1
|
Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Guo S, Ding B, Zhang Z. Effects of a mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, and antioxidant status in laying hens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2015-2022. [PMID: 37919879 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the effects of a mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde (GCM) supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and serum parameters of laying hens. A total of 1120 14-week-old Jingfen-1 strain laying hens with similar performance were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: control, and GCM groups supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 mg kg-1 for 12 weeks. RESULTS Compared with the control group, GCM-supplemented groups significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the rate of unqualified eggs of laying hens aged 17-24 weeks. Supplementation of GCM significantly increased (P < 0.05) yolk color and serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity but decreased (P < 0.05) the hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) content in the serum of laying hens at the age of 20 weeks. Furthermore, groups supplemented with GCM showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Haugh unit, yolk color, activities of total superoxide dismutase and GSH-Px, and the glucose content in serum, and a decrease (P < 0.05) in the content of urea nitrogen and H2 O2 and malondialdehyde in serum of laying hens at the age of 24 weeks. 500 mg kg-1 GCM supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the number of large white follicles and 1000 mg kg-1 GCM supplementation decreased the number of large yellow follicles in 28-week-old laying hens. CONCLUSION These results indicated that GCM supplementation has positive effects on reducing egg loss and improving egg quality in the early laying period of laying hens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Calid Biotech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binying Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengfan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Eck L, Schouten A, Powell S, Lamot D, Enting H, Kwakkel R. The effect of diet density on allometry in pullet growth and early egg production. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103211. [PMID: 37980735 PMCID: PMC10665930 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of nutrition on pullet growth curves and body composition may help to design new feeding strategies that influence body composition and (long-term) laying performance. Therefore, this study examined the effect of nutrient density (low, medium or high metabolizable energy and essential amino acids), fed in the rearing phase until 17 wk of age, on Hy-Line white W80 pullet growth, body composition development and egg production performance until wk 35. Data were subjected to mixed model analyses. To determine a multiphasic allometric relationship between body components, an overall growth curve was established and inflection points were determined. The linear higher BW at the end of the rearing phase, due to increased diet density, was maintained during the peak production phase until wk 35. Egg production parameters were not affected by rearing diet density. Breast and body crude protein percentages were not influenced by dietary treatments, whereas body crude fat and abdominal fat pad percentages were linearly increased with diet density from early age onward. Body crude protein was initially deposited at the same rate as body dry matter. In a second phase of growth from wk 12 onward, crude protein deposition was lower than body dry matter deposition, but was not influenced by rearing diet. Body crude fat, on the other hand, initially grew at a lower rate than body dry matter, but increased in deposition rate during a second phase of growth starting at wk 2 to 5. Pullets fed the high density diet showed higher deposition of crude fat vs. dry matter as compared to pullets fed the medium density diets in the first phase until wk 2, but exhibited lower crude fat deposition in the second phase until wk 8. These results indicate that until approximately wk 12, crude protein deposition was mainly driving growth and was not influenced by diet density. From wk 5 to 6 onward, crude fat deposition relative to protein deposition increased and this was influenced by diet density from an early age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieske van Eck
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Innovation Center, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Adele Schouten
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Innovation Center, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands
| | - Syrena Powell
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Innovation Center, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands
| | - David Lamot
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Innovation Center, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Enting
