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Ghosh N, Sinha K, Sil PC. Pesticides and the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1071-1085. [PMID: 38958636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects more people worldwide than just aging alone can explain. This is likely due to environmental influences, genetic makeup, and changes in daily habits. The disease develops in a complex way, with movement problems caused by Lewy bodies and the loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Some research suggests Lewy bodies might start in the gut, hinting at a connection between these structures and gut health in PD patients. These patients often have different gut bacteria and metabolites. Pesticides are known to increase the risk of PD, with evidence showing they harm more than just dopamine neurons. Long-term exposure to pesticides in food might affect the gut barrier, gut bacteria, and the blood-brain barrier, but the exact link is still unknown. This review looks at how pesticides and gut bacteria separately influence PD development and progression, highlighting the harmful effects of pesticides and changes in gut bacteria. We have examined the interaction between pesticides and gut bacteria in PD patients, summarizing how pesticides cause imbalances in gut bacteria, the resulting changes, and their overall effects on the PD prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Ghosh
- Assistant Professor in Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India
| | - Krishnendu Sinha
- Assistant Professor in Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507 India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Professor, Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054 India
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2
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Riegelman E, Xue KS, Wang JS, Tang L. Gut-Brain Axis in Focus: Polyphenols, Microbiota, and Their Influence on α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:2041. [PMID: 38999791 PMCID: PMC11243524 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the recognition of the importance of the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology, there is increased interest in developing therapeutic strategies that target α-synuclein, the hallmark abhorrent protein of PD pathogenesis, which may originate in the gut. Research has demonstrated that inhibiting the aggregation, oligomerization, and fibrillation of α-synuclein are key strategies for disease modification. Polyphenols, which are rich in fruits and vegetables, are drawing attention for their potential role in this context. In this paper, we reviewed how polyphenols influence the composition and functional capabilities of the gut microbiota and how the resulting microbial metabolites of polyphenols may potentially enhance the modulation of α-synuclein aggregation. Understanding the interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota and identifying which specific microbes may enhance the efficacy of polyphenols is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies and precision nutrition based on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Riegelman
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Kandpal M, Varshney N, Rawal KS, Jha HC. Gut dysbiosis and neurological modalities: An engineering approach via proteomic analysis of gut-brain axis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:199-248. [PMID: 38762270 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms, that influence metabolic, neurodevelopmental, and immune pathways. Microbial dysbiosis, characterized by changes in microbial diversity and relative abundances, is implicated in the development of various chronic neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. These disorders are marked by the accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, leading to the progressive loss of neurons and behavioural functions. Dysregulations in protein-protein interaction networks and signalling complexes, critical for normal brain function, are common in neurological disorders but challenging to unravel, particularly at the neuron and synapse-specific levels. To advance therapeutic strategies, a deeper understanding of neuropathogenesis, especially during the progressive disease phase, is needed. Biomarkers play a crucial role in identifying disease pathophysiology and monitoring disease progression. Proteomics, a powerful technology, shows promise in accelerating biomarker discovery and aiding in the development of novel treatments. In this chapter, we provide an in-depth overview of how proteomic techniques, utilizing various biofluid samples from patients with neurological conditions and diverse animal models, have contributed valuable insights into the pathogenesis of numerous neurological disorders. We also discuss the current state of research, potential challenges, and future directions in proteomic approaches to unravel neuro-pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Kandpal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Kunal Sameer Rawal
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India; Centre for Rural Development & Technology, IIT Indore, Indore, India.
