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Mohamed RS, Alagawany M, Attia AI, Ismail FSA, Salah AS, Di Cerbo A, Azzam MM, Arafa MM, El-Mekkawy MM. The role of chamomile oil against ochratoxin A in quail breeders: productive and reproductive performances, egg quality, and blood metabolites. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103440. [PMID: 38271757 PMCID: PMC10832462 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial role of chamomile essential oil in improving productive and reproductive performances, egg quality, and blood metabolites and reducing the toxic effect of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in quail breeder's diets. A total of 144 mature quails, 8 wk old, were divided into 6 groups. The treatments were: G1 (the control), G2 (supplemented with OTA 1 mg/kg diet), G3 (supplemented with chamomile oil 0.5 g/kg diet), G4 (supplemented with chamomile oil 1 G/kg diet), G5 (supplemented with OTA 1 mg/kg diet + chamomile oil 0.5 g/kg diet), and G6 (supplemented with OTA 1 mg/kg diet + chamomile oil 1 g/kg diet). The OTA administration alone significantly decreased egg production and mass in quail breeders (P < 0.0001). Moreover, poor feed conversion ratio (FCR), fertility percentage (P < 0.0001), and hatchability percentage (P < 0.0009) were recorded. A significant decline (P < 0.05) in the levels of serum protein (total protein and globulin) was also recorded in OTA-contaminated groups, along with elevated serum levels of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) and kidney function test as urea and creatinine levels (P < 0.05). Ochratoxin A-contaminated feed resulted in a significant elevation (P < 0.05) in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), along with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in antioxidant status and immunological response. The supplementation of chamomile essential oil, either 0.5 g/kg or 1g/kg, to the basal diet or OTA-supplemented feed, revealed a significant increase in hatchability %, fertility, egg mass, and egg production and better FCR, egg quality, and immunological status when compared to OTA only. Moreover, chamomile essential oil supplementation improves liver and kidney function markers, decreases LDL, VLDL), TG, and TC. Along with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in terms of antioxidant status as glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and significantly (P < 0.05) improves immunological response as IgM, IgG, lysozyme and complement 3. In summary, chamomile oil supplementation, either separate or combined with OTA, reduced the adverse effects of OTA and led to improved productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites in Japanese quail breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda S Mohamed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Adel I Attia
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Fawzy S A Ismail
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ayman S Salah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M Azzam
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Arafa
- Biochemistry, Toxicology and Nutritionals Difference Disseces, Animal Health Research Center- Agriculture Research Center (AHRI - ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Mekkawy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Ruan ML, Wang J, Xia ZY, Li XW, Zhang B, Wang GL, Wu YY, Han Y, Deng J, Sun LH. An integrated mycotoxin-mitigating agent can effectively mitigate the combined toxicity of AFB 1, DON and OTA on the production performance, liver and oviduct health in broiler breeder hens. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114159. [PMID: 37913901 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the efficacy of an integrated mycotoxin-mitigating agent in reducing the adverse effects of co-occurring dietary aflatoxin B1 deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A on broiler breeder hens. 360 30-week-old Hubbard Efficiency Plus broiler breeder hens were allocated into four groups and received a basal diet (BD; Control), BD added 0.15 mg/kg aflatoxin B1+1.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol+0.12 mg/kg ochratoxin A (Toxins), BD plus Toxins with 0.1% TOXO-XL (Toxins + XL1), and BD plus Toxins with 0.2% TOXO-XL (Toxins + XL2), respectively, for 8 weeks, and then received the same BD for another 4 weeks. Compared with control, mycotoxins decreased total egg weigh, egg laying rate, settable eggs rate, hatch of total eggs rate, egg quality, but increased feed/egg ratio and mortality rate, and impaired the liver and oviduct health during weeks 1-8 and(or) 9-12. It also increased PC and MDA concentrations, TUNEL-positive cells and IL-1β and IL-6 expression, and decreased T-AOC, GPX and CAT activities in liver and/or oviduct. Notably, most of these negative changes were mitigated by both dosages of TOXO-XL. Generally, 0.2% TOXO-XL displayed better mitigation effects than 0.1% TOXO-XL. Conclusively, these findings revealed that TOXO-XL could mitigate the combined mycotoxins-induced toxicity on the performance, liver and oviduct health, through the regulation of redox, immunity, and apoptosis in broiler breeder hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xue-Wu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Newhope Liuhe Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Guan-Lin Wang
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Antonissen G, Rychen G, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Innocenti ML, Rovesti E, Petersen A. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08375. [PMID: 37942224 PMCID: PMC10628734 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) adopted a Scientific Opinion on the risks to animal health and transfer from feed to food of animal origin related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed. The European Commission requested EFSA to assess newly available scientific information and to update the 2004 Scientific Opinion. OTA is produced by several fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In most animal species it is rapidly and extensively absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract, binds strongly to plasma albumins and is mainly detoxified to ochratoxin alpha (OTalpha) by ruminal microbiota. In pigs, OTA has been found mainly in liver and kidney. Transfer of OTA from feed to milk in ruminants and donkeys as well as to eggs from poultry is confirmed but low. Overall, OTA impairs function and structure of kidneys and liver, causes immunosuppression and affects the zootechnical performance (e.g. body weight gain, feed/gain ratio, etc.), with monogastric species being more susceptible than ruminants because of limited detoxification to OTalpha. The CONTAM Panel considered as reference point (RP) for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and rabbits 0.01 mg OTA/kg feed, for chickens for fattening and hens 0.03 mg OTA/kg feed. A total of 9,184 analytical results on OTA in feed, expressed in dry matter, were available. Dietary exposure was assessed using different scenarios based on either model diets or compound feed (complete feed or complementary feed plus forage). Risk characterisation was made for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that the risk related to OTA in feed for adverse health effects for pigs, chickens for fattening, hens and rabbits is low.