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Innovation Center, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Kwakkel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agustono B, Warsito SH, Yunita MN, Lokapirnasari WP, Hidanah S, Sabdoningrum EK, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Yuliani GA, Chhetri S, Windria S. Influence of microbiota inoculum as a substitute for antibiotic growth promoter during the initial laying phase on productivity performance, egg quality, and the morphology of reproductive organs in laying hens. Vet World 2023; 16:1461-1467. [PMID: 37621531 PMCID: PMC10446726 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1461-1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antibiotics that increase growth have long been employed as a component of chicken growth. Long-term, unchecked usage may lead to microbial imbalance, resistance, and immune system suppression. Probiotics are a suitable and secure feed additive that may be provided as a solution. The objective of this research was to ascertain the effects of dietary multistrain probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., and Lactobacillus plantarum) on the morphology (length and weight) of reproductive organs and productivity performance of laying hens during the early stage of laying. Materials and Methods One hundred ISA Brown commercial layer chicks of the same body weight (BW) that were 5 days old were divided into five treatments, each with four replicates and four chicks in each duplicate. There were five different dietary interventions: (T1) 100% base feed; (T2) base feed with 2.5 g of antibiotic growth promoter/kg feed; (T3) base feed plus probiotics; (T4) base feed at 1 mL/kg with probiotics; and (T5) base feed with probiotics, 3 mL/kg feed, 5 mL/kg of feed. The parameters observed were performance, internal and exterior egg quality, and the morphology (length and weight) of laying hens' reproductive organs. Results Probiotic supplementation (L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, and L. plantarum) significantly affected the BW, feed intake, egg weight, yolk index, albumin index, Haugh unit, egg height, egg width, and morphology (length and weight) of laying hens' reproductive organs compared to the control group (basic feed). In addition, there was no discernible difference between treatment groups in theeggshell weight and thickness variables across all treatment groups. Conclusion When laying hens were between 17 and 21 weeks old, during the early laying period, microbiota inoculum supplements (L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, and L. plantarum) increased growth, the quality of the internal and external layers' eggs, and the morphology of the laying hens' reproductive organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodhi Agustono
- Division of Animal Husbandry, School of Health and Life Sciences (SIKIA), Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sunaryo Hadi Warsito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Maya Nurwartanti Yunita
- Division of Pathology Veterinary, School of Health and Life Sciences (SIKIA), Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hidanah
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Anam Al-Arif
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mirni Lamid
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Gandul Atik Yuliani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Basic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Shekhar Chhetri
- Department of Animal Science, Royal University of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Sarasati Windria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bahry MA, Hanlon C, Ziezold CJ, Schaus S, Bédécarrats GY. Impact of growth trajectory on sexual maturation in layer chickens. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174238. [PMID: 37215169 PMCID: PMC10196195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that apart from photostimulation, metabolic triggers may independently activate sexual maturation and egg production in chickens. However, the origin, mode of action, and specific target(s) of this metabolic control remain unknown. Beyond body weight (BW), we hypothesize that body composition (BC) and associated specific metabolic signals are involved. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the BW and BC thresholds triggering spontaneous sexual maturation in layer pullets under different growth trajectories. Day-old Lohman LSL lite and Lohman brown lite chicks (n = 210 each) raised in brooding cages under ad libitum (AL) feeding until 8 weeks of age were randomly allocated into individual cages and assigned to one of 3 experimental growth profiles; AL, breeder's target (T), restricted 20% below target (R), (n = 70 birds/profile/strain). Birds had free access to water throughout the trial. All hens were maintained on 10 h of light (10 lux) throughout the rest of the study. Blood and tissue samples were collected throughout the study to measure plasma estradiol (E2) concentrations and organ weights, respectively. Furthermore, carcasses were subjected to Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analyses. All analyses were completed with SAS using the MIXED procedure. Results show that R treatment slowed (p < 0.001) growth, delayed age at first egg (FE) and egg production (p < 0.001) and resulted in lower BW at FE (p < 0.001), lower ovary weight and number of follicles (p < 0.001) compared to AL in both strains, whereas, the strain significantly impacted body weight (p < 0.0001), ovary weight (p < 0.001), BW at FE (p < 0.001), age at FE (p < 0.001), egg production (p < 0.0001), E2 (p < 0.0001) and body composition (p < 0.05). For DEXA, AL feeding (p < 0.001) increased fat deposition compared to R. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma E2 and bone mineral content (p < 0.01) and bone mineral density (p < 0.01). In conclusion, feed allocation impacted growth and BC in a strain dependent manner which resulted in differing age at sexual maturation and egg production. Furthermore, a body fat threshold between 10% to 15% appears to be required for the occurrence of spontaneously sexual maturation in laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Bahry
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Clara J. Ziezold
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sierra Schaus
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin C, Zhou C, Shi Y, Ge Y, Gao X, Wu C, Xu Z, Huang C, Hu G, Liu P, Guo X. Effects and potential mechanism of dietary vitamin C supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism in growing laying hens under chronic heat stress. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad308. [PMID: 37843035 PMCID: PMC10588821 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of chronic heat stress (CHS)-induced fatty liver syndrome on laying hens during the egg-producing stages have been wildly documented. However, until nowadays, the CHS responses of growing laying hens as well as its alleviating effects of vitamin C are rarely reported. In this study, 12-wk-old laying hens were subjected to CHS at 36 °C for 10 h/d for 3 wk with or without dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg vitamin C. Results showed that CHS significantly impaired the growth performances and the liver functions of birds, as characterized by reduced feed intake and body weight, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and serum concentrations of TG, ALT, and AST, as well as the abnormal expression patterns of the lipid metabolism-related genes. Vitamin C supplementation successfully mitigated the lipid accumulation, while showing no alleviating effect on the serum contents of ALT or AST, which are two key indicators of liver functions. Metabolomic analysis based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS identified 173 differential metabolites from the HS and HSV group samples, and they are mainly enriched in the pathways related to the cellular components, vitamin and amino acid metabolism and energy substance metabolism. The results indicate that CHS-induced hepatic lipid deposition in growing laying hens is effectively alleviated by dietary supplementation of vitamin C, which is probably resulted from the alterations of hepatocellular metabolic patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changming Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangqin Ge
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cong Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Klein SAS, Willems OW, Zuidhof MJ. Multiphasic mixed growth models for turkeys. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad094. [PMID: 37119008 PMCID: PMC10158525 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth models are important for optimization of feed formulation and breeding programs in turkeys. The objectives of this study were 1) to compare sex and line differences in turkeys in parameter estimates of mono- and di-phasic Gompertz growth models, and 2) to evaluate mono and diphasic mixed Gompertz growth models to determine the variation in parameter estimates in a group of female line turkey toms. A total of 1,056 manually recorded weekly average body weight (BW) observations from male and female turkeys of a male and female line from weeks 1 to 20 were used for objective 1. Daily median values of automatically collected individual BW of female line turkey toms were used for objective 2 and random components associated with individual subject animals related to mature weight and/or timing of maximum gain during each phase were introduced in the Gompertz model. Growth curve shapes were different between male line toms, male line hens, female line toms, and female line hens (P < 0.001). However, inflection points were similar between male and female line toms and between male and female line hens (14.06 vs. 13.72 wk and 11.22 and 10.71 wk, respectively), while mature BW differed between lines by 6.49 and 3.81 kg for toms and hens, respectively. The normalized growth rate constant (growth rate constant corrected for mature weight) was around the same magnitude between male and female line toms (0.0031 vs. 0.0038, respectively), but slightly lower in male line hens compared to female line hens (0.0072 vs. 0.0091, respectively). Diphasic Gompertz models described growth better in all line × sex combinations compared to the monophasic models (P < 0.001) and mixed diphasic Gompertz models showed improved fit over mixed monophasic Gompertz models. The correlation structure of the random components identified that individuals with a higher mature weight had a later inflection point and lower growth rate coefficients. These results provide tools for improved breeding practices and a structure to evaluate the effects of dietary or environmental factors on growth trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2P5
