1
|
Nava-Ramírez MJ, Maguey-González JA, Gómez-Rosales S, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Latorre JD, Du X, López-Coello C, Hargis BM, Téllez-Isaías G, Vázquez-Durán A, Méndez-Albores A. Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B 1 in turkey poults. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:269-277. [PMID: 38421516 PMCID: PMC11043150 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an adsorbent material based on powdered alfalfa leaves added in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet of turkey poults on production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology. For this purpose, three hundred and fifty female Nicholas-700 poults were randomly assigned into five treatments: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g; (3) Alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) AF+alfalfa, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent, and (5) AF+ yeast cell wall (YCW), diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) of yeast cell wall (a commercial mycotoxin binder used as reference material). The in vivo efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves was assessed during a 28-day period. In general, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-free diet gave the best performance results (body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake) and improved the values of total protein, glucose, calcium, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. Moreover, the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves in the AFB1-contaminated diet enhanced body weight and body weight gain and significantly reduced the feed intake, compared to the AF and AF+YCW groups. Additionally, significant alterations in serum parameters were observed in poults intoxicated with the AFB1, compared to the Control group. Furthermore, typical histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of the AF group, which were significantly ameliorated with the addition of powdered alfalfa leaves. Conclusively, these results pointed out that low inclusion of powdered alfalfa leaves in the contaminated feed counteracted the adverse effects of AFB1 in turkey poults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - J A Maguey-González
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - S Gómez-Rosales
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENID-INIFAP), Km 1 Carretera a Colon Ajuchitlán, Querétaro, 76280, Mexico
| | - J O Hernández-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - J D Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Xiangwei Du
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - C López-Coello
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, 04510, Mexico
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - G Téllez-Isaías
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - A Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - A Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, Jiao P, Wang X, Sun Y, Liang G, Xie X, Zhang Y. Evaluation of Growth Performance, Nitrogen Balance and Blood Metabolites of Mutton Sheep Fed an Ammonia-Treated Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Diet. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050361. [PMID: 35622607 PMCID: PMC9144722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet treated with ammonia on the diet detoxification and growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and blood metabolites in sheep. Twenty-four female mutton sheep with an initial body weight of 50 ± 2.5 kg were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) control diet (C); (2) aflatoxin diet (T; control diet supplemented with 75 μg of AFB1/kg of dry matter); and (3) ammoniated diet (AT; ammoniated aflatoxin diet). The results showed decreases (p < 0.05) in average daily feed intake, nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract, and retained nitrogen, and an increase (p < 0.05) in urine nitrogen excretion in sheep fed diet T compared with those fed the other diets. In comparison to C and AT, feeding T decreased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of total protein, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidants and increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of alanine amino transferase, malondialdehyde, and interleukin-6. In summary, ammonia treatment has the potential to decrease the concentration of AFB1 and alleviate the adverse effects of AFB1.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie K, He X, Hu G, Zhang H, Chen Y, Hou DX, Song Z. The preventive effect and mechanisms of adsorbent supplementation in low concentration aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet on subclinical symptom and histological lesions of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101634. [PMID: 35065342 PMCID: PMC8783143 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the subclinical symptom and histological lesions of 21-day-old and 42-day-old broilers exposure to low concentration aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and the preventive effect with adsorbent (Toxo-MX) supplementation. A total of 576 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted into 6 treatments 8 replicates and 12 birds per cage, fed with 0 ppb, 60 ppb and 120 ppb AFB1 contamination diet with or without Toxo-MX supplementation. Results showed both 60 ppb and 120 ppb AFB1 contamination significantly reduced growth performance in 21-day-old broilers (P < 0.05), but not in 42-day-old broilers (P > 0.05), however, AFB1 contamination in diet caused a higher feed to gain ratio (P < 0.05). Broilers of 21-day-old exposure to 60 ppb and 120 ppb AFB1 increased mRNA expression of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P < 0.05), 42-day-old broilers showed a same change in 120 ppb but not in 60 ppb of AFB1 contamination (P < 0.05). mRNA expressions of clauding-1, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin decreased, but Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 increased in 21-day-old broilers exposure to 60 ppb and 120 ppb AFB1 (P < 0.05), broilers of 42-day-old resisted on intestinal aflatoxicosis impairment against 60 ppb AFB1 contamination (P < 0.05), but not in 120 ppb (P < 0.05). Toxo-MX supplementation significantly reversed the detrimental effects on growth performance in both age broilers and reduced the accelerated feed to gain ratio caused by AFB1 (P < 0.05). Intestinal mRNA expression of tight junction and