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Zheng R, Qing H, Ma Q, Huo X, Huang S, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ji C. A Newly Isolated Alcaligenes faecalis ANSA176 with the Capability of Alleviating Immune Injury and Inflammation through Efficiently Degrading Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080569. [PMID: 36006231 PMCID: PMC9415193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins that threatens food and feed safety. Biodegradation of OTA has gained much attention. In this study, an Alcaligenes faecalis strain named ANSA176, with a strong OTA-detoxifying ability, was isolated from donkey intestinal chyme and characterized. The strain ANSA176 could degrade 97.43% of 1 mg/mL OTA into OTα within 12 h, at 37 °C. The optimal levels for bacterial growth were 22–37 °C and pH 6.0–9.0. The effects of ANSA176 on laying hens with an OTA-contaminated diet were further investigated. A total of 36 laying hens were assigned to three dietary treatments: control group, OTA (250 µg/kg) group, and OTA + ANSA176 (6.2 × 108 CFU/kg diet) group. The results showed that OTA decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and egg weight (EW); meanwhile, it increased serum alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), immunoglobulin G (IgG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and glutathione reductase (GR). However, the ANSA176 supplementation inhibited or attenuated the OTA-induced damages. Taken together, OTA-degrading strain A. faecalis ANSA176 was able to alleviate the immune injury and inflammation induced by OTA.
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Qing H, Huang S, Zhan K, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ji C, Ma Q. Combined Toxicity Evaluation of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 on Kidney and Liver Injury, Immune Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota Alteration Through Pair-Feeding Pullet Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920147. [PMID: 35967406 PMCID: PMC9373725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are often co-contaminated, but their synergistic toxicity in poultry is limitedly described. Furthermore, the traditional ad libitum feeding model may fail to distinguish the specific impact of mycotoxins on the biomarkers and the indirect effect of mildew on the palatability of feed. A pair-feeding model was introduced to investigate the specific effect and the indirect effect of the combined toxicity of OTA and AFB1, which were independent and dependent on feed intake, respectively. A total of 180 one-day-old pullets were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates, and each replicate contained 10 chicks. The control group (Group A) and the pair-feeding group (Group B) received the basal diet without mycotoxin contamination. Group C was administrated with OTA- and AFB1-contaminated feed (101.41 μg/kg of OTA + 20.10 μg/kg of AFB1). The scale of feeding in Group B matched with the feed intake of Group C. The trial lasted 42 days. Compared with the control group, co-contamination of OTA and AFB1 in feed could adversely affect the growth performance (average daily feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and shank length (SL)), decrease the relative weight of the spleen (p < 0.01), and increase the relative weight of the kidney (p < 0.01). Moreover, the reduction of feed intake could also adversely affect the growth performance (BW, ADG, and SL), but not as severely as mycotoxins do. Apart from that, OTA and AFB1 also activated the antioxidative and inflammation reactions of chicks, increasing the level of catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) while decreasing the level of IL-10 (p < 0.01), which was weakly influenced by the feed intake reduction. In addition, OTA and AFB1 induced histopathological changes and apoptosis in the kidney and liver as well as stimulated the growth of pernicious bacteria to cause toxic effects. There were no histopathological changes and apoptosis in the kidney and liver of the pair-feeding group. The combined toxicity of OTA and AFB1 had more severe effects on pullets than merely reducing feed supply. However, the proper reduction of the feed intake could improve pullets’ physical health by enriching the bacteria Lactobacillus, Phascolarctobacterium, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Barnesiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiugang Ma,
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Tahir MA, Abbas A, Muneeb M, Bilal RM, Hussain K, Abdel-Moneim AME, Farag MR, Dhama K, Elnesr SS, Alagawany M. Ochratoxicosis in poultry: occurrence, environmental factors, pathological alterations and amelioration strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Tahir
- Department of Pathobiology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muneeb
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana M. Bilal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Qing H, Huo X, Huang S, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ji C, Ma Q. Bacillus subtilis ANSB168 Producing d-alanyl-d-alanine Carboxypeptidase Could Alleviate the Immune Injury and Inflammation Induced by Ochratoxin A. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112059. [PMID: 34769489 PMCID: PMC8584730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is toxic to animals and threatens food safety through residues in animal tissues. A novel degrading strain Bacillus subtilis ANSB168 was isolated and further investigated. We cloned d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase DacA and DacB from ANSB168 and over-expressed them in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). Then, we characterized the OTA degradation mechanism of DacA and DacB, which was degrading OTA into OTα. A total of 45 laying hens were divided into three equal groups. The control group was fed basal feed, and other groups were administered with OTA (250 μg/kg of feed). A freeze-dried culture powder of ANSB168 (3 × 107 CFU/g, 2 kg/T of feed) was added to one of the OTA-fed groups for 28 days from day one of the experiment. We found that OTA significantly damaged the kidney and liver, inducing inflammation and activating the humoral immune system, causing oxidative stress in the layers. The ANSB168 bioproduct was able to alleviate OTA-induced kidney and liver damage, relieving OTA-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, DacA and DacB derived from ANSB168 degraded OTA into OTα, while the ANSB168 bioproduct was able to alleviate damages induced by OTA in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiugang Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-2774