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heijmans J, Beijer E, Duijster M, Kemp B, Kwakkel R, Gerrits W, van den Brand H. Changes in body composition and energetic efficiency in response to growth curve and dietary energy-to-protein ratio in broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102410. [PMID: 36565633 PMCID: PMC9801220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition plays an important role in reproduction in broiler breeders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics in body composition and energetic efficiency in broiler breeders, using different dietary strategies. About 1,536-day-old pullets were randomly allotted to 24 pens in a 2 × 4 factorial design with 2 growth curves (standard or elevated (+15%)) and 4 diets, with a step-wise increment in energy (96, 100, 104, and 108% apparent metabolizable energy nitrogen corrected [AMEn]) fed on a pair-gain basis. Body composition was determined at 10 time points from 0 to 60 wk of age. Body protein mass was linearly related to body weight (BW) in growing breeders, which can be expressed as -6.4+0.184*BW (R2 = 0.99; P < 0.001). Body fat mass was exponentially related to BW in growing breeders, which can be expressed as -42.2+50.8*1.0006BW (R2 = 0.98; P < 0.001). A higher energy-to-protein ratio resulted in higher body fat mass at the same BW (P < 0.001). Sexual maturation was related to body protein mass at 21 wk of age, where each 100 g of body protein mass extra advanced sexual maturation by 5.4 d (R2 = 0.83). Estimates of energetic efficiency for growth (kg) and egg production (ke) appeared not constant, but varied with age in a quadratic manner between 0.27 and 0.54 for kg and between 0.28 and 0.56 for ke. The quadratic relationship could be expressed as kg=0.408-0.0319*Age+0.00181*Age2 (R2 = 0.72; P < 0.001) and ke=-0.211+0.034*Age-0.00042*Age2 (R2 = 0.46; P < 0.001). Body protein mass in broiler breeders is tightly regulated and mainly depended on BW and seems to be the main determinant for sexual maturation. Body fat mass is exponentially related to BW, where an increase in dietary energy-to-protein ratio results in a higher body fat mass. Treatments had minimal effects on estimated energetic efficiencies in breeders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Heijmans
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands,Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands,Corresponding author:
| | - E. Beijer
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands
| | - M. Duijster
- De Heus Animal Nutrition B.V., 6717 VE Ede, the Netherlands
| | - B. Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R.P. Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W.J.J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H. van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong H, Zhang XY, Zhu S, Jiang L, Zhu X, Fang Q, Wu R. Genetic Architecture of Multiphasic Growth Covariation as Revealed by a Nonlinear Mixed Mapping Framework. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:711219. [PMID: 34675947 PMCID: PMC8524055 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Trait covariation during multiphasic growth is of crucial significance to optimal survival and reproduction during the entire life cycle. However, current analyses are mainly focused on the study of individual traits, but exploring how genes determine trait interdependence spanning multiphasic growth processes remains challenging. In this study, we constructed a nonlinear mixed mapping framework to explore the genetic mechanisms that regulate multiphasic growth changes between two complex traits and used this framework to study stem diameter and stem height in forest trees. The multiphasic nonlinear mixed mapping framework was implemented in system mapping, by which several key quantitative trait loci were found to interpret the process and pattern of stem wood growth by regulating the ecological interactions of stem apical and lateral growth. We quantified the timing and pattern of the vegetative phase transition between independently regulated, temporally coordinated processes. Furthermore, we visualized the genetic machinery of significant loci, including genetic effects, genetic contribution analysis, and the regulatory relationship between these markers in the network structure. We validated the utility of the new mapping framework experimentally via computer simulations. The results may improve our understanding of the evolution of development in changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gong
