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Zhao X, Li L, Zhang Q, Li M, Hu M, Luo Y, Xu X, Chen Y, Liu Y. Characterization of the Clostridium perfringens phage endolysin cpp-lys and its application on lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 405:110343. [PMID: 37523902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen that can have severe consequences, including mortality and economic losses. In this study, the gene encoding cpp-lys, an endolysin from the C. perfringens phage cpp has been cloned and overexpressed. The encoded protein was characterized, and then its efficacy in controlling C. perfringens on lettuce was evaluated. The endolysin cpp-lys presented lytic activity against seven strains of C. perfringens that produce different types of toxins. It maintained stability across a wide range of temperatures (4 °C - 50 °C), and demonstrated tolerance to varying pH levels (4-9). Storage of endolysin cpp-lys under room-temperature conditions (16 °C-25 °C) and cold-temperature conditions (4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C) for 30 days did not affect its lytic activity. However, the lytic activity of cpp-lys decreased by 40 % and 18 % after storage for 30 d at 42 °C and 37 °C, respectively. The endolysin cpp-lys did not display cytotoxic activity against normal eukaryotic cells. The bacterial viability on lettuce was significantly lower in the group treated with endolysin cpp-lys than in the PBS group, and >4-log of C. perfringens J1 were removed within 15 min. Cpp-lys plus Zn2+ inhibited the activity of cpp-lys. The EDTA-treated cpp-lys significantly reduced the number of bacteria by up to 0.6-log CFU compared with the endolysin cpp-lys group. The findings of this study demonstrated that endolysin cpp-lys has potential applications in controlling C. perfringens in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Lulu Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Ming Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China
| | - Yibao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, PR China.
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Jasilionis A, Plotka M, Wang L, Dorawa S, Lange J, Watzlawick H, van den Bergh T, Vroling B, Altenbuchner J, Kaczorowska AK, Pohl E, Kaczorowski T, Nordberg Karlsson E, Freitag-Pohl S. AmiP from hyperthermophilic Thermus parvatiensis prophage is a thermoactive and ultrathermostable peptidoglycan lytic amidase. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4585. [PMID: 36721347 PMCID: PMC9929850 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages encode a wide variety of cell wall disrupting enzymes that aid the viral escape in the final stages of infection. These lytic enzymes have accumulated notable interest due to their potential as novel antibacterials for infection treatment caused by multiple-drug resistant bacteria. Here, the detailed functional and structural characterization of Thermus parvatiensis prophage peptidoglycan lytic amidase AmiP, a globular Amidase_3 type lytic enzyme adapted to high temperatures is presented. The sequence and structure comparison with homologous lytic amidases reveals the key adaptation traits that ensure the activity and stability of AmiP at high temperatures. The crystal structure determined at a resolution of 1.8 Å displays a compact α/β-fold with multiple secondary structure elements omitted or shortened compared with protein structures of similar proteins. The functional characterization of AmiP demonstrates high efficiency of catalytic activity and broad substrate specificity toward thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria strains containing Orn-type or DAP-type peptidoglycan. The here presented AmiP constitutes the most thermoactive and ultrathermostable Amidase_3 type lytic enzyme biochemically characterized with a temperature optimum at 85°C. The extraordinary high melting temperature Tm 102.6°C confirms fold stability up to approximately 100°C. Furthermore, AmiP is shown to be more active over the alkaline pH range with pH optimum at pH 8.5 and tolerates NaCl up to 300 mM with the activity optimum at 25 mM NaCl. This set of beneficial characteristics suggests that AmiP can be further exploited in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Jasilionis
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Plotka
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dorawa
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Josef Altenbuchner
- Institute of Biomedical Genetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna-Karina Kaczorowska
- Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Tadeusz Kaczorowski
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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A Broad-Spectrum Phage Endolysin (LysCP28) Able to Remove Biofilms and Inactivate Clostridium perfringens Strains. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020411. [PMID: 36673503 PMCID: PMC9858456 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium capable of producing four major toxins which cause disease symptoms and pathogenesis in humans and animals. C. perfringens strains carrying enterotoxins can cause food poisoning in humans and are associated with meat consumption. An endolysin, named LysCP28, is encoded by orf28 from C. perfringens bacteriophage BG3P. This protein has an N-terminal glycosyl-hydrolase domain (lysozyme) and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Purified LysCP28 (38.8 kDa) exhibited a broad spectrum of lytic activity against C. perfringens strains (77 of 96 or 80.21%), including A, B, C, and D types, isolated from different sources. Moreover, LysCP28 (10 μg/mL) showed high antimicrobial activity and was able to lyse 2 × 107 CFU/mL C. perfringens ATCC 13124 and C. perfringens J21 (animal origin) within 2 h. Necessary due to this pathogenic bacterium's ability to form biofilms, LysCP28 (18.7 μg/mL) was successfully evaluated as an antibiofilm agent in both biofilm removal and formation inhibition. Finally, to confirm the efficacy of LysCP28 in a food matrix, duck meat was contaminated with C. perfringens and treated with endolysin (100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL), which reduced viable bacteria by 3.2 and 3.08 units-log, respectively, in 48 h at 4 °C. Overall, the endolysin LysCP28 could potentially be used as a biopreservative to reduce C. perfringens contamination during food processing.
