of each group were compared using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In the ET mucosa of the exposure group, the goblet cell count significantly increased after PM exposure (P=0.032). In the middle ear mucosa, subepithelial space thickening, increased angio-capillary tissue, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Moreover, the thickness of the middle ear mucosa in the exposure groups increased compared to the control group (P<0.01). The TEM findings showed PM particles on the surface of the ET and middle ear mucosa, and RT-PCR revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β significantly increased in the 3-day and 7-day exposure groups compared to the control group (P=0.035). VEGF expression significantly increased in the 7-day exposure group compared to the control and 3-day exposure groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The ET and middle ear mucosa of rats showed histopathologic changes after acute exposure to PM that directly reached the ET and middle ear mucosa. Therefore, acute exposure to PM may play a role in the development of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- The Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Kim
- The Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- The Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- The Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Se-Joon Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Moo Jin Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Il-Woo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- The Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Kotowski M, Adamczyk P, Szydlowski J. Micro RNAs and Circular RNAs in Different Forms of Otitis Media. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076752. [PMID: 37047725 PMCID: PMC10095330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this comprehensive review was to present the current knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in acute, recurrent, and chronic forms of otitis media. Special attention was focused on cholesteatoma of the middle ear. MicroRNAs modulate gene expression, which, in turn, influences the development and likelihood of the recurrence of acute and aggressive chronic middle ear inflammatory processes. Moreover, this study discusses the modulating role of a specific subgroup of noncoding RNA, circular RNA (circRNA). Recognizing the precise potential pathways and the mechanisms of their function may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular bases of middle ear diseases and identifying novel methods for treating this demanding pathology. Articles published between 2009 and 2022 were used in this analysis. In this review, we provide a complete overview of the latest progress in identifying the role and mechanisms of particular miRNAs and circRNAs in acute, recurrent and chronic forms of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kotowski
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Adamczyk
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Szydlowski
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
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11
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Prado Y, Aravena C, Aravena D, Eltit F, Gatica S, Riedel CA, Simon F. Small Plastics, Big Inflammatory Problems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:101-127. [PMID: 37093424 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is the first defense against potentially dangerous chemicals, infections, and damaged cells. Interactions between immune cells and inflammatory mediators increase the coordinated activation of cross-talking signaling pathways, resulting in an acute response necessary to restore homeostasis but potentially detrimental if uncontrolled and prolonged. Plastic production exceeds million tons per year, becoming a global concern due to the stability of its constituent polymers, low density, which allows them to spread easily, and small size, which prevents proper removal by wastewater treatment plants, promoting environmental accumulation and increasing health threats. The interaction between plastic particles and the immune system is still being investigated, owing to growing evidence of increased risk not only for dietary intake due to its presence in food packaging, drinking water, and even fruits and vegetables, but also to emerging evidence of new intake pathways such as respiratory and cutaneous. We discuss in depth the impact of small plastic particles on the immune response across the body, with a focus on the nervous system and peripheral organs and tissues such as the gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymphatic, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems, as well as the involvement in increased susceptibility to worsening concomitant diseases and future perspectives in the exploration of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Ko YS, Gi EJ, Lee S, Cho HH. Dual red and near-infrared light-emitting diode irradiation ameliorates LPS-induced otitis media in a rat model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1099574. [PMID: 36911197 PMCID: PMC9992796 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1099574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Otitis media (OM) is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the middle ear (ME) that often recurs and requires long-term antibiotic treatment. Light emitting diode (LED)-based devices have shown therapeutic efficacy in reducing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of red and near-infrared (NIR) LED irradiation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced OM in rats, human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs), and murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). Methods: An animal model was established by LPS injection (2.0 mg/mL) into the ME of rats via the tympanic membrane. A red/NIR LED system was used to irradiate the rats (655/842 nm, intensity: 102 mW/m2, time: 30 min/day for 3 days and cells (653/842 nm, intensity: 49.4 mW/m2, time: 3 h) after LPS exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to examine pathomorphological changes in the tympanic cavity of the ME of the rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR analyses were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling was examined to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the reduction of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines following LED irradiation. Results: The ME mucosal thickness and inflammatory cell deposits were increased by LPS injection, which were reduced by LED irradiation. The protein expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly reduced in the LED-irradiated OM group. LED irradiation strongly inhibited the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in HMEECs and RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK was inhibited by LED irradiation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that red/NIR LED irradiation effectively suppressed inflammation caused by OM. Moreover, red/NIR LED irradiation reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in HMEECs and RAW 264.7 cells through the blockade of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seung Ko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Gi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University Graduate School, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong-Ho Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Antiulcerogenic Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna Evaluated by In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415634. [PMID: 36555275 PMCID: PMC9779658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcers, are caused by a damage in the gastric mucosa provoked by several factors. This stomach injury is regulated by many inflammatory mediators and is commonly treated with proton-pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor blockers and antacids. However, various medicinal plants have demonstrated positive effects on gastric ulcer treatment, including plants of the Ceiba genus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem bark ethanolic extract of Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna. We performed a preliminary quantification of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), followed by the prospection of other chemical groups through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A set of in vitro assays was used to evaluate the extract potential regarding its antioxidant activity (DPPH: 19.83 ± 0.34 µg/mL; TPC: 307.20 ± 6.20 mg GAE/g of extract), effects on cell viability and on the release of TNF-α in whole human blood. Additionally, in vivo assays were performed to evaluate the leukocyte accumulation and total protein quantification in carrageenan-induced air pouch, as well as the antiulcerogenic effect of the extract on an ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. The extract contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds, as well as sugars and quinic acid derivatives exhibiting potent antioxidant activity and low toxicity. The extract reduced the release of TNF-α in human blood and inhibited the activity of p38α (1.66 µg/mL), JAK3 (5.25 µg/mL), and JNK3 (8.34 µg/mL). Moreover, it reduced the leukocyte recruitment on the pouch exudate and the formation of edema, reverting the effects caused by carrageenan. The extract presented a significant prevention of ulcer formation and a higher reduction than the reference drug, Omeprazole. Therefore, C. speciosa extract has demonstrated relevant therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastric diseases, deserving the continuation of further studies to unveil the mechanisms of action of plant bioactive ingredients.