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuli Zhu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Statistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Timing of growth affected broiler breeder feeding motivation and reproductive traits. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101375. [PMID: 34358953 PMCID: PMC8350539 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount and timing of growth are important factors that affect age at first egg, body conformation, reproductive performance, and hunger in broiler breeders. To investigate the effect of growth pattern on feeding motivation and reproductive performance, 10 unique growth trajectories were designed with 2 levels of the amount of early growth and 5 levels of timing of growth around puberty. A 3-phase Gompertz model that described growth in phase 1 (prepubertal), phase 2 (pubertal), and phase 3 (postpubertal) was used to design the growth trajectories. Second growth phase inflection point (I2) was advanced by 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the coefficient estimated from the breeder-recommended target BW. The growth trajectories were designed with 2 discrete levels of total gain in the prepubertal phase (g1); g1 was either the prepubertal phase gain coefficient, estimated from the breeder-recommended BW (Standard g1) target, or 10% higher (High g1). Forty females were randomly assigned to the growth trajectories using a precision feeding (PF) system. Analysis of covariance was conducted on dependent variables in ten 4-wk periods with g1 and periods as discrete fixed effects, I2 as a continuous fixed effect, and age as a random effect. Differences were reported at P ≤ 0.05. For every week of earlier I2, body weight at photostimulation (BWPS) increased by 126 g; BW at first egg (BWFE) increased by 94 g; 24 wk shank length increased by 0.038 and 1.495 mm in the Standard g1 and High g1 treatments; 24 wk body fat increased by 0.38%; pullets came to lay earlier by 0.49 d; egg weight (EW) increased by 0.27 g; egg production and egg mass (EM) increased by 0.33 egg/hen/d and 0.916 g/d in the High g1 treatment but decreased by 0.27 egg/hen/d and 0.29 g/d in the Standard g1 treatment, respectively. Increasing g1 reduced feeding motivation index by 1.6 and 0.8 visits/meal during rearing and laying phase, respectively. Earlier pubertal growth showed prominent effects on the reproductive performance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zukiwsky NM, Afrouziyeh M, Robinson FE, Zuidhof MJ. Feeding, feed-seeking behavior, and reproductive performance of broiler breeders under conditions of relaxed feed restriction. Poult Sci 2020; 100:119-128. [PMID: 33357674 PMCID: PMC7772673 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeders are feed restricted to optimize reproductive performance. A randomized controlled study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing female broiler breeder BW on feeding, feed-seeking behavior, and reproductive performance. It was hypothesized that a greater BW would decrease feeding and feed-seeking behavior, and reduce reproductive performance. Ross 708 female broiler breeders (n = 36) were fed using a precision feeding system from 2 to 42 wk of age. Ten BW trajectories were created from a multiphasic Gompertz growth model that increased growth from 0 to 22.5% in the prepubertal and pubertal phases of growth, in 2.5% increments. Six unrestricted birds were not limited to a maximum BW. Body weight was evaluated as a 2-way ANOVA. Two linear regression analyses were conducted, one which included all birds and one which excluded the unrestricted birds. For the regression analyses, BW at photostimulation (22 wk of age) was used as the continuous independent variable to represent the degree of variation between trajectories. Differences were reported at P ≤ 0.05. Body weight increased as trajectory-specific BW targets increased from 6 to 28 wk of age. Differences of BW between BW trajectories decreased during the laying period, which was a result of individual bird variation within BW trajectories. Station visit frequency decreased per kilogram increase in BW for all birds during rearing and lay, and within feed-restricted birds during lay only. The number of meals and ADFI increased with age, which reflected nutrient intake to support maintenance, growth, and reproductive requirements. Mean egg weight (EW) of all birds increased by 0.72 g per kilogram increase in BW from 22 to 41 wk of age. From 22 to 29 wk of age, mean EW of feed-restricted birds increased by 2.78 g per kilogram increase in BW. For every kilogram increase in BW, age at first egg comparing all birds decreased by 10.83 d. Two unrestricted birds came into lay before photostimulation. In contrast with the hypotheses, BW increased up to 22.5% above the recommended target did not reduce feeding and feed seeking behavior, or negatively impact reproductive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Zukiwsky
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M Afrouziyeh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - F E Robinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van der Klein SAS, Kwakkel RP, Ducro BJ, Zuidhof MJ. Multiphasic nonlinear mixed growth models for laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5615-5624. [PMID: 33142479 PMCID: PMC7647911 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate evaluation of BW and gain during rearing is required for optimal extended laying performance in laying hens. The objective of this study was to compare monophasic, diphasic, and triphasic Gompertz and logistic models describing BW and gain in individually fed free-run laying hens and to study the variation between individuals in shape parameters. Fifteen Lohmann Brown Lite hens were fed ad