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Mahbub NU, Islam MM, Hong ST, Chung HJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348279. [PMID: 38435303 PMCID: PMC10904658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause of protein aggregation, brain injury, and cognitive loss in prion illnesses is the misfolding of normal cellular prion proteins (PrPC) into an infectious form (PrPSc). Aggregation of α-synuclein causes disruptions in cellular processes in Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to loss of dopamine-producing neurons and motor symptoms. Alteration in the composition or activity of gut microbes may weaken the intestinal barrier and make it possible for prions to go from the gut to the brain. The gut-brain axis is linked to neuroinflammation; the metabolites produced by the gut microbiota affect the aggregation of α-synuclein, regulate inflammation and immunological responses, and may influence the course of the disease and neurotoxicity of proteins, even if their primary targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores the complex interactions that exist between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative illnesses, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disorders. The involvement of the gut microbiota, a complex collection of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., in various neurological illnesses is becoming increasingly recognized. The gut microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, and intestinal barrier integrity through the gut-brain axis, which contributes to the development and progression of disease. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms that underlie these relationships, emphasizing the effects of microbial metabolites such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating brain functioning. Additionally, it looks at how environmental influences and dietary decisions affect the gut microbiome and whether they could be risk factors for neurodegenerative illnesses. This study concludes by highlighting the critical role that the gut microbiota plays in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disease. It also provides a promising direction for future research and possible treatment approaches. People afflicted by these difficult ailments may find hope in new preventive and therapeutic approaches if the role of the gut microbiota in these diseases is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Uddin Mahbub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Minarul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Dzamko N. Cytokine activity in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220063. [PMID: 38059210 PMCID: PMC10695743 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the immune system to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly being recognised, with alterations in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system underlying central and peripheral inflammation in PD. As chief modulators of the immune response, cytokines have been intensely studied in the field of PD both in terms of trying to understand their contribution to disease pathogenesis, and if they may comprise much needed therapeutic targets for a disease with no current modifying therapy. This review summarises current knowledge on key cytokines implicated in PD (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-1RA) that can modulate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Cytokine activity in PD is clearly a complicated process mediated by substantial cross-talk of signalling pathways and the need to balance pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. However, understanding cytokine activity may hold promise for unlocking new insight into PD and how it may be halted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Oliveira LF, Noleto FM, Gusmão CTP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Gut-microbiome-brain axis: the crosstalk between the vagus nerve, alpha-synuclein and the brain in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2611-2614. [PMID: 37449597 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This critical review of the literature shows that there is a close link between the microbiome, the gut, and the brain in Parkinson's disease. The vagus nerve, the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, is involved in the regulation of immune response, digestion, heart rate, and control of mood. It can detect microbiota metabolites through its afferents, transferring this gut information to the central nervous system. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the important role played by the gut microbiome and gut-related factors in disease development and progression, as well as treatment responses. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome may be a valuable target for new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease. More studies are needed to better understand the underlying biology and how this axis can be modulated for the patient's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza; Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC; Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Fortaleza
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Chaudhry TS, Senapati SG, Gadam S, Mannam HPSS, Voruganti HV, Abbasi Z, Abhinav T, Challa AB, Pallipamu N, Bheemisetty N, Arunachalam SP. The Impact of Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis: Examining the Complex Interplay and Implications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5231. [PMID: 37629273 PMCID: PMC10455396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The association and interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) is well established. Essentially ENS is the second brain, as we call it. We tried to understand the structure and function, to throw light on the functional aspect of neurons, and address various disease manifestations. We summarized how various neurological disorders influence the gut via the enteric nervous system and/or bring anatomical or physiological changes in the enteric nervous system or the gut and vice versa. It is known that stress has an effect on Gastrointestinal (GI) motility and causes mucosal erosions. In our literature review, we found that stress can also affect sensory perception in the central nervous system. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the neurohormone, serotonin (5-HT), would result in dysfunctional organ development and further affect mood and behavior. We focused on the developmental aspects of neurons and cognition and their relation to nutritional absorption via the gastrointestinal tract, the development of neurodegenerative disorders in relation to the alteration in gut microbiota, and contrariwise associations between CNS disorders and ENS. This paper further summarizes the synergetic relation between gastrointestinal and neuropsychological manifestations and emphasizes the need to include behavioral therapies in management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srikanth Gadam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Hari Priya Sri Sai Mannam
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Hima Varsha Voruganti
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Zainab Abbasi
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Tushar Abhinav
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Namratha Pallipamu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Niharika Bheemisetty