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14
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Kashizadeh A, Pastras C, Rabiee N, Mohseni-Dargah M, Mukherjee P, Asadnia M. Potential nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Meniere's disease. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102599. [PMID: 36064032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meniere's disease (MD) is a progressive inner ear disorder involving recurrent and prolonged episodes or attacks of vertigo with associated symptoms, resulting in a significantly reduced quality of life for sufferers. In most cases, MD starts in one ear; however, in one-third of patients, the disorder progresses to the other ear. Unfortunately, the etiology of the disease is unknown, making the development of effective treatments difficult. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocarriers, offer an array of novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to MD. NPs have specific features such as biocompatibility, biochemical stability, targetability, and enhanced visualization using imaging tools. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MD. Furthermore, the crucial challenges adversely affecting the use of nanoparticles to treat middle ear disorders are investigated. Finally, this paper provides recommendations and future directions for improving the performances of nanomaterials on theragnostic applications of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Kashizadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Christopher Pastras
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; The Menière's Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Masoud Mohseni-Dargah
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payal Mukherjee
- RPA Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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15
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Azar A, Bhutta MF, Del-Pozo J, Milne E, Cheeseman M. Trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bulla bone are a means to recruit myeloid cells in chronic otitis media and limit peripheral leukogram changes. Front Genet 2022; 13:985214. [PMID: 36246635 PMCID: PMC9555619 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, is a sequel to acute otitis media in ∼8% of children. Chronic otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of childhood deafness and is characterised by effusion of white blood cells into the auditory bulla cavity. Skull flat bones have trans-cortical vessels which are responsible for the majority of blood flow in and out of the bone. In experimental models of stroke and aseptic meningitis there is preferential recruitment of myeloid cells (neutrophils and monocytes) from the marrow in skull flat bones. We report trans-cortical vessels in the mouse temporal bone connect to the bulla mucosal vasculature and potentially represent a means to recruit myeloid cells directly into the inflamed bulla. The mutant mouse strains Junbo (MecomJbo/+) and Jeff (Fbxo11Jf/+) develop chronic otitis spontaneously; MecomJbo/+ mice have highly cellular neutrophil (90%) rich bulla exudates whereas Fbxo11Jf/+ mice have low cellularity serous effusions (5% neutrophils) indicating differing demand for neutrophil recruitment. However we found peripheral leukograms of MecomJbo/+ and Fbxo11Jf/+ mice are similar to their respective wild-type littermate controls with healthy bullae and infer preferential mobilization of myeloid cells from temporal bulla bone marrow may mitigate the need for a systemic inflammatory reaction. The cytokines, chemokines and haematopoietic factors found in the inflamed bulla represent candidate signalling molecules for myeloid cell mobilization from temporal bone marrow. The density of white blood cells in the bulla cavity is positively correlated with extent of mucosal thickening in MecomJbo/+, Fbxo11Jf/+, and EdaTa mice and is accompanied by changes in epithelial populations and bone remodelling. In MecomJbo/+ mice there was a positive correlation between bulla cavity WBC numbers and total bacterial load. The degree of inflammation varies between contralateral bullae and between mutant mice of different ages suggesting inflammation may wax and wane and may be re-initiated by a new wave of bacterial infection. Clearance of white blood cells and inflammatory stimuli from the bulla cavity is impaired and this may create a pro-inflammatory feedback loop which further exacerbates otitis media and delays its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azar
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Veterinary Pathology, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Developmental Biology Division, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Michael Cheeseman,
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Ghasemi M, Bakhshi B, Khashei R, Soudi S. Mesoporous silica nano-adjuvant triggers pro-inflammatory responses in Caco-2/peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-cultures. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2022; 9:18495435221088374. [PMID: 35677573 PMCID: PMC9168868 DOI: 10.1177/18495435221088374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and immune-stimulatory
effect of Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) Nano-adjuvant on pro-inflammatory
cytokines and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) genes expression in
Caco-2/PBMC co-culture model. MSNs were synthesized and characterized by
scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and Barrett
Joyner Halenda (BJH) techniques. The BET specific surface area of MSNs was
around 947 m2/g and the total pore volume and average pore diameter
were 1.5 cm3/g and 8.01 nm, respectively. At the concentration of
10 µg/mL, MSN showed a low and time-dependent cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells,
while no cytotoxic effect was observed for 0.1 and 1 µg/mL concentrations after
24, 48 and 72 h. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes (IL-1, IL-8
and TNF-α) in co-cultures treated with different concentrations of MSN showed a
dose-dependent significant increase up to 17.44, 2.722 and 4.34 folds,
respectively, while the expression augmentation of IL-1 gene was significantly
higher than the others. This indicates slight stimulation of intestinal
inflammation. Different concentrations of MSN significantly increased TLR4 and
NOD2 expression to 4.14 and 2.14 folds, respectively. NOD1 was not affected
significantly. It can be concluded that MSN might increase protective immune
responses against antigens as a vaccine adjuvant candidate. It seems that
stimulation of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-8 expression in enterocytes probably
transpires through the agonistic activity of MSN for TLRs including TLR4, while
NOD2-associated signaling pathways are also involved. This study provides an
overall picture of MSN as a novel and potent oral adjuvant for mucosal
immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khashei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Dambergs K, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Remodeling Factors, Transcription Factors and Angiogenetic Factors in Cholesteatoma in Ontogenetic Aspect. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2022; 34:71-81. [PMID: 35655767 PMCID: PMC9119338 DOI: 10.22038/ijorl.2021.53716.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The main goal of our study was to describe the transcription factor (NF-κβ), angiogenetic factor (VEGF), and remodeling markers (MMP-9 and TIMP-4) of the cholesteatoma tissue compared to control skin tissue. There are still uncertainties how transcription, angiogenetic and remodeling factors affect the cholesteatoma course. Materials and Methods Eight cholesteatoma tissue specimens were retrieved from children, seven - from adults, seven skin controls - from cadavers. Obtained material immunohistochemically were stained for NF-κβ, MMP-9, TIMP-4, VEGF. Non-parametric statistic methods were used. Results A statistically significant higher numbers of NF-κβ and TIMP-4 immunoreactive cells in the cholesteatoma compared to control group. A very strong positive correlation between MMP-9 and TIMP-4 was seen in the patient group. A strong positive correlation - between MMP-9 in matrix and MMP-9, VEGF in perimatrix, between TIMP-4 in matrix and TIMP-4 in perimatrix, NF-κβ in the matrix and VEGF; between TIMP-4 in perimatrix and NF-κβ in the matrix. Conclusions Correlation between MMP-9 and TIMP-4 suggests that TIMP-4 in cholesteatoma tissue intercorrelates to MMP-9. TIMP-4 likely regulates the development of cholesteatoma. Disbalance between MMPs and TIMPs affects NF-κβ and causes uncontrolled cell proliferation and immune response in this tumor. There is a lack of VEGF strong expression in cholesteatoma perimatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Dambergs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia. ,Corresponding Author: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia. E-mail:
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV–1010 Riga, Latvia.
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Abdellatif KR, Abdelall EK, Elshemy HA, Philoppes JN, Hassanein EH, Kahk NM. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel and selective COX-2 inhibitors based on celecoxib scaffold supported with in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, ulcerogenic liability, ADME profiling and docking study. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cao X, Yi HJ. Audiological characteristics and exploratory treatment of a rare condition of acute-otitis-media-associated sudden sensorineural hearing loss. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:11311-11319. [PMID: 35071561 PMCID: PMC8717494 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i36.11311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common disease that is more prevalent in children. Most studies concerning AOM-associated sudden sensorineural hearing loss are case reports and retrospective in nature, hence the etiology of AOM-associated sudden hearing loss has not been fully established.
AIM To analyze audiological characteristics of AOM-associated sudden hearing loss and evaluate efficacy of combined tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) and intratympanic methylprednisolone.
METHODS Eight adult patients who were diagnosed with AOM-associated sudden hearing loss and ineffectively treated by conventional medical therapy were enrolled in this study. Basic data were collected, and pure tone audiometry was performed to assess the audiological characteristics. Combination therapy with TTP and intratympanic methylprednisolone injection was given to the patients.