libitum from week 0 to 43 with a precision feeding system, measuring feed intake and BW individually in a group housed setting. Random variables related to mature weight and timing of maximum gain during the pubertal growth phase were introduced into the multiphasic model for BW with the best fit. For both the weight-age and gain-age functions, the diphasic and triphasic Gompertz and logistic model models fitted the data better than the monophasic models. The Gompertz model was able to identify the ages at the highest gain at similar time points for both BW and gain, whereas the logistic models failed to do so. The derivative of the multiphasic Gompertz models for the gain-age relationship identified age at the highest gain at similar ages as compared with the logistic models for gain. The mixed models predicted that the individual mature BW ranged from 1.83 kg to 2.10 kg and the variability in the timing of the highest rate of gain during the pubertal growth spurt ranged from 15.26 wk to 19.79 wk. Including random terms associated with the mature BW and the second inflection point of the diphasic Gompertz growth model allowed for identification of variability in the growth curve shape between individuals, which can be a tool to study the relationship between the individual growth curve shape and performance parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A S van der Klein
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B J Ducro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zuidhof MJ. Multiphasic poultry growth models: method and application. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5607-5614. [PMID: 33142478 PMCID: PMC7647915 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and development are complex phenomena. To date, most growth modeling research has focused on a single growth phase, which is sufficient and useful for describing ad libitum fed animals processed at a prepubertal age, such as broilers or turkeys produced for meat. However, multiphase growth models are necessary to describe and predict growth and further to hypothesize about optimizing growth of reproducing animals such as broiler breeder hens. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate multiphasic models to describe the growth of various types of poultry raised to reproductive age. Coefficients for monophasic, diphasic, and triphasic Gompertz model forms were estimated using a variety of BW trajectories published by primary breeders. The fit of these models was evaluated for a representative laying line hen, broiler breeder hen and rooster, and turkey hen. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error, and the Bayesian information criterion were used to evaluate the fit of each model. The diphasic model was found to be the best fit for the turkey hen, while the triphasic model was the most suitable model for all the chicken lines studied. Hypotheses can be formulated based on any of the continuous model parameters, and the resulting BW trajectories can be implemented and evaluated in a systematic way. The biological relevance of the continuous parameters in multiphasic Gompertz models provides an opportunity to implement a robust hypothesis-based approach for future optimization of growth curves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eusebio-Balcazar PE, Purdum S, Hanford K, Beck MM. Limestone particle size fed to pullets influences subsequent bone integrity of hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1471-1483. [PMID: 29506184 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate limestone particle size (LPS) in 2 strains of laying hens housed in conventional cages or aviaries on bone integrity. Lohmann Brown and Bovan White pullet chicks were started in equal numbers on the floor or in battery brooders and were intermingled throughout all subsequent housing systems. At 5 wk of age, 432 floor-raised pullets were moved to 8 aviary cages. At 10 wk, 256 battery-raised pullets were transferred to 64 conventional layer cages. Pullets were given diets containing fine (LPS-FINE, 0.431 mm) or a blend of fine and coarse (LPS-BLEND, 0.879 mm) LPS from 7 to 17 weeks. Data were analyzed as a split plot factorial design with strain as subplot and with 4 replicates for each treatment combination. Body weight, feed intake, egg production, and eggshell breaking strength and percentage were measured. Tibia bone mineral density (BMD) was determined using a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Presence of keel indentations, curvatures, or fractures was recorded. LPS-BLEND increased BMD (0.215 vs. 0.208, P = 0.03) at 18 weeks. During the pullet phase, the odds of pullets fed LPS-FINE displaying keel curvatures were 2.8 times the odds of those fed LPS-BLEND (P = 0.04). At 54 wk, hens fed LPS-BLEND as pullets had lower odds of keel indentations (P = 0.02). Brown aviary hens fed LPS-BLEND as pullets had the lowest egg production compared to the rest of the treatment combinations (P = 0.004). Taken together, feeding LPS-BLEND to pullets improved bone mineralization at the onset of sexual maturity and reduced keel damage during the pullet and layer phases, regardless of strain; however, LPS-BLEND was associated with lower egg production in Brown hens housed in aviaries compared to all others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Purdum