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Efficacy of a Modified Clinoptilolite Based Adsorbent in Reducing Detrimental Effects of Ochratoxin A in Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070469. [PMID: 34357941 PMCID: PMC8310079 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of modified clinoptilolite (Minazel Plus®, MZ) as a mycotoxin adsorbent for preventing the negative the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on performance, pathohistological changes, and OTA residue in the eggs of laying hens. Methods: Forty eight (n = 48) laying hens (27 weeks old) were equally divided into six groups and depending on the type of addition were allocated to the following experimental treatments for 7 weeks: E-I group-1 mg/kg OTA; E-II group 0.25 mg/kg OTA; E-III group 1 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; E-IV group 0.25 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; MZ group supplemented with 0.2% of the adsorbent; and control (K, without feed additive). Results: Overall, the addition of 0.2% MZ to laying hen feed mitigated the harmful effects of OTA on target organs and reduced the presence of OTA residue in eggs. The groups that received 0.2% of MZ achieved better production results in terms of body weight, number of eggs, and feed consumption, compared to the other treatments. Conclusions: The current findings confirm the efficacy of MZ in preventing performance losses in laying hens exposed to OTA, as well as for improving the welfare and health of food producing animals.
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Mitigation Effects of Bentonite and Yeast Cell Wall Binders on AFB 1, DON, and OTA Induced Changes in Laying Hen Performance, Egg Quality, and Health. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020156. [PMID: 33671260 PMCID: PMC7922626 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mycotoxin binders in reducing the adverse effects of co-occurring dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on laying hens. Three hundred and sixty 26-week-old Roman laying hens were randomly allocated into four experimental groups with 10 replicates of nine birds each. The four groups received either a basal diet (BD; Control), a BD supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg AFB1 + 1.5 mg/kg DON + 0.12 mg/kg OTA (Toxins), a BD + Toxins with Toxo-HP binder (Toxins + HP), or a BD + Toxins with TOXO XL binder (Toxins + XL) for 12 weeks. Compared to the control, dietary supplementation of mycotoxins decreased (P < 0.10) total feed intake, total egg weight, and egg-laying rate, but increased feed/egg ratio by 2.5–6.1% and mortality during various experimental periods. These alterations induced by mycotoxins were alleviated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL binders (P < 0.10). Furthermore, dietary mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) eggshell strength by 12.3% and caused an accumulation of 249 μg/kg of DON in eggs at week 12, while dietary supplementation with TOXO HP or XL mitigated DON-induced changes on eggshell strength and prevented accumulation of DON in eggs (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary mycotoxins increased relative liver weight, but decreased spleen and proventriculus relative weights by 11.6–22.4% (P < 0.05). Mycotoxin exposure also increased alanine aminotransferase activity and reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG concentrations in serum by 9.2–26.1% (P < 0.05). Additionally, mycotoxin exposure induced histopathological damage and reduced villus height, villus height/crypt depth, and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and (or) ileum (P < 0.05). Notably, most of these histological changes were mitigated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the mycotoxin binders TOXO HP and XL can help to mitigate the combined effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA on laying hen performance, egg quality, and health.
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Deng Y, Xiong X, Liu X, He C, Guo S, Tang S, Qu X. Palygorskite combined probiotics improve the laying performance, hatching performance, egg quality, plasma antioxidative status, and immune response of broiler breeders. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1966845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changqing He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songchang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengguo Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyong Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Sharma B, Borah R, Haque S, Mahmud MC, Shah AK, Rawal D, Bora H, Bui S. Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies. Toxicon 2020; 187:151-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Śliżewska K, Markowiak-Kopeć P, Sip A, Lipiński K, Mazur-Kuśnirek M. The Effect of Using New Synbiotics on the Turkey Performance, the Intestinal Microbiota and the Fecal Enzymes Activity in Turkeys Fed Ochratoxin A Contaminated Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090578. [PMID: 32916893 PMCID: PMC7551691 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The feed supplementation of probiotic microorganisms is a promising method for detoxification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of newly elaborated synbiotics on the turkey performance, the intestinal microbiota and its enzymatic activity in turkeys (0-15 weeks) fed OTA contaminated feed (198.6-462.0 µg/kg) compared to control group (OTA-free feed). The studies determined the composition of intestinal microorganisms by the culture method and the activity of fecal enzymes by spectrophotometry. It was found that OTA had an adverse effect on the body weight, the intestinal microbiota and the fecal enzymes activity in turkeys. On the other hand, synbiotics resulted in an increase in the count of beneficial bacteria while reducing the number of potential pathogens in the digestive tract. Moreover, synbiotics caused an increase in the activity of α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase, while decreasing the activity of potentially harmful fecal enzymes (β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase) in the turkey's excreta. Results indicate a beneficial effect of elaborated synbiotics on the health of turkeys and a reduction of the negative impact of OTA contaminated feed. These synbiotics can be successfully used as feed additives for turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.Ś.); (P.M.-K.)
