Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Galactooligosaccharide Administered In Ovo on Hatchability, Chick Quality, Performance, Caecal Histomorphology and Meat Quality Traits of Broiler Chickens

The presented study explored the promising alternatives of in ovo injection with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) in the poultry industry. The study aimed to assess the effects of probiotic and prebiotic on various aspects of poultry production. The study involved 300 Ross broiler eggs, individually candled on Day 7 of embryonic development. The eggs were sorted into four groups: negative control (no injection), positive control (0.9% physiological saline injection), GOS 3.5 mg/egg and LP 1 × 106 CFU/egg. The groups used during the incubation period were the same for the animal trial; each pen/group had 25 chickens. At the end of the experiment, 8 chickens from each group were slaughtered for tissue sample collection and 12 chickens were slaughtered to determine slaughter yield, carcass and meat quality. All data were analysed by one-way ANOVA or repeated measured ANOVA except for the parameters that did not meet the assumption of normality, the Kruskal-Wallis test (Dunn's test) was used. Key findings revealed that hatchability remained unaffected across groups, indicating the safety of the in ovo injections. Both LP and GOS enhanced chick quality, as evidenced by improved body weight, Pasgar score and chick length. The in ovo administration of LP increased the body weight of the chickens during the first-week post-hatch (7 days of age) without impacting feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the later stages. The study demonstrated no adverse effects on meat quality due to the in ovo injection of LP and GOS. Additionally, a positive impact on caecal histomorphology was observed and early gut colonization of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria spp.) indicated potential benefits for intestinal health in broilers. In conclusion, the in ovo inoculation of 1 × 106 LP and 3.5 mg of GOS per egg increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. and showcased promising enhancements in chick quality without compromising growth performance, meat quality and caecal histomorphology. These findings suggest a positive outlook for these substances as a viable alternative for improving poultry health and productivity.

Growth performance, carcass composition, and qualitative meat features of broiler chickens after galactooligosaccharides and sodium butyrate in ovo administration

The study aimed to analyze the growth performance, feed indicators, and quantitative and qualitative physicochemical features of carcass and meat from broiler chickens after rearing, stimulated in ovo on d 12 of incubation with various substances. In the experiment, 1,200 hatching eggs from meat-type hen Ross 308 parental flock were incubated. On d 12, the injection was performed. Group CON-0 was noninjected. Group CON-S was injected with saline. In the GOS group, the procedure was performed in ovo with galactooligosaccharides (dissolved 3.5 mg of GOS in 0.2 mL of NaCl). In the SB group, butyric acid sodium salt was administered in a 0.3% SB dissolved in 0.2 mL NaCl. After hatching, 336, 1-day-old chicks per group were transferred to the broiler house and kept in 7 pens with 12 chickens per group for 42 d. The body weight and feed intake indicators were calculated. Next, 40 birds were selected (n = 10 per group) and taken to analyze carcass composition and meat quality (pH, color, WHC, drip loss, chemical composition). Compared to the experimental groups, the highest body weight indicators were found in groups CON-0 and CON-S. The feed conversion ratio was the lowest in the SB group on d 36 to 42 (P < 0.05). The European Efficiency Production Factor in groups GOS and SB was lower than in group CON-S (P = 0.005). The GOS group showed higher pH24hours in the pectoral muscles than the CON-S group (P = 0.011). The leg muscles showed better WHC in the CON-S, GOS, and SB groups than in the CON-0 group (P < 0.001). A lower intramuscular fat of the pectoral and leg muscle content was demonstrated, especially in the SB group. Injection of galactooligosaccharides and sodium butyrate in ovo adversely affected broiler production but did not alter carcass composition. It varied pectoral muscles' pH and chemical composition and improved water holding capacity and chemical composition in leg muscles.

Research Note: In ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation improves layer embryo and pullet growth

Probiotics are widely used as feed supplements in the poultry industry to promote growth and performance in chickens. Specifically, this supplementation starts around the time of lay and continues through the production cycle in laying hens. However, the embryonic period is critical to the growth and development of metabolically active organs thereby influencing subsequent health and productivity in adult birds. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential use of probiotics to promote embryonic growth in layers. Further, a pilot grow-out study was conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo and in-feed probiotic application on pullet growth. For the study, fertile White Leghorn eggs were sprayed with phosphate buffered saline (control, CON) or probiotic cocktail (in ovo only, IO; Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 and L. rhamnosus NRRL B 442) prior to and during incubation. The embryos were sacrificed on d 7, 10, 14, and 18 of incubation for embryo morphometry. On d 18, remaining eggs were set in the hatcher to assess hatchability and hatchling morphometry. For the pullet trial, hatchlings were raised on feed with or without probiotics until wk 5. Pullets were sacrificed weekly, and morphometric parameters were recorded. Results of our study demonstrate that in ovo probiotic application significantly improved relative embryo weight, crown-rump length, hatchability, and hatchling weight when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Further, this enhanced embryonic development was associated with a concomitant increase in posthatch growth. Specifically, pullets raised from probiotic-sprayed eggs had significantly improved crown-rump length, tibial length, tibial bone weight, and body weight when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, among the different treatment schemes employed in this study [CON (no probiotics), in-feed only (IF), IO only, and in ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation (IOIF)], sustained probiotic supplementation (IOIF) was found to be the most effective in promoting growth. Therefore, in ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation could be employed to promote embryo and pullet growth to support subsequent performance in layers.

Influence of a Commercial Synbiotic Administered In Ovo and In-Water on Broiler Chicken Performance and Meat Quality

The present study aimed to test the synbiotic PoultryStar^® sol^US delivered in ovo to evaluate its effect on hatchability, productive performance and meat quality, compared to its post-hatch administration in water. On the twelfth day of embryonic incubation, 1200 fertile eggs were divided into synbiotic groups injected with 2 mg/embryo (T1) and 3 mg/embryo (T2), a saline group injected with physiological saline and an uninjected control group (C). After hatching, 120 male chicks/group were reared and chicks from the saline group were supplemented with the synbiotic via drinking water (T3). Hatchability was low in both T1 and T2 groups. Growth performance was not affected by the treatments. However, in the second rearing phase (15-36 days), birds from the C and T3 groups were heavier than T1 birds, due to a higher feed intake and daily weight gain. Neither route of synbiotic administration influenced final body weight (at 56 days), weight and yield of the carcass or commercial cuts. Physico-chemical properties, total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were not affected by the treatments. Considering its exploratory nature, this study has raised many questions that need further investigation, such as the bioactive combination and the effect on embryonic development.

In ovo probiotic supplementation promotes muscle growth and development in broiler embryos

In chickens, muscle development during embryonic growth is predominantly by myofiber hyperplasia. Following hatch, muscle growth primarily occurs via hypertrophy of the existing myofibers. Since myofiber number is set at hatch, production of more muscle fibers during embryonic growth would provide a greater myofiber number at hatch and potential for posthatch muscle growth by hypertrophy. Therefore, to improve performance in broilers, this study investigated the effect of in ovo spray application of probiotics on overall morphometry and muscle development in broiler embryos. For the study, fertile Ross 308 eggs were sprayed with different probiotics; Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 (LP) and L. rhamnosus NRRL B 442 (LR) prior to and during incubation. The embryos were sacrificed on d 7, 10, 14, and 18 for embryo morphometry and pectoralis major muscle (PMM) sampling. Muscle sections were stained and imaged to quantify muscle fiber density (MFD), myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and nuclei density. Additionally, gene expression assays were performed to elucidate the effect of probiotics on myogenic genes. In ovo probiotic supplementation was found to significantly improve embryo weight, breast weight, and leg weight (P < 0.05). Further, histological analysis of PMM revealed a significant increase in MFD and nuclei number in the probiotic-treated embryos when compared to the control (P < 0.05). In 18-day-old broiler embryos, myofibers in the treatment group had a significantly smaller CSA (LP: 95.27 ± 3.28 μm², LR: 178.84 ± 15.1 μm²) when compared to the control (211.41 ± 15.67 μm²). This decrease in CSA was found to be associated with a concomitant increase in MFD (fibers/mm²) in the LP (13,647 ± 482.15) and LR (13,957 ± 463.13) group when compared to the control (7,680 ± 406.78). Additionally, this increase in myofibrillar hyperplasia in the treatment groups was associated with upregulation in the expression of key genes regulating muscle growth including MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, and IGF-1. In summary, in ovo spray application of probiotics promoted overall embryo growth and muscle development in broilers.