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588
| | - K Hanford
- Statistics Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588
| | - M M Beck
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gutiérrez JS, Dietz MW, Masero JA, Gill Jr RE, Dekinga A, Battley PF, Sánchez-Guzmán JM, Piersma T. Functional ecology of saltglands in shorebirds: flexible responses to variable environmental conditions. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Hyánková L, Novotná B. Divergent selection for shape of growth curve in Japanese quail. 3. Onset of sexual maturity and basic characteristics of early lay. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:551-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660701595923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
DIETZ MAURINEW, PIERSMA THEUNIS, HEDENSTRÖM ANDERS, BRUGGE MAARTEN. Intraspecific variation in avian pectoral muscle mass: constraints on maintaining manoeuvrability with increasing body mass. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Engel S, Biebach H, Visser GH. Water and Heat Balance during Flight in the Rose‐Colored Starling (Sturnus roseus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:763-74. [PMID: 16826502 DOI: 10.1086/504610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Water imbalance during flight is considered to be a potentially limiting factor for flight ranges in migrating birds, but empirical data are scarce. We studied flights under controlled ambient conditions with rose-colored starlings in a wind tunnel. In one experiment, we measured water fluxes with stable isotopes at a range of flight speeds (9-14 m s(-1)) at constant temperature (15 degrees C). In a second experiment, we measured evaporation rates at variable ambient temperatures (Ta = 5 deg -27 deg C) but constant speed (12 m s(-1)). During all flights, the birds experienced a net water loss. On average, water influx was 0.98 g h(-1) (SD = 0.16; n = 8), and water efflux was 1.29 g h(-1) (SD = 0.14; n = 8), irrespective of flight speed. Evaporation was related to temperature in a biphasic pattern. At temperatures below 18.2 degrees C, net evaporation was constant at 0.36 g h(-1) (SD = 0.18; n = 10), rising at higher temperatures with a slope of 0.11 per degree to about 1.5 g h(-1) at 27 degrees C. We calculated the relative proportion of dry and evaporative heat loss during flight. Evaporative heat loss at Ta < 18.2 deg C was 14% of total heat production during flight, and dry heat loss accounted for 84%. At higher temperatures, evaporative heat loss increased linearly with T(a) to about 25% at 27 degrees C. Our data suggest that for prolonged flights, rose-colored starlings should adopt behavioral water-saving strategies and that they cannot complete their annual migration without stopovers to replenish their water reserves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Engel
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Andechs, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Siwek M, Cornelissen SJB, Buitenhuis AJ, Nieuwland MGB, Bovenhuis H, Crooijmans RPMA, Groenen MAM, Parmentier HK, van der Poel JJ. Quantitative trait loci for body weight in layers differ from quantitative trait loci specific for antibody responses to sheep red blood cells. Poult Sci 2004; 83:853-9. [PMID: 15206609 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.6.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci for BW at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 wk of age were detected in an experimental F2 cross of layers divergently selected for primary antibody response to SRBC. A negative phenotypic correlation between levels of antibody titers and BW, was reported earlier within founder lines. The entire experimental population was genotyped with 174 microsatellite markers equally distributed over the genome. Two genetic models were applied in the QTL analysis: a half-sib model and a line-cross model, both using the regression interval method. In the half-sib model, 3 QTL for BW at 4 wk of age on chromosomes GGA2, GGA3, and GGA9 were detected. For BW at 6 wk of age, 3 QTL were detected on GGA2, GGA3, and GGA6. For BW at 8 wk of age, a QTL was detected on GGA7, and for BW at 12 and 18 wk of age, a QTL was detected on GGAZ. With the line-cross analysis model, one QTL on GGA7 for BW at 4 wk of age was detected. Two QTL were detected on GGA3 and GGA7 for BW at 6 wk of age, and one on GGA3 was detected for BW for 8 and 12 wk of age. For BW at 18 wk of age, there were no QTL under the line-cross analysis model. The present data suggest that 1) a different set of genes affects the early and the late growth, and 2) genes selected to humoral immune responsiveness are different from genes underlying growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Siwek