| | - Paulina Markowiak-Kopeć
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.Ś.); (P.M.-K.)
| | - Anna Sip
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lipiński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5/248, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.L.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5/248, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.L.); (M.M.-K.)
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An extensive review of experimental ochratoxicosis in poultry: I. Growth and production parameters along with histopathological alterations. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933918000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen J, Kuang Y, Qu X, Guo S, Kang K, He C. The effects and combinational effects of Bacillus subtilis and montmorillonite supplementation on performance, egg quality, oxidation status, and immune response in laying hens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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SINGH SATYENDRA, SINGH RAM, MANDAL AB. Associated efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and vitamin E in ameliorating adverse effects of ochratoxin A on biochemical profile and immune response in broiler chickens. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i5.90025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The associated efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and vitamin E, in ameliorating ochratoxicosis was investigated in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (320) were divided into 8 treatment groups, viz. T1 (control; basal diet); T2 (T1 + 150 ppb OTA); T3 (T2 + 0.05% SC + 100 mg vitamin E-VE); T4 (T2 + 0.075% SC + 100 mg VE); T5 (T2 + 0.1% SC + 100 mg VE); T6 (T2 + 0.05% SC + 200 mg VE); T7 (T2 + 0.075% SC + 200 mg VE) and T8 (T2 + 0.1% SC + 200 mg VE/kg diet). Each diet was fed to 5 replicated groups of 8 birds from 0–42 days of age. The total serum protein, cholesterol and haemoglobin content of control group (T1) was higher than that of ochratoxin fed group (T2). The serum protein, cholesterol and haemoglobin value in groups T5, T7 and T8 was higher than T2 but statistically similar to that of control. The serum uric acid, creatinine, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and H/L ratio value in T1 was lower than that of T2. The uric acid, creatinine, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and H/L ratio value in T5, T7 and T8 was lower than T2 and statistically similar to that of control. The CMI and HA titre value of T1 was higher than that of T2. The CMI and HA titre value in T5, T7 and T8 was higher than that of T2 but statistically similar to that of control. It can be concluded that ochratoxin contamination at the rate of 150 ppb in the feed resulted in decreased total serum protein, cholesterol and haemoglobin content and increased serum uric acid, creatinine, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and H/L ratio value. Inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.1% level along with 100 mg vitamin E or Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.075% level along with 200 mg vitamin E/kg diet to the ochratoxin (150 ppb) contaminated feed ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis on biochemical profile and immune response in broiler chickens.
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Khatoon A, ul Abidin Z. An extensive review of experimental ochratoxicosis in poultry: II. Hemato-biochemical and immunological alterations along with other health issues. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1614065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khatoon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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SINGH SATYENDRA, SINGH RAM, MANDAL AB, SINGH MOHIT. Associated efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and vitamin E in ameliorating adverse effects of ochratoxin A on production performance in broiler chickens. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i8.82955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and vitamin E together in ameliorating ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens was investigated. Day-old broiler chicks (320) were divided into 8 treatment groups (T1- control (basal diet); T2- T1+ 150 ppb OTA; T3-T2 + 0.05% SC + 100 mg vitamin E-VE; T4- T2 + 0.075% SC + 100 mg VE; T5- T2 + 0.1% SC + 100 mg VE; T6- T2 + 0.05% SC + 200 mg VE; T7- T2 + 0.075% SC + 200 mg VE; T8- T2 + 0.1% SC + 200 mg VE per kg diet). Each diet was fed to 5 replicated groups of 8 birds from 0 to 42 days of age. During overall growth period (0–6 weeks), the body weight gain (BWG) of birds fed ochratoxin contaminated diet (T2) was lower than that of control group (T1). The BWG of group T5, T7 and T8 was higher than T2 but statistically similar to that of control. During overall growth period, the FI in control group was statistically similar to other treatment groups. The FI in groups T7 and T8 was higher than that of group received basal diet with toxin (T2). The overall FCR in control group (T1) was lower than that of T2. The FCR in groups T3, T4 and T6 was higher than the control, but lower than that of T2. The FCR in groups T5, T7 and T8 was lower than T2 and statistically similar to that of control (T1).The overall liveability percentage in control group (T1) was higher than that of ochratoxin fed group (T2). The liveability percentage in group T3 was lower than control and similar to that of T2. The liveability percentage in groups T4 to T8 was statistically similar to that of control. Ochratoxin contamination in diet caused significant reduction in body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and livability percentage. It was concluded that inclusion of S. cerevisiae at 0.1% level along with 100 mg vitamin E per kg diet or S. cerevisiae at 0.075% level along with 200 mg vitamin E/kg diet to the ochratoxin (150 ppb) contaminated feed ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis on production performance of broiler chickens.