Physiological effects of in ovo delivery of bioactive substances in broiler chickens

The poultry industry has improved genetics, nutrition, and management practices, resulting in fast-growing chickens; however, disturbances during embryonic development may affect the entire production cycle and cause irreversible losses to broiler chicken producers. The most crucial time in the chicks' development appears to be the perinatal period, which encompasses the last few days of pre-hatch and the first few days of post-hatch. During this critical period, intestinal development occurs rapidly, and the chicks undergo a metabolic and physiological shift from the utilization of egg nutrients to exogenous feed. However, the nutrient reserve of the egg yolk may not be enough to sustain the late stage of embryonic development and provide energy for the hatching process. In addition, modern hatchery practices cause a delay in access to feed immediately post-hatch, and this can potentially affect the intestinal microbiome, health, development, and growth of the chickens. Development of the in ovo technology allowing for the delivery of bioactive substances into chicken embryos during their development represents a way to accommodate the perinatal period, late embryo development, and post-hatch growth. Many bioactive substances have been delivered through the in ovo technology, including carbohydrates, amino acids, hormones, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, antibodies, immunostimulants, minerals, and microorganisms with a variety of physiological effects. In this review, we focused on the physiological effects of the in ovo delivery of these substances, including their effects on embryo development, gastrointestinal tract function and health, nutrient digestion, immune system development and function, bone development, overall growth performance, muscle development and meat quality, gastrointestinal tract microbiota development, heat stress response, pathogens exclusion, and birds metabolism, as well as transcriptome and proteome. We believe that this method is widely underestimated and underused by the poultry industry.

Performance and meat quality traits of slow-growing chickens stimulated in ovo with galactooligosaccharides and exposed to heat stress

In vivo performance, carcass and meat quality traits of slow-growing chickens stimulated in ovo with trans galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and exposed to heat stress were evaluated. On d 12 of egg incubation, 3,000 fertilized eggs (Hubbard JA57) were divided into prebiotic group (GOS) injected with 3.5 mg GOS/egg, saline group (S) injected with physiological saline (only to assess the hatchability rate) and an uninjected control group (C). After hatching, 600 male chicks (300 from GOS and 300 from C) were housed on floor pens (6 pens/treatment, 25 birds/pen) and reared under neutral (TN) or heat stress conditions (HS, 30°C from 36 to 50 d). BW, daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion rate (FCR), and mortality were measured. At 50 d of age, 15 randomly selected birds/treatment/environmental conditions were slaughtered and the pectoral muscle (PM) was collected for analyses. Hatchability was similar among groups. BW of the newly hatched chicks was lower (P < 0.01) in GOS compared to C. Final BW, DWG, DFI, and FCR were not affected (P > 0.05) by GOS. HS reduced final BW (−12.93%, P < 0.001). During finisher phase, DFI and DWG were lower (P < 0.001) and FCR was higher (P < 0.01) in HS compared to TN. Mortality was not affected (P > 0.05) by GOS and HS. Meat from GOS chickens had a higher (P < 0.01) pH and was darker (P < 0.05) compared to C. Proximate composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, and intramuscular collagen properties of PM were not affected by GOS. The HS group showed a lower (P < 0.05) content of both collagen and monounsaturated fatty acids than TN group. Significant interactions between GOS and temperature were found for FA composition. In conclusion, the differences in performance have had an impact on the responses to HS in Hubbard chickens, but not on mortality rate. GOS did not relieve the negative effect of HS on chickens’ performance.

The Impact of Herbal Additives for Poultry Feed on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat

Researchers often found that herbal additives to chicken feed can favorably alter the fatty acid profile of the meat. The most desirable effects of diet modification comprise an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and a reduced content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the breast and thigh muscles. A modified fatty acid profile contributes to improvement in the quality of poultry meat, which is reflected in its increased consumption. However, it may be problematic that PUFAs are oxidized easier than other lipids, which can have a negative impact on the sensory traits of meat. By contrast, herbs and herbal products contain antioxidants that can prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol present in animal-origin products and increase the antioxidant potential of the consumer’s body. This paper aims to review the influence of herbal additives for broiler chicken diets on the fatty acid profile of poultry meat. Special attention was paid to changes in the content of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, but also alterations in the omega-6:omega-3 ratio. The presented reference literature supports the statement that herbs and bioactive components of herbs added to chicken diets can improve the quality of broiler chicken meat by altering the content of fatty acids.

Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry

The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. Several phytogenic substances, such as berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, carvacrol, thymol, isoflavones and hydrolyzed fibers, have been identified as potential supplements that may also act as welcome means to reduce the usage of antibiotics in feedstock, including poultry farming, through manipulation of the gut microbiome. In addition, these compounds may improve the integrity of tight junctions by controlling tight junction-related proteins and inflammatory signaling pathways in the host animals. In this review, we discuss the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances in optimizing gut function in poultry.

Managing Gut Microbiota through In Ovo Nutrition Influences Early-Life Programming in Broiler Chickens

The chicken gut is the habitat to trillions of microorganisms that affect physiological functions and immune status through metabolic activities and host interaction. Gut microbiota research previously focused on inflammation; however, it is now clear that these microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining normal homeostatic conditions by regulating the immune system. In addition, the microbiota helps reduce and prevent pathogen colonization of the gut via the mechanism of competitive exclusion and the synthesis of bactericidal molecules. Under commercial conditions, newly hatched chicks have access to feed after 36-72 h of hatching due to the hatch window and routine hatchery practices. This delay adversely affects the potential inoculation of the healthy microbiota and impairs the development and maturation of muscle, the immune system, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Modulating the gut microbiota has been proposed as a potential strategy for improving host health and productivity and avoiding undesirable effects on gut health and the immune system. Using early-life programming via in ovo stimulation with probiotics and prebiotics, it may be possible to avoid selected metabolic disorders, poor immunity, and pathogen resistance, which the broiler industry now faces due to commercial hatching and selection pressures imposed by an increasingly demanding market.

Modulation of Intestinal Histology by Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics Delivered In Ovo in Distinct Chicken Genotypes

Simple Summary

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are biologically active substances that are commonly used in poultry feeding as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. It was found that they could improve the intestinal microstructure as well as the health status and productivity of animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics administrated in ovo on the 12th day of embryonic development on selected morphological parameters of the small intestine in broiler and native chickens. After hatching, the chicks were placed in pens and housed for 42 days. On the last day of the experiment, all birds were individually weighed and slaughtered, and samples for histological analysis were taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The following parameters were determined: the height, width and surface area of the villi, the thickness of the muscular layer and the depth of the crypts, as well as the ratio of the villi height to the crypt depth. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that the substances used have an impact on the production parameters and intestinal morphology in various utility types of poultry. In addition, the obtained results indicate that chickens with different genotypes react differently to a given substance; therefore, the substances should be chosen in relation to the genotype.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics administered in ovo on selected morphological parameters of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) in broiler chickens (Ross 308) and native chickens (Green-legged Partridge, GP). On the 12th day of embryonic development (the incubation period), an aqueous solution of a suitable bioactive substance was supplied in ovo to the egg’s air cell: probiotic—Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (PRO), prebiotic—GOS, galacto-oligosaccharides (PRE) or symbiotic—GOS + Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (SYN). Sterile saline was injected into control (CON) eggs. After hatching, the chicks were placed in pens (8 birds/pen, 4 replicates/group) and housed for 42 days. On the last day of the experiment, all birds were individually weighed and slaughtered. Samples for histological analysis were taken directly after slaughter from three sections of the small intestine. In samples from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the height and width of the intestinal villi (VH) were measured and their area (VA) was calculated, the depth of the intestinal crypts (CD) was determined, the thickness of the muscularis was measured and the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth (V/C) was calculated. On the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that the applied substances administered in ovo affect the production parameters and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens and GP. The experiment showed a beneficial effect of in ovo stimulation with a prebiotic on the final body weight of Ross 308 compared to CON, while the effect of the administered substances on the intestinal microstructure is not unequivocal. In GP, the best effect in terms of villi height and V/C ratio was found in the in ovo synbiotic group. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be concluded that chickens of different genotypes react differently to a given substance; therefore, the substances should be adapted to the genotype.

Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Organically Reared Broiler Chickens Depending on Sex

Simple Summary

Consumers are increasingly interested in the health and nutritional aspects of meat products, with the result that they are willing to pay more for meat products that have been produced naturally, taking into account high standards and animal welfare. Therefore, we decided to examine in a slightly wider perspective the muscles of Ross 308 chickens kept in an ecological system, taking into consideration an additional factor, i.e., sex. As sexual dimorphism is considered to be a factor in meat quality, we decided to examine this factor in our study. At the same time, we investigated the suitability of these fast-feathering broilers for ecological production. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sex on the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, fatty acid profile and histological traits of the pectoral muscles in organic Ross 308 broiler chickens. The suitability of these fast-growing broilers for organic production systems was also analyzed. As expected, the study confirmed the influence of sex on the analyzed parameters of the pectoral muscles in chickens reared in the organic system.

Abstract

Given the growing interest of consumers in naturally produced meat, we decided to examine the muscles of Ross 308 broiler chickens kept in an ecological system, with the division into two research groups depending on sex. All the analyses were carried out using the appropriate methods recommended by the AOAC and in accordance with the Polish standards (PN), which are described in detail in the relevant section of the publication. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of sex on the growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality, as well as the fatty acid profile and histological parameters, of the pectoral muscles from organic broiler chickens. A total of 60 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens (half males and half females) were divided into two groups, according to the sex, and reared under organic conditions (Org.) until 82 days of age (ten birds, i.e., five males and five females in each of three pens; replications for experimental groups). Compared with the female group, the male group had a higher final BW and carcass weight (p < 0.05). The males had a better growth and slaughter performance than the females. The meat quality traits and fatty acids content were also affected by sex. The meat from females showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein, dry matter, fiber diameter and shear force and a significantly lower (p < 0.05) fat level than the male group. In this research, the suitability of these fast-growing broilers for natural and organic production systems has been researched with regard to the performance, meat quality and histological characteristics of the muscles.

Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics Injected in Ovo on the Microstructure of the Breast Muscle in Different Chicken Genotypes

The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics injected in ovo on day 12 of embryonic development on the microstructure of the superficial pectoral muscle (musculus pectoralis superficialis) from 42-day-old chickens of different genotypes: broilers (Ross 308) and general-purpose type (green-legged partridge (GP) chickens Zk-11, native chickens). Incubated eggs were divided into four groups (each genotype separately) depending on the substance injected in ovo: normal saline (C, control); Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (PRO); galactooligosaccharides, GOS (PRE) or GOS + L. lactis (SYN). After hatching, chicks were placed in eight replicated pens (four pens/genotype group). There were eight birds per pen. In total, 64 birds were used in the experiment. Birds were slaughtered at the age of 42 days, and samples of superficial pectoral muscles were taken for analysis. The microstructure of the pectoral muscles was evaluated using the cryosectioning (frozen tissue sectioning) technique and staining with haematoxylin and eosin. Statistical analysis revealed that the in ovo injection of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics had no significant effect on the diameter of muscle fibres from chickens of the two genotypes. The number of fibres in the muscles from green-legged partridge chickens was about three-fold higher than the fibre density in the muscles from broiler chickens, with the fibre diameter being two-fold smaller. This fact may indicate a greater tenderness of meat from GP chickens compared to the meat from Ross 308 broilers. In the case of broilers, a prebiotic (GOS) was the most effective bioactive substance in reducing the number of histopathological changes. Considering muscles from GP chickens, the number of normal fibres was highest in birds treated with the probiotic. These findings indicate that the microstructural features of pectoral muscles depend not only on the type of the injected bioactive substance but also on the genotype of chickens.

Effect of in ovo feeding of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic to Broiler embryos on growth performance, Mucin-2 gene expression and gut colonization of microbiota

Supplementation of antibiotics in poultry diet was banned in several countries due to development of antibiotic resistance. In ovo feeding of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have gained more attention recently. The present study was carried out in 2018 to investigate the effect of in-ovo feeding of probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic on growth performance and gut microbiome of broiler chicken. On 18th day of incubation, 600 eggs were randomly divided into five treatments each with four replicates of 30 eggs each and were injected with different bio-active compounds, viz. 0.2 ml of Lactobacillus acidophilus 3×107 cfu, 0.5% Mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS), synbiotic (0.1 ml each of Lactobacillus acidophilus 3×107 cfu and 0.5% MOS) along with injected and non-injected controls. After hatch, 400 chicks were sorted out as per treatment with four replicates of 20 chicks each. Birds were reared under deep litter system and fed with experimental diet ad lib. In ovo feeding of Lactobacillus acidophilus, MOS either separately or in combination significantly improved hatch weight, fifth week body weight and gain. However, hatchability, cumulative feed intake, cumulative FCR and cumulative livability were not affected. Improved colonization of Lactobacillus acidophilus and suppressed colonization of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus in all intra-amniotic groups was noticed. Ileal Mucin-2 gene was significantly up-regulated in the order of MOS, L. acidophilus and synbiotic injected broilers. The results concluded that the in ovo delivery of Lactobacillus acidophilus and MOS either separately or in combination had beneficial effect on growth and gut health of broiler chicken.

Effects of in ovo feeding of vitamin E or vitamin C on egg hatchability, performance, carcass traits and immunity in broiler chickens

The effect of in ovo feeding of different levels of vitamins C and E on egg hatchability, immune response, growth and carcass traits of broiler chickens were investigated. A total of 672 fertilized eggs were assigned to one of eight experimental groups having three replicates with 28 eggs as follows: (1) negative control (not injected); (2) positive control (injected with 0.2 mL deionized water); (3) vitamin C at 1 mg; (4) vitamin C at 3 mg; (5) vitamin C at 6 mg; (6) vitamin E at 0.5 IU; (7) vitamin E at 0.75 IU; and (8) vitamin E at 1.0 IU. At the end of incubation, the number of chicks hatched, and their individual body weight were recorded. Among hatched birds, a total of 240 mixed chicks were randomly selected (30 subject per group equally shared in three pen floors). Chicks were vaccinated against Avian Influenza, Gumboro, Bronchitis, and Newcastle disease virus. Performance parameters were weekly evaluated until 42 days of age. At days 28 and 42, broiler serum and spleen and Bursa of Fabricius relative weight were assessed as well as on day 42 the carcass traits. From results, in ovo injection with 3 mg of vitamin C or 0.75 IU of vitamin E, increased significantly (p < .05) the embryos hatchability when compared to the negative control. However, body weight at hatch and growth performance parameters showed no differences among treatments. Similarly, in ovo concentrations of vitamins C or E showed no differences on carcass traits, immunity-related organs weight or immune response for anti-Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition and total immunoglobulins against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) when compared to the control groups. Based on findings, it can be concluded that in ovo feeding vitamins E and C supported positively chicken embryos hatchability demonstrating the key-role as antioxidant agents; however, further studies are currently being evaluated.

Genetic and physiological variation in two strains of Japanese quail

Background

Detecting the genetic and physiological variations in two Japanese quail strains could be used to suggest a new avian model for future breeding studies. Consequently, two estimations were performed on two Japanese quail strains: gray quail strain (GJQS) and white jumbo quail strain (WJQS). The first estimation was conducted on carcass characteristics, breast muscles, breast concentration of collagen type I, and body measurements. In contrast, blood samples were collected for the second estimation for genomic DNA extraction and genetic analysis.

Results

A total of 62 alleles out of 97 specific alleles (63.92%) were detected overall loci (14 microsatellite loci) for the two strains. A total of 27 specific alleles of WJQS were observed, and 35 were obtained for GJQS. The percentage of similarity was 48.09% ranged from 4.35 with UBC001 to 100% with GUJ0051. WJQS had greater body weights and a higher value of pectoral muscle and supracoracoideus muscle than GJQS. The breast muscles of GJQS exhibited a higher concentration of type I collagen than the WJQS. Furthermore, males showed higher concentrations of collagen type I than females. WJQS showed a higher body length, chest girth, chest length, thigh length, thigh girth, drumstick length, and drumstick girth (cm) than GJQS. WJQS showed more significant differences in carcass traits compared with GJQS.

Conclusion

The physiological differences between WJQS and GJQS were ascertained with microsatellite markers, which indicated high polymorphism between these strains. These observations provided a scientific basis for evaluating and utilizing the genetic resources of WJQS and GJQS in a future genetic improvement program.