apoptotic genes in both age broilers were recovered by Toxo-MX supplementation (P < 0.05). However, Toxo-MX did not restore the accelerated expression of hepatic inflammation cytokines and SOD, GSH-Px in 120ppb AFB1 group (P < 0.05). The data demonstrated that diet supplementation with Toxo-MX reversed the detrimental effect on growth performance and intestine in broilers exposure to 60 ppb and 120 ppb AFB1. However, did not completely recovered hepatic inflammation induced by AFB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Engineering Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Guili Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Haihan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Engineering Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuguang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Engineering Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Engineering Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wan F, Tang L, Rao G, Zhong G, Jiang X, Wu S, Huang R, Tang Z, Ruan Z, Chen Z, Hu L. Curcumin activates the Nrf2 Pathway to alleviate AFB1-induced immunosuppression in the spleen of ducklings. Toxicon 2022; 209:18-27. [PMID: 35122786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ducklings is one of the most susceptible poultry to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which widely existed in duckling products will also in turn affect human health. Curcumin (CUR) has significant effects on immune regulation and anti-oxidation. But whether CUR alleviates toxic effects on duckling spleen induced by AFB1 remains largely unknown. In this study we treated duckings with AFB1 and CUR for 21 days before harvesting serum and spleen tissue for analyses. The results showed that AFB1 damaged the spleen tissue of ducklings by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. And the addition of CUR not only promoted the growth of ducklings, but also enhanced the immune function of the spleen and reduced the damage of AFB1 to the spleen tissue. At the same time, CUR activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, upregulated the expression of related antioxidant enzymes, inhibited the NF-kB signaling pathway, and ultimately reducing the inflammation of the duckling spleen induced by AFB1. It has been suggested from these results that Nrf2 pathway might be a potential therapeutic target for CUR to treat AFB1-induced immunosuppression in ducklings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lixuan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Gan Rao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Gaolong Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xuanxuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhiyan Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food & Drug Vocational College, No. 321, Longdong North Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zabiulla I, Malathi V, Swamy HVLN, Naik J, Pineda L, Han Y. The Efficacy of a Smectite-Based Mycotoxin Binder in Reducing Aflatoxin B 1 Toxicity on Performance, Health and Histopathology of Broiler Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120856. [PMID: 34941694 PMCID: PMC8706332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to investigate the efficacy of a smectite-based clay binder (Toxo-MX) in reducing the toxicological effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in commercial broiler chickens. A total of 450 one-day old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into three treatment groups with ten replicates of 15 birds each in a 42-day feeding experiment. The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC, a basal diet with no AFB1 and binder), a positive control (PC, a basal diet contaminated with 500 ppb of AFB1) and a smectite-based mycotoxin binder(Toxo-MX, PC with smectite clay binder). AFB1 challenge resulted in 14 to 24% depression in growth performance, elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), organ enlargement and immuno-suppression.As compared to PC, feeding of Toxo-MX improved the final weight (15%; p < 0.0001), average daily gain (ADG) (15%; p < 0.001) and feed efficiency of broilers (13%; p < 0.0003) but did not have any effects on liver enzyme activities. Supplementation of smectite claysignificantly increased serum globulin levels and reduced the weight of the liver (p < 0.05) as compared to AFB1-fed broiler chickens. The severity of lesions (inflammatory and degenerative changes) observed in the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, and lymphoid organs in PC birds was reduced by feeding smectite clay. The immuno-suppression caused by AFB1 was moderately ameliorated in Toxo-MX groupby stimulating the production of antibodies against IBD at day 42 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of a smectite-based mycotoxin binder to the diet containing AFB1 improved growth performance, reduced toxicological effects in liver and improved humoral immune response in broilers, suggesting its protective effect against aflatoxicosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Zabiulla
- Poultry Science Department, Veterinary College Bangalore, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India; (I.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Venkataramaiah Malathi
- Poultry Science Department, Veterinary College Bangalore, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India; (I.Z.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - H. V. L. N. Swamy
- Trouw Nutrition, Hyderabad 500032, India; (H.V.L.N.S.); (L.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jaya Naik