RESULTS Mixed or sensorineural hearing loss was observed at high frequencies (2–4 kHz). All the cases in this study were cured after TTP and intratympanic methylprednisolone. After treatment, the average hearing threshold at affected frequencies was significantly lower than those in the pretreatment group (P < 0.05) and was similar to that in the healthy ears (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION AOM rarely induces sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Combination therapy with TTP and intratympanic methylprednisolone injection may be effective after failure of conventional medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Hai-Jin Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
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20
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Liang F, Fu X, Ding S, Li L. Use of a Network-Based Method to Identify Latent Genes Associated with Hearing Loss in Children. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:783500. [PMID: 34912812 PMCID: PMC8667072 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a total or partial inability to hear. Approximately 5% of people worldwide experience this condition. Hearing capacity is closely related to language, social, and basic emotional development; hearing loss is particularly serious in children. The pathogenesis of childhood hearing loss remains poorly understood. Here, we sought to identify new genes potentially associated with two types of hearing loss in children: congenital deafness and otitis media. We used a network-based method incorporating a random walk with restart algorithm, as well as a protein-protein interaction framework, to identify genes potentially associated with either pathogenesis. A following screening procedure was performed and 18 and 87 genes were identified, which potentially involved in the development of congenital deafness or otitis media, respectively. These findings provide novel biomarkers for clinical screening of childhood deafness; they contribute to a genetic understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Anaesthesia Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, JiLin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Anaesthesia Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, JiLin University, Changchun, China
| | - ShiJian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Noorbakhsh SI, Bonar EM, Polinski R, Amin MS. Educational Case: Burn Injury-Pathophysiology, Classification, and Treatment. Acad Pathol 2021; 8:23742895211057239. [PMID: 34869832 PMCID: PMC8637691 DOI: 10.1177/23742895211057239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the
Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national
standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic
competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and
Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information,
and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies,
seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth I Noorbakhsh
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eric M Bonar
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rachel Polinski
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Md Shahrier Amin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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22
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Moneir W, Hemdan A, El-Kholy NA, El-Kotb M, El-Okda M. Endoscopic transcanal attico-antrostomy versus endoscopic-assisted canal wall up mastoidectomy in management of localized cholesteatoma: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:4371-4378. [PMID: 34851451 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare results of endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty with attico-antrostomy with endoscopic-assisted canal wall up mastoidectomy in treatment of cases of limited attic cholesteatoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective randomized single-blinded study involving 40 patients with limited attic cholesteatoma was conducted. Randomization of the patients into two groups was done; 20 patients are managed by endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty with attico-antrostomy, while the other 20 patients are managed by endoscopic-assisted canal wall up mastoidectomy. Primary outcome is recidivism, while secondary outcomes include hearing results, operative time, pain score and associated complications. RESULTS Comparable recidivism rate was found in the two groups. The endoscopic-assisted canal wall up mastoidectomy group was associated with significantly longer duration of surgery and higher postoperative pain score. There was no significant difference between both the groups regarding hearing results and associated complications. CONCLUSION In localized attic cholesteatoma cases, endoscopic transcanal tympanoplasty with attico-antrostomy is a time-saving less-invasive reliable technique with good eradication results. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04959539) "retrospectively registered" at 12/7/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Moneir
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hemdan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Noha Ahmed El-Kholy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Kotb
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Okda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt
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23
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Huve FDC, Bauer JA, Selaimen FA, Silva MNLD, Costa SSD. Experimental cholesteatoma: a comparison between spontaneous and induced models. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 89:73-78. [PMID: 34810121 PMCID: PMC9874348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence and the histopathological aspect of spontaneous and two induced Mongolian gerbils' models of cholesteatoma: External Auditory Canal (EAC) obliteration model and the Auditory Tube (AT) cauterization model. METHODS Fifty-four ears of 27 animals were divided into EAC obliteration, AT cauterization, and control groups and histologically assessed for cholesteatoma incidence and classification at intervals of 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. RESULTS Cholesteatoma was diagnosed in 30 of the 53 ears evaluated with a significantly higher incidence in groups that received some type of intervention (p<0.0001). It was not possible to histologically distinguish cholesteatomas of the same stage between the study groups. CONCLUSION Although we observed a significant increase in cholesteatoma incidence with the two methods used when compared to the control group, all developed cholesteatomas were apparently identical from a histological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe da Costa Huve
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Corresponding author at: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson André Bauer
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio André Selaimen
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Noschang Lopes da Silva
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sady Selaimen da Costa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia - Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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24
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Serban R, Filip C, Radulescu LM, Badescu MC, Badescu MM, Diaconescu BM, Cobzeanu MD, Cobzeanu BM. IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8 serum values in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1226. [PMID: 34539822 PMCID: PMC8438691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media by initiating and maintaining an inflammatory response to infection. The presence of inflammatory mediators may be one of the reasons, in some patients, for acute otitis media transforming into chronic otitis media. The present study included 60 patients admitted to the Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Iasi, Romania, for surgery. The control group comprised 30 healthy individuals. Serum levels of interleukin 1α (IL-1α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured prior to surgery and were compared among patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), cholesteatoma and cholesteatoma recidivism and the control group. High serum levels of interleukins were recorded in all the groups compared to the healthy control group. IL-6 and IL-8 had the highest value in patients with CSOM and IL-1α had the highest value in patients with cholesteatoma recidivism. Thus, we can consider that inflammatory mediators play a central role in the pathogenesis of CSOM and cholesteatoma by maintaining a systemic and local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Serban
- Department of Biochemistry, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.,Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700656 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristiana Filip
- Department of Biochemistry, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Mihaela Radulescu
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700656 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Minerva Codruta Badescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Magda Mariana Badescu
- Department of Physiopathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihail Diaconescu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihail Dan Cobzeanu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihail Cobzeanu
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700656 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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25