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Shivaram P. Arunachalam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
- Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ojha S, Patil N, Jain M, Kole C, Kaushik P. Probiotics for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systemic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041083. [PMID: 37110506 PMCID: PMC10140855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are a group of conditions that affect the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to their degeneration and eventually causing the loss of function in the affected areas. These disorders can be caused by a range of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Major pathological signs of these diseases are protein misfolding, proteosomal dysfunction, aggregation, inadequate degradation, oxidative stress, free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, impaired bioenergetics, DNA damage, fragmentation of Golgi apparatus neurons, disruption of axonal transport, dysfunction of neurotrophins (NTFs), neuroinflammatory or neuroimmune processes, and neurohumoral symptoms. According to recent studies, defects or imbalances in gut microbiota can directly lead to neurological disorders through the gut-brain axis. Probiotics in ND are recommended to prevent cognitive dysfunction, which is a major symptom of these diseases. Many in vivo and clinical trials have revealed that probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus casei, etc.) are effective candidates against the progression of ND. It has been proven that the inflammatory process and oxidative stress can be modulated by modifying the gut microbiota with the help of probiotics. As a result, this study provides an overview of the available data, bacterial variety, gut-brain axis defects, and probiotics' mode of action in averting ND. A literature search on particular sites, including PubMed, Nature, and Springer Link, has identified articles that might be pertinent to this subject. The search contains the following few groups of terms: (1) Neurodegenerative disorders and Probiotics OR (2) Probiotics and Neurodegenerative disorders. The outcomes of this study aid in elucidating the relationship between the effects of probiotics on different neurodegenerative disorders. This systematic review will assist in discovering new treatments in the future, as probiotics are generally safe and cause mild side effects in some cases in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Ojha
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Nil Patil
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | | | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservacióny Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Peter I, Strober W. Immunological Features of LRRK2 Function and Its Role in the Gut-Brain Axis Governing Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:279-296. [PMID: 37066923 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates intestinal involvement in the onset and/or progression on the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons characterizing Parkinson's disease (PD). On the one hand, there are studies supporting the Braak hypothesis that holds that pathologic α-synuclein, a hallmark of PD, is secreted by enteric nerves into intestinal tissue and finds its way to the central nervous system (CNS) via retrograde movement in the vagus nerve. On the other hand, there is data showing that cells bearing leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a signaling molecule with genetic variants associated with both PD and with inflammatory bowel disease, can be activated in intestinal tissue and contribute locally to intestinal inflammation, or peripherally to PD pathogenesis via cell trafficking to the CNS. Importantly, these gut-centered factors affecting PD development are not necessarily independent of one another: they may interact and enhance their respective pathologic functions. In this review, we discuss this possibility by analysis of studies conducted in recent years focusing on the ability of LRRK2 to shape immunologic responses and the role of α-synuclein in influencing this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Scott KM, Chong YT, Park S, Wijeyekoon RS, Hayat S, Mathews RJ, Fitzpatrick Z, Tyers P, Wright G, Whitby J, Barker RA, Hu MT, Williams-Gray CH, Clatworthy MR. B lymphocyte responses in Parkinson's disease and their possible significance in disease progression. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad060. [PMID: 36993946 PMCID: PMC10042276 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that B lymphocytes are involved in Parkinson's disease progression. We measured antibodies to alpha-synuclein and tau in serum from patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (n = 79), early Parkinson's disease (n = 50) and matched controls (n = 50). Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder cases were stratified by risk of progression to Parkinson's disease (low risk = 30, high risk = 49). We also measured B-cell activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family, C-reactive protein and total immunoglobulin G. We found elevated levels of antibodies to alpha-synuclein fibrils in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder patients at high risk of Parkinson's disease conversion (ANOVA, P < 0.001) and lower S129D peptide-specific antibodies in those at low risk (ANOVA, P < 0.001). An early humoral response to alpha-synuclein is therefore detectable prior to the development of Parkinson's disease. Peripheral B lymphocyte phenotyping using flow cytometry in early Parkinson's disease patients and matched controls (n = 41 per group) revealed reduced B cells in Parkinson's disease, particularly in those at higher risk of developing an early dementia [t(3) = 2.87, P = 0.01]. Patients with a greater proportion of regulatory B cells had better motor scores [F(4,24) = 3.612, P = 0.019], suggesting they have a protective role in Parkinson's disease. In contrast, B cells isolated from Parkinson's disease patients at higher risk of dementia had greater cytokine (interleukin 6 and interleukin 10) responses following in vitro stimulation. We assessed peripheral blood lymphocytes in alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse models of Parkinson's disease: they also had reduced B cells, suggesting this is related to alpha-synuclein pathology. In a toxin-based mouse model of Parkinson's disease, B-cell deficiency or depletion resulted in worse pathological and behavioural outcomes, supporting the conclusion that B cells play an early protective role in dopaminergic cell loss. In conclusion, we found changes in the B-cell compartment associated with risk of disease progression in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (higher alpha-synuclein antibodies) and early Parkinson's disease (lower levels of B lymphocytes that were more reactive to stimulation). Regulatory B cells play a protective role in a mouse model, potentially by attenuating inflammation and dopaminergic cell loss. B cells are therefore likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, albeit in a complex way, and thus warrant consideration as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Scott
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Yen Ting Chong
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Seoyoung Park
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Ruwani S Wijeyekoon
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Shaista Hayat
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Rebeccah J Mathews