- Poultry Science Department, Veterinary College Bangalore, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India; (I.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition, Hyderabad 500032, India; (H.V.L.N.S.); (L.P.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition, Hyderabad 500032, India; (H.V.L.N.S.); (L.P.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qu W, Liu J. Effects of Glucose Oxidase Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Antioxidative and Inflammatory Status, Gut Function, and Microbiota Composition of Broilers Fed Moldy Corn. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646393. [PMID: 34220529 PMCID: PMC8244819 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose oxidase is widely used as a livestock feed additive owing to its beneficial effects on growth performance and antioxidant activity. However, little is known about the effects of the enzyme on intestinal health. Methods To investigate the effects of glucose oxidase supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbiota composition of broilers fed moldy corn, newly hatched Arbor Acres broilers were each randomly assigned to one of four groups, which were fed a basal diet (CON), a contaminated diet (10% moldy corn) (MC), a basal diet supplemented with 0.01% glucose oxidase (GOD), or a contaminated diet supplemented with 0.01% glucose oxidase (MCG). Results We found that the average weight gain (ADG) of the MC group was significantly lower than those of the CON and GOD groups, and there were no significant differences in ADG between the MCG group and the CON and GOD groups. Intestinal morphology results revealed irregularly arranged villi and microvilli in the ilea from the MC group, whereas those from the other three groups were aligned regularly. Tight-junction protein analysis showed that both ZO-1 expression and claudin-4 expression in the MC group were significantly lower than those in the other groups. Inflammation cytokines analysis showed lower serum concentration of interleukin-10, as well as its mRNA expression in the ileum of the MC group, when compared with those of the other groups. Additionally, we observed lower glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activity and higher malonaldehyde concentration in the MC group than those in the MCG group. The α and β diversity of microbiota profiling indicated that the cecal microbiota in the MC group differed from those in the other three groups. Conclusion The results indicated that glucose oxidase supplementation was able to prevent the adverse effects from mycotoxin exposure on growth performance, antioxidant activity, inflammatory response, intestinal function, and microbiota composition in broilers. We suggested that glucose oxidase supplementation can be used in broilers to mitigate the adverse effects of moldy feed, and its benefits are due to its effect on intestinal microbiota composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarker MT, Wang ZY, Yang H, Wan X, Emmanuel A. Evaluation of the protective effect of lycopene on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities of aflatoxinB 1 challenged broilers. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13540. [PMID: 33742527 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the protective efficiency of dietary lycopene (LYC) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities aflatoxinB1 (AFB1 ) challenged broilers. A total of 240 days old Arber across male broiler chicks were randomly allocated in five treatments and six replicates (eight birds per replicate); feed and water were provided ad libitum during the 42 days experiment. The treatment diets were as follows: (i) Basal diet (control), (ii) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 contaminated diet, (iii) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 100 mg/kg LYC1, (iv) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 200 mg/kg LYC2, and (v) Basal diet + 100 µg/kg AFB1 + 400 mg/kg LYC3. The results showed that the addition of LYC to AFB1 contaminated broiler diets significantly increased (p < .05) average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the AFB1 diet. AFB1 diet decreased the intestinal villus height (VH) and crypt depth ratio (VCR) while increasing the crypt depth (CD). However, dietary LYC supplemented diets relieved the intestinal morphological alterations. Dietary LYC supplementation (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly improved (p < .05) intestinal digestive enzyme amylase and lipase activities with AFB1 contaminated diet. These findings suggested that LYC is a promising feed supplement in the broiler industry, alleviating the harmful effects of AFB1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, China
| | - Haiming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, China
| | - Xiaoli Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, China
| | - Asare Emmanuel
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Travel A, Metayer JP, Mika A, Bailly JD, Cleva D, Boissieu C, Le Guennec J, Albaric O, Labrut S, Lepivert G, Marengue E, Froment P, Tardieu D, Guerre P. Toxicity of Fumonisins, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone Alone and in Combination in Turkeys Fed with the Maximum European Union-Tolerated Level. Avian Dis 2020; 63:703-712. [PMID: 31865686 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surveys of mycotoxins worldwide have shown that deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB), and zearalenone (ZON) are the most abundant Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) in European poultry feed, in both the level and the frequency of contamination. Previous studies reported that a combination of FUS at concentrations that individually are not toxic may negatively affect animals. However, although toxic thresholds and regulatory guidelines exist for FUS, none account for the risk of multiple contamination, which is the most frequent. The aim of this study was to compare DON, FB, and ZON toxicity, alone and in combination, in male turkey poults. Ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains were incorporated in corn-soybean-based feed in five experimental diets: control diet, containing no mycotoxins, DON diet (5 mg DON/kg), FB diet (20 mg FB1 + FB2/ kg), ZON diet (0.5 mg ZON/kg), and DONFBZON diet (5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively). Seventy male Grade Maker turkeys were reared in individual cages on mycotoxin-free diets from 0 to 55 days of age. On the 55th day, the turkeys were weighed and divided into five groups each comprising 14 birds. Each group was fed one of the five experimental diets for a period of 14 days. On the 70th day of age, feed was withheld for 8 hr, at which time a blood sample was collected, and then all the turkeys were killed, autopsied, and different tissues sampled. The weight of the different organs, analyses of performance, biochemistry, histopathology, oxidative damage, and testis toxicity revealed no significant effects attributable to FUS. Measurement of sphingolipids in the liver revealed an increase in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in turkeys fed diets containing FB, but had no apparent consequences in terms of toxicity. Finally, only slight differences were found in some variables and the results of this study showed no interactions between DON, FB, and ZON. Taken together, results thus suggest that the maximum tolerated levels established for individual contamination by DON, FB, and ZON can also be considered safe in turkeys fed with combinations of these FUS for a period of 14 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Travel