Meat performance of Japanese quails after the application of bee bread powder

The aim of the study was the evaluation of meat performance of Japanese quails after the addition of bee bread powder into their diet. A total of 80 one day-old Japanese quails were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20): the control group (C) without additional supplementation, the experimental group E1 supplemented with 2 mg bee bread powder per 1 kg of feed mixture; the experimental group E2 supplemented with 4 mg bee bread powder per 1 kg of feed mixture and the experimental group E3 supplemented with 6 mg bee bread powder per 1 kg of feed mixture. The groups were kept under the same conditions and the quails were slaughtered at 56 days of age. Based on the results, we can conclude that the application of bee bread powder generally has not confirmed a positive effect on the meat performance of Japanese quails, regarding to the quantities of bee bread powder in the experimental groups.

Bioprospecting of probiotics with antimicrobial activities against Salmonella Heidelberg and that produce B-complex vitamins as potential supplements in poultry nutrition

The demand for animal protein for human consumption has been risen exponentially. Modern animal production practices are associated with the regular use of antibiotics, potentially increasing the emerging multi-resistant bacteria, which may have a negative impact on public health. In poultry production, substances capable of maximizing the animals’ performance and displaying an antimicrobial activity against pathogens are very well desirable features. Probiotic can be an efficient solution for such a task. In the present work, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from chicken cecum and screened for their antagonistic effect towards many pathogens. Their capacity of producing the B-complex vitamins folate and riboflavin were also evaluated. From 314 isolates, three (C43, C175 and C195) produced Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances (BLIS) against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zones of 18.9, 21.5, 19.5 mm, respectively) and also inhibited the growth of Salmonella Heidelberg. The isolate C43 was identified as Enterococcus faecium, while C173 and C195 were both identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Moreover, the isolates L. lactis subsp. lactis strains C173 and C195 demonstrated high potential to be used as probiotic in poultry feed, in addition to their advantage of producing folate (58.0 and 595.5 ng/mL, respectively) and riboflavin (223.3 and 175.0 ng/mL, respectively).

Metabolic Gene Expression in the Muscle and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens Stimulated In Ovo with Synbiotics

Simple Summary

Poultry production plays a major role in providing meat products to global markets. Hence, there is a continued interest of researchers in the possibilities of improving the production parameters of broiler chickens. A direct response from muscles and their metabolism to in ovo synbiotic stimulation on day 12 of egg incubation has already been widely documented. However, it is necessary to analyze the molecular mechanisms determining the phenotypic effects. The present research aimed to explain the molecular background of the quality of broiler chicken meat after injection of synbiotics based on Lactobacillus strains into the air chamber of the egg. Characterization of the meat quality is based on the signature of the metabolic gene expression closely related to muscles and basic physiological parameters.

Abstract

To better understand the effects of synbiotics administered at early stages of embryonic development in poultry, it is necessary to analyze direct effects (meat quality) and the molecular background. The molecular interpretation of poultry meat properties after in ovo administration of synbiotics remains to be reported. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the molecular background of meat quality based on gene expression and basic physiological parameters. Eggs were injected with (S1) Lactobacillus salivarius with galacto-oligosaccharides or (S2) Lactobacillus plantarum with raffinose family oligosaccharides. The pectoral muscle was collected at two time points (day 7 and day 42) and subjected to RNA isolation. Gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR for a panel of eight genes associated with metabolism. The concentration of glucose and hormones (insulin, glucagon, and leptin (S1 p = 0.04)) was also increased. The obtained results showed that metabolic gene expression in the muscle was more differential due to synbiotic stimulation on day 7 (FST in S1 p = 0.03; PDK4 in S1 p = 0.02 and S2 p = 0.01; CEBPB in S1 p = 0.01 and S2 p = 0.008; PHKB in S1 p = 0.01; PRKAG3 in S1 p = 0.02) than on day 42 (PDK4 in S1 p = 0.04). On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that in ovo stimulation with S1 triggered the most potent and favorable changes in the pectoral muscle gene expression in broiler chickens.

Effect of Amniotic Injection of N-Carbamylglutamate on Meat Quality of Broilers

Simple Summary

N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) is a key activator of endogenous arginine production, which plays a vital role in meat quality and antioxidant performance. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study about NCG enhancing the meat quality of broilers. The present research was aimed at exploring the effects of amniotic injection of NCG on meat quality of pectoral muscle in broilers. The data showed that the in ovo feeding (IOF) of NCG enhanced the arginine content, improved the nutritional properties, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and improved the meat quality in the pectoral muscle of broilers. In summary, amniotic injection of NCG on day 17.5 of incubation could be an effective and novel approach to improving the meat quality of broilers.

Abstract

The current study was performed to determine the influence of amniotic injection of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on meat quality of pectoral muscle in broilers. A total of 792 alive broiler embryos at 17 d of incubation were assigned to three treatments randomly (non-injected control, saline-injected control, or NCG-injected treatment). The two injection treatments were an injection with 0.1 mL 0.85% aseptic saline alone or containing 2 mg NCG per egg at 17.5 d of incubation. After hatching, 72 healthy male chicks were selected from each treatment and housed in six pens for a 42 day feeding study. Pectoral muscles from six 42-day-old broilers were collected from each treatment group and were dissected for meat quality assays. The results showed that arginine contents in pectoral muscle in either free or hydrolytic form in the NCG group were higher than those in the non-injection control group (p < 0.05). In comparison to the non-injection or saline-injection control groups, NCG injection resulted in a lower lactic acid content in pectoral muscle (p < 0.05). Muscular antioxidant capacity in the NCG group was higher, as evidenced by the higher activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase and lower content of malondialdehyde (p < 0.05). In addition, the group of in ovo administration of NCG had decreased drip loss and increased crude fat content in pectoral muscle in comparison to those of either control group (p < 0.05) and had enhanced crude protein content compared to that of the saline-injection control group (p < 0.05). Briefly, these results indicate that amniotic administration of NCG in the late incubation phase increased the arginine content, improved the nutritional properties, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and improved the meat quality in the pectoral muscle of broilers. Amniotic injection of NCG may serve as a novel approach to improving the meat quality of broilers.

The Effect of Camellia oleifera Cake Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Blood Profile, and Caecum Microorganisms in Yellow Broilers

Simple Summary

Plant originated polysaccharides used as feed additives have gradually become popular for the health and nutrition of broilers. In the present study, polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera cake (CCP) were added to the daily diet of yellow broilers. Our results indicated that the immunity of the broilers was boosted due to the increasing weight or index of gizzard, spleen, and the thymus. CCP treatment improved the juiciness and changed the meat color of broilers by increasing the cooking loss and the yellowness. Additionally, the structure of intestinal flora altered as a response to the CCP supplementation, which favored the health of broilers. Results have revealed that CCP has potential and development value as a new type of feed additive for broilers.

Abstract

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera cake (CCP) in Lingnan yellow broilers diet from 1 to 50 days. Growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood profile, and caecum microorganisms were characterized by three different levels of 0, 200 and 800 mg/kg CCP supplementation. Dietary treatment did not affect the productive trait from 1 to 50 days of age, except that average daily feed intake decreased at 42 days of age (p < 0.05). Additionally, the effects of CCP on various organs were different. The weight (p < 0.01) and index (p < 0.05) of bursa of Fabricius gradually decreased with the higher CCP supplementation at 21 days of the broilers diet. The gizzard weights were all higher when the broilers were fed with higher CCP concentration at 21, 42, and 50 days, respectively (p < 0.05). The weight and index of the spleen increased most with low CCP concentration (200 mg/kg) at 42 and 50 days. Moreover, CCP addition had no significant effect on meat quality except cooking loss (P < 0.05) and yellowness of meat color (p < 0.05). In the study of blood metabolism at 50 days of broilers, the concentration of calcium (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and uric acid (p < 0.01) decreased with higher CCP supplementation. CCP increased the albumin concentration (p < 0.001) that was highest at 200 mg/kg CCP supplementation. The addition of CCP increased the number of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus faecalis (p < 0.01) in the caecum of broilers, and had the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (p = 0.11). Results showed that CCP played a role in improving intestinal flora and the immunity of yellow broilers.