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Zachary Fitzpatrick
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Pam Tyers
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Georgia Wright
- University of Cambridge Clinical School of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Jennifer Whitby
- University of Cambridge Clinical School of Medicine, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Division of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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11
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Lima MPP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101812. [PMID: 36455790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis or simple gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex and interactive bidirectional communication network linking the gut to the brain. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome have been linked to GBA dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, and dopaminergic degeneration, as those occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides inflammation, the activation of brain microglia is known to play a central role in the damage of dopaminergic neurons. Inflammation is attributed to the toxic effect of aggregated α-synuclein, in the brain of PD patients. It has been suggested that the α-synuclein misfolding might begin in the gut and spread "prion-like", via the vagus nerve into the lower brainstem and ultimately to the midbrain, known as the Braak hypothesis. In this review, we discuss how the microbiota-gut-brain axis and environmental influences interact with the immune system to promote a pro-inflammatory state that is involved in the initiation and progression of misfolded α-synuclein proteins and the beginning of the early non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, we describe a speculative bidirectional model that explains how the enteric glia is involved in the initiation and spreading of inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and α-synuclein misfolding, finally reaching the central nervous system and contributing to neuroinflammatory processes involved with the initial non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Medical School of the Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Morphology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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12
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Sharma M, Burré J. α-Synuclein in synaptic function and dysfunction. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:153-166. [PMID: 36567199 PMCID: PMC9877183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein that is enriched in presynaptic terminals. Under physiological conditions, it binds to synaptic vesicle membranes and functions in neurotransmitter release, although the molecular details remain unclear, and it is controversial whether α-synuclein inhibits or facilitates neurotransmitter release. Pathologically, in synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease (PD), α-synuclein forms aggregates that recruit monomeric α-synuclein and spread throughout the brain, which triggers neuronal dysfunction at molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Here, we present an overview of the effects of α-synuclein on SNARE-complex assembly, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic vesicle pool homeostasis, and discuss how the observed divergent effects of α-synuclein on neurotransmitter release can be reconciled. We also discuss how gain-of-function versus loss-of-function of α-synuclein may contribute to pathogenesis in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Kang X, Ploner A, Wang Y, Ludvigsson JF, Williams DM, Pedersen NL, Wirdefeldt K. Genetic overlap between Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad002. [PMID: 36687396 PMCID: PMC9847552 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease have been increasingly associated, implying shared pathophysiology. To explore biological explanations for the reported connection, we leveraged summary statistics of updated genome-wide association studies and characterized the genetic overlap between the two diseases. Aggregated genetic association data were available for 37 688 cases versus 981 372 controls for Parkinson's disease and 25 042 cases versus 34 915 controls for inflammatory bowel disease. Genetic correlation was estimated with the high-definition likelihood method. Genetic variants with joint association to both diseases were identified by conditional false discovery rate framework and further annotated to reveal shared loci, genes, and enriched pathways. For both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two main subtypes of inflammatory bowel disease, we detected weak but statistically significant genetic correlations with Parkinson's disease (Crohn's disease: rg = 0.06, P = 0.01; ulcerative colitis: rg = 0.06, P = 0.03). A total of 1290 variants in 27 independent genomic loci were detected to associate with Parkinson's disease and Crohn's disease at conjunctional false discovery rate under 0.01 and 1359 variants in 15 loci were pleiotropic to Parkinson's disease and ulcerative colitis. Among the identified pleiotropic loci, 23 are novel and have never been associated with both phenotypes. A mixture of loci conferring either same or opposing genetic effects on two phenotypes was also observed. Positional and expression quantitative trait loci mapping prioritized 296 and 253 genes for Parkinson's disease with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, respectively, among which only <10% are differentially expressed in both colon and substantia nigra. These genes were identified to overrepresent in pathways regulating gene expression and post-translational modification beyond several immune-related pathways enriched by major histocompatibility complex genes. In conclusion, we found robust evidence for a genetic link between Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. The identified genetic overlap is complex at the locus and gene levels, indicating the presence of both synergistic and antagonistic pleiotropy. At the functional level, our findings implied a role of immune-centered mechanisms in the reported gut-brain connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Kang
- Correspondence to: Xiaoying Kang Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A 171 65 Solna, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, SE-70116 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Dylan M Williams