- Intistitut Technique de l'Aviculture, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Paul Metayer
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
| | - Amandine Mika
- Intistitut Technique de l'Aviculture, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Denis Bailly
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Equipe Biosynthèse et toxicité des mycotoxines, Unité Mixte de Recherche Toxalim, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Cleva
- Chêne Vert Conseil, ZI Bellevue II-35220 Chateaubourg, France
| | - Cyril Boissieu
- Chêne Vert Conseil, ZI Bellevue II-35220 Chateaubourg, France
| | - Jean Le Guennec
- Finalab, 4 bis rue Th. Botrel, BP 351, 22603 Loudéac Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Albaric
- Oniris, Site de la Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cédex 3, France
| | - Sophie Labrut
- Oniris, Site de la Chantrerie, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cédex 3, France
| | - Gurvan Lepivert
- Labocea, 7 rue du Sabot, CS 30054, Zoopole, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Marengue
- Labocea, 7 rue du Sabot, CS 30054, Zoopole, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- Team Sensor, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7247, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Université de Tours/IFCE 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Tardieu
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Philippe Guerre
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23 Chemin des capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lack of Toxic Interaction Between Fusariotoxins in Broiler Chickens Fed throughout Their Life at the Highest Level Tolerated in the European Union. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080455. [PMID: 31382532 PMCID: PMC6722906 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins (FUS) occur frequently in poultry diets, and regulatory limits are laid down in several countries. However, the limits were established for exposure to a single mycotoxin, whereas multiple contamination is more realistic, and different studies have demonstrated that it is not possible to predict interactions between mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was thus to compare the toxic effect of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) and zearalenone (ZON), alone and in combination on broiler chickens, at the maximum tolerated level established by the EU for poultry feed. Experimental corn-soybean diets incorporated ground cultured toxigenic Fusarium strains. One feed was formulated for chickens 0 to 10 days old and another for chickens 11 to 35 days old. The control diets were mycotoxin free, the DON diets contained 5 mg DON/kg, the FB diet contained 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg, and the ZON diet contained 0.5 mg ZON/kg. The DONFBZON diet contained 5, 20, and 0.5 mg/kg of DON, FB1 + FB2, and ZON, respectively. Diets were distributed ad libitum to 70 broilers (male Ross PM3) separated into five groups of 14 chickens each reared in individual cages from one to 35 days of age. On day 35, after a starvation period of 8 h, a blood sample was collected, and all the animals were killed and autopsied. No difference between groups that could be attributed to FUS was observed in performances, the relative weight of organs, biochemistry, histopathology, intestinal morphometry, variables of oxidative damage, and markers of testicle toxicity. A significant increase in sphinganine and in the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio was observed in broilers fed FB. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory guidelines established for single contamination of broiler chickens fed with DON, FB, and ZON can also be used in the case of multiple contamination with these toxins.
Collapse
|
11
|
Prapapanpong J, Udomkusonsri P, Mahavorasirikul W, Choochuay S, Tansakul N. In vitro studies on gastrointestinal monogastric and avian models to evaluate the binding efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:125-132. [PMID: 31453181 PMCID: PMC6702928 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is evaluating the efficacies of 11 mycotoxin adsorbent products, marketed in South East Asia. Three prominently occurring mycotoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) were simultaneously spiked into the samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were simultaneously tested in vitro in phosphate buffer and simulated at different pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tracts of the porcine and avian model, analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS All mycotoxin adsorbent products had high efficacy at over 90% for AFB1 adsorption in both GI porcine and avian models. AFB1 could be adsorbed more in acidic condition than the basic condition. ZEN adsorption was determined to be more stable at pH 3 than pH 6.5 or 8.4, in which pH condition might influence on ZEN desorption rate. DON was poorly adsorbed by all tested agents. CONCLUSIONS The finding showed that the adsorption rate varied depending on the type of adsorbent. Our results might provide useful information regarding the efficacy of mycotoxin adsorbents commercially marketed in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Prapapanpong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiratchanee Mahavorasirikul
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology,Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Choochuay
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nazarizadeh H, Pourreza J. Evaluation of three mycotoxin binders to prevent the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in growing broilers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1584106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Nazarizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Pourreza