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Zheng N, Zhang H, Li S, Wang J, Liu J, Ren H, Gao Y. Lactoferrin inhibits aflatoxin B1- and aflatoxin M1-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in Caco-2, HEK, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH cells. Toxicon 2018; 150:77-85. [PMID: 29753785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1), are natural potent carcinogens produced by Aspergillus spp. These compounds, which can often be detected in dairy foods, can cause diseases in human beings. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity, as well as methods for intervention, remain largely unexplored. For example, it is unclear whether lactoferrin (LF), a major antioxidant in milk, can inhibit the cytotoxicity of AFB1 and AFM1. In this study, we assessed AFB1- and AFM1-induced cell toxicity by measuring cell viability, membrane permeability, and genotoxicity, and then investigated the ability of LF to protect cells against AFB1 and AFM1. In Caco-2, HEK, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH cells, 4 μg/mL AFB1 or AFM1 significantly inhibited cell growth, increased the level of lactate dehydrogenase, induced genetic damage, and increased the levels of signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (p < 0.05). AFB1 was more genotoxic than AFM1 in all four cell lines, especially in Hep-G2. In Caco-2, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH, incubation of AF-treated cells with 1000 μg/mL LF significantly decreased cytotoxicity, oxidation level, DNA damage, and levels of ERK1/2 and JNK (p < 0.05). Our data demonstrate that AFB1 or AFM1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in these four cell lines, and that LF alleviated toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Songli Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100027, PR China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Qu X, Chen J, He C, Chi F, Johnston S. Effects of modified montmorillonite adsorbent on performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, oxidation status, and immune response of laying hens in late production. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Elsayed MAE, Hatab MH, Elaroussi MA. Toxic Effects of Ochratoxin A on Calcium Metabolism during Chick Embryo Developmentand in Hatched Chicks. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Li D, Ding X, Zhang K, Bai S, Wang J, Zeng Q, Su Z, Kang L. Effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on the performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility and plasma parameters of laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Rigobello F, e Silva PLÁ, Yamashita C, Lenhard-Vidal A, Ishikawa A, Kawamura O, Hirooka E, Itano E. Ochratoxin A levels in plasma from inhabitants of northern Paraná, Brazil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by some fungi like Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium viridicatum, is a natural contaminant of many foods worldwide. The intake of OTA is associated with deleterious effects to humans and animals, such as nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although there are some data about food contamination, there is lack of data about human exposure to OTA in Brazil. Therefore, current research aimed to determine the level of human exposure to OTA and, additionally, identify possible associations with biomarkers of liver and kidney damage. OTA levels were evaluated in plasma samples from 149 individuals living in the state of Paraná, Brazil, by indirect competitive ELISA using monoclonal antibody anti-OTA (cell line OTA.7). Plasma levels of OTA, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and creatinine were submitted to Pearson's correlation test. It was possible to measure OTA levels in 54.4% of the samples (mean 734±296 pg/ml; maximum 1,585 pg/ml), with an estimated daily intake of 983-1,445 pg/kg body weight. There was no correlation between OTA plasma levels and biochemical parameters, possibly due to the low level of contamination. This is one of the first studies concerning the contamination of humans by OTA in Brazil and we conclude that the plasma levels of the evaluated population indicate an estimated weekly intake below the tolerable weekly intake derived by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Nevertheless, additional longitudinal studies with greater regional coverage and at different seasonal periods are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.F. Rigobello
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P. Leonello-Álvares e Silva
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C.R.T. Yamashita
- Deparment of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A. Lenhard-Vidal
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.T. Ishikawa
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - O. Kawamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
| | - E.Y. Hirooka
- Deparment of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.N. Itano
- Department of Pathological Science, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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23
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Abidin ZU, Khan MZ, Khatoon A, Saleemi MK, Khan A. Protective effects ofl-carnitine upon toxicopathological alterations induced by ochratoxin A in white Leghorn cockerels. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1219374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Pulina G, Battacone G, Brambilla G, Cheli F, Danieli PP, Masoero F, Pietri A, Ronchi B. An Update on the Safety of Foods of Animal Origin and Feeds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Armorini S, Al-Qudah KM, Altafini A, Zaghini A, Roncada P. Biliary ochratoxin A as a biomarker of ochratoxin exposure in laying hens: An experimental study after administration of contaminated diets. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Di Gregorio MC, Neeff DVD, Jager AV, Corassin CH, Carão ÁCDP, Albuquerque RD, Azevedo ACD, Oliveira CAF. Mineral adsorbents for prevention of mycotoxins in animal feeds. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.905604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Pozzo L, Cavallarin L, Antoniazzi S, Guerre P, Biasibetti E, Capucchio MT, Schiavone A. Feeding a diet contaminated with ochratoxin A for broiler chickens at the maximum level recommended by the EU for poultry feeds (0.1 mg/kg). 