Partial Substitution of Fermented Soybean Meal for Soybean Meal Influences the Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

Simple Summary

Fungal and bacterial fermentation improves the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM). The beneficial effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens have been demonstrated. However, FSBM is usually used in pre-starter diets of broiler chickens due to the high cost. In the present study, the SBM in diets was partially replaced by FSBM to evaluate its effect on the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broiler chickens. The growth performance and major carcass traits were not significantly affected by FSBM treatments. Different levels (2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%) of FSBM supplementation influenced the meat color, pH, nutritional composition, and antioxidant properties. The improvement of meat quality would extend the shelf life of meat and increase consumer acceptability to chicken. The 2.5% FSBM was recommended in a broiler diet.

Abstract

The usage of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in poultry feed is limited due to the high cost. The present study was conducted to examine the carcass traits and meat quality of broiler chickens that were fed diets with partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with FSBM. The 336 one-day-old chicks were assigned to four groups with 0% (control), 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% FSBM addition in corn-SBM-based diets. Compared with the control, 2.5% and 5.0% FSBM decreased leg muscle yield, breast drip loss, and cooking loss (p < 0.05). The 7.5% FSBM increased the ultimate pH of breast and thigh muscles, and all FSBM treatments decreased muscle lightness and breast malondialdehyde content (p < 0.05). The 2.5% FSBM increased breast total superoxide dismutase activity, while 7.5% FSBM reduced breast hydrogen peroxide level (p < 0.05). All FSBM treatments elevated breast contents of bitter and sour tasting amino acids, and 2.5% and 7.5% FSBM increased breast glutamic acid and total free amino acids (p < 0.05). The 5.0% and 7.5% FSBM elevated thigh isoleucine and leucine contents (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FSBM replacing SBM affected meat quality with the decrease of lightness and increase of pH, water-holding capacity, antioxidant properties, and free amino acids.

Effect of Bacillus cereus and Phytase on the Expression of Musculoskeletal Strength and Gut Health in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

We conducted a 28-day trial to evaluate the influence of Bacillus cereus and phytase supplementation on the expression of musculoskeletal strength and intestinal histological features in Japanese quail. Two-hundred day-old quail chicks were divided into four groups with five replicates (n=10): the first group served as a control and was fed only a basal diet (BD); the second group was fed BD + 0.1% B. cereus; the third group was fed BD + 0.01% microbial phytase; and the fourth group was fed BD + 0.01% microbial phytase + 0.1% B. cereus. Compared to the control, individual and combined supplementation of probiotic and phytase increased (P<0.05) the tibial weight, length, outside diameter, and weight of bone ash, but decreased (P<0.05) the weight-to-length index. The water-holding capacity, fiber diameter, fiber cross-sectional area, number of fibers per unit area, fascicle diameter, and fascicle cross-sectional area increased significantly (P<0.05) in birds fed on the combination of phytase and B. cereus. The villus height, width, depth, height-to-crypt depth, and surface area increased significantly (P<0.05) in the B. cereus and phytase groups on an individual basis. The strength of the musculoskeletal system was fully expressed when B. cereus and phytase were given synergistically. However, the histological features of the intestines improved in birds fed on an individual basis.

Effect of galactooligosaccharides delivered in ovo on meat quality traits of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress

A study was carried out to evaluate meat quality traits in fast-growing chickens stimulated in ovo with trans-galactoolighosaccarides (GOS) and exposed to heat stress. On day 12 of egg incubation, 3,000 fertilized eggs (Ross 308) were divided into prebiotic group (GOS) injected with 3.5 mg GOS/egg, saline group (S) injected with physiological saline, and control group (C) uninjected. After hatching, 900 male chicks (300 chicks/treatment) were reared in floor pens in either thermoneutral (TN; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen) or heat stress conditions (HS, 30°C from 32 to 42 D; 6 pens/group, 25 birds/pen). At 42 D of age, 15 randomly chosen birds/treatment/temperature were slaughtered and the pectoral muscle (PM) was removed for analyses. Data were analyzed by GLM in a 3 × 2 factorial design. In ovo treatment had no effect on PM weight, pH, water-holding capacity, and shear force. GOS and S birds had lighter (L*, P < 0.01) PM than C group, whereas the latter showed a higher (P < 0.05) yellowness index (b*) compared to S group. Proximate composition, cholesterol, and intramuscular collagen properties were not affected by treatment. As for fatty acid composition, only total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and n-6 PUFA were slightly lower in GOS group compared to S. Heat stress had a detrimental effect on PM weight (P < 0.01) and increased meat pH (P < 0.01). PM from HS chickens was darker with a higher b* index (P < 0.05) and had a higher (P < 0.01) lipid content and a lower (P < 0.05) total collagen amount. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and PUFA were similar among groups. Significant interactions between factors were found for fatty acid composition: GOS decreased (P < 0.01) SFA and increased (P < 0.05) MUFA contents in HS birds. In conclusion, in ovo injection of GOS could mitigate the detrimental effect of heat stress on some meat quality traits.

Effects of in ovo injection of prebiotics and synbiotics on the productive performance and microstructural features of the superficial pectoral muscle in broiler chickens

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 2 prebiotics and 2 synbiotics injected in ovo on productivity parameters, quality, and microstructure of the superficial pectoral muscle in 35-day-old broiler chickens. On day 12 of incubation, 9,000 eggs Ross 308 were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups treated with different bioactives in ovo injected: C, control with physiological saline; PI, with 1.760 mg inulin; PB, with 0.528 mg of commercial prebiotic Bi2tos; SI, with 1.760 mg inulin and 1,000 CFU Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis IBB SL1; SB, with 0.528 mg Bi2tos and 1,000 CFU Lactococcus lactis spp. cremoris IBB SC1. The synbiotic solution contained 20 μl bacterial suspension and 180 μl prebiotic solution. For productive parameters and further tests ten male birds for each experimental group were used. The birds were slaughtered on day 35 of age. At slaughter, samples of the left pectoral muscles were taken and preserved by freezing in liquid nitrogen. The pH and color of the meat were evaluated at 45 min and 24 h post-mortem. Water holding capacity (WHC) was measured and expressed as the percentage of free water in meat. Microscopic specimens were analysed using MultiScan software for the measurement of the percentage of oxidative and glycolytic fibres and mean diameter of the muscle fibres. In ovo injection of prebiotics Bi2tos had a positive effect on body weight. In prebiotic group (PI) a negative impact on hatchability was observed. Prebiotics and synbiotics had no influence on the yield of the carcass and pectoral muscle. Bioactive compounds had a significant effect on the quality of meat parameters such as: pH 24 h (PI and PB group), L* 45' (SI and SB group), and WHC (groups PB, SI, and SB). The analysis of the enzymatic profile showed a significant increase in the percentage of glycolytic fibres in the pectoral muscle from chicken treated with a synbiotic with the addition of inulin (group SI).

In ovo Injection of a Galacto-Oligosaccharide Prebiotic in Broiler Chickens Submitted to Heat-Stress: Impact on Transcriptomic Profile and Plasma Immune Parameters

This study investigated the effects of a galactooligosaccharide (GOS) prebiotic in ovo injected on intestinal transcriptome and plasma immune parameters of broiler chickens kept under thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) conditions. Fertilized Ross 308 eggs were injected in ovo with 0.2 mL physiological saline without (control, CON) or with 3.5 mg of GOS (GOS). Three-hundred male chicks/injection treatment (25 birds/pen) were kept in TN or HS (30 °C) conditions during the last growing phase, in a 2 × 2 factorial design. At slaughter, from 20 birds/injection group (half from TN and half from HS), jejunum and cecum were collected for transcriptome analysis, and plasma was collected. No differences in plasma parameters (IgA and IgG, serum amyloid) and no interaction between injection treatment and environment condition were found. GOS-enriched gene sets related to energetic metabolism in jejunum, and to lipid metabolism in cecum, were involved in gut barrier maintenance. A homogeneous reaction to heat stress was determined along the gut, which showed downregulation of the genes related to energy and immunity, irrespective of in ovo treatment. GOS efficacy in counteracting heat stress was scarce after ten days of environmental treatment, but the in ovo supplementation modulates group of genes in jejunum and cecum of broiler chickens.