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Feng GD, He J, Ao X, Chen DW. Effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive physiology in ducks. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1948-1955. [PMID: 27920189 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of maize naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, relative digestive organs weight, digestive enzymes activities, and biochemical index of intestinal development in ducks. A total of 640 ducks was blocked on the basis of sex and body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen. The experiment lasted for 5 wk, and dietary treatments included basal diet (CON) and diets with 100% of normal maize replaced by AFB1 contaminated maize. Detectable levels of other toxins were present but only AFB1 exceeded limits and the level of AFB1 was 195.4 ug/kg in the contaminated maize, and ranged from 2.91 to 120.02 ug/kg in the starter diet and 2.03 to 153.12 ug/kg in the grower diet. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during the whole experiment, whereas F/G during d 15 to 35 and d zero to 35 was reduced (P < 0.05). The mortality of ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05). Ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets had greater (P < 0.05) relative weights of proventriculus and gizzard on d 14 as well as the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum on d 14 and 35. Feeding AFB1 contaminated diets increased (P < 0.05) crypt depth, villus width, and surface area in the duodenum on d 35 and villus height, villus width, and surface area in the jejunum on d 14. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase in the jejunum brush border together with chymotrypsin and trypsin in the pancreas increased (P < 0.05) on d 14 with the inclusion of AFB1 contaminated maize. The jejunum villus became long and wide in ducks fed AFB1 contaminated diets. Taken together, the feeding of maize naturally contaminated with AFB1 caused adverse effects on growth performance and intestinal morphology, and altered digestive physiology and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Feng
- Tie Qi Li Shi Group. Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, 621006, P. R. China
| | - J He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, P. R. China
| | - X Ao
- Tie Qi Li Shi Group. Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, 621006, P. R. China
| | - D W Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Limaye A, Yu RC, Chou CC, Liu JR, Cheng KC. Protective and Detoxifying Effects Conferred by Dietary Selenium and Curcumin against AFB1-Mediated Toxicity in Livestock: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E25. [PMID: 29301315 PMCID: PMC5793112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), among other aflatoxins of the aflatoxin family, is the most carcinogenic and hazardous mycotoxin to animals and human beings with very high potency leading to aflatoxicosis. Selenium is an essential trace mineral possessing powerful antioxidant functions. Selenium is widely reported as an effective antioxidant against aflatoxicosis. By preventing oxidative liver damage, suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins and improving immune status in AFB1 affected animals; selenium confers specific protection against AFB1 toxicity. Meticulous supplementation of animal feed by elemental selenium in the organic and inorganic forms has proven to be effective to ameliorate AFB1 toxicity. Curcumin is another dietary agent of importance in tackling aflatoxicosis. Curcumin is one of the major active ingredients in the tubers of a spice Curcuma longa L., a widely reported antioxidant, anticarcinogenic agent with reported protective potential against aflatoxin-mediated liver damage. Curcumin restricts the aflatoxigenic potential of Aspergillusflavus. Curcumin inhibits cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, particularly CYP2A6 isoform; thereby reducing the formation of AFB1-8, 9-epoxide and other toxic metabolites causing aflatoxicosis. In this review, we have briefly reviewed important aflatoxicosis symptoms among animals. With the main focus on curcumin and selenium, we have reviewed their underlying protective mechanisms in different animals along with their extraction and production methods for feed applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Limaye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Roch-Chui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chun Chou
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng Z, Zuo Z, Zhu P, Wang F, Yin H, Peng X, Fang J, Cui H, Gao C, Song H, Ouyang P, Zhou Y, Zhao S. A study on the expression of apoptotic molecules related to death receptor and endoplasmic reticulum pathways in the jejunum of AFB 1-intoxicated chickens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89655-89664. [PMID: 29163778 PMCID: PMC5685699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common contaminant of poultry feeds in tropical and subtropical climates. Early researches have well established the hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and immunotoxic effects of AFB1 on humans and animals. Recently, it has been shown that AFB1 could cause the up- or down-alteration of mitochondrial pathway molecule expression. However, the information on the expression of death receptor and endoplasmic reticulum molecules in the jejunal apoptosis induced by AFB1 were unavailable. So the present study was conducted to explore the expression of apoptotic molecules related to death receptor and endoplasmic reticulum in the jejunal cells of chickens exposed to AFB1 diet for 3 weeks. Total of 144 one-day-old chickens was randomly divided into two groups, namely control group (containing 0 mg/kg AFB1) and AFB1 group (containing 0.6 mg/kg AFB1). Histopathological observation and microscopic quantitative analysis revealed morphological changes in the jejunum such as the shedding of the mucosal epithelial cells in the apical region of villi along with the decrease of villus height, villus area and villus/crypt ratio in the AFB1 group. Both TUNEL and flow cytometry assays showed that AFB1 intake induced excessive apoptosis of jejunal cells. Quantitative real-time PCR test displayed the general upregulation of death receptors (FAS, FASL, TNF-α and TNF-R1), endoplasmic reticulum signals (GRP78 and GRP94) as well as initiator and executioner caspases (CASPASE-10, CASPASE-8 and CASPASE-3) in the jejunum of AFB1-intoxicated chickens. It's the first study demonstrating that AFB1 induced apoptosis of chickens’ jejunum accompanied by the alteration of death receptor and endoplasmic reticulum molecule expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Fengyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Heng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637002, PR China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Caixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Hetao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Life science department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith LE, Prendergast AJ, Turner PC, Humphrey JH, Stoltzfus RJ. Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:770-776. [PMID: 28500823 PMCID: PMC5392618 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired placental growth, or elevation of placental cytokines. The cytotoxic and systemic effects of aflatoxin could plausibly mediate maternal anemia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal loss, and preterm birth. Given the widespread exposure to this toxin in developing countries, longitudinal studies in pregnant women are needed to provide stronger evidence for the role of aflatoxin in adverse pregnancy outcomes, and to explore biological mechanisms. Potential pathways for intervention to reduce aflatoxin exposure are urgently needed, and this might reduce the global burden of stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birthweight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu C, Zuo Z, Zhu P, Zheng Z, Peng X, Fang J, Cui H, Zhou Y, Ouyang P, Geng Y, Deng J, Sun Y. Sodium selenite prevents suppression of mucosal humoral response by AFB 1 in broiler's cecal tonsil. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54215-54226. [PMID: 28903335 PMCID: PMC5589574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most common mycotoxin in human food and animal feed, produces hepatotoxic, genotoxic and immunosuppressive effects in multiple species. Selenium (Se) has emerged as an important element in the dietary prevention of various toxic agents. The present study was designed to scrutinize the protective effects of sodium selenite on the histological lesions and suppression of mucosal humoral response in the cecal tonsil generated by AFB1. A total of 156 one-day-old broilers were divided into four groups and fed on basal diet (control group), 0.6 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se supplement (+Se group), and 0.6 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se supplement (AFB1+Se group) respectively for 21 days. Our results showed that 0.4 mg/kg Se supplement in broiler's diets could improve the AFB1-induced histological lesions in the cecal tonsils including the depletion of lymphocytes in the lymphatic nodules as well as the shedding of microvilli in the absorptive cells. Moreover, Se could restore the decreased number of IgA+ cells and expression levels of pIgR, IgA, IgG, and IgM mRNA induced by AFB1 to be close to those in the control group. These results demonstrated that 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary Se in the form of sodium selenite could protect the cecal tonsils from the histological lesions and suppression of the mucosal humoral response provoked by 0.6 mg/kg AFB1. Our study may provide new experimental evidences for better understanding of AFB1-induced damage of mucosal immunity and protective effect of Se against this toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Life Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Watts C, Zhou T. Innovative technologies for the mitigation of mycotoxins in animal feed and ingredients—A review of recent patents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Wielogórska E, MacDonald S, Elliott C. A review of the efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifying agents used in feed in light of changing global environment and legislation. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, mycotoxins have undoubtedly gained a keen interest of the scientific community studying food safety. The main reason is their profound impact on both human and animal health. International surveys reveal a low percentage of feed samples being contaminated above permitted/guideline levels, developed to protect consumers of animal derived products. However, the deleterious impact of feed co-contaminated at low levels with numerous both known and regulated as well as novel mycotoxins on producing animals has been described. Associated effects on agro-economics world-wide include substantial pecuniary losses which are borne by the society as a whole. Even though good agronomic practice is thought to be the most effective way of preventing animal feed contamination, the EC have recognised the need to introduce an additional means of management of feed already contaminated with low-levels of mycotoxins to alleviate detrimental effects on agricultural production efficiency. This review discusses types of feed detoxifying agents described in scientific literature, their reported efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo systems, and comparison with available commercial formulations in the light of increasing knowledge regarding mycotoxin prevalence in the changing global environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - S. MacDonald
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - C.T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Naehrer K, Applegate TJ. Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration and aflatoxin B1 on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1312-25. [PMID: 26944977 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-day trial was conducted to determine the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and dietary protein concentration on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 3 crude protein (CP) concentrations (16, 22, and 26%) with or without 1.5 mg/kg AFB1 Each diet was fed to 6 replicate cages (6 chicks per cage) from zero to 20 d of age. Endogenous N and amino acid loss were estimated from birds fed a N-free diet with or without 1.5 mg/kg AFB1 A significant interaction between AFB1 and CP concentration was observed for growth performance, where reduction of BW gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, and breast muscle weight by AFB1 were most profound in birds fed the 16%-CP diet, and were completely eliminated when birds were fed the 26%-CP diet (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.023). Similarly, AFB1 reduced serum albumin, total protein, and globulin concentrations in birds fed 16 and 22% CP diets, but not in those fed the 26%-CP (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.071). Gut permeability was increased in birds fed AFB1-contamiated