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden,MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London WC1E 7HE, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Kulcsarova K, Bang C, Berg D, Schaeffer E. Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1079-1106. [PMID: 37927277 PMCID: PMC10657696 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD), termed the PD pandemic, is exceeding expectations related purely to population aging and is likely driven in part by lifestyle changes and environmental factors. Pesticides are well recognized risk factors for PD, supported by both epidemiological and experimental evidence, with multiple detrimental effects beyond dopaminergic neuron damage alone. The microbiome-gut-brain axis has gained much attention in recent years and is considered to be a significant contributor and driver of PD pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we first focus on how both pesticides and the microbiome may influence PD initiation and progression independently, describing pesticide-related central and peripheral neurotoxicity and microbiome-related local and systemic effects due to dysbiosis and microbial metabolites. We then depict the bidirectional interplay between pesticides and the microbiome in the context of PD, synthesizing current knowledge about pesticide-induced dysbiosis, microbiome-mediated alterations in pesticide availability, metabolism and toxicity, and complex systemic pesticide-microbiome-host interactions related to inflammatory and metabolic pathways, insulin resistance and other mechanisms. An overview of the unknowns follows, and the role of pesticide-microbiome interactions in the proposed body-/brain-first phenotypes of PD, the complexity of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions is discussed. The final part deals with possible further steps for translation, consisting of recommendations on future pesticide use and research as well as an outline of promising preventive/therapeutic approaches targeted on strengthening or restoring a healthy gut microbiome, closing with a summary of current gaps and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kulcsarova
- Department of Neurology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Peelaerts W, Baekelandt V. ⍺-Synuclein Structural Diversity and the Cellular Environment in ⍺-Synuclein Transmission Models and Humans. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:67-82. [PMID: 37052776 PMCID: PMC10119367 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are termed synucleinopathies, disorders that are characterized by the intracellular aggregation of the protein ɑ-synuclein. The cellular tropism of synuclein pathology in these syndromes is notably distinct since in the Lewy disorders, PD and DLB, ɑSyn forms aggregates in neurons whereas in MSA ɑSyn forms aggregates in oligodendrocytes. Studies examining ɑSyn pathology in experimental models and in human brain have now identified fibrillar ɑSyn with unique but distinct molecular signatures, suggesting that the structure of these ɑSyn fibrils might be closely tied to their cellular ontogeny. In contrast to the native structural heterogeneity of ɑSyn in vitro, the conformational landscape of fibrillar ɑSyn in human brain and in vivo transmission models appears to be remarkably uniform. Here, we review the studies by which we propose a hypothesis that the cellular host environment might be in part responsible for how ɑSyn filaments assemble into phenotype-specific strains. We postulate that the maturation of ɑSyn strains develops as a function of their in vivo transmission routes and cell-specific risk factors. The impact of the cellular environment on the structural diversity of ɑSyn might have important implications for the design of preclinical studies and their use for the development of ɑSyn-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. By combining phenotype-specific fibrils and relevant synucleinopathy transmission models, preclinical models might more closely reflect unique disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Consonni A, Miglietti M, De Luca CMG, Cazzaniga FA, Ciullini A, Dellarole IL, Bufano G, Di Fonzo A, Giaccone G, Baggi F, Moda F. Approaching the Gut and Nasal Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease in the Era of the Seed Amplification Assays. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1579. [PMID: 36421902 PMCID: PMC9688507 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder often associated with pre-motor symptoms involving both gastrointestinal and olfactory tissues. PD patients frequently suffer from hyposmia, hyposalivation, dysphagia and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. During the last few years it has been speculated that microbial agents could play a crucial role in PD. In particular, alterations of the microbiota composition (dysbiosis) might contribute to the formation of misfolded α-synuclein, which is believed to be the leading cause of PD. However, while several findings confirmed that there might be an important link between intestinal microbiota alterations and PD onset, little is known about the potential contribution of the nasal microbiota. Here, we describe the latest findings on this topic by considering that more than 80% of patients with PD develop remarkable olfactory deficits in their prodromal disease stage. Therefore, the nasal microbiota might contribute to PD, eventually boosting the gut microbiota in promoting disease onset. Finally, we present the applications of the seed amplification assays to the study of the gut and olfactory mucosa of PD patients, and how they could be exploited to investigate whether pathogenic bacteria present in the gut and the nose might promote α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Consonni
- Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Miglietti
- Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Giulia De Luca
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Angelo Cazzaniga
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Ciullini
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Linda Dellarole
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bufano
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Division of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- Division of Neurology 4-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Division of Neurology 5-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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Knecht L, Folke J, Dodel R, Ross JA, Albus A. Alpha-synuclein Immunization Strategies for Synucleinopathies in Clinical Studies: A Biological Perspective. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1489-1502. [PMID: 36083395 PMCID: PMC9606184 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic strategies currently available for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease target only the symptoms of the disease. Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy can be summarized as synucleinopathies, as they are all characterized by the aggregation and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. Targeting α-syn by its formation and progression opens a new and promising disease-modifying therapeutic strategy. Thus, several distinct immunotherapeutic approaches are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The objective of this article is to review, from a biological perspective, the most important properties of these passive and active immunotherapies to point out their relevance and suitability for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Knecht
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Folke
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Dodel
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - J Alexander Ross
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Albus
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Nutrition and Gut–Brain Pathways Impacting the Onset of Parkinson’s Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142781. [PMID: 35889738 PMCID: PMC9323908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of literature suggests that long-term gut inflammation may be a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Importantly, specific nutritive patterns might improve gut health for PD risk reduction. Here, we review the current literature on the nutritive patterns and inflammatory markers as a predictor for early detection of PD. This knowledge might be used to foster the detection of early nutritive patterns and preclinical biomarkers to potentially alter PD development and progression.