2. Effects on meat quality, oxidative stress, residues and histological traits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97 Suppl 1:23-31. [PMID: 23639014 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The European Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC indicates that the maximum tolerable level of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feeds is 0.1 mg OTA/kg. Thirty-six 1-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into two groups, a control (basal diet) and an OTA (basal diet + 0.1 mg OTA/kg) group. The OTA concentration was quantified in serum, liver, kidney, breast and thigh samples. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content were evaluated in the liver, kidney, breast and thigh samples. The glutathione (GSH) content, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the liver and kidney samples. Histopathological traits were evaluated for the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and liver samples. Moreover, the chemical composition of the meat was analysed in breast and thigh samples. In the OTA diet-fed animals, a serum OTA concentration of 1.15 ± 0.35 ng/ml was found, and OTA was also detected in kidney and liver at 3.58 ± 0.85 ng OTA/g f.w. and 1.92 ± 0.21 ng OTA/g f.w., respectively. The TBARS content was higher in the kidney of the ochratoxin A group (1.53 ± 0.18 nmol/mg protein vs. 0.91 ± 0.25 nmol/mg protein). Feeding OTA at 0.1 mg OTA/kg also resulted in degenerative lesions in the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and liver. The maximum tolerable level of 0.1 mg OTA/kg, established for poultry feeds by the EU, represents a safe limit for the final consumer, because no OTA residues were found in breast and thigh meat. Even though no clinical signs were noticed in the birds fed the OTA-contaminated diet, moderate histological lesions were observed in the liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Pozzo L, Salamano G, Mellia E, Gennero MS, Doglione L, Cavallarin L, Tarantola M, Forneris G, Schiavone A. Feeding a diet contaminated with ochratoxin A for chickens at the maximum level recommended by the EU for poultry feeds (0.1 mg/kg). 1. Effects on growth and slaughter performance, haematological and serum traits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97 Suppl 1:13-22. [PMID: 23639013 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The European Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC, suggests that the maximum level of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feeds should be set at 0.1 mg OTA/kg. Thirty-six one-day-old male Hubburd broiler chickens were divided into two groups, a Control (basal diet) and an Ochratoxin A (basal diet + 0.1 mg OTA/kg) group. The growth and slaughter performance traits were recorded. The liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus weights were measured. The erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers were assayed in blood samples, and the heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L) ratio was determined. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), lysozyme, the total protein and the electrophoretic pattern were evaluated in serum samples. Liver enzymes (alanino aminotransferase, ALT and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and kidney function parameters (uric acid and creatinine) were quantified. The results revealed that feeding a 0.1 mg OTA/kg contaminated diet to chicks caused a decrease in the absolute thymus weight (p < 0.05) and a lower total protein (p < 0.01), albumin (p < 0.01), alpha (p < 0.05), beta (p = 0.001) and gamma (p = 0.001) globulins serum concentration in the Ochratoxin A group. Moreover, the albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio of the OTA-treated animals resulted to be higher (p < 0.05). Feeding broiler chickens, a diet contaminated with the maximum level admitted by the European Commission Recommendation (0.1 mg OTA/kg), did not affect the animal performance, slaughter traits, organ weights, haematological parameters, liver enzyme or renal function parameters concentrations but had an overall immunosuppressant effect, with reduction in the thymus weight and of the total serum protein, albumin, alpha, beta and gamma globulins concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Abidin Z, Khan MZ, Khatoon A, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Javed I. Ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on haematological and serum biochemical parameters in White Leghorn cockerels given ochratoxin A contaminated feed. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:471-7. [PMID: 23829581 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.796509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. L-carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biologically synthesised from the amino acids methionine and lysine while vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is an important antioxidant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and vitamin E upon haematological and serum biochemical parameters in ochratoxin A intoxicated birds. 2. Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were acclimatised for 2 d, divided in 12 groups with 20 birds in each group. From d 3 of age, they were given different combinations of ochratoxin A (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), L-carnitine (1 g/kg) and vitamin E (200 mg/kg) in feed. Haematological (erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit percentage) and serum biochemical parameters (serum urea, creatinine, albumin, total proteins and alanine aminotransferase) were evaluated. 3. Results confirmed that L-carnitine and vitamin E given alone or combined with 1.0 mg/kg ochratoxin A ameliorated toxin induced alterations in haematological and serum biochemical parameters. This amelioration, however, did not occur when ochratoxin of 2.0 mg/kg was given. 4. L-carnitine and vitamin E in combination have the ability to ameliorate ochratoxin altered haematological and serum biochemical parameters. However, the optimum ratio of L-carnitine + vitamin E, to be used to assure such mitigation of ochratoxin A altered changes in haematological and serum biochemical parameters in cockerels, has yet to be determined. The combination used in this study was indeed sufficient to ameliorate the alterations induced by ochratoxin A up to 1.0 mg/kg feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Abidin
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarrar Shaheed Road, Lahore Cantt-13, Pakistan.