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Zheng Q, Zheng T, Zhang A, Yan B, Li B, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Hearing Loss in Id1 -/-; Id3 +/- and Id1 +/-; Id3 -/- Mice Is Associated With a High Incidence of Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media). Front Genet 2021; 12:508750. [PMID: 34434211 PMCID: PMC8381378 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.508750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins are crucial for inner ear development, but whether Id mutations affect middle ear function remains unknown. In this study, we obtained Id1-/-; Id3+/- mice and Id1+/-; Id3-/- mice and carefully examined their middle ear morphology and auditory function. Our study revealed a high incidence (>50%) of middle ear infection in the compound mutant mice. These mutant mice demonstrated hearing impairment starting around 30 days of age, as the mutant mice presented elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds compared to those of the littermate controls. The distortion product of otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was also used to evaluate the conductive function of the middle ear, and we found much lower DPOAE amplitudes in the mutant mice, suggesting sound transduction in the mutant middle ear is compromised. This is the first study of the middle ears of Id compound mutant mice, and high incidence of middle ear infection determined by otoscopy and histological analysis of middle ear suggests that Id1/Id3 compound mutant mice are a novel model for human otitis media (OM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tihua Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
- College of Special Education, Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bin Yan
- College of Special Education, Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Special Education, Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
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26
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Ghasemi M, Bakhshi B, Khashei R, Soudi S, Boustanshenas M. Vibrio cholerae toxin coregulated pilus provokes inflammatory responses in Coculture model of Caco-2 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) leading to increased colonization. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:238-244. [PMID: 33913531 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of TcpA in the expression of CEACAM1 adhesin molecule and IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines in the Coculture model of Caco-2/PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) that can mimic the intestinal milieu. The TcpA gene from Vibrio cholerae ATCC14035 was cloned in pET-28a and transformed into Escherichia coli Bl-21. The recombinant TcpA-His6 protein was expressed and purified using Ni-column chromatography. The sequencing of transformed plasmid and Western blot analysis of purified protein confirmed the identity of rTcp. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of recombinant protein for human colon carcinoma cell line (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell [Caco-2 cell]) was assessed by MTT assay and showed viability of 92%, 82%, and 70%, for 10 µg/mL of TcpA after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Co-cultures of Caco-2 and PBMCs were used to mimic the intestinal milieu and treated with different concentrations of rTcpA (1, 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL). Our data showed about 2.04-, 3.37-, 3.68-, and 42.7-fold increase in CEACAM1 gene expression, respectively, compared with the nontreated Caco-2/PBMC Coculture. Moreover, the expression of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α genes was significantly increased up to 15.75-, 7.04-, and 80.95-folds, respectively. In conclusion, V. cholerae TcpA induces statistically significant dose-dependent stimulatory effect on TNF-α, IL-,1, and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. Of these, TNF-α was much more affected which, consequently, elevated the CEACAM1 expression level in IECs. This suggests that TcpA protein is a critical effector as an inducer of increased adhesion potential of V. cholera as well as inflammatory responses of host intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khashei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Boustanshenas
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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The Effect of Oral Montelukast Administration in Cholesteatoma Development and Inflammation: An Experimental Animal Model. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e568-e572. [PMID: 33481545 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that oral montelukast treatment could inhibit cholesteatoma formation in an experimental animal model. BACKGROUND Inflammation and excessive proliferation have been described in the histopathology of cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral montelukast on cholesteatoma development. METHODS Eighteen healthy female Wistar albino rats weighing 250 g were chosen for the study. The animals were divided into two groups: group 1 received montelukast and group 2 was the control group. Intratympanic propylene glycol injection was administered into the left ears and physiologic serum was instilled into the right ears of the animals on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days. The effects of montelukast administration were evaluated by histological examination of the tympanic membrane and middle ear. RESULTS Group 1 (montelukast group) showed significant differences in terms of cholesteatoma formation, granulation, epithelial invagination, and inflammation. Cholesteatoma formation in the left ear was observed in 2 (22%) and 8 (89%) rats in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Development of cholesteatoma and inflammation was significantly lower in the montelukast-administered group. Thus, oral montelukast was found effective in preventing cholesteatoma formation.
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28
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Mulay A, Chowdhury MMK, James CT, Bingle L, Bingle CD. The transcriptional landscape of the cultured murine middle ear epithelium in vitro. Biol Open 2021; 10:258492. [PMID: 33913472 PMCID: PMC8084567 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common paediatric disease and leads to significant morbidity. Although understanding of underlying disease mechanisms is hampered by complex pathophysiology, it is clear that epithelial abnormalities underpin the disease. The mechanisms underpinning epithelial remodelling in OM remain unclear. We recently described a novel in vitro model of mouse middle ear epithelial cells (mMEECs) that undergoes mucociliary differentiation into the varied epithelial cell populations seen in the middle ear cavity. We now describe genome wide gene expression profiles of mMEECs as they undergo differentiation. We compared the gene expression profiles of original (uncultured) middle ear cells, confluent cultures of undifferentiated cells and cells that had been differentiated for 7 days at an air liquid interface (ALI). >5000 genes were differentially expressed among the three groups of cells. Approximately 4000 genes were differentially expressed between the original cells and day 0 of ALI culture. The original cell population was shown to contain a mix of cell types, including contaminating inflammatory cells that were lost on culture. Approximately 500 genes were upregulated during ALI induced differentiation. These included some secretory genes and some enzymes but most were associated with the process of ciliogenesis. The data suggest that the in vitro model of differentiated murine middle ear epithelium exhibits a transcriptional profile consistent with the mucociliary epithelium seen within the middle ear. Knowledge of the transcriptional landscape of this epithelium will provide a basis for understanding the phenotypic changes seen in murine models of OM. Summary: This paper presents a genome wide transcriptional analysis of murine middle ear epithelial cells as they undergo differentiation to a mucociliary phenotype representative of the native middle ear epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mulay
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Md Miraj K Chowdhury
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Cameron T James
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lynne Bingle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,The Florey Institute for Host Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102TN, UK
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29
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Alqahtany FS, Algahtani FH, Alshebly MM, Albegamy TS, Alghamdi ES, Alnakhli MA, Madkhaly FM, Alharbi AA, Alqahtani NA. Factor XII deficiency in asymptomatic Saudi population: A retrospective cohort study. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2004-2006. [PMID: 33732086 PMCID: PMC7938109 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) deficiency is a rare genetic blood disorder. It can lead to a higher risk of developing deep vein thrombosis or acquired thrombotic disorders than the general population. This retrospective study evaluated patients who opted for surgery and were found to have abnormal clotting profiles and clotting factors on preoperative routine blood. Patients were included regardless of whether they were symptomatic or asymptomatic. The cohort comprised 115 patients with a mean FXII level of 128.04 ± 36.93%. Two (1.79%) patients, both of whom were women, had FXII levels <60%. The mean FXII level was 58 ± 1.41 (range, 57–59%) in this group. The present study shows the prevalence of FXII in the asymptomatic Saudi population. The results provide the normal range for FXII. The findings of our study provide the basis for diagnosing F XII deficiency in the asymptomatic Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah S Alqahtany
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farjah H Algahtani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael M Alshebly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer S Albegamy
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam S Alghamdi
- Heamatopathology & Blood Transfusion Consultant, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alnakhli
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah M Madkhaly
