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Paliwal PK, Rajendar B, Nagarajan T, Reddy MVNJ, Tripathi A, Matur RV. Quantitative determination of C-polysaccharide in Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Immunol Methods 2024:113734. [PMID: 39098593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae are used in pneumococcal polysaccharide and protein-conjugate vaccines. Cell-wall polysaccharide (C-Ps) is a critical impurity that must be kept at low levels in purified polysaccharide preparations. Hence, accurate and precise methods for determining C-Ps are needed. Currently available methods include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Both these methods suffer from their own limitations; therefore, we developed a simple and efficient enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for accurate and precise quantification of C-Ps in samples of any serotype of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide without interference. We quantified C-Ps in preparations of 14 serotype polysaccharides using newly developed ELISA method and compared the results with C-Ps values obtained using two previously reported methods, 1H NMR and HPAEC-PAD. The C-Ps value determined using 1H NMR for serotype 5 was 21.08%, whereas the values obtained using HPAEC-PAD and ELISA were 2.38% and 2.89% respectively, indicating some interference in 1H NMR method. The sensitivity of the ELISA method is higher because the sample is used directly unlike HPAEC-PAD method where sample is subjected to harsh treatment, such as acid digestion and quantify C-Ps based on peak area of ribitol or AAT. Furthermore, 1H NMR and HPAEC-PAD are expensive and laborious methods. Our work, underscores the simple and efficient ELISA that can be used for quantification of C-Ps in pneumococcal polysaccharide preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar Paliwal
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Burki Rajendar
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
| | - Thirumeni Nagarajan
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | | | - Amit Tripathi
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ramesh V Matur
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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2
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Jain SS, Singh VK, Kante RK, Jana SK, Patil RH. Current trends in development and manufacturing of higher-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine and its challenges. Biologicals 2024; 87:101784. [PMID: 39053122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been developed to protect against pneumococcal diseases caused by the more than 100 serotypes of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCVs primarily prevent pneumococcal infections such as sepsis, bacteraemia, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, septicaemia, and sinusitis among infants, adults, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The current available PCVs only cover a limited number of serotypes, and there is an immense need for developing higher-valent PCVs that can protect against non-vaccine serotypes to overcome challenges like serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance. The main challenges for developing higher valent PCVs are the complexity of the manufacturing process comprising polysaccharide fermentation, purification, modification or sizing of multiple polysaccharides and conjugation between polysaccharides and carrier proteins, the stability of the conjugates, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Different manufacturing processes have been explored to produce higher valent PCVs using different serotypes of S. pneumoniae and conjugation with different carrier proteins. The global coverage of higher valent PCVs are still low, mainly due to the high cost and limited supply of the vaccine. This review focuses on the existing and emerging manufacturing processes and challenges associated with higher-valent pneumococcal PCV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital S Jain
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Department of Biotechnology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India; Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Vikas K Singh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kante
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Swapan Kumar Jana
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Rajendra H Patil
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Department of Biotechnology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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3
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Wu X, Ge J, Song G, Liu Y, Gao P, Tian T, Li X, Xu J, Chu Y, Zheng F. The GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Riemerella anatipestifer. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23763. [PMID: 38954404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302694rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is a pathogenic bacterium that causes duck serositis and meningitis, leading to significant harm to the duck industry. To escape from the host immune system, the meningitis-causing bacteria must survive and multiply in the bloodstream, relying on specific virulence factors such as capsules. Therefore, it is essential to study the genes involved in capsule biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer. In this study, we successfully constructed gene deletion mutants Δ3820 and Δ3830, targeting the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes, respectively, using the RA-LZ01 strain as the parental strain. The growth kinetics analysis revealed that these two genes contribute to bacterial growth. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and silver staining showed that Δ3820 and Δ3830 produced the altered capsules and compounds of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). Serum resistance test showed the mutants also exhibited reduced C3b deposition and decreased resistance serum killing. In vivo, Δ3820 and Δ3830 exhibited markedly declining capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, compared to RA-LZ01. These findings indicate that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPSs biosynthesis and play a key role in the pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, Δ3820 and Δ3830 mutants presented a tendency toward higher survival rates from RA-LZ01 challenge in vivo. Additionally, sera from ducklings immunized with the mutants showed cross-immunoreactivity with different serotypes of R. anatipestifer, including 1, 2, 7 and 10. Western blot and SDS-PAGE assays revealed that the altered CPSs of Δ3820 and Δ3830 resulted in the exposure of some conserved proteins playing the key role in the cross-immunoreactivity. Our study clearly demonstrated that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPS biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer and the capsule is a target for attenuation in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guodong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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An H, Tian X, Huang Y, Zhang JR. Identification of the mouse Kupffer cell receptors recognizing pneumococcal capsules by affinity screening. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102065. [PMID: 36853688 PMCID: PMC9881400 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are the major sentinels to guard the bloodstream by recognizing diverse microbial ligands of blood-borne pathogens. Here, we establish a protocol for identifying the KC receptors recognizing the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of low-virulence Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model. This protocol includes preparation of CPS-coated microspheres and KC membrane proteins, affinity pulldown of CPS-binding proteins, and functional validation of the CPS receptors. This protocol provides a platform to investigate the receptor-ligand interactions between KCs and encapsulated bacteria. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to An et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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5
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An H, Qian C, Huang Y, Li J, Tian X, Feng J, Hu J, Fang Y, Jiao F, Zeng Y, Huang X, Meng X, Liu X, Lin X, Zeng Z, Guilliams M, Beschin A, Chen Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Oggioni MR, Leong J, Veening JW, Deng H, Zhang R, Wang H, Wu J, Cui Y, Zhang JR. Functional vulnerability of liver macrophages to capsules defines virulence of blood-borne bacteria. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213054. [PMID: 35258552 PMCID: PMC8908791 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many encapsulated bacteria use capsules to cause invasive diseases. However, it remains largely unknown how the capsules enhance bacterial virulence under in vivo infection conditions. Here we show that the capsules primarily target the liver to enhance bacterial survival at the onset of blood-borne infections. In a mouse sepsis model, the capsules enabled human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli to circumvent the recognition of liver-resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs) in a capsular serotype-dependent manner. In contrast to effective capture of acapsular bacteria by KCs, the encapsulated bacteria are partially (low-virulence types) or completely (high-virulence types) “untouchable” for KCs. We finally identified the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) as the first known capsule receptor on KCs to recognize the low-virulence serotype-7F and -14 pneumococcal capsules. Our data identify the molecular interplay between the capsules and KCs as a master controller of the fate and virulence of encapsulated bacteria, and suggest that the interplay is targetable for therapeutic control of septic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyun Qian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Feng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Jiao
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuna Zeng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xin Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije University Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - John Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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6
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Root-Bernstein R. Possible Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, CRM197 and Proteins in Pneumococcal Vaccines May Protect Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Disease and Death. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E559. [PMID: 32987794 PMCID: PMC7712751 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. This paper explores the possibility that pneumococcal vaccines in particular, but perhaps other vaccines as well, contain antigens that might be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Comparison of the glycosylation structures of SARS-CoV-2 with the polysaccharide structures of pneumococcal vaccines yielded no obvious similarities. However, while pneumococcal vaccines are primarily composed of capsular polysaccharides, some are conjugated to cross-reacting material CRM197, a modified diphtheria toxin, and all contain about three percent protein contaminants, including the pneumococcal surface proteins PsaA, PspA and probably PspC. All of these proteins have very high degrees of similarity, using very stringent criteria, with several SARS-CoV-2 proteins including the spike protein, membrane protein and replicase 1a. CRM197 is also present in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis vaccines. Equivalent similarities were found at lower rates, or were completely absent, among the proteins in diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, and poliovirus vaccines. Notably, PspA and PspC are highly antigenic and new pneumococcal vaccines based on them are currently in human clinical trials so that their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 disease is easily testable.
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