Efficacy of In Ovo Delivered Prebiotics on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Gut Health of Kuroiler Chickens in the Face of a Natural Coccidiosis Challenge

A study was carried out to assess the efficacy of prebiotic delivered in ovo on performance, carcass traits, meat quality and gut health in the face of a natural coccidiosis infection in Kuroiler chickens. On d 12 of incubation, 150 fertile eggs were divided into a prebiotic group injected with trans-galactooligosaccharides (Bi²tos) and a control group uninjected. Hatched chicks from each group were further divided: One group received antibiotic chick formula while the other was left untreated, giving rise to 4 groups-Control (C), Antibiotic (A), Bi²tos (B), and Bi²tos + Antibiotic (AB). Prebiotic improved growth performance at six weeks of age, AB birds were the heaviest at the end of the rearing period. The highest intestinal lesion scores and oocyst counts were recorded in C birds. B group had a slightly higher carcass weight and cuts yields tended to be higher in treated groups compared to C. Meat from B group displayed a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to C and a positively lower n-6/n-3 ratio compared to C and A. In conclusion, prebiotics with or without antibiotics reduced severity of intestinal lesions and oocyst excretion induced by natural infection with Eimeria, with positive effects on Kuroiler chicken productive traits.

Microstructure of the small intestine in broiler chickens fed a diet with probiotic or synbiotic supplementation

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic and a synbiotic on the morphometric parameters of the small intestine of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on three hundred sixty, one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks, which were randomly selected from 20,000 birds and divided into three treatment groups (n = 120) with ten replicates per treatment. The control group (C) was fed a commercial diet, the probiotic group (PRO) was fed the same diet with an added 1% of the probiotic Lavipan® (Lactococcus lactis, Carnobacterium divergens, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the synbiotic group (SYN) was fed the commercial diet with an added synbiotic: 0.8% of the prebiotic RFO (extracted from lupin seeds) and 1% Lavipan®. According to the manufacturer's data, apart from the typical probiotic action,microorganisms contained in the preparation release anti-bacterial substances (hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins) and, therefore, are antagonistic towards pathogenic bacteria present in the gut of animals. Supplementation took place in the first seven days of rearing, and all birds had ad libitum access to water and feed during the 42 days of the experiment. On the last day, all birds were slaughtered and samples from three segments of the small intestine were taken. Villi area, height, width and crypt depth ratios were read using Multiscan software. Synbiotic supplementation increased the BWG of broilers from first to tenth day of rearing, compared to the control group. The PRO group had improved villi morphometric parameters of the duodenum. In the jejunum and ileum, both bioactive substances improved villus width and villus surface area. Crypts were deeper in the small intestine of birds supplemented with bioactive substances, which allows greater renewal of the villi. As expected, the intestinal morphometric parameters of broiler chickens benefited from bioactive substance supplementation.

Protocatechuic acid improved growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of Chinese yellow-feathered broilers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on the growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of Chinese yellow-feathered broilers. Growing broilers were fed the basal diet or diets supplemented with 300 or 600 mg/kg PCA, or 200 mg/kg enramycin for 52 D. We found that addition of 300 mg/kg PCA significantly increased body weight, live weight, and carcass weight and decreased the feed to gain ratio of broilers; PCA improved meat quality through reducing shear force, and increasing a* (relative redness) and decreasing b* (relative yellowness) at 24 h after slaughter. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and diamine oxidase in plasma were significantly decreased by administration of 300 mg/kg PCA; PCA also significantly increased total antioxidant capability and decreased malondialdehyde content and activity of xanthine oxidase in liver. Meanwhile, it enhanced activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunal mucosa. Interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β were significantly increased in jejunal mucosa and plasma of 300 mg/kg PCA diet group, whereas interluekin-2 and interferon-γ dropped dramatically. Moreover, relative expression of apoptosis-related genes decreased in liver, whereas that of intestinal barrier-related and immunity-related genes increased in jejunum. Furthermore, 300 mg/kg PCA treatment significantly changed α-diversity and structure of the cecal microflora in broilers, with increasing relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while reducing Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. These results indicated that PCA improved the feed efficiency, growth performance, meat quality of broilers, and antioxidant capacity. It also enhanced intestinal immune function and improved the structure of intestinal flora to favor improved intestinal health in Chinese yellow-feathered broilers.

Time of sexual maturity and early egg quality of Japanese quails affected by in ovo injection of medicinal plants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time to sexual maturity and quality of initial eggs of Japanese quail affected by in ovo injection of plant extracts: ginger (GR), garlic (GC), oregano (O) and cinnamon (C). In total, 2400 eggs of Japanese quails were divided into six groups on the fifth day of incubation. Group I was the control group (NC), which was not injected. Other eggs were injected with 0.1 mL of liquid: group II - the positive control (PC) - with distilled water, group III with 1 % solution of GR, group IV with GC, group V with O and group VI with C. After hatching, the birds were reared in a cage system and fed with balanced mixtures, and 24 h lighting was used. The time at which birds reached sexual maturity was registered, while in the seventh week of rearing, 120 eggs were subject to quality evaluation. The traits of a whole egg (shape index as the ratio of egg width to egg length, weight, specific gravity), shell (strength, weight, thickness and density), albumen (weight, height), yolk (color, weight, index) were evaluated. At the earliest, on 36th day of life, eggs were laid by birds from the GC group, followed by C (37th day), O and NC (38th day), GR (39th day), and PC (41st day). During the first 2 weeks significantly more eggs were collected from the GC than from the other groups. The heaviest eggs derived from GC and GR groups, whereas the lightest came from the C group. Eggs from the GC group had the best shell strength and the greatest proportion of yolk. The use of medicinal herbs by injection in ovo may considerably modify both time of sexual maturity and quality of the initial eggs of Japanese quail.

Effect of In Ovo Injection of L-Arginine in Different Chicken Embryonic Development Stages on Post-Hatchability, Immune Response, and Myo-D and Myogenin Proteins

Simple Summary

In the current study, we hypothesized that the in ovo injection of L-arginine (L-Arg) at different stages of embryonic development, which would have positive effects on the survival rate, hatching rate, immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as HSP-47, HSP-60, and HSP-70, and muscle development markers as well: Mainly, myoblast determination protein (myoD) and myogenin in pectoral muscles. As indicated, the in ovo injection of L-Arg resulted in an increased hatch rate and weight, survival rate, higher levels of IgM, and myogenin and MyoD expression in the muscles. At the same time, a decrease in the level of HSP-47, HSP-60, and HSP-70 expressions in the tissues was observed on the 14th day of injection compared to the eighth and 18th day of the injection period. In addition, the in ovo injection of L-Arg decreased the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) concentration in serum as well micronuclei and nuclear abnormality in the blood on the 14th day of the incubation period. Hence, the 14th day would be a suitable day for the injection of L-Arg to promote the hatching rate and muscle growth of broiler chickens.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection with different ratios of L-arginine (L-Arg) into Ross broiler eggs at three different embryonic developmental stages (eighth day (d), 14th day, and 18th day) on the survival, hatchability, and body weight (BW) of one-day-old hatched chicks. Additionally, we have analyzed the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), the protein expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and we have also determined micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormality (NA). In addition, the genotoxic effect was observed in peripheral blood cells such as the presence of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the experimental groups. The results showed that survival and hatching rates as well as body weight were increased on the 14th day of incubation compared to the eighth and 18th day of incubation at lower concentrations of L-Arg. Moreover, the levels of SGOT and SGPT were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased on the 14th day of incubation at the same concentration (100 μg/μL/egg) of injection. In addition, immunoglobulin (IgM) levels were increased on the 14th day of incubation compared to other days. The protein expressions of HSP-47, HSP-60, and HSP-70 in the liver were significantly down-regulated, whereas the expression of myogenin and myoblast determination protein (MyoD) were significantly up-regulated on the 14th day after incubation when treated with all different doses such as 100 μg, 1000 μg, and 2500 μg/μL/egg, namely 3T1, 3T2, and 3T3, respectively. However, the treatment with low doses of L-Arg down-regulated the expression levels of those proteins on the 14th day of incubation. Histopathology of the liver by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that the majority of liver damage, specifically intracytoplasmic vacuoles, were observed in the 3T1, 3T2, and 3T3 groups. The minimum dose of 100 μg/mL/egg on the 14th day of incubation significantly prevented intracytoplasmic vacuole damages. These results demonstrate that in ovo administration of L-Arg at (100 μg/μL/egg) may be an effective method to increase chick BW, hatch rate, muscle growth-related proteins, and promote the immune response through increasing IgM on the 14th day of the incubation period.

