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Zhao W, Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Du F, Wu R, Kong J, An S. Construction and optimization of a genetic transformation system for efficient expression of human insulin-GFP fusion gene in flax. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:83. [PMID: 39190215 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The human insulin gene modified with a C-peptide was synthesized according to the plant-preferred codon, and a fusion gene expression vector of insulin combined with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was constructed. The optimization of the flax callus culturing was undertaken, and a more efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the flax hypocotyls was achieved. The critical concentration values of hygromycin on the flax hypocotyl development, as well as on its differentiated callus, were explored by the method of antibiotic gradient addition, and the application of antibiotic screening for the verification of positive calluses was assessed. The fusion gene of insulin and GFP was successfully inserted into the flax genome and expressed, as confirmed through polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. In conclusion, we have established a flax callus culture system suitable for insulin expression. By optimizing the conditions of the flax callus induction, transformation, screening, and verification of a transgenic callus, we have provided an effective way to obtain insulin. Moreover, the herein-employed flax callus culture system could provide a feasible, cheap, and environmentally friendly platform for producing bioactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan Economic and Technological Development Zone, No. 19 Taiji Road, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Changan District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Luyang Zhou
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China
- Shijiazhuang Medical College, No.1 Tongxin Road, Lingshou County, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050500, China
| | - Zhongxia Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China
| | - Fei Du
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hengshui People's Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, 053000, China
| | - Ruoyu Wu
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China.
| | - Jing Kong
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China.
| | - Shengjun An
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 326 Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050090, China.
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Sarmiento Varón L, González-Puelma J, Medina-Ortiz D, Aldridge J, Alvarez-Saravia D, Uribe-Paredes R, Navarrete MA. The role of machine learning in health policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and in long COVID management. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1140353. [PMID: 37113165 PMCID: PMC10126380 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1140353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is arguably one of the most challenging health crises in modern times. The development of effective strategies to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were major goals for governments and policy makers. Mathematical modeling and machine learning emerged as potent tools to guide and optimize the different control measures. This review briefly summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolution during the first 3 years. It details the main public health challenges focusing on the contribution of mathematical modeling to design and guide government action plans and spread mitigation interventions of SARS-CoV-2. Next describes the application of machine learning methods in a series of study cases, including COVID-19 clinical diagnosis, the analysis of epidemiological variables, and drug discovery by protein engineering techniques. Lastly, it explores the use of machine learning tools for investigating long COVID, by identifying patterns and relationships of symptoms, predicting risk indicators, and enabling early evaluation of COVID-19 sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge González-Puelma
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David Medina-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Aldridge
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Diego Alvarez-Saravia
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Roberto Uribe-Paredes
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo A. Navarrete
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Furió-Novejarque C, Sanz R, Ritschel TKS, Reenberg AT, Ranjan AG, Nørgaard K, Díez JL, Jørgensen JB, Bondia J. Modeling the effect of glucagon on endogenous glucose production in type 1 diabetes: On the role of glucagon receptor dynamics. Comput Biol Med 2023; 154:106605. [PMID: 36731362 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper validates a glucoregulatory model including glucagon receptors dynamics in the description of endogenous glucose production (EGP). A set of models from literature are selected for a head-to-head comparison in order to evaluate the role of glucagon receptors. Each EGP model is incorporated into an existing glucoregulatory model and validated using a set of clinical data, where both insulin and glucagon are administered. The parameters of each EGP model are identified in the same optimization problem, minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between the simulation and the clinical data. The results show that the RMSE for the proposed receptors-based EGP model was lower when compared to each of the considered models (Receptors approach: 7.13±1.71 mg/dl vs. 7.76±1.45 mg/dl (p=0.066), 8.45±1.38 mg/dl (p=0.011) and 8.99±1.62 mg/dl (p=0.007)). This raises the possibility of considering glucagon receptors dynamics in type 1 diabetes simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Furió-Novejarque
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Sanz
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain.
| | - Tobias K S Ritschel
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Asbjørn Thode Reenberg
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Ajenthen G Ranjan
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, Herlev, 2730, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Søndre Blvd. 29, Odense, 5000, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, Herlev, 2730, Denmark.