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Trailović JN, Stefanović S, Trailović SM. In vitro and in vivo protective effects of three mycotoxin adsorbents against ochratoxin A in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:515-23. [PMID: 23819612 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.798627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo (in broiler chickens) ochratoxin A (OTA) adsorption efficiency of three different adsorbents: inorganic (modified zeolite); organic (esterified glucomannans) and mixed (inorganic and organic components plus enzymes). 2. The aim of the study was to investigate which of these adsorbents provided the best protection against the presence of residues of OTA in the pectoral muscle and liver of broilers given an OTA-contaminated diet. In addition, it was important to test and compare the results of adsorbent efficiency using two different in vitro methods. 3. The results from classical in vitro investigations carried out in the artificial intestinal fluid, showed that the inorganic adsorbent (Mz), exhibited the highest adsorption, having adsorbed 80.86 ± 1.85% of OTA, whereas average in vitro adsorption abilities of organic (30.52 ± 3.50%) and mixed (32.00 ± 2.60%) adsorbents were significantly lower. 4. In the investigation of absorption in everted sacs of broiler duodenal segments (Everted Duodenal Sacs Procedure), higher OTA adsorption in gut was exhibited by organic adsorbent, 74.26 ± 4.48%. Furthermore, the mean adsorption efficiency of mixed and inorganic adsorbent was 65.26 ± 4.76% and 45.75 ± 7.14%, respectively. 5. In the in vivo investigation, broilers were fed for 21 d on diets containing 2 mg/kg of OTA and supplemented with inorganic (Mz), organic (Ms) or mixed adsorbent (Mf) at the recommended concentration of 2 g/kg of feed. All three adsorbents significantly decreased OTA residue concentrations in the pectoral muscle and livers, but the order of effectiveness was mixed > organic > inorganic. The most efficient was the mixed adsorbent which decreased residue concentration by 72.50% in pectoral muscle and 94.47% in livers. 6. The Everted Duodenal Sac in vitro method provided results similar to those obtained in the in vivo study. However, further studies are required to investigate the efficiencies of adsorbents against various mycotoxins using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Trailović
- Department of Nutrition, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Capraro J, Rossi F. The effects of ochratoxin A on liver metabolism. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-012-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A. Food safety implications of ochratoxin A in animal-derived food products. Vet J 2012; 192:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Khan MZ, Khan A, Javed I, Hussain Z. Effects of individual and combined administration of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 in tissues and eggs of White Leghorn breeder hens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1540-1544. [PMID: 22222603 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins, the secondary fungal metabolites, are unavoidable contaminants of human and animal food and feeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of concurrent feeding of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1) ) to breeder hens, upon their deposition in different tissues and eggs. RESULTS Residues of OTA and AFB(1) in (ng g(-1) ) were significantly higher in liver followed by kidneys and breast muscles by 22.54 ± 1.48, 4.22 ± 0.93 and 0.56 ± 0.06 for OTA (group fed OTA at 5 mg kg(-1) diet) and 1.44 ± 0.21, 0.25 ± 0.01 and 0.03 ± 0.01 for AFB(1) (group fed AFB(1) at 5 mg kg(-1) diet), respectively. Residues of OTA and AFB(1) in eggs appeared at days 3 and 5 of toxin feeding and disappeared at days 5 and 6 of withdrawal of mycotoxins contaminated feed, respectively. The residues of OTA and AFB(1) were significantly lower in the tissues of hens fed these toxins concurrently compared with the groups fed OTA and AFB(1) independently. CONCLUSIONS Residues of OTA and AFB(1) appeared in the tissues and eggs of laying hens kept on OTA- and AFB(1) -contaminated diets. Concurrent feeding of OTA and AFB(1) to hens significantly decreased the concentration of OTA and AFB(1) residues in the tissues and eggs.