In ovo delivery of various biological supplements, vaccines and drugs in poultry: current knowledge

The technique of delivering various nutrients, supplements, immunostimulants, vaccines, and drugs via the in ovo route is gaining wide attention among researchers worldwide for boosting production performance, immunity and safeguarding the health of poultry. It involves direct administration of the nutrients and biologics into poultry eggs during the incubation period and before the chicks hatch out. In ovo delivery of nutrients has been found to be more effective than post-hatch administration in poultry production. The supplementation of feed additives, nutrients, hormones, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination via in ovo techniques has shown diverse advantages for poultry products, such as improved growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, optimum development of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing carcass yield, decreased embryo mortality, and enhanced immunity of poultry. In ovo delivery of vaccination has yielded a better response against various poultry pathogens than vaccination after hatch. So, this review has aimed to provide an insight on in ovo technology and its potential applications in poultry production to deliver different nutrients, supplements, beneficial microbes, vaccines, and drugs directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immunity, and health of poultry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Early Nutrition Programming (in ovo and Post-hatch Feeding) as a Strategy to Modulate Gut Health of Poultry

Healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is crucial for optimum performance, better feed efficiency, and overall health of poultry. In the past, antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) were commonly used to modulate the gut health of animals. However, considering the public health concern, the use of AGP in animal feeding is banned or regulated in several jurisdictions around the world. This necessitates the need for alternative nutritional strategies to produce healthy poultry. For that, several alternatives to AGP have been attempted with some success. However, effective modulation of the gut health parameters depends on the methods and timing of the compound being available to host animals. Routinely, the alternatives to AGP and other nutrients are provided in feed or water to poultry. However, the GIT of the newly hatched poultry is functionally immature, despite going through significant morphological, cellular, and molecular changes toward the end of incubation. Thus, early growth and development of GIT are of critical importance to enhance nutrients utilization and optimize the growth of poultry. Early nutrition programming using both in ovo and post-hatch feeding has been used as a means to modulate the early growth and development of GIT and found to be an effective strategy but with inconsistent results. This review summarizes the information on in ovo and post-hatch-feeding of different nutrients and feeds additives and their effects on gut development, histomorphology, microbiology, and immunology. Furthermore, this review will provide insight on the future of early nutrition programming as a strategy to enhance gut health, thereby improving overall health and production so that the poultry industry can benefit from this technique.

Transcriptome modulation by in ovo delivered Lactobacillus synbiotics in a range of chicken tissues

Synbiotics are the bioactive compounds that synergistically combine effects of prebiotics and probiotics. In poultry, synbiotics can be used to reprogram animal's intestinal microbiota upon perinatal in ovo injection on day 12 of eggs incubation. Optimally composed synbiotic delivered in ovo efficiently stimulates the host's intestinal microflora, which in turn exerts beneficial effects on the host and improves its physiological functions. The aim of the study was to estimate long-term changes in the chicken transcriptome after a single in ovo administration of two different synbiotics. On day 12 of eggs incubation, 5850 eggs of broiler chicken were distributed to experimental groups and injected with synbiotic 1 (S1)- Lactobacillus salivarius with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) or synbiotic 2 (S2)- Lactobacillus plantarum with raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). On day 21 post-hatching cockerels were sacrificed and immunological (cecal tonsils and spleen), intestinal (jejunum) and metabolic (liver) tissues were collected (n = 5). Isolated RNA served as a template for the whole-transcriptome analysis using GeneChip Chicken Gene 1.1. ST Array Strip (Affymetrix). Data analysis was performed using Affymetrix Expression Console and Transcriptome Analysis Console software, Venn diagrams, DAVID and CateGOrizer. The highest number of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEG) was detected in cecal tonsils (160 DEG) after S1 in ovo injection, and in liver (159 DEG) after S2 injection. The influence of S1 on transcriptome modulation was demonstrated by a strong activation of the genes taking part in the pathways related to metabolism and immune response in cecal tonsils. S2 injection led to modulation of the gene expression associated with metabolic and developmental signaling pathways in the liver. Obtained results let us conclude that synbiotics delivered in ovo have significant impact on chicken transcriptome and their effect depends on the composition of the bioactive compound.

Modulation of microbial communities and mucosal gene expression in chicken intestines after galactooligosaccharides delivery In Ovo

Intestinal mucosa is the interface between the microbial content of the gut and the host's milieu. The goal of this study was to modulate chicken intestinal microflora by in ovo stimulation with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) prebiotic and to demonstrate the molecular responses of the host. The animal trial was performed on meat-type chickens (Ross 308). GOS was delivered by in ovo injection performed into the air cell on day 12 of egg incubation. Analysis of microbial communities and mucosal gene expression was performed at slaughter (day 42 post-hatching). Chyme (for DNA isolation) and intestinal mucosa (for RNA isolation) from four distinct intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum) was sampled. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in DNA isolated from chyme samples was determined using qPCR. On the host side, the mRNA expression of 13 genes grouped into two panels was analysed with RT-qPCR. Panel (1) included genes related to intestinal innate immune responses (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12p40, AvBD1 and CATHL2). Panel (2) contained genes involved in intestinal barrier function (MUC6, CLDN1 and TJAP1) and nutrients sensing (FFAR2 and FFAR4, GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5). GOS increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in caecum (from 1.3% to 3.9%). Distinct effects of GOS on gene expression were manifested in jejunum and caecum. Cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12p40) were up-regulated in the jejunum and caecum of the GOS-treated group. Host defence peptides (AvBD1 and CATHL2) were up-regulated in the caecum of the GOS-treated group. Free fatty acid receptors (FFAR2 and FFAR4) were up-regulated in all three compartments of the intestine (except the duodenum). Glucose transporters were down-regulated in duodenum (GLUT2 and GLUT5) but up-regulated in the hindgut (GLUT1 and GLUT2). In conclusion, GOS delivered in ovo had a bifidogenic effect in adult chickens. It also modulated gene expression related to intestinal immune responses, gut barrier function, and nutrient sensing.

Prebiotics and synbiotics - in ovo delivery for improved lifespan condition in chicken

Commercially produced chickens have become key food-producing animals in the global food system. The scale of production in industrial settings has changed management systems to a point now very far from traditional methods. During the perinatal period, newly hatched chicks undergo processing, vaccination and transportation, which introduces a gap in access to feed and water. This gap, referred to as the hatching window, dampens the potential for microflora inoculation and as such, prevents proper microbiome, gastrointestinal system and innate immunity development. As a consequence, the industrial production of chickens with a poor microbial profile leads to enteric microbial infestation and infectious disease outbreaks, which became even more prevalent after the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters on many world markets (e.g., the EU).This review presents the rationale, methodology and life-long effects of in ovo stimulation of chicken microflora. In ovo stimulation provides efficient embryonic microbiome colonization with commensal microflora during the perinatal period. A carefully selected bioactive formulation (prebiotics, probiotics alone or combined into synbiotics) is delivered into the air cell of the egg on day 12 of egg incubation. The prebiotic penetrates the outer and inner egg membranes and stimulates development on the innate microflora in the embryonic guts. Probiotics are available after the mechanical breakage of the shell membranes by the chick's beak at the beginning of hatching (day 19). The intestinal microflora after in ovo stimulation is potent enough for competitive exclusion and programs the lifespan condition. We present the effects of different combinations of prebiotic and probiotic delivered in ovo on day 12 of egg incubation on microflora, growth traits, feed efficiency, intestinal morphology, meat microstructure and quality, immune system development, physiological characteristics and the transcriptome of the broiler chickens.We discuss the differences between in ovo stimulation (day 12 of egg incubation) and in ovo feeding (days 17-18 of egg incubation) and speculate about possible future developments in this field. In summary, decades of research on in ovo stimulation and the lifelong effects support this method as efficient programming of lifespan conditions in commercially raised chickens.