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alharbi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf A Alqahtani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Miyake S, Miwa T, Yoneda G, Kanemaru A, Saito H, Minoda R, Orita Y, Saito H, Jono H. Relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and CYLD expression in patients with cholesteatoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240216. [PMID: 33031450 PMCID: PMC7544047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle ear cholesteatoma is a destructive disease in which inflammation plays an important role in development and progression, and there are currently no biomarkers predicting prognosis or recurrence. Cylindromatosis (CYLD), a tumor suppressor deubiquitinase, serves as a negative regulator of inflammation expressed in tissues including the middle ear. To determine the clinical significance of CYLD in acquired cholesteatoma, we evaluated CYLD expression in acquired cholesteatoma tissue by immunostaining and analyzed its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CYLD expression levels were varied in the tissues of acquired cholesteatoma patients. The relative expression levels of CYLD in cholesteatoma exhibited a significant correlation with the grade of otorrhea (R = 0.532, p = 0.039). Moreover, the period of epithelialization was also significantly associated with the relative expression levels of CYLD (R = 0.720, p = 0.002). In addition, CYLD expression tended to be lower in the group with recurrence. These results suggest that low CYLD expression correlates with postoperative recovery of acquired cholesteatoma, while potentially affecting the induction of recurrence. This is the first report showing that low CYLD expression correlates with accelerated disease recovery, and suggests a new aspect of CYLD as a prognostic predictor of acquired cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyake
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Miwa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Go Yoneda
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ayumi Kanemaru
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruki Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryosei Minoda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto General Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yorihisa Orita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Niche- and Gender-Dependent Immune Reactions in Relation to the Microbiota Profile in Pediatric Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00147-20. [PMID: 32661126 PMCID: PMC7504947 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00147-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease that primarily affects children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than 3 months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators) and the overall microbial community composition (microbiota) present in matched middle ear effusion (MEE) samples, external ear canal (EEC) lavages, and nasopharynx (NPH) samples from children with OME. Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common inflammatory disease that primarily affects children. OME is defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation of the middle ear (ME), without any signs of infection and with effusion persisting in the ME for more than 3 months. The precise pathogenesis is, however, not fully understood. Here, we comprehensively characterized and compared the host immune responses (inflammatory cells and mediators) and the overall microbial community composition (microbiota) present in matched middle ear effusion (MEE) samples, external ear canal (EEC) lavages, and nasopharynx (NPH) samples from children with OME. Female patients had significantly increased percentages of T lymphocytes and higher levels of a wide array of inflammatory mediators in their MEE compared to that of male patients, which were unrelated to microbiota composition. The relative abundances of identified microorganisms were strongly associated with their niche of origin. Furthermore, specific inflammatory mediators were highly correlated with certain bacterial species. Interestingly, some organisms displayed a niche-driven inflammation pattern in which presence of Haemophilus spp. and Corynebacterium propinquum in MEE was accompanied by proinflammatory mediators, whereas their presence in NPH was accompanied by anti-inflammatory mediators. For Turicella and Alloiococcus, we found exactly the opposite results, i.e., an anti-inflammatory profile when present in MEE, whereas their presence in the the NPH was accompanied by a proinflammatory profile. Together, our results indicate that immune responses in children with OME are highly niche- and microbiota-driven, but gender-based differences were also observed, providing novel insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms behind OME.
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Extensive qPCR analysis reveals altered gene expression in middle ear mucosa from cholesteatoma patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239161. [PMID: 32915926 PMCID: PMC7485814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The middle ear is a small and hard to reach compartment, limiting the amount of tissue that can be extracted and the possibilities for studying the molecular mechanisms behind diseases like cholesteatoma. In this paper 14 reference gene candidates were evaluated in the middle ear mucosa of cholesteatoma patients and two different control tissues. ACTB and GAPDH were shown to be the optimal genes for the normalisation of target gene expression when investigating middle ear mucosa in multiplex qPCR analysis. Validation of reference genes using c-MYC expression confirmed the suitability of ACTB and GAPDH as reference genes and showed an upregulation of c-MYC in middle ear mucosa during cholesteatoma. The occurrence of participants of the innate immunity, TLR2 and TLR4, were analysed in order to compare healthy middle ear mucosa to cholesteatoma. Analysis of TLR2 and TLR4 showed variable results depending on control tissue used, highlighting the importance of selecting relevant control tissue when investigating causes for disease. It is our belief that a consensus regarding reference genes and control tissue will contribute to the comparability and reproducibility of studies within the field.
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Casazza G, Carlson ML, Shelton C, Gurgel RK. The Medially-Invasive Cholesteatoma: An Aggressive Subtype of a Common Pathology. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 130:38-46. [PMID: 32602346 DOI: 10.1177/0003489420937731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the outcomes of treatment for patients with cholesteatomas that are medially invasive to the otic capsule, petrous apex, and/or skull base. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Two tertiary care academic centers. PATIENTS Patients surgically managed for medially-invasive cholesteatoma at two tertiary care institutions from 2001 to 2017. INTERVENTIONS Surgical management of medially-invasive cholesteatomas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presenting symptoms, imaging, pre- and post-operative clinical course, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS Seven patients were identified. All patients had pre-operative radiographic evidence of invasive cholesteatoma with erosion into the otic capsule beyond just a lateral semicircular canal fistula. Five patients had a complex otologic history with multiple surgeries for recurrent cholesteatoma including three with prior canal wall down mastoidectomy surgeries. Average age at the time of surgery was 41.3 years (range 20-83). Two patients underwent a hearing preservation approach to the skull base while all others underwent a surgical approach based on the extent of the lesion. Facial nerve function was maintained at the pre-operative level in all but one patient. No patient developed cholesteatoma recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The medially-invasive cholesteatoma demonstrates an aggressive, endophytic growth pattern, invading into the otic capsule or through the perilabyrinthine air cells to the petrous apex. Surgical resection remains the best treatment option for medially-invasive cholesteatoma. When CSF leak is a concern, a subtotal petrosectomy with closure of the ear is often necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Casazza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Clough Shelton
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard K Gurgel
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Autophagy Is Deficient and May be Negatively Regulated by SERPINB3 in Middle Ear Cholesteatoma. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:e881-e888. [PMID: 32569142 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Whereas autophagy has been linked to various human diseases, whether it also plays a role in cholesteatoma is virtually unknown. This study aimed to investigate the activity and regulation of autophagy in cholesteatoma. BACKGROUND The treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma has been challenging due to an insufficient understanding of the underlying disease mechanism. METHODS Expression of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), the autophagy protein marker, and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), the known autophagy regulators, in fresh retroauricular skin and cholesteatoma tissue samples was analyzed by immunoblotting. The results were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry and statistical analyses. Cell proliferation of primary retroauricular skin- and cholesteatoma-derived fibroblasts was evaluated by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Ectopic expression of serine proteinase inhibitor, clade B, member 3 (SERPINB3) in the fibroblasts was achieved by electroporation and the expression was detected by immunoblotting. RESULTS LC3 expression was significantly decreased in cholesteatoma in most of the 15 paired retroauricular skin/cholesteatoma tissue samples. However, p-Akt and p-mTOR expression in the cholesteatoma samples was not significantly different from that in the control subjects. Immunohistochemical studies further demonstrated an inverse correlation between LC3 expression and cholesteatoma. The cholesteatoma fibroblasts proliferated faster than the retroauricular skin fibroblasts, and had higher SERPINB3 but lower LC3 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of SERPINB3 in the retroauricular skin fibroblasts enhanced cell proliferation and downregulated LC3 expression. CONCLUSION Autophagy is significantly suppressed in cholesteatoma tissues, which may not involve the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. More importantly, SERPINB3 may promote cell proliferation and negatively regulate autophagy in cholesteatoma fibroblasts. Together, these findings warrant further investigation into the pathogenic mechanism of cholesteatoma.