diets as measured by serum lactulose/rhamnose ratio (main effect; P = 0.04). Additionally, AFB1 tended to increase endogenous N loss (P = 0.09), and significantly reduced apparent ileal digestible energy and standardized ileal N and amino acid digestibility in birds fed the 16%-CP diet, while birds fed higher dietary CP were not affected (AFB1 by CP interaction; P ≤ 0.01). Further, AFB1 increased the translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4EBP1), claudin1, and multiple jejunal amino acid transporters expression (main effect; P ≤ 0.04). Results from this study indicate that a 1.5 mg AFB1/kg diet significantly impairs growth, major serum biochemistry measures, gut barrier, endogenous loss, and energy and amino acid digestibility. Aflatoxicosis can be augmented by low dietary CP, while higher dietary CP completely eliminated the impairment of performance, serum proteins, and nutrient digestibility from aflatoxicosis in zero to 20 d broiler chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - K Naehrer
- Biomin Research Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906 Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Protective roles of sodium selenite against aflatoxin B1-induced apoptosis of jejunum in broilers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:13130-43. [PMID: 25526081 PMCID: PMC4276667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111213130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure and sodium selenite supplementation on cell apoptosis of jejunum in broilers were studied. A total of 240 one-day-old male AA broilers were randomly assigned four dietary treatments containing 0 mg/kg of AFB1 (control), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1), 0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (+ Se) and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (AFB1 + Se), respectively. Compared with the control broilers, the number of apoptotic cells, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA were significantly increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were significantly decreased in AFB1 broilers. The number of apoptotic cells and the expression of Caspase-3 mRNA in AFB1 + Se broilers were significantly higher than those in the control broilers, but significantly lower than those in AFB1 broilers. There were no significant changes in the expression of Bax mRNA between AFB1 + Se and control broilers; the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in AFB1 + Se broilers were significantly lower than those in the control broilers, but significantly higher than those in AFB1 broilers. In conclusion, 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 in the diet can increase cell apoptosis, decrease Bcl-2 mRNA expression, and increase of Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in broiler’s jejunum. However, supplementation of dietary sodium selenite at the concentration of 0.4 mg/kg Se may ameliorate AFB1-induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 mRNA expression, and decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA expression.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang ZB, Wan XL, Yang WR, Jiang SZ, Zhang GG, Johnston SL, Chi F. Effects of naturally mycotoxin-contaminated corn on nutrient and energy utilization of ducks fed diets with or without Calibrin-A. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2199-209. [PMID: 25037822 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty-two 21-d-old ducks were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 3 levels of mycotoxin-contaminated corn (0, 50, and 100% M) and 2 levels of Calibrin-A (CA, a clay mycotoxin adsorbent, 0 and 0.1%) to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of mycotoxin-contaminated corn on nutrient utilization in ducks fed diets with or without CA. Endogenous losses were obtained from another 27 ducks. Excreta samples were collected to determine DM, OM, CP, amino acids, and gross energy. Gross energy was analyzed for computation of AME and TME. The apparent digestibility (AD) and true digestibility (TD) of the nutrients in all treatments with and without CA had common (P > 0.05) intercepts and slopes except Pro (P < 0.05). The AME, TME, AD, and TD of DM, OM, Phe, and Gly were linearly (P < 0.05) decreased as the concentration of contaminated corn in the diet increased. Ducks fed the 100% M diet supplemented with 0.1% CA increased AD and TD of Gly compared with the 100% M diet, and ducks fed 50 and 100% M diet supplemented with 0.1% CA increased AD and TD of Pro compared with 50% M and 100% M diet, respectively. In the present study, ducks fed mycotoxin-contaminated corn decreased nutrient digestibility in dose-dependent manner, and 0.1% CA supplementation improved AD and TD of Gly and Pro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z B Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China, 271018
| | - X L Wan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China, 271018
| | - W R Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China, 271018
| | - S Z Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China, 271018
| | - G G Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China, 271018
| | | | - F Chi
- Amlan International, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
He Y, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H, Zuo Z, Deng J, Chen Z, Geng Y, Lai W, Shu G, Tang L. Effects of sodium selenite on aflatoxin B1-induced decrease of ileal IgA+ cell numbers and immunoglobulin contents in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:49-55. [PMID: 24909240 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the protective effect of sodium selenite on the ileum mucosal immunologic injury induced by AFB1. One hundred eighty-one-day-old healthy male Avian broilers were divided into four groups of three replicates and 15 birds per replicate and fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se (AFB1 + Se group) respectively. The numbers of IgA(+) cells of ileum were determined by immunohistochemistry as well as the contents of sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM in the mucosa of ileum by ELISA. Compared with those in the control group, the numbers of IgA(+) cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were decreased in the AFB1 group. However, compared with those in the AFB1 group, the numbers of IgA(+) cells as well as the sIgA, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were increased in