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Nandi A, Yadav R, Singh A. Phage derived lytic peptides, a secret weapon against Acinetobacter baumannii-An in silico approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1047752. [PMID: 36405598 PMCID: PMC9672511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1047752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterial pathogen that is commonly associated with hospital-acquired illnesses. Antimicrobial drug resistance in A. baumannii includes several penicillin classes, first and second-generation cephalosporins, cephamycins, most aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines. The recent rise in multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains has resulted in an increase in pneumoniae associated with ventilators, urinary tract infections associated with the catheter, and bloodstream infections, all of which have increased complications in treatment, cost of treatment, and death. Small compounds known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are known to have damaging effects on pathogenic bacteria. To determine their antimicrobial activity, AMPs are created from proteins acquired from various sources and evaluated in vitro. In the last phase of lytic cycle, bacteriophages release hydrolytic enzymes called endolysins that cleave the host's cell wall. Due to their superior potency and specificity compared to antibiotics, lysins are used as antibacterial agents. In the present study, different types of endolysin from phages of A. baumannii were selected based on an extensive literature survey. From the PhaLP database, the sequences of the selected lysins were retrieved in FASTA format and antimicrobial peptides were found among them. With the help of available bioinformatic tools, the anti-biofilm property, anti-fungal property, cell-penetrating property, and cellular toxicity of the antimicrobial peptides were determined. Out of the fourteen antimicrobial peptides found from the eight selected endolysins of A. baumannii specific phage, eight of them has anti-biofilm property, nine of them has anti-fungal property, five of them has cell-penetrating property and all of them are non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
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Noor Mohammadi T, Shen C, Li Y, Zayda MG, Sato J, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Characterization and optimization of bacteriophage cocktails to control Clostridium perfringens in vitro and in curry roux. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 380:109886. [PMID: 36027839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of foodborne disease in developed countries. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phages specific to C. perfringens to evaluate the most efficient phage cocktail for the biocontrol of C. perfringens, both in vitro and in curry roux. In this study, four phages were isolated from chicken meat and were morphologically and genetically characterized along with two phages previously isolated in our laboratory that display different host lysis spectra. Phage cocktail CP11, consisting of phages CPQ3, 7, 8, and 10, showed the broadest host range. Electron micrograph images suggested that all four phages belong to the Podoviridae family, and none of them carry any antibiotic resistance or toxin genes. Notably, the phages were stable at various pH values and in curry roux. Cocktails consisting of six, five, and four phages at the same concentrations were examined to determine the most effective phage cocktail. Phage cocktail PC11 significantly decreased the viable count of C. perfringens to a value less than the lower detection limit up to 48 h at both 8 and 37 °C in broth and at 24 °C in the curry roux. These results suggest that phage cocktail PC11 is a promising natural biocontrol agent against C. perfringens in vitro and in curry roux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Cunkuan Shen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuncheng Li
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Gamaleldin Zayda
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monofiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Jun Sato
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Huang S, Tian Y, Wang Y, García P, Liu B, Lu R, Wu L, Bao H, Pang M, Zhou Y, Wang R, Zhang H. The Broad Host Range Phage vB_CpeS_BG3P Is Able to Inhibit Clostridium perfringens Growth. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040676. [PMID: 35458406 PMCID: PMC9033094 DOI: 10.3390/v14040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen for both humans and animals, causing human foodborne disease and necrotic enteritis in poultry. In the present study, a C. perfringens-specific phage, vB_CpeS_BG3P (designated as BG3P hereafter), was isolated from chicken farm sewage. Both electron microscopy and phylogenetic analysis suggested that phage BG3P is a novel phage belonging to Siphoviridae family. Phage BG3P exhibited a broad host range against different C. perfringens isolates (90.63% of strains were infected). Sequencing of the complete genome revealed a linear double-stranded DNA (43,528 bp) with 28.65% GC content. After sequence analysis, 73 open reading frames (orfs) were predicted, of which only 13 were annotated with known functions. No tRNA and virulence encoding genes were detected. It