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Espahbodi M, Samuels TL, McCormick C, Khampang P, Yan K, Marshall S, McCormick ME, Chun RH, Harvey SA, Friedland DR, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. Analysis of Inflammatory Signaling in Human Middle Ear Cell Culture Models of Pediatric Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:410-416. [PMID: 32433794 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Cell culture models are valuable tools for investigation of the molecular pathogenesis of diseases including otitis media (OM). Previous study indicates that age-, sex-, and race-associated differences in molecular signaling may impact disease pathophysiology. Currently, a singular immortalized middle ear epithelial (MEE) cell line exists, HMEEC-1, derived from an adult without known middle ear disease. In this study, HMEEC-1 and primary MEE cultures from pediatric patients with and without OM were stimulated with inflammatory cytokines or OM-pathogenic bacterial lysates to examine differences in the response of molecules associated with OM pathogenesis. STUDY DESIGN Case-control series. METHODS MEE cultures were established from patients aged <6 years: two with recurrent OM (ROM), two with OM with effusion (OME), and one patient without OM who was undergoing cochlear implant surgery control undergoing cochlear implantation (Peds CI). Primary MEE cultures and HMEEC-1 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, or nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae lysate. TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, and MUC5B were assayed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IL-8 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Gene/protein target expressions were frequently higher in pediatric OM lines than in HMEEC-1 and Peds CI. HMEEC-1 cells were frequently less responsive to stimuli than all pediatric lines. OME lines were often more responsive than ROM lines. CONCLUSIONS OM may be associated with specific molecular phenotypes that are retained in primary cell culture. Adult-derived HMEEC-1 cells differ significantly in baseline expression and response of OM-associated molecules relative to pediatric MEE cells. Work is underway to immortalize pediatric OM MEE cultures as improved tools for the OM research community. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:410-416, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Espahbodi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Caroline McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Samuel Marshall
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Michael E McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Robert H Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Steven A Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - David R Friedland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Abolaji AO, Omozokpia MU, Oluwamuyide OJ, Akintola TE, Farombi EO. Rescue role of hesperidin in 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced toxicity in the brain, ovary and uterus of wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2018-0115/jbcpp-2018-0115.xml. [PMID: 32160159 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The ovotoxicity of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) has been established in several experimental models. Hesperidin (HSD) is a bi-flavonoid found in citrus fruits and has been reported to be a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Here, we have evaluated the rescue role of hesperidin on VCD-induced toxicity in the brain, ovary, and uterus of rats. Methods Six groups of rats containing ten rats in each group were orally given corn oil (control), hesperidin (100 mg/kg), hesperidin (200 mg/kg), VCD (250 mg/kg), VCD [(250 mg/kg)+hesperidin (100 mg/kg)] and VCD [(250 mg/kg)+hesperidin (200 mg/kg)] once a day for 30 days, respectively. Thereafter, we determined the selected biomarkers of oxidative damage, inflammation, endocrine balance, and histology of the reproductive organs. Results The data showed that hesperidin rescued VCD-induced increase in oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) and inflammatory (nitric oxide) biomarkers. In addition, hesperidin restored the reduction in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase) activities and glutathione level in the brain, ovary, and uterus of rats (p<0.05). Lastly, hesperidin preserved the histological structure of the ovary and uterus of rats exposed to VCD. Conclusions Overall, the rescue role of hesperidin on VCD-induced toxicity in the brain and reproductive organs of female rats may be due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos O Abolaji
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Phone: +2348068614194
| | - Marvis U Omozokpia
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olajide J Oluwamuyide
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo E Akintola
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Phone: +2348023470333
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Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression in Otitis Media. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:364-370. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liao AH, Wang CH, Weng PY, Lin YC, Wang H, Chen HK, Liu HL, Chuang HC, Shih CP. Ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation via a transcanal or transcranial approach facilitates inner ear drug delivery. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132880. [PMID: 31895697 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced microbubble (USMB) cavitation is widely used to promote drug delivery. Our previous study investigated USMB targeting the round window membrane by applying the ultrasound transducer to the tympanic bulla. In the present study, we further extended the use of this technology to enhance drug delivery to the inner ear by introducing the ultrasound transducer into the external auditory canal (EAC) or applying it to the skull. Using a 3-dimensional-printed diffusion apparatus mimicking the pathway for ultrasound passing through and reaching the middle ear cavity in vitro, the models simulating the transcanal and transcranial approach demonstrated 4.8-fold- and 3.7-fold-higher delivery efficiencies, respectively. In an in vivo model of guinea pigs, by filling tympanic bulla with microbubbles and biotin-FITC, USMB applied transcanally and transcranially induced 2.8-fold and 1.5-fold increases in biotin-FITC delivery efficiencies, respectively. In addition, the gentamicin uptake by cochlear and vestibular hair cells and gentamicin-induced hair cell loss were significantly enhanced following transcanal application of USMB. On the 28th day after transcanal USMB, safety assessment showed no significant changes in the hearing thresholds and the integrity of cochlea. These are the first results to our knowledge to demonstrate the feasibility and support the potential clinical application of applying USMB via EAC to facilitate drug delivery into the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yu Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Kang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lorek A, Dennis R, van Dijk J, Bannoehr J. Occult otitis media in dogs with chronic otitis externa - magnetic resonance imaging and association with otoscopic and cytological findings. Vet Dermatol 2019; 31:146-153. [PMID: 31858646 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of perpetuating factors, such as otitis media (OM), is important for the successful management of canine chronic otitis externa (OE). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Occult OM can occur in cases of chronic OE; a focused magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination is a useful tool in their management. ANIMALS One hundred twenty one client-owned dogs presented for investigation and treatment of chronic OE between 2009 and 2018. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mixed retrospective (74 dogs) and prospective (47 dogs) study of chronic OE cases without neurological signs, describing the MRI, otoscopic and cytological findings; comparing cases with and without MRI evidence of OM. RESULTS A total of 123 MRI studies were analysed (two dogs scanned twice). A short, focused MRI scan allowed detection of inflammation of the mucosal bulla lining as well as excellent discrimination between avascular material and vascularised soft tissue in the tympanic cavity. OM was found in 41 of 197 (21%) ears with chronic otitis externa. On otoscopy, the tympanic membrane was intact in six of 41 ears (15%), ruptured in 16 of 41 (39%) and not visible in 14 of 41 (34%) [no data in five of 41 (12%)]. Analysis of cytological findings showed that the presence of rods was only associated with an increased likelihood of OM when found together with inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Occult OM is a not uncommon finding on MRI of dogs with chronic OE. A targeted MRI study ("bulla mini-scan") may be useful as part of the clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lorek
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Jan van Dijk
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Jeanette Bannoehr
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
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Comprehensive Detection of Respiratory Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in the Middle Ear Fluid and Nasopharynx of Pediatric Patients With Acute Otitis Media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:1199-1203. [PMID: 31738334 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common ear infection caused by respiratory viruses and bacteria of the nasopharynx. The present study aimed to detect various respiratory viruses and bacteria in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS We collected MEF and NPA samples from 122 pediatric patients with AOM. Real-time PCR detected 11 types of respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus A/B, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus A/B, adenovirus, human bocavirus and rhino virus) and 7 types of bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Legionella pneumophila and Moraxella catarrhalis). MEF specimens were also examined using bacterial culture. RESULTS At least 1 respiratory viral or bacterial pathogen was detected in MEF of 120 cases (98%) by viral and bacterial PCR and of 93 cases (76%) by viral PCR and bacterial culture. Respiratory viruses were detected in NPA of 84 cases (69%) and MEF of 67 cases (55%). The most common virus detected in MEF was respiratory syncytial virus (21%), followed by parainfluenza virus (15%). All the viruses present in MEF were also detected in NPA specimens. Bacteria were detected by PCR in MEF of 109 cases (89%); H. influenzae was the most frequently detected (65%). CONCLUSIONS In many cases, pediatric AOM was found to constitute a respiratory polymicrobial infection. Multiplex PCR was useful to detect multiple respiratory viruses and bacteria in AOM. To understand intractable AOM, further studies regarding the clinical features of each viral and bacterial coinfection are required.