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Zahoor-ul-Hassan, Khan MZ, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Javed I, Bhatti SA. Toxico-Pathological Effects of In Ovo Inoculation of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in Chick Embryos and Subsequently in Hatched Chicks. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:33-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311425058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of in ovo inoculation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in chicken embryos and subsequently in the hatching chicks. Nine hundred fertile white leghorn (WL) layer breeder eggs were divided into eight groups (A–H). Group A was maintained as untreated control, whereas group B was kept as sham control (10 µL of 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution). Before incubation, groups C, D, E, F, G, and H were injected with 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 µg OTA/egg, respectively. At 53 hrs of incubation, crown to rump length, optic cups, and eye lens diameters were significantly ( p ≤ .05) lower, whereas neural tube closure defects were higher in the OTA-treated embryos. Teratogenic defects (studied at day 9 of incubation) and embryonic mortalities were higher in the groups administered high doses of OTA. A significant increase was noted in the serum concentration of ALT, urea, and creatinine, along with higher weights of liver and kidney, in chicks hatched from OTA-contaminated eggs. These findings suggested that there are teratogenic and substantive toxicological risks in the developing chicken embryos and hatched chicks that could be exposed to OTA in ovo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor-ul-Hassan
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur-63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Ahrar Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Javed
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Sheraz Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
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Duarte SC, Lino CM, Pena A. Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: an undesirable mycotoxin with health and performance effects. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:1-13. [PMID: 21641127 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, whose presence in feed- and foodstuffs is unavoidable. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the known mycotoxins with greatest public health and agro-economic significance. Several toxic effects have been ascribed following exposure, namely nephrotoxicity, as well negative impacts in the performance of farm animals, resulting in major economic implications. Of no less importance for the route of human exposure that can also embody the carry-over of OTA from feed into animal-derived products is also a concern. For all these reasons the present article updates the worldwide occurrence of OTA in different raw ingredients and finished feed destined to food-producing animals. After that a brief characterization of specie susceptibility and the major rationales is made. An historical overview of field outbreaks linked to OTA exposure in farm animals, concerning the implicated feeds, contamination levels and major clinical and productivity effects is presented. Finally a review of the major animal health and performance potential impacts of animals being reared on contaminated feed is made allied to a perspective regarding its co-occurrence with other mycotoxins, and simultaneous parasitic and bacterial infections. Ultimately, this article aims to be instructive and draw attention to a mycotoxin so often neglected and elapsed from the list of differential diagnosis in farm practice. For the unpredictability and unavoidability of occurrence, OTA will definitely be an enduring problem in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Duarte
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Vettorazzi A, Trocóniz IF, Gonzalez-Peñas E, Corcuera LA, Arbillaga L, Gil AG, Nagy JM, Mantle PG, de Cerain AL. Effects of fasting and gender on ochratoxin A toxicokinetics in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3159-66. [PMID: 20728502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that causes renal tumors in rats, particularly in males. In previous kinetic studies performed in fed conditions (Vettorazzi et al., 2008), mature F344 male rats presented a significantly lower OTA bioavailability than females and young animals. The objective of the present study was to evaluate two factors which could explain this different kinetic profile: the presence of food and the male-specific protein alpha-2u-globulin. Therefore, a 24h kinetic study has been performed in rats under fasting conditions. Food ingestion has been controlled in both sexes during two months. The presence of alpha-2u-globulin in the urine has been analyzed with SDS-gradient mini-gel electrophoresis. Fasting tends to increase the maximum OTA plasma concentrations and the rate of absorption. The relative bioavailability is significantly increased under fasting conditions only in males. Mature males consumed a higher amount of food but, as the OTA dose administered, it was proportional to body weight. The reason why the OTA bioavailability is more affected in presence of food only in males is unclear. Several possibilities, such as differences in gastric emptying, OTA-food interactions and the involvement of alpha-2u-globulin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vettorazzi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Effects of ochratoxin a on livestock production. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1796-824. [PMID: 22069661 PMCID: PMC3153269 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination often causes large economic losses on livestock production. The intake of feed contaminated by OTA also represents a potential risk for animal health and a food safety issue due to the transfer of the toxin through the food chain to humans. The aim of this paper is to review the available literature on: (1) the frequency and degree of occurrence of OTA in different feedstuffs; (2) the toxicological effects of OTA intake on the performance of the main livestock (i.e., poultry, swine, cattle, goats and sheep); and (3) the transfer of OTA, or its metabolites, from animal feed into animal products such as milk, meat and eggs.
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Varga J, Kocsubé S, Péteri Z, Vágvölgyi C, Tóth B. Chemical, physical and biological approaches to prevent ochratoxin induced toxicoses in humans and animals. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1718-50. [PMID: 22069658 PMCID: PMC3153271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are polyketide derived fungal secondary metabolites with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties. Ochratoxin-producing fungi may contaminate agricultural products in the field (preharvest spoilage), during storage (postharvest spoilage), or during processing. Ochratoxin contamination of foods and feeds poses a serious health hazard to animals and humans. Several strategies have been investigated for lowering the ochratoxin content in agricultural products. These strategies can be classified into three main categories: prevention of ochratoxin contamination, decontamination or detoxification of foods contaminated with ochratoxins, and inhibition of the absorption of consumed ochratoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper gives an overview of the strategies that are promising with regard to lowering the ochratoxin burden of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Zsanett Péteri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
- PannonPharma Company, Mária dűlő 36, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (S.K.); (Z.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Beáta Tóth
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Limited Company, Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.T.)
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Denli M, Perez JF. Ochratoxins in feed, a risk for animal and human health: control strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1065-77. [PMID: 22069626 PMCID: PMC3153229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been shown to be a potent nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and teratogenic compound. In farm animals, the intake of feed contaminated with OTA affects animal health and productivity, and may result in the presence of OTA in the animal products. Strategies for the control of OTA in food products require early identification and elimination of contaminated commodities from the food chain. However, current analytical protocols may fail to identify contaminated products, especially in animal feed. The present paper discusses the impact of OTA on human and animal health, with special emphasis on the potential risks of OTA residue in animal products, and control strategies applied in the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Denli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey;
| | - Jose F. Perez
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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BOUDERGUE C, BUREL C, DRAGACCI S, FAVROT M, FREMY J, MASSIMI C, PRIGENT P, DEBONGNIE P, PUSSEMIER L, BOUDRA H, MORGAVI D, OSWALD I, PEREZ A, AVANTAGGIATO G. Review of mycotoxin‐detoxifying agents used as feed additives: mode of action, efficacy and feed/food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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