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Z, Zuidhof MJ. Estimation of Growth Parameters Using a Nonlinear Mixed Gompertz Model. Poult Sci 2004; 83:847-52. [PMID: 15206608 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.6.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to maximize the utility of simulation models for decision making, accurate estimation of growth parameters and associated variances is crucial. A mixed Gompertz growth model was used to account for between-bird variation and heterogeneous variance. The mixed model had several advantages over the fixed effects model. The mixed model partitioned BW variation into between- and within-bird variation, and the covariance structure assumed with the random effect accounted for part of the BW correlation across ages in the same individual. The amount of residual variance decreased by over 55% with the mixed model. The mixed model reduced estimation biases that resulted from selective sampling. For analysis of longitudinal growth data, the mixed effects growth model is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Livestock Development Division, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 7000-113 St. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6H 5T6
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harun MA, van Kampen M, Veeneklaas RJ, Huisman GH, Visser GH. Food restriction and development of thermoregulation in Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata). Br Poult Sci 1997; 38:381-9. [PMID: 9347147 DOI: 10.1080/00071669708418007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The interaction between the effects of food restriction and cold stress on the development of body temperature, homeothermy index, metabolic rate and body weight were studied in Muscovy ducklings from hatching to 21 d of age. 2. The control group (ad libitum fed) and the food restricted group (fed to zero growth rate for 9 d) both became homeothermic when they were 2 d old with moderate (10 degrees C) cold stress. At severe cold stress (0 degrees C) the control group was homeothermic 5 days after hatching. However the food restricted group did not reach homeothermy at 0 degrees C and showed a large decrease (to hatching level) in homeothermy index at 10 degrees C and 0 degrees C after 9 d of food restriction. 3. Body temperature was lower in the food-restricted group during restriction and increased by 1 degree C after 24 h of ad libitum feeding. During food restriction, resting metabolic rate did not increase with age and was lower than the basal and existence metabolic rate predicted by Aschoff and Pohl (1970) and Kendeigh (1970) respectively. 4. The ratio of metabolisable energy (ME) intake to resting metabolic rate was 3 times lower in the food-restricted group than in the control group (0.09 and 0.27 respectively) on day 9. The availability of ME was more important than age for the development of thermoregulation in Muscovy ducklings. It is concluded that small improvements in the feeding regimen of young ducklings enhance the endurance and consequently reduce mortality from to environmental cold stress in a scavenger poultry system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Harun
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kwakkel RP, Van Esch JA, Ducro BJ, Koops WJ. Onset of lay related to multiphasic growth and body composition in White Leghorn pullets provided ad libitum and restricted diets. Poult Sci 1995; 74:821-32. [PMID: 7603959 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0740821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of the body as a whole and of parts of the reproductive tract of White Leghorn pullets that ate ad libitum and restricted diets were analyzed by a multiphasic growth function. Parameter estimates were related to onset of lay. Chemical body compositions at defined stages of pubertal growth were related to the development of the reproductive organs. Data of pullets that had been restricted in one of two rearing periods (0 to 6 and 7 to 18 wk of age) were used. In each period, pullets were fed a low-lysine diet or a daily restricted amount of feed, on a pair-gain basis. In all mathematical fits, a well distinguishable "pubertal body growth spurt" at around 19 wk of age was found. About 40 to 70% of total growth within this phase consisted of growth of the reproductive tract (the ovary covered 19 to 35%, the oviduct 15 to 23%, and the uterus 7 to 11% of total growth). Age at maximum gain of the pubertal body growth spurt was 20.1 wk for lysine-restricted pullets and 19.6 wk for feed-restricted pullets. This difference reflected differences in onset of lay (50% rate of lay) between lysine- and feed-restricted birds (22.3 and 21.6 wk, respectively). An interval of 14 to 15 d existed between maximum gain of the pubertal body growth spurt and onset of lay. It was suggested that the occurrence of the pubertal body growth spurt can serve as a predictor for subsequent onset of lay. Body composition at defined moments during the pubertal body growth spurt was calculated by interpolation from chemical analyses of Weeks 15, 18, 20, 22, and 24. Crude fat content in the body at start of the pubertal body growth spurt varied considerably between the feeding regimens (112 to 179 g). The fat-free body (consisting of CP, ash, and water) showed less variation between the treatments at this stage (807 to 870 g). It is concluded that a particular amount of fat-free tissue is critical in pullet development and may be required before sexual organ development starts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Kwakkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|