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The nuclear transcription factor FoxG1 affects the sensitivity of mimetic aging hair cells to inflammation by regulating autophagy pathways. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101364. [PMID: 31731101 PMCID: PMC6920089 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a self-defense response to protect individuals from infection and tissue damage, but excessive or persistent inflammation can have adverse effects on cell survival. Many individuals become especially susceptible to chronic-inflammation-induced sensorineural hearing loss as they age, but the intrinsic molecular mechanism behind aging individuals' increased risk of hearing loss remains unclear. FoxG1 (forkhead box transcription factor G1) is a key transcription factor that plays important roles in hair cell survival through the regulation of mitochondrial function, but how the function of FoxG1 changes during aging and under inflammatory conditions is unknown. In this study, we first found that FoxG1 expression and autophagy both increased gradually in the low concentration lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model, while after high concentration of LPS treatment both FoxG1 expression and autophagy levels decreased as the concentration of LPS increased. We then used siRNA to downregulate Foxg1 expression in hair cell-like OC-1 cells and found that cell death and apoptosis were significantly increased after LPS injury. Furthermore, we used d-galactose (D-gal) to create an aging model with hair cell-like OC-1 cells and cochlear explant cultures in vitro and found that the expression of Foxg1 and the level of autophagy were both decreased after D-gal and LPS co-treatment. Lastly, we knocked down the expression of Foxg1 under aged inflammation conditions and found increased numbers of dead and apoptotic cells. Together these results suggest that FoxG1 affects the sensitivity of mimetic aging hair cells to inflammation by regulating autophagy pathways.
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Abdelall EK, Lamie PF, Ahmed AK, EL-Nahass ELS. COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assays and histopathological study of the new designed anti-inflammatory agent with a pyrazolopyrimidine core. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:235-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Noreña AJ, Fournier P, Londero A, Ponsot D, Charpentier N. An Integrative Model Accounting for the Symptom Cluster Triggered After an Acoustic Shock. Trends Hear 2019; 22:2331216518801725. [PMID: 30249168 PMCID: PMC6156190 DOI: 10.1177/2331216518801725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic shocks and traumas sometimes result in a cluster of debilitating symptoms, including tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear fullness and tension, dizziness, and pain in and outside the ear. The mechanisms underlying this large variety of symptoms remain elusive. In this article, we elaborate on the hypothesis that the tensor tympani muscle (TTM), the trigeminal nerve (TGN), and the trigeminal cervical complex (TCC) play a central role in generating these symptoms. We argue that TTM overuse (due to the acoustic shock), TTM overload (due to muscle tension), and ultimately, TTM injury (due to hypoxia and "energy crisis") lead to inflammation, thereby activating the TGN, TCC, and cortex. The TCC is a crossroad structure integrating sensory inputs coming from the head-neck complex (including the middle ear) and projecting back to it. The multimodal integration of the TCC may then account for referred pain outside the ear when the middle ear is inflamed and activates the TGN. We believe that our model proposes a synthetic and explanatory framework to explain the phenomena occurring postacoustic shock and potentially also after other nonauditory causes. Indeed, due to the bidirectional properties of the TCC, musculoskeletal disorders in the region of the head-neck complex, including neck injury due to whiplash or temporomandibular disorders, may impact the middle ear, thereby leading to otic symptoms. This previously unavailable model type is experimentally testable and must be taken as a starting point for identifying the mechanisms responsible for this particular subtype of tinnitus and its associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud J Noreña
- 1 Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7260, Laboratoire Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives-Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Fournier
- 1 Aix-Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7260, Laboratoire Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives-Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Londero
- 2 Service ORL et CCF, Hôpital Européen G. Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Damien Ponsot
- 3 Académie de Lyon-Lycée Germaine Tillion, Sain-Bel, France
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Forouzandeh F, Zhu X, Alfadhel A, Ding B, Walton JP, Cormier D, Frisina RD, Borkholder DA. A nanoliter resolution implantable micropump for murine inner ear drug delivery. J Control Release 2019; 298:27-37. [PMID: 30690105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in protective and restorative biotherapies have created new opportunities to use site-directed, programmable drug delivery systems to treat auditory and vestibular disorders. Successful therapy development that leverages the transgenic, knock-in, and knock-out variants of mouse models of human disease requires advanced microsystems specifically designed to function with nanoliter precision and with system volumes suitable for implantation. Here we present results for a novel biocompatible, implantable, scalable, and wirelessly controlled peristaltic micropump. The micropump configuration included commercially available catheter microtubing (250 μm OD, 125 μm ID) that provided a biocompatible leak-free flow path while avoiding complicated microfluidic interconnects. Peristaltic pumping was achieved by sequentially compressing the microtubing via expansion and contraction of a thermal phase-change material located in three chambers integrated adjacent to the microtubing. Direct-write micro-scale printing technology was used to build the mechanical components of the micropump around the microtubing directly on the back of a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). The custom PCBA was fabricated using standard commercial processes providing microprocessor control of actuation and Bluetooth wireless communication through an Android application. The results of in vitro characterization indicated that nanoliter resolution control over the desired flow rates of 10-100 nL/min was obtained by changing the actuation frequency. Applying 10× greater than physiological backpressures and ± 3 °C ambient temperature variation did not significantly affect flow rates. Three different micropumps were tested on six mice for in vivo implantation of the catheter microtubing into the round window membrane niche for infusion of a known ototoxic compound (sodium salicylate) at 50 nL/min for 20 min. Real-time shifts in distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds and amplitudes were measured during the infusion. There were systematic increases in distortion product threshold shifts during the 20-min perfusions; the mean shift was 15 dB for the most basal region. A biocompatibility study was performed to evaluate material suitability for chronic subcutaneous implantation and clinical translational development. The results indicated that the micropump components successfully passed key biocompatibility tests. A micropump prototype was implanted for one month without development of inflammation or infection. Although tested here on the small murine cochlea, this low-cost design and fabrication methodology is scalable for use in larger animals and for clinical applications in children and adults by appropriate scaling of the microtubing diameter and actuator volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Forouzandeh
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed Alfadhel
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph P Walton
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Denis Cormier
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David A Borkholder
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Epithelial abnormalities underpin the development of the middle ear disease, otitis media (OM). Until now, a well-characterized in vitro model of the middle ear (ME) epithelium that replicates the complex cellular composition of the middle ear has not been available. This chapter describes the development of a novel in vitro model of mouse middle ear epithelial cells (mMECs), cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). This system enables recapitulation of the characteristics of the native murine ME epithelium. We demonstrate that mMECs undergo differentiation into the varied cell populations seen within the native middle ear. Overall, our mMEC culture system can help better understand the cell biology of the middle ear and improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of OM. The model also has the potential to serve as a platform for validation of treatments designed to reverse aspects of epithelial remodeling underpinning OM development.