| | - José-Luis Díez
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - John Bagterp Jørgensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Jorge Bondia
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Camí de Vera, s/n, València, 46022, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Olivera-Nappa Á, Contreras S, Tevy MF, Medina-Ortiz D, Leschot A, Vigil P, Conca C. Patient-Wise Methodology to Assess Glycemic Health Status: Applications to Quantify the Efficacy and Physiological Targets of Polyphenols on Glycemic Control. Front Nutr 2022; 9:831696. [PMID: 35252308 PMCID: PMC8892255 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.831696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary polyphenols could be used as an early intervention to treat glucose-insulin (G-I) dysregulation. However, studies report heterogeneous information, and the targets of the intervention remain largely elusive. In this work, we provide a general methodology to quantify the effects of any given polyphenol-rich food or formulae over glycemic regulation in a patient-wise manner using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). We use a mathematical model to represent individual OGTT curves as the coordinated action of subsystems, each one described by a parameter with physiological interpretation. Using the parameter values calculated for a cohort of 1198 individuals, we propose a statistical model to calculate the risk of dysglycemia and the coordination among subsystems for each subject, thus providing a continuous and individual health assessment. This method allows identifying individuals at high risk of dysglycemia—which would have been missed with traditional binary diagnostic methods—enabling early nutritional intervention with a polyphenol-supplemented diet where it is most effective and desirable. Besides, the proposed methodology assesses the effectiveness of interventions over time when applied to the OGTT curves of a treated individual. We illustrate the use of this method in a case study to assess the dose-dependent effects of Delphinol® on reducing dysglycemia risk and improving the coordination between subsystems. Finally, this strategy enables, on the one hand, the use of low-cost, non-invasive methods in population-scale nutritional studies. On the other hand, it will help practitioners assess the effectiveness of an intervention based on individual vulnerabilities and adapt the treatment to manage dysglycemia and avoid its progression into disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Olivera-Nappa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Álvaro Olivera-Nappa
| | - Sebastian Contreras
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Sebastian Contreras
| | - María Florencia Tevy
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Medina-Ortiz
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Conca
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Mathematical Modelling (CMM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Freire-Flores D, Llanovarced-Kawles N, Sanchez-Daza A, Olivera-Nappa Á. On the heterogeneous spread of COVID-19 in Chile. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 150:111156. [PMID: 34149204 PMCID: PMC8196305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have played a crucial role in controlling the spread of COVID-19. Nevertheless, NPI efficacy varies enormously between and within countries, mainly because of population and behavioral heterogeneity. In this work, we adapted a multi-group SEIRA model to study the spreading dynamics of COVID-19 in Chile, representing geographically separated regions of the country by different groups. We use national mobilization statistics to estimate the connectivity between regions and data from governmental repositories to obtain COVID-19 spreading and death rates in each region. We then assessed the effectiveness of different NPIs by studying the temporal evolution of the reproduction number R t . Analysing data-driven and model-based estimates of R t , we found a strong coupling of different regions, highlighting the necessity of organized and coordinated actions to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we evaluated different scenarios to forecast the evolution of COVID-19 in the most densely populated regions, finding that the early lifting of restriction probably will lead to novel outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton Freire-Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nyna Llanovarced-Kawles
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
| | - Anamaria Sanchez-Daza
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Olivera-Nappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 8370448 Santiago, Chile
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Jagannathan R, Neves JS, Dorcely B, Chung ST, Tamura K, Rhee M, Bergman M. The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 100 Years Later. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3787-3805. [PMID: 33116727 PMCID: PMC7585270 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s246062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 100 years, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been the cornerstone for detecting prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In recent decades, controversies have arisen identifying internationally acceptable cut points using fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-load glucose (2-h PG), and/or HbA1c for defining intermediate hyperglycemia (prediabetes). Despite this, there has been a steadfast global consensus of the 2-h PG for defining dysglycemic states during the OGTT. This article reviews the history of the OGTT and recent advances in its application, including the glucose challenge test and mathematical modeling for determining the shape of the glucose curve. Pitfalls of the FPG, 2-h PG during the OGTT, and HbA1c are considered as well. Finally, the associations between the 30-minute and 1-hour plasma glucose (1-h PG) levels derived from the OGTT and incidence of diabetes and its complications will be reviewed. The considerable evidence base supports modifying current screening and diagnostic recommendations with the use of the 1-h PG. Measurement of the 1-h PG level could increase the likelihood of identifying high-risk individuals when the pancreatic ß-cell function is substantially more intact with the added practical advantage of potentially replacing the conventional 2-h OGTT making it more acceptable in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Jagannathan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sa˜o Joa˜ o University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brenda Dorcely
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, New York, NY10016, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Mary Rhee
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
| | - Michael Bergman
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Diabetes Prevention Program, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY10010, USA
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A phenomenological-based semi-physical model of the kidneys and its role in glucose metabolism. J Theor Biol 2020; 508:110489. [PMID: 32956669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys play an important role in glucose homeostasis in three ways: Via endogenous glucose production from non-carbohydrate precursors (e.g. glutamine, lactate, alanine, glycerol) during both postprandial and post-absorptive states; via glucose filtration and reabsorption by the glomerulus and proximal tubule, respectively; and via glucose utilization and the elimination of its excess in the urine when glucose levels exceed 180mg/dl. The renal release of glucose into the circulation occurs mainly in the renal cortex and results from the glucose phosphorylating capacity of those renal cells, meaning that, cells in the renal cortex can form glucose-6-phosphate. Considering glucose filtration and reabsorption, the kidneys filtrate and reabsorb all circulating glucose, rendering the urine virtually glucose-free in a healthy person. Finally, the kidneys take up glucose from the circulation for energetic self-supply. Besides their role in glucose metabolism, the kidneys are the major site of insulin clearance from the systemic circulation, removing approximately 50% of peripheral insulin. In this regard, insulin clearance by kidneys occurs by degradation in the proximal tubule after being filtered in the glomerulus. All the aforementioned mechanisms affect the glucose concentration levels in the blood, preventing the parametrization of a mathematical model for patients with diabetes mellitus, in the implementation of an artificial pancreas. Aiming for a complete physiological model of the glucose homeostasis, a physiological submodel of the kidneys is presented in a way not described in the literature so far. This submodel is a phenomenological-based semi-physical model with a basic structure rooted in the conservation law and for which the parameters are interpretable. The model's results coincide well with the available clinical data reported for kidney functions associated with glucose and insulin.
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