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19
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Drobny A, Prieto Huarcaya S, Dobert J, Kluge A, Bunk J, Schlothauer T, Zunke F. The role of lysosomal cathepsins in neurodegeneration: Mechanistic insights, diagnostic potential and therapeutic approaches. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119243. [PMID: 35217144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are ubiquitous organelles with a fundamental role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by mediating degradation and recycling processes. Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal hydrolyses and are responsible for the bulk degradation of various substrates. A correct autophagic function is essential for neuronal survival, as most neurons are post-mitotic and thus susceptible to accumulate cellular components. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role of the lysosome in neurodegeneration as a key regulator of aggregation-prone and disease-associated proteins, such as α-synuclein, β-amyloid and huntingtin. Particularly, alterations in lysosomal cathepsins CTSD, CTSB and CTSL can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases as seen for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy Body and Multiple System Atrophy) as well as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. In this review, we provide an overview of recent evidence implicating CTSD, CTSB and CTSL in neurodegeneration, with a special focus on the role of these enzymes in α-synuclein metabolism. In addition, we summarize the potential role of lysosomal cathepsins as clinical biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential therapeutic approaches by targeting lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Abdelmoaty MM, Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Shahjin F, Kumar V, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Monocyte biomarkers define sargramostim treatment outcomes for Parkinson's disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e958. [PMID: 35802825 PMCID: PMC9270000 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity heralds both the development and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Deficits in innate immunity in PD are defined by impairments in monocyte activation, function, and pro‐inflammatory secretory factors. Each influences disease pathobiology. Methods and Results To define monocyte biomarkers associated with immune transformative therapy for PD, changes in gene and protein expression were evaluated before and during treatment with recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF, sargramostim, Leukine®). Monocytes were recovered after leukapheresis and isolation by centrifugal elutriation, before and 2 and 6 months after initiation of treatment. Transcriptome and proteome biomarkers were scored against clinical motor functions. Pathway enrichments from single cell‐RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses from sargramostim‐treated PD patients demonstrate a neuroprotective signature, including, but not limited to, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and autophagy genes and proteins (LRRK2, HMOX1, TLR2, TLR8, RELA, ATG7, and GABARAPL2). Conclusions This monocyte profile provides an “early” and unique biomarker strategy to track clinical immune‐based interventions, but requiring validation in larger case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites caused by α-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The prodromal phase happens years before the onset of PD during which time many patients show gastro-intestinal symptoms. These symptoms are in support of Braak’s theory and model where pathological α‐synuclein propagates from the gut to the brain. Importantly, immune responses play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. The innate immune responses triggered by microglia can cause neuronal death and disease progression. In addition, T cells infiltrate into the brains of PD patients and become involved in the adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, α‐synuclein is associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses by directly interacting with microglia and T cells. Here, we give a detailed review of the immunobiology of Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the role α-synuclein in the gut-brain axis hypothesis, the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in the disease, and current treatments.
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22
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Kawahata I, Finkelstein DI, Fukunaga K. Pathogenic Impact of α-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Its Kinases in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116216. [PMID: 35682892 PMCID: PMC9181156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a protein with a molecular weight of 14.5 kDa and consists of 140 amino acids encoded by the SNCA gene. Missense mutations and gene duplications in the SNCA gene cause hereditary Parkinson’s disease. Highly phosphorylated and abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies found in neuronal cells of patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in oligodendrocytes with multiple system atrophy. Aggregated α-synuclein is cytotoxic and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned synucleinopathies. In a healthy brain, most α-synuclein is unphosphorylated; however, more than 90% of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies of patients with Parkinson’s disease is phosphorylated at Ser129, which is presumed to be of pathological significance. Several kinases catalyze Ser129 phosphorylation, but the role of phosphorylation enzymes in disease pathogenesis and their relationship to cellular toxicity from phosphorylation are not fully understood in α-synucleinopathy. Consequently, this review focuses on the pathogenic impact of α-synuclein phosphorylation and its kinases during the neurodegeneration process in α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahata
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- BRI Pharma Inc., Sendai 982-0804, Japan
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
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23
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Vidović M, Rikalovic MG. Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111732. [PMID: 35681426 PMCID: PMC9179656 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Following Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, sharing an unclear pathophysiology, a multifactorial profile, and massive social costs worldwide. Despite this, no disease-modifying therapy is available. PD is tightly associated with α-synuclein (α-Syn) deposits, which become organised into insoluble, amyloid fibrils. As a typical intrinsically disordered protein, α-Syn adopts a monomeric, random coil conformation in an aqueous solution, while its interaction with lipid membranes drives the transition of the molecule part into an α-helical structure. The central unstructured region of α-Syn is involved in fibril formation by converting to well-defined, β-sheet rich secondary structures. Presently, most therapeutic strategies against PD are focused on designing small molecules, peptides, and peptidomimetics that can directly target α-Syn and its aggregation pathway. Other approaches include gene silencing, cell transplantation, stimulation of intracellular clearance with autophagy promoters, and degradation pathways based on immunotherapy of amyloid fibrils. In the present review, we sum marise the current advances related to α-Syn aggregation/neurotoxicity. These findings present a valuable arsenal for the further development of efficient, nontoxic, and non-invasive therapeutic protocols for disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vidović
- Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-16-4276-3221
| | - Milena G. Rikalovic
- Environment and Sustainable Development, Singidunum Univeristy, Danijelova 32, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia;
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24
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Prieto Huarcaya S, Drobny A, Marques ARA, Di Spiezio A, Dobert JP, Balta D, Werner C, Rizo T, Gallwitz L, Bub S, Stojkovska I, Belur NR, Fogh J, Mazzulli JR, Xiang W, Fulzele A, Dejung M, Sauer M, Winner B, Rose-John S, Arnold P, Saftig P, Zunke F. Recombinant pro-CTSD (cathepsin D) enhances SNCA/α-Synuclein degradation in α-Synucleinopathy models. Autophagy 2022; 18:1127-1151. [PMID: 35287553 PMCID: PMC9196656 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2045534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the abnormal intracellular accumulation of SNCA/α-synuclein. While the exact mechanisms underlying SNCA pathology are not fully understood, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of autophagy as well as lysosomal deficiencies. Because CTSD (cathepsin D) has been proposed to be the major lysosomal protease involved in SNCA degradation, its deficiency has been linked to the presence of insoluble SNCA conformers in the brain of mice and humans as well as to the transcellular transmission of SNCA aggregates. We here postulate that SNCA degradation can be enhanced by the application of the recombinant human proform of CTSD (rHsCTSD). Our results reveal that rHsCTSD is efficiently endocytosed by neuronal cells, correctly targeted to lysosomes and matured to an enzymatically active protease. In dopaminergic neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) of PD patients harboring the A53T mutation within the SNCA gene, we confirm the reduction of insoluble SNCA after treatment with rHsCTSD. Moreover, we demonstrate a decrease of pathological SNCA conformers in the brain and within primary neurons of a ctsd-deficient mouse model after dosing with rHsCTSD. Boosting lysosomal CTSD activity not only enhanced SNCA clearance in human and murine neurons as well as tissue, but also restored endo-lysosome and autophagy function. Our findings indicate that CTSD is critical for SNCA clearance and function. Thus, enzyme replacement strategies utilizing CTSD may also be of therapeutic interest for the treatment of PD and other synucleinopathies aiming to decrease the SNCA burden.Abbreviations: aa: amino acid; SNCA/α-synuclein: synuclein alpha; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; BBB: blood brain barrier; BF: basal forebrain; CBB: Coomassie Brilliant Blue; CLN: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; CNL10: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 10; Corr.: corrected; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSB: cathepsin B; DA: dopaminergic; DA-iPSn: induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons; dox: doxycycline; ERT: enzyme replacement therapy; Fx: fornix, GBA/β-glucocerebrosidase: glucosylceramidase beta; h: hour; HC: hippocampus; HT: hypothalamus; i.c.: intracranially; IF: immunofluorescence; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LSDs: lysosomal storage disorders; MAPT: microtubule associated protein tau; M6P: mannose-6-phosphate; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; MB: midbrain; mCTSD: mature form of CTSD; neurofil.: neurofilament; PD: Parkinson disease; proCTSD: proform of CTSD; PRNP: prion protein; RFU: relative fluorescence units; rHsCTSD: recombinant human proCTSD; SAPC: Saposin C; SIM: structured illumination microscopy; T-insol: Triton-insoluble; T-sol: Triton-soluble; TEM: transmission electron microscopy, TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; Thal: thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
| | - André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Nms, Nova University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Balta
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tania Rizo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gallwitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iva Stojkovska
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Nandkishore R Belur
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | | | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amitkumar Fulzele
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (Fau), Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Zhang P, Rasheed M, Liang J, Wang C, Feng L, Chen Z. Emerging Potential of Exosomal Non-coding RNA in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:819836. [PMID: 35360206 PMCID: PMC8960858 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.819836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released by cells and circulate freely in body fluids. Under physiological and pathological conditions, they serve as cargo for various biological substances such as nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ncRNA), lipids, and proteins. Recently, exosomes have been revealed to have an important role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative illnesses, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). When secreted from damaged neurons, these exosomes are enriched in non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) and display wide distribution characteristics in the brain and periphery, bridging the gap between normal neuronal function and disease pathology. However, the current status of ncRNAs carried in exosomes regulating neuroprotection and PD pathogenesis lacks a systematic summary. Therefore, this review discussed the significance of ncRNAs exosomes in maintaining the normal neuron function and their pathogenic role in PD progression. Additionally, we have emphasized the importance of ncRNAs exosomes as potential non-invasive diagnostic and screening agents for the early detection of PD. Moreover, bioengineered exosomes are proposed to be used as drug carriers for targeted delivery of RNA interference molecules across the blood-brain barrier without immune system interference. Overall, this review highlighted the diverse characteristics of ncRNA exosomes, which may aid researchers in characterizing future exosome-based biomarkers for early PD diagnosis and tailored PD medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhan Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chaolei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Feng,
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Zixuan Chen,
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Are We What We Eat? Impact of Diet on the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020380. [PMID: 35057561 PMCID: PMC8780419 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, such as defects in the gut function, which may occur before the motor symptoms. To date, there are therapies that can improve these symptoms, but there is no cure to avoid the development or exacerbation of this disorder. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota could have a crucial role in the gut–brain axis, which is a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Diet can affect the microbiota composition, impacting gut–brain axis functionality. Gut microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or other dietary means could have the potential to slow PD progression. In this review, we will discuss the influence of diet on the bidirectional communication between gut and brain, thus supporting the hypothesis that this disorder could begin in the gut. We also focus on how food-based therapies might then have an influence on PD and could ameliorate non-motor as well as motor symptoms.