the AFB1 + Se group, and these data had no difference between AFB1 + Se group and control group. It was concluded that 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 could reduce the humoral immune function of the ileum mucosa, but 0.4 mg/kg supplemented dietary selenium could protect the mucosal humoral immune function from AFB1-induced impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang S, Peng X, Fang J, Cui H, Zuo Z, Chen Z. Effects of aflatoxin B1 exposure and sodium selenite supplementation on the histology, cell proliferation, and cell cycle of jejunum in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:32-40. [PMID: 24880257 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure and sodium selenite supplementation on the histology, cell proliferation and cell cycle of jejunum in broilers. A total of 240 1-day-old male AA broilers were divided into four groups of 60 each, fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (Se group), and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg supplement Se (AFB1 + Se group) for 21 days, respectively. Compared with the control group, decreased jejunal villus height, villus height/crypt ratio, and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, and G2/M phase arrest and shedded epithelial cells on the tip of jejunal villus were observed in AFB1 groups at 7 and 14 days of age. However, the villus/crypt ratio, PCNA-positive cells and cell percentage of G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases had no significant differences between AFB1 group and control group at 21 days. Simultaneous supplementation with sodium selenite restored these parameters to be close to those in control group. In conclusion, 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 in the diet inhibits the development of broiler's jejunum by reducing cellular proliferation and inducing G2/M arrest during only the first 2 weeks after hatching. Supplementation of dietary sodium selenite at the concentration of 0.4 mg/kg Se had protective action against these toxic effects of AFB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Das A, Bhattacharya S, Palaniswamy M, Angayarkanni J. Biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated rice straw by Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC 142 and Pleurotus ostreatus GHBBF10 in the presence of metal salts and surfactants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2315-24. [PMID: 24770873 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly toxic fungal metabolite having carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on human and animal health. Accidental feeding of aflatoxin-contaminated rice straw may be detrimental for ruminant livestock and can lead to transmission of this toxin or its metabolites into the milk of dairy cattle. White-rot basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus produces ligninolytic enzymes like laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP). These extracellular enzymes have been reported to degrade many environmentally hazardous compounds. The present study examines the ability of P. ostreatus strains to degrade AFB1 in rice straw in the presence of metal salts and surfactants. Laccase and MnP activities were determined spectrophotometrically. The efficiency of AFB1 degradation was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. Highest degradation was recorded for both P. ostreatus MTCC 142 (89.14 %) and P. ostreatus GHBBF10 (91.76 %) at 0.5 µg mL(-1) initial concentration of AFB1. Enhanced degradation was noted for P. ostreatus MTCC 142 in the presence of Cu(2+) and Triton X-100, at toxin concentration of 5 µg mL(-1). P. ostreatus GHBBF10 showed highest degradation in the presence of Zn(2+) and Tween 80. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis revealed the formation of hydrated, decarbonylated and O-dealkylated products. The present findings suggested that supplementation of AFB1-contaminated rice straw by certain metal salts and surfactants can improve the enzymatic degradation of this mycotoxin by P. ostreatus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Das
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Gregorio MC, Neeff DVD, Jager AV, Corassin CH, Carão ÁCDP, Albuquerque RD, Azevedo ACD, Oliveira CAF. Mineral adsorbents for prevention of mycotoxins in animal feeds. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.905604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
27
|
Rasooly R, Hernlem B, He X, Friedman M. Non-linear relationships between aflatoxin B₁ levels and the biological response of monkey kidney vero cells. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1447-61. [PMID: 23949006 PMCID: PMC3760045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during pre-harvest, storage and processing periods. Once consumed, aflatoxins (AFs) accumulate in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. Most human exposure to AF seems to be a result of consumption of contaminated plant and animal products. The policy of blending and dilution of grain containing higher levels of aflatoxins with uncontaminated grains for use in animal feed implicitly assumes that the deleterious effects of low levels of the toxins are linearly correlated to concentration. This assumption may not be justified, since it involves extrapolation of these nontoxic levels in feed, which are not of further concern. To develop a better understanding of the significance of low dose effects, in the present study, we developed quantitative methods for the detection of biologically active aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Vero cells by two independent assays: the green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay, as a measure of protein synthesis by the cells, and the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, as a measure of cell viability. The results demonstrate a non-linear dose-response relationship at the cellular level. AFB1 at low concentrations has an opposite biological effect to higher doses that inhibit protein synthesis. Additional studies showed that heat does not affect the stability of AFB1 in milk and that the Vero cell model can be used to determine the presence of bioactive AFB1 in spiked beef, lamb and turkey meat. The implication of the results for the cumulative effects of low amounts of AFB1 in numerous foods is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-6478; Fax: +1-510-559-6162
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|