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Kariya S, Okano M, Zhao P, Maeda Y, Kataoka Y, Higaki T, Noda Y, Makihara S, Nishizaki K. NLRP3 inflammasome expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:1061-1065. [PMID: 30676848 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1515499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical molecule mediating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses. However, the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in otitis media has not been fully examined. AIMS/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to assess the expression of NLRP3, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain and a pyrin domain), and caspase-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice received a transtympanic injection of either lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection. Concentrations of IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Temporal bones were processed for histologic examination and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide significantly upregulated levels of IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the middle ear as compared with the control mice. The proteins of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were observed in infiltrating inflammatory cells induced by lipopolysaccharide in the middle ear cavity. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Lipopolysaccharide induces NLRP3 inflammasome components in the middle ear. The NLRP3 inflammasome may play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. Modulation of inflammasome-mediated inflammation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Kataoka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaya Higaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Makihara
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kagawa Rosai Hospital, Marugame, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Vikhe PP, Purnell T, Brown SDM, Hood DW. Cellular content plays a crucial role in Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection of preinflamed Junbo mouse middle ear. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12960. [PMID: 30265765 PMCID: PMC6491974 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The relationship between the cellular content of the middle ear fluid (MEF) during AOM and infection of NTHi is poorly understood. Using the Junbo mouse, a characterised NTHi infection model, we analysed the cellular content of MEF and correlated the data with NTHi titres. The MEF of the Junbo mouse was heterogeneous between ears and was graded from 1 to 5; 1 being highly serous/clear and 5 being heavily viscous/opaque. At seven-day post-intranasal inoculation, NTHi was not found in grade-1 or 2 fluids, and the proportion of MEF that supported NTHi increased with the grade. Analyses by flow cytometry indicated that the cellular content was highest in grade-4 and 5 fluids, with a greater proportion of necrotic cells and a low-live cell count. NTHi infection of the middle ear increased the cell count and led to infiltration of immune cells and changes in the cytokine and chemokine levels. Following NTHi inoculation, high-grade infected MEFs had greater neutrophil infiltration whereas monocyte infiltration was significantly higher in serous noninfected low-grade fluids. These data underline a role for immune cells, specifically monocytes and neutrophils, and cell necrosis in NTHi infection of the Junbo mouse middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik P Vikhe
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Tom Purnell
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Derek W Hood
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
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Ranakusuma RW, McCullough AR, Safitri ED, Pitoyo Y, Widyaningsih, Del Mar CB, Beller EM. Oral prednisolone for acute otitis media in children: protocol of a pilot randomised, open-label, controlled study (OPAL study). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018; 4:146. [PMID: 30214821 PMCID: PMC6130070 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is an acute inflammation of the middle ear commonly found in children, for which antibiotics are frequently prescribed. However, antibiotics are beneficial for only one third of AOM cases, and then, with only modest benefit. Since antibiotic use leads to risk of side effects and resistance, effective alternative treatments are required. Corticosteroids are a candidate because of their anti-inflammatory effects, although evidence of their efficacy and harms is insufficient. Accordingly, we plan a large, rigorous clinical trial to test this. Initially, we will test pre-specified methods and procedures (including the overall process, resources, management, and scientific components) in a pilot study of corticosteroids for AOM, which will inform a future, definitive trial. METHODS This is a pilot pragmatic, randomised, open-label, single-blind, controlled study of corticosteroids as either monotherapy or an addition to antibiotics in 60 children aged 6 months to 12 years with AOM in two cities (Jakarta and Bekasi) in Indonesia. We will randomise eligible children to prednisolone or control. We will also stratify by disease severity and randomise those with mild AOM to expectant observation plus prednisolone or observation alone and those with severe AOM to prednisolone plus antibiotic or antibiotic alone. Our outcomes are to determine (1) recruitment rates, (2) the success of the study procedures, (3) the ability to measure planned outcomes of the proposed main study, (4) the compliance to study visits and study medication, and (5) verification of the sample size calculation for the main study. We will also assess middle ear effusion using tympanometry as part of a mechanistic sub-study. DISCUSSION This study will test all procedures in preparation for the main study, including several potential obstacles and challenges from the perspective of participating physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and the parents of eligible children. This information will be useful for developing strategies to overcome practical and procedural issues. This study may also provide information about the effects of corticosteroids on middle ear effusion in AOM. TRIAL REGISTRATION Study registry number: ACTRN12618000049279. Name of registry: the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Date of registration: 16 January 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Respati W. Ranakusuma
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, 4226 Queensland Australia
- Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital – Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Diponegoro 71, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Amanda R. McCullough
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, 4226 Queensland Australia
| | - Eka D. Safitri
- Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital – Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Diponegoro 71, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Yupitri Pitoyo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital – Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Diponegoro 71, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Widyaningsih
- Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital – Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Diponegoro 71, Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Christopher B. Del Mar
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, 4226 Queensland Australia
| | - Elaine M. Beller
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, 4226 Queensland Australia
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Azithromycin and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Otol Neurotol 2018; 39:957-963. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Intrauterine Malnutrition Reduced Long Leptin Receptor Isoform Expression and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Male Rat Pulmonary Endothelial Cells Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8597361. [PMID: 30116155 PMCID: PMC6079436 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8597361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We have previously shown that low birth weight (LBW) rats exposed to intrauterine malnutrition have an impaired lung inflammatory response and reduced levels of inflammatory mediators; however, circulating leptin levels were not increased. We evaluated long leptin receptor isoform (ObRb) expression in lung endothelial cells from low birth weight rats and examined its role in the production of lipid mediators and cytokines. Methods Lung endothelial cells were obtained from normal birth weight (NBW) rats or LBW rats subjected to intrauterine malnutrition. These cells were stimulated with leptin (10 ng/mL), LPS (lipopolysaccharide, 1 μg/mL), or leptin plus LPS. Six hours after stimulation, the production of inflammatory mediators (PGE2, LTB4, IL-1β, and IL-6) was evaluated using commercial ELISA kits, and Western blotting was performed to investigate p38MAPK, NF-κB, and ObRb expression. Results Leptin increased IL-1β levels in only cells from the NBW group, whereas LPS increased PGE2 and LTB4 levels in cells from both groups; leptin addition potentiated lipid mediator production induced by LPS in the NBW group. LPS enhanced the production of IL-1β and IL-6 in only endothelial cells from NBW rats. Leptin receptor expression was decreased (63%) in endothelial cells from LBW rats. None of the stimuli increased NF-κB or p38 signaling pathway expression in cells from LBW rats. Conclusion These results suggest that intrauterine malnutrition compromises leptin receptor expression and cytokine production in pulmonary endothelial cells stimulated by LPS; these effects seem to involve the NF-κB and p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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