should be noted that the protein of orf 15 has 97.92% homology to C. perfringens-specific chloramphenicol resistance protein, which has not been reported for any C. perfringens phage. Phylogenetic analysis of the ssDNA binding protein demonstrated that this phage is closely related to C. perfringens phages phiSM101 and phi3626. In considering future use as an antimicrobial agent, some biological characteristics were observed, such as a good pH (3−11) stability and moderate temperature tolerance (<60 °C). Moreover, bacteriophage BG3P showed a good antimicrobial effect against C. perfringens liquid cultures. Thus, phage treatment with MOI ≥ 100 completely inhibited bacterial growth compared to untreated cultures. Although phage BG3P shows good lytic efficiency and broad host range in vitro, future development and application may need to consider removal of the chloramphenicol-like resistance gene or exploring its lysin for future antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongjuan Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Pilar García
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain;
| | - Banhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Maoda Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.T.); (B.L.); (R.L.); (L.W.); (H.B.); (M.P.); (Y.Z.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84391627; Fax: +86-25-84391617
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Tian Y, Wu L, Lu R, Bao H, Zhou Y, Pang M, Brown J, Wang J, Wang R, Zhang H. Virulent phage vB_CpeP_HN02 inhibits Clostridium perfringens on the surface of the chicken meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109514. [PMID: 34999475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a well-known pathogen that causes foodborne disease. With a high prevalence of contamination in food, an efficient strategy is needed to decontaminate those contaminated foods and control the emergence of foodborne disease. In this study, the C. perfringens-specific lytic phage vB_CpeP_HN02 (designated as phage HN02) was isolated from chicken feces. Electron microscopy and phylogenetic analysis suggested that phage vB_CpeP_HN02 is a novel phage of the family Podoviridae. Phage HN02 had good pH (5-11) and temperature tolerance (< 70 °C). Phage HN02 exhibited a broad host range of C. perfringens isolates (42.86%). The complete genome of the phage HN02 was sequenced and revealed a linear double-stranded DNA genome. The 17,754-bp genome (GenBank MW815121) with average GC content of 28.2% includes 22 predicted open reading frames, of which only 10 were annotated with known functions. Phylogenetic analysis of the available C. perfringens phage major capsid protein demonstrated that phage HN02 is closely related to virulent C. perfringens phage phi24R and CPD2. When phage HN02 was applied to chicken meat samples stored at 4 °C for 72 h with 1 × 106 to 1 × 109 PFU/g, 95% to 99% of C. perfringens were inactivated on chicken meat surfaces after storage at 4 °C for 72 h, respectively. It should be noted that C. perfringens could be completely lysed by a high dose of phage HN02 (1 × 1010 PFU/g) after 48 h treatment in chicken samples. Through the lytic activity testing, phage HN02 showed good antimicrobial effects, and can be used as an antibacterial agent for biocontrol of C. perfringens in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Maoda Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Joseph Brown
- Arden Biotechnology Limited, Lincoln B782bN, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Bacteriophage mediated control of necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens in broiler chickens. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:409-421. [PMID: 34518969 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt, little attention has been paid to the isolation and application of C. perfringens phages for treating necrotic enteritis at the farm level. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the podovirus C. perfringens phage in treating necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Accordingly, C. perfringens phage was isolated from cecal samples of apparently healthy chickens and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, thermal stability test, and pH stability test. Commercial 14-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were allocated to three groups: group Ӏ received BHI broth and assigned as a negative control, group П served as a positive control group that was challenged with C. perfringens via oral gavage for four successive days, and group Ш was administrated six phage doses on several occasions after oral gavage challenge with C. perfringens. Daily clinical symptoms and mortality were recorded. At three-time intervals, necrotic enteritis lesions were scored. Cecal samples were examined for re-isolation and counting of C. perfringens. The isolated C. perfringens phage was a podovirus with an icosahedral head diameter of 78.7 nm and a short non-contractile tail length of 22.2 nm. It remained stable for 60 min at 30 °C and 50 °C at pH values of 2, 4, 8, and 10. The phage-treated group (Ш) showed mild gross lesions with a lower mortality rate and reduced colony-forming units than the positive control group (П). The findings revealed that the isolated C. perfringens phage effectively treated experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.