Prebiotics offered to broiler chicken exert positive effect on meat quality traits irrespective of delivery route

Elimination of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry production has encouraged intensive search for relevant alternatives. Prebiotics are proposed as efficient replacements to stimulate colonization/expansion of beneficial microflora in chickens. The aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge on the effect of prebiotic administration on slaughter performance and meat quality traits of broiler chickens by evaluating different routes of their delivery (in ovo vs. in-water vs. in ovo + in-water). At d 12 of incubation, 1,500 eggs (Ross 308) containing viable embryos were randomly allotted into 4 groups and injected in ovo with 0.2 mL solution containing: 3.5 mg/embryo BI (Bi2tos, trans-galactooligosaccharides); 0.88 mg/embryo DN (DiNovo, extract of Laminaria spp.); 1.9 mg/embryo RFO (raffinose family oligosaccharides) and 0.2 mL physiological saline (C). All prebiotics increased final BW compared to C group (P < 0.01), irrespective of delivery route. The prebiotics injected in ovo (T1) or in ovo combined with in-water supplementation (T2) increased carcass weight as compared with in-water group (T3), while T3 had the lowest carcass yield compared to the other groups. All prebiotics increased breast muscle weight and yield (P < 0.01), as well as fiber diameter (P < 0.05). Ultimate meat pH was lower (P < 0.01) in T3 than in T2 group. Meat from chickens treated with prebiotics showed a lower redness index, while lightness and yellowness were not affected by the treatments. Saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3 fatty acids contents were higher (P < 0.01), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) level was lower (P < 0.01) in prebiotic groups compared with C group. Nutritional indexes (n-6/n-3, PUFA/SFA ratio and thrombogenic index) displayed favorable human health-promoting values in the meat of chickens which were treated with prebiotics, irrespective of delivery route. Muscle cholesterol content was not affected by prebiotics. In conclusion, this study has shown that prebiotics can exert positive effects on growth of broiler chickens, carcass and meat quality traits, irrespective of delivery route.

The In Ovo Feeding Administration (Gallus Gallus)-An Emerging In Vivo Approach to Assess Bioactive Compounds with Potential Nutritional Benefits

In recent years, the in ovo feeding in fertilized broiler (Gallus gallus) eggs approach was further developed and currently is widely applied in the evaluation process of the effects of functional foods (primarily plant origin compounds) on the functionality of the intestinal brush border membrane, as well as potential prebiotic properties and interactions with the intestinal microbial populations. This review collates the information of potential nutrients and their effects on the mineral absorption, gut development, brush border membrane functionality, and immune system. In addition, the advantages and limitations of the in ovo feeding method in the assessment of potential prebiotic effects of plant origin compounds is discussed.

Meat defects and emergent muscle myopathies in broiler chickens: implications for the modern poultry industry

- Due to intensive selection, broiler chickens have become the most efficient meat producing animals, attaining exceptionally rapid growth. However, several studies indicate that fast-growing varieties exhibit various muscle tissue defects – myopathies – which adversely affect the poultry meat industry. In particular, recent decades have seen an increase in the incidence of breast muscle abnormalities such as myopathy of the minor (deep) pectoral muscles and pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat, and more recently white fibres called ‘white striping’, hardening of the breast muscle known as ‘wooden breast’, and intramuscular connective tissue defects (‘spaghetti meat’). These abnormalities increase the occurrence of lower quality fresh meat for the retail market and to some extent reduce the nutritional, sensory and technological properties of raw meat used for further processing. The prevalence of these conditions indicates that further improvements in the efficiency of the meat industry and meat production may be constrained by the physiological capabilities of broilers, as their internal organs, vascular system and skeleton appear to be close to their functional limit. Hence, a problematic question is whether it is better to continue to set new performance goals for animals or to consider a step back in the selection process and attempt to reduce the extent of these emergent quality issues.

The influence of in ovo injection with the prebiotic DiNovo® on the development of histomorphological parameters of the duodenum, body mass and productivity in large-scale poultry production conditions

Background

Among various feed additives currently used in poultry nutrition, an important role is played by bioactive substances, including prebiotics. The beneficial effect of these bioactive substances on the gastrointestinal tract and immune system give rise to improvements in broiler health and performance nutrition, thus increasing the productivity of these birds. An innovative method for introducing bioactive substances into chickens is the in ovo injection into eggs intended for hatching. The aim of the study was to evaluate the development of histomorphological parameters of the duodenum and productivity in chickens injected in ovo with the prebiotic DiNovo® (extract of Laminaria species of seaweed, BioAtlantis Ltd., Ireland) on d 12 of incubation, under large - scale, high density poultry production conditions.

Results

There was no significant impact of the injection of DiNovo® prebiotic on the production parameters of broiler chickens (body weight, FCR, EBI and mortality) obtained on d 42 of rearing. No significant impact of the DiNovo® injection on the duodenum weight and length was observed, as well as on the CSA, diameter and muscular layer thickness of the duodenum. The in ovo injection of DiNovo® significantly increased the width of the duodenal villi (P < 0.05) and crypt depth (P < 0.01) of chickens on d 21 of rearing. Other histomorphological parameters of duodenal villi at d 42 of chickens rearing such as: the height, width, and cross section area of villi were significantly greater in chickens from the control group compared to those from the DiNovo® group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01).

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that injection of DiNovo® prebiotic into the air chamber of egg significantly influences the histomorphological parameters on d 21 of rearing without negatively affecting productivity in chickens at the end of rearing.

In ovo validation model to assess the efficacy of commercial prebiotics on broiler performance and oxidative stability of meat

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of in ovo injection of 2 different prebiotics, DiNovo (DN; Laminaria spp., extract containing laminarin and fucoidan) and Bi2tos (BI; non-digestive trans-galactooligosaccharides from milk lactose digested with Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171), on growth, slaughter traits, intramuscular fat percentage (IF) and muscle fiber diameter, and lipid oxidation of meat in chickens reared under commercial conditions, following an in ovo trial protocol. On d 12 of embryonic incubation, 350,560 Ross 308 eggs were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups and automatically injected in ovo with: physiological saline (control group), BI at dose of 3.5 mg/embryo and DN at dose of 0.88 mg/embryo. Hatched chicks (males and females) were allocated dependent on treatment group into 3 poultry houses on each farm (3 farms in total) with a stocking density of 21.2 to 21.5 chicks/m2 At 42 d of age, 14 randomly chosen birds (7 males and 7 females), per each treatment from each farm, were individually weighed and slaughtered. The results showed no significant differences of final number of chickens/chicken house, mortality, BW per treatment, stocking density (kg/m2), feed intake, feed conversion rate (FCR), and European Broiler Index among 3 experimental groups. Treatments with BI and DN were associated with slight increases (P > 0.05) in average BW and a minor improvement (P > 0.05) of FCR in BI group. Slaughtered chickens from DN and BI treated groups had significantly increase of BW, carcass weight, carcass yield, and breast muscle weight compared with the control group. IF and muscle fiber diameter were similar among groups. Males had significantly higher slaughter traits compared to females, except for breast muscle yield. The prebiotic treatments led to a higher lipid oxidation in meat, even if the detected TBA reactive substances were below the critical value recognized for meat acceptability. In conclusion, in ovo administration of prebiotics was associated with improvements in a number of parameters of relevance to commercial poultry production.

Effect of in ovo administration of an adult-derived microbiota on establishment of the intestinal microbiome in chickens

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of in ovo administration of a probiotic on development of the intestinal microbiota of 2 genetic lineages (modern and heritage) of chickens. SAMPLE 10 newly hatched chicks and 40 fertile eggs to determine intestinal microbiota at hatch, 900 fertile eggs to determine effects of probiotic on hatchability, and 1,560 chicks from treated or control eggs. PROCEDURES A probiotic competitive-exclusion product derived from adult microbiota was administered in ovo to fertile eggs of both genetic lineages. Cecal contents and tissues were collected from embryos, newly hatched chicks, and chicks. A PCR assay was used to detect bacteria present within the cecum of newly hatched chicks. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and vitality staining were used to detect viable bacteria within intestines of embryos. The intestinal microbiota was assessed by use of 16S pyrosequencing. RESULTS Microscopic evaluation of embryonic cecal contents and tissues subjected to differential staining techniques revealed viable bacteria in low numbers. Development of the intestinal microbiota of broiler chicks of both genetic lineages was enhanced by in ovo administration of adult microbiota. Although the treatment increased diversity and affected composition of the microbiota of chicks, most bacterial species present in the probiotic were transient colonizers. However, the treatment decreased the abundance of undesirable bacterial species within heritage lineage chicks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In ovo inoculation of a probiotic competitive-exclusion product derived from adult microbiota may be a viable method of managing development of the microbiota and reducing the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in chickens.