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Kluge A, Bunk J, Schaeffer E, Drobny A, Xiang W, Knacke H, Bub S, Lückstädt W, Arnold P, Lucius R, Berg D, Zunke F. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:3058-3071. [PMID: 35722765 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no reliable clinically applicable biomarker has been established for Parkinson's disease. Our results indicate that a long anticipated blood test for Parkinson's disease may be realized. Following the isolation of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles of Parkinson's disease patients and non-Parkinson's disease individuals, immunoblot analyses were performed to detect extracellular vesicle-derived α-synuclein. Pathological α-synuclein forms derived from neuronal extracellular vesicles could be detected under native conditions and were significantly increased in all individuals with Parkinson's disease and clearly distinguished disease from the non-disease state. By performing an α-synuclein seeding assay these soluble conformers could be amplified and seeding of pathological protein folding was demonstrated. Amplified α-synuclein conformers exhibited β-sheet-rich structures and a fibrillary appearance. Our study demonstrates that the detection of pathological α-synuclein conformers from neuron-derived extracellular vesicles from blood plasma samples has the potential to evolve into a blood-biomarker of Parkinson's disease that is still lacking so far. Moreover, the distribution of seeding-competent α-synuclein within blood exosomes sheds a new light of pathological disease mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kluge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Josina Bunk
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrike Knacke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bub
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Conway JA, Kramer ER. Is activation of GDNF/RET signaling the answer for successful treatment of Parkinson's disease? A discussion of data from the culture dish to the clinic. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1462-1467. [PMID: 34916419 PMCID: PMC8771118 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic signaling of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) with its canonical receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, coupled together with the GDNF family receptor alpha 1 is important for dopaminergic neuron survival and physiology in cell culture experiments and animal models. This prompted the idea to try GDNF/RET signaling as a therapeutic approach to treat Parkinson's disease with the hallmark of dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Despite several clinical trials with GDNF in Parkinson's disease patients, which mainly focused on optimizing the GDNF delivery technique, benefits were only seen in a few patients. In general, the endpoints did not show significant improvements. This suggests that it will be helpful to learn more about the basic biology of this fascinating but complicated GDNF/RET signaling system in the dopaminergic midbrain and about recent developments in the field to facilitate its use in the clinic. Here we will refer to the latest publications and point out important open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
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29
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Derkinderen P, Cossais F, de Guilhem de Lataillade A, Leclair-Visonneau L, Neunlist M, Paillusson S, De Giorgio R. Gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies in Parkinson's disease: beyond alpha-synuclein detection. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:1095-1103. [PMID: 34816335 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein deposits, the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, are consistently found in the gastrointestinal tract of parkinsonian subjects. These observations have raised the potential that endoscopically obtainable mucosal biopsies can aid to a molecular diagnosis of the disease. The possible usefulness of mucosal biopsies is, however, not limited to the detection of alpha-synuclein, but also extends to other essential aspects underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of gastrointestinal manifestations in Parkinson's disease. The aim of the current review is to provide an appraisal of the existing studies showing that gastrointestinal biopsies can be used for the analysis of enteric neuronal and glial cell morphology, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson's disease. A perspective on the generation of organoids with GI biopsies and the potential use of single-cell and spatial transcriptomic technologies will be also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Inserm U1235 Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France. .,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, 44093, Nantes, France.
| | | | - Adrien de Guilhem de Lataillade
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Inserm U1235 Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - Laurène Leclair-Visonneau
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Inserm U1235 Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France.,Department of Physiology, CHU Nantes, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Inserm U1235 Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Paillusson
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Inserm U1235 Nantes, Université de Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035, Nantes, France
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Gerasimova-Meigal L, Meigal A, Sireneva N, Saenko I. Autonomic Function in Parkinson's Disease Subjects Across Repeated Short-Term Dry Immersion: Evidence From Linear and Non-linear HRV Parameters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712365. [PMID: 34690794 PMCID: PMC8526731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that “dry” immersion appears as a promising method of rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease. Still, little is known about the cardiovascular reaction in “dry” immersion (DI), especially in Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated 45-min DI sessions on autonomic function in subjects with PD. The study group consisted of 20 subjects with PD [13 men, seven women, aged 51–66 years old, Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) staged 1–3] were enrolled in the study according to inclusion and non-inclusion criteria. The DI program was comprised of seven 45-min DI sessions, applied within 25–30 days. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and electrocardiogram (ECG) in the standard lead II were recorded at 1st, 4th, and 7th DI, before, on the 15, 30, and 40th min of DI session. Autonomic function was assessed with analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) using Kubios Standard version 2 software. Linear (time- and frequency-domain) and non-linear (correlation dimension, entropies, DFA1 and DFA2, percent of determinism, and recurrence) were computed. At baseline condition, time- and frequency-domain HRV parameters showed low variability of HR, which indicates reduced autonomic neurogenic control of HR. Throughout the DI session, systolic and diastolic BP has decreased by 5–7 mm Hg (p < 0.001), and time- and frequency-domain parameters of HRV have significantly increased, what can be regarded as compensatory mechanisms of hemodynamics during DI