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Loganathan A, Manohar P, Eniyan K, VinodKumar CS, Leptihn S, Nachimuthu R. Phage therapy as a revolutionary medicine against Gram-positive bacterial infections. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 34485539 PMCID: PMC8401357 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has created a global emergency, prompting the hunt for an alternative cure. Bacteriophages were discovered over a century ago and have proven to be a successful replacement during antibiotic treatment failure. This review discusses on the scientific investigation of phage therapy for Gram-positive pathogens and general outlook of phage therapy clinical trials and commercialization. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT This review aimed to highlight the phage therapy in Gram-positive bacteria and the need for phage therapy in the future. Phage therapy to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections is in use for a very long time. However, limited review on the phage efficacy in Gram-positive bacteria exists. The natural efficiency and potency of bacteriophages against bacterial strains have been advantageous amidst the other non-antibiotic agents. The use of phages to treat oral biofilm, skin infection, and recurrent infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria has emerged as a predominant research area in recent years. In addition, the upsurge in research in the area of phage therapy for spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria has added a wealth of information to phage therapy. SHORT CONCLUSION We conclude that the need of phage as an alternative treatment is obvious in future. However, phage therapy can be used as reserve treatment. This review focuses on the potential use of phage therapy in treating Gram-positive bacterial infections, as well as their therapeutic aspects. Furthermore, we discussed the difficulties in commercializing phage drugs and their problems as a breakthrough medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Loganathan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, 314400 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University (SAHZU), Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kandasamy Eniyan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - C. S. VinodKumar
- Department of Microbiology, S.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davanagere, India
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh (ZJU-UoE) Institute, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Haining, 314400 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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Gharaibeh MH, Khalifeh MS, Nawasreh AN, Hananeh WM, Awawdeh MS. Assessment of Immune Response and Efficacy of Essential Oils Application on Controlling Necrotic Enteritis Induced by Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154527. [PMID: 34361680 PMCID: PMC8347024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is one of the most important enteric diseases in poultry. The antibacterial activity of two different essential oil (EO) blends against C. perfringens was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the immunological response to EO treatment was assessed. In the in vitro study, the antibacterial activity of EO formulas and commonly used antibiotics was evaluated against C. perfringens using disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay. In the in vivo study, NE experimental infection was performed on 440 Ross broiler chicks at 19 days of age for 4 continuous days. The chicks were treated with either EOs or amoxicillin at 22 days of age for 5 continuous days. One day after the end of treatment, the birds’ performance was evaluated by calculating the feed conversion ratio. Serum samples from 120 birds were collected to measure the levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17. After that, all birds were slaughtered, and their small intestines were subjected to gross and histopathological evaluation. In addition, bacterial counts in the small intestines were evaluated. In the in vitro study, EOs showed higher antimicrobial activities in comparison with antibiotics against C. perfringens. In the in vivo study, birds treated with EOs showed a significant decrease in bacterial counts, a significant decrease in intestinal lesions, and a significant improvement in performance compared with untreated birds (p < 0.05). Moreover, treating birds with EOs directed the immune system toward an anti-inflammatory pathway. None of the treated birds died due to NE compared with the 10% mortality rate in untreated birds. In conclusion, EOs might be an effective and safe alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of chicken NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (M.S.K.); (A.N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-22-72-01000 (ext. 26768)
| | - Mohammad S. Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (M.S.K.); (A.N.N.)
| | - Adi N. Nawasreh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (M.S.K.); (A.N.N.)
| | - Wael M. Hananeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (W.M.H.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mofleh S. Awawdeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (W.M.H.); (M.S.A.)
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11
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Zhang Z, Lahti M, Douillard FP, Korkeala H, Lindström M. Phage lysin that specifically eliminates Clostridium botulinum Group I cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21571. [PMID: 33299101 PMCID: PMC7725837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum poses a serious threat to food safety and public health by producing potent neurotoxin during its vegetative growth and causing life-threatening neuroparalysis, botulism. While high temperature can be utilized to eliminate C. botulinum spores and the neurotoxin, non-thermal elimination of newly germinated C. botulinum cells before onset of toxin production could provide an alternative or additional factor controlling the risk of botulism in some applications. Here we introduce a putative phage lysin that specifically lyses vegetative C. botulinum Group I cells. This lysin, called CBO1751, efficiently kills cells of C. botulinum Group I strains at the concentration of 5 µM, but shows little or no lytic activity against C. botulinum Group II or III or other Firmicutes strains. CBO1751 is active at pH from 6.5 to 10.5. The lytic activity of CBO1751 is tolerant to NaCl (200 mM), but highly susceptible to divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ (50 mM). CBO1751 readily and effectively eliminates C. botulinum during spore germination, an early stage preceding vegetative growth and neurotoxin production. This is the first report of an antimicrobial lysin against C. botulinum, presenting high potential for developing a novel antibotulinal agent for non-thermal applications in food and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meeri Lahti
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - François P Douillard
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Hernández S, Vives MJ. Phages in Anaerobic Systems. Viruses 2020; 12:E1091. [PMID: 32993161 PMCID: PMC7599459 DOI: 10.3390/v12101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of phages in 1915, these viruses have been studied mostly in aerobic systems, or without considering the availability of oxygen as a variable that may affect the interaction between the virus and its host. However, with such great abundance of anaerobic environments on the planet, the effect that a lack of oxygen can have on the phage-bacteria relationship is an important consideration. There are few studies on obligate anaerobes that investigate the role of anoxia in causing infection. In the case of facultative anaerobes, it is a well-known fact that their shifting from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one involves metabolic changes in the bacteria. As the phage infection process depends on the metabolic state of the host bacteria, these changes are also expected to affect the phage infection cycle. This review summarizes the available information on phages active on facultative and obligate anaerobes and discusses how anaerobiosis can be an important parameter in phage infection, especially among facultative anaerobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Hernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Martha J. Vives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
- School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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13
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Rastad A. Effects of antibiotic replacement with garlic powder and probiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic and garlic powder instead of antibiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 one-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design. The experimental groups were including control group (without any additives) or CG, antibiotic group or AG, garlic powder group or GG, probiotic group or PG and garlic powder plus probiotic group or GPG. The broilers were weighted at the end of days 10, 24 and 42 to evaluate the body performance. At the end of experiment, four broilers randomly selected from each replicate to blood sampling and carcass traits measurement (2 chickens for each one). The use of GG significantly decreased feed intake than AG (p < 0.05) which approved in GPG when probiotic added to GG (p < 0.05). All groups, exception GG showed less feed intake than CG between days 0 to 42 of experiment (p < 0.05). GPG shows significant differences than CG between days 21 to 42 and 0 to 42 and also than GG between days 0 to 42. The use of GG and GPG significantly increased liver enzyme activities (p < 0.05). AG, PG and GPG showed a higher height and width villi than CG. So simultaneous use of probiotic and garlic powder can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics to normal performance and liver function
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14
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Żbikowska K, Michalczuk M, Dolka B. The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E872. [PMID: 32443410 PMCID: PMC7278383 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant infections and antibiotic failures have raised concerns over human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Poultry production has had to confront the problems of an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, including zoonotic pathogens. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis have been the most frequently reported human foodborne diseases linked to poultry. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists' interest in bacteriophages (phages) since the beginning of the 21st century. Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. In this review, we focused on the use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents to treat infections and reduce counts of pathogenic bacteria in poultry, as biocontrol agents to eliminate foodborne pathogens on/in food, and also as disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses in industrial conditions. Most of the phage-based products are targeted against the main foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. Phages are currently addressed at all stages of the poultry production "from farm to fork", however, their implementation into live birds and food products still provokes discussions especially in the context of the current legal framework, limitations, as well as public health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Żbikowska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Monika Michalczuk
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.Ż.); (M.M.)
| | - Beata Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Hammond RW, Swift SM, Foster-Frey JA, Kovalskaya NY, Donovan DM. Optimized production of a biologically active Clostridium perfringens glycosyl hydrolase phage endolysin PlyCP41 in plants using virus-based systemic expression. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:101. [PMID: 31864319 PMCID: PMC6925876 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease and a cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry. It is controlled using antibiotics, widespread use of which may lead to development of drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins that degrade peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall are potential replacements for antibiotics. Phage endolysins have been identified that exhibit antibacterial activities against several Clostridium strains. RESULTS An Escherichia coli codon-optimized gene encoding the glycosyl hydrolase endolysin (PlyCP41) containing a polyhistidine tag was expressed in E. coli. In addition, The E. coli optimized endolysin gene was engineered for expression in plants (PlyCP41p) and a plant codon-optimized gene (PlyCP41pc), both containing a polyhistidine tag, were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a potato virus X (PVX)-based transient expression vector. PlyCP41p accumulated to ~ 1% total soluble protein (100μg/gm f. wt. leaf tissue) without any obvious toxic effects on plant cells, and both the purified protein and plant sap containing the protein lysed C. perfringens strain Cp39 in a plate lysis assay. Optimal systemic expression of PlyCP41p was achieved at 2 weeks-post-infection. PlyCP41pc did not accumulate to higher levels than PlyCP41p in infected tissue. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that functionally active bacteriophage PlyCP41 endolysin can be produced in systemically infected plant tissue with potential for use of crude plant sap as an effective antimicrobial agent against C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie W Hammond
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Steven M Swift
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Juli A Foster-Frey
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Natalia Y Kovalskaya
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ORISE, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - David M Donovan
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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16
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Ha E, Chun J, Kim M, Ryu S. Capsular Polysaccharide Is a Receptor of a Clostridium perfringens Bacteriophage CPS1. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111002. [PMID: 31683584 PMCID: PMC6893597 DOI: 10.3390/v11111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, and spore forming bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment and one of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses. Bacteriophages are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Here we isolated a virulent C. perfringens phage, CPS1, and analysis of its whole genome and morphology revealed a small genome (19 kbps) and a short noncontractile tail, suggesting that CPS1 can be classified as a member of Picovirinae, a subfamily of Podoviridae. To determine the host receptor of CPS1, the EZ-Tn5 random transposon mutant library of C. perfringens ATCC 13124 was constructed and screened for resistance to CPS1 infection. Analysis of the CPS1-resistant mutants revealed that the CPF_0486 was disrupted by Tn5. The CPF_0486 was annotated as galE, a gene encoding UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GalE). However, biochemical analyses demonstrated that the encoded protein possessed dual activities of GalE and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase (Gne). We found that the CPF_0486::Tn5 mutant produced a reduced amount of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) compared with the wild type. We also discovered that glucosamine and galactosamine could competitively inhibit host adsorption of CPS1. These results suggest that CPS acts as a receptor for this phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsu Ha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jihwan Chun
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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18
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Arif A, Mohammed K, Nadeem MS. Biochemical and in silico evaluation of recombinant E. coli aminopeptidase and in vitro processed human interferon α-2b. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:240-249. [PMID: 30814886 PMCID: PMC6353284 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1801-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an extensively used host for the production of recombinant proteins, making its N-terminal methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) an attractive candidate for studies on posttranslational protein processing. The present study describes the recombinant production and properties of MAP from the DH5α strain of E. coli. The soluble and active enzyme was produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) RIL - codon plus cells under a T7 promoter system and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. It exhibited a molecular weight of 29,200.94 Da by MALDI-TOF analysis. The purified enzyme showed specific activity of 1.64 U/mg with methionylp-nitroanilide and 1.51 U/mg with synthetic tetrapeptide substrate 'MGMM' in a discontinuous HPLC-based assay. In vitro studies showed the processing of up to 36% of Met-INFα-2b in 40 min. In silico studies revealed that the ES-complex formation between the enzyme and interferon has a ΔG -683.07 kJ/mol. Molecular docking results showed that the processed INFα-2b has greater binding affinity with IFNAR2 receptor as indicated by ΔG -784.53 kJ/mol, significantly lower than that of methionine containing INFα-2b (ΔG -717.63 kJ/mol). These findings emphasize the functional superiority or better efficacy of N-terminal methionine processed recombinant interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Arif
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Kaleemuddin Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ha E, Son B, Ryu S. Clostridium perfringens Virulent Bacteriophage CPS2 and Its Thermostable Endolysin LysCPS2. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050251. [PMID: 29751651 PMCID: PMC5977244 DOI: 10.3390/v10050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is one of the most common causes of food-borne illness. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria requires the development of alternatives to typical antimicrobial treatments. Here, we isolated and characterized a C. perfringens-specific virulent bacteriophage CPS2 from chicken feces. The CPS2 phage contains a 17,961 bp double-stranded DNA genome with 25 putative ORFs, and belongs to the Picovirinae, subfamily of Podoviridae. Bioinformatic analysis of the CPS2 genome revealed a putative endolysin, LysCPS2, which is homologous to the endolysin of Clostridium phage phiZP2 and phiCP7R. The enzyme showed strong lytic activity against C. perfringens with optimum conditions at pH 7.5–10, 25–65 °C, and over a broad range of NaCl concentrations. Interestingly, LysCPS2 was found to be highly thermostable, with up to 30% of its lytic activity remaining after 10 min of incubation at 95 °C. The cell wall binding domain in the C-terminal region of LysCPS2 showed a binding spectrum specific to C. perfringens strains. This is the first report to characterize highly thermostable endolysin isolated from virulent C. perfringens bacteriophage. The enzyme can be used as an alternative biocontrol and detection agent against C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsu Ha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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20
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Suresh G, Das RK, Kaur Brar S, Rouissi T, Avalos Ramirez A, Chorfi Y, Godbout S. Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry feed: molecular perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:318-335. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1373062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratul Kumar Das
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | | | | | - Antonio Avalos Ramirez
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologie Environnementales Inc, Shawinigan, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Stephane Godbout
- Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, Québec, Canada
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21
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Amarillas L, Rubí-Rangel L, Chaidez C, González-Robles A, Lightbourn-Rojas L, León-Félix J. Isolation and Characterization of phiLLS, a Novel Phage with Potential Biocontrol Agent against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 28785246 PMCID: PMC5519627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are a serious and growing problem, and the incidence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens is reported to have increased. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains demands novel strategies to counteract this epidemic. In this regard, lytic bacteriophages have reemerged as an alternative for the control of pathogenic bacteria. However, the effective use of phages relies on appropriate biological and genomic characterization. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of a novel bacteriophage named phiLLS, which has shown strong lytic activity against generic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains. Transmission electron microscopy of phiLLS morphology revealed that it belongs to the Siphoviridae family. Furthermore, this phage exhibited a relatively large burst size of 176 plaque-forming units per infected cell. Phage phiLLS significantly reduced the growth of E. coli under laboratory conditions. Analyses of restriction profiles showed the presence of submolar fragments, confirming that phiLLS is a pac-type phage. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of large terminase subunits confirmed that this phage uses a headful packaging strategy to package their genome. Genomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis showed that phiLLS is a novel bacteriophage that is most closely related to T5-like phages. In silico analysis indicated that the phiLLS genome consists of 107,263 bp (39.0 % GC content) encoding 160 putative ORFs, 16 tRNAs, several potential promoters and transcriptional terminators. Genome analysis suggests that the phage phiLLS is strictly lytic without carrying genes associated with virulence factors and/or potential immunoreactive allergen proteins. The bacteriophage isolated in this study has shown promising results in the biocontrol of bacterial growth under in vitro conditions, suggesting that it may prove useful as an alternative agent for the control of foodborne pathogens. However, further oral toxicity testing is needed to ensure the safety of phage use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Amarillas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y DesarrolloCuliacán, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Lightbourn, Cd. JiménezChihuahua, Mexico
| | - Lucia Rubí-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y DesarrolloCuliacán, Mexico
| | - Cristobal Chaidez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y DesarrolloCuliacán, Mexico
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Lightbourn-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Lightbourn, Cd. JiménezChihuahua, Mexico
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y DesarrolloCuliacán, Mexico
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22
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Schmelcher M, Loessner MJ. Bacteriophage endolysins: applications for food safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 37:76-87. [PMID: 26707470 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) have emerged as a new class of antimicrobial agents useful for controlling bacterial infection or other unwanted contaminations in various fields, particularly in the light of the worldwide increasing frequency of drug-resistant pathogens. This review summarizes and discusses recent developments regarding the use of endolysins for food safety. Besides the use of native and engineered endolysins for controlling bacterial contamination at different points within the food production chain, this also includes the application of high-affinity endolysin-derived cell wall binding domains for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria. Novel approaches to extend the lytic action of endolysins towards Gram-negative cells will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Caly DL, D'Inca R, Auclair E, Drider D. Alternatives to Antibiotics to Prevent Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Microbiologist's Perspective. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1336. [PMID: 26648920 PMCID: PMC4664614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2006 European ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. A particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. Microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their host. Here we review recent developments in novel preventive treatments against C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens that employ yeasts, bacteria and bacteriophages or secondary metabolites and other microbial products in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine L. Caly
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
| | - Romain D'Inca
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Eric Auclair
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
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24
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Nakonieczna A, Cooper CJ, Gryko R. Bacteriophages and bacteriophage-derived endolysins as potential therapeutics to combat Gram-positive spore forming bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:620-31. [PMID: 26109320 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1915, bacteriophages have been routinely used within Eastern Europe to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Although initially ignored by the West due to the success of antibiotics, increasing levels and diversity of antibiotic resistance is driving a renaissance for bacteriophage-derived therapy, which is in part due to the highly specific nature of bacteriophages as well as their relative abundance. This review focuses on the bacteriophages and derived lysins of relevant Gram-positive spore formers within the Bacillus cereus group and Clostridium genus that could have applications within the medical, food and environmental sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakonieczna
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
| | - C J Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Gryko
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland
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25
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A Thermophilic Phage Endolysin Fusion to a Clostridium perfringens-Specific Cell Wall Binding Domain Creates an Anti-Clostridium Antimicrobial with Improved Thermostability. Viruses 2015; 7:3019-34. [PMID: 26075507 PMCID: PMC4488725 DOI: 10.3390/v7062758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease and is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens. Treatment of poultry with antibiotics is becoming less acceptable. Endolysin enzymes are potential replacements for antibiotics. Many enzymes are added to animal feed during production and are subjected to high-heat stress during feed processing. To produce a thermostabile endolysin for treating poultry, an E. coli codon-optimized gene was synthesized that fused the N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase domain from the endolysin of the thermophilic bacteriophage ΦGVE2 to the cell-wall binding domain (CWB) from the endolysin of the C. perfringens-specific bacteriophage ΦCP26F. The resulting protein, PlyGVE2CpCWB, lysed C. perfringens in liquid and solid cultures. PlyGVE2CpCWB was most active at pH 8, had peak activity at 10 mM NaCl, 40% activity at 150 mM NaCl and was still 16% active at 600 mM NaCl. The protein was able to withstand temperatures up to 50 °C and still lyse C. perfringens. Herein, we report the construction and characterization of a thermostable chimeric endolysin that could potentially be utilized as a feed additive to control the bacterium during poultry production.
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First Complete Genome Sequence of a Probiotic Enterococcus faecium Strain T-110 and Its Comparative Genome Analysis with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Enterococcus faecium Genomes. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:43-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Tiwari R, Dhama K, Chakrabort S, Kapoor S. Enzybiotics: New Weapon in the Army of Antimicrobials: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.144.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Wittmann J, Dreiseikelmann B, Rohde C, Rohde M, Sikorski J. Isolation and characterization of numerous novel phages targeting diverse strains of the ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen Achromobacter xylosoxidans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86935. [PMID: 24466294 PMCID: PMC3899368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of nosocomially acquired infections caused by multi-resistant Achromobacter strains is rapidly increasing. Here, a diverse set of 61 Achromobacter xylosoxidans strains was characterized by MultiLocus Sequence Typing and Phenotype MicroArray technology. The strains were further analyzed in regard to their susceptibility to 35 antibiotics and to 34 different and newly isolated bacteriophages from the environment. A large proportion of strains were resistant against numerous antibiotics such as cephalosporines, aminoglycosides and quinolones, whereas piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin, mezlocillin and imipenem were still inhibitory. We also present the first expanded study on bacteriophages of the genus Achromobacter that has been so far a blank slate with respect to phage research. The phages were isolated mainly from several waste water treatment plants in Germany. Morphological analysis of all of these phages by electron microscopy revealed a broad diversity with different members of the order Caudovirales, including the families Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae. A broad spectrum of different host ranges could be determined for several phages that lysed up to 24 different and in part highly antibiotic resistant strains. Molecular characterisation by DNA restriction analysis revealed that all phages contain linear double-stranded DNA. Their restriction patterns display distinct differences underlining their broad diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Microorganisms, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Brigitte Dreiseikelmann
- Department of Microbiology/Genetechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christine Rohde
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Microorganisms, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Medical Microbiology, Central Facility for Microscopy, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Allaart JG, van Asten AJ, Gröne A. Predisposing factors and prevention of Clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:449-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Zucca M, Scutera S, Savoia D. Novel avenues forClostridium difficileinfection drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:459-77. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.770466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zucca
- University of Torino, at S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (To) 10043, Italy ;
| | - Sara Scutera
- University of Torino, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, V. Santena 9, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Dianella Savoia
- University of Torino, at S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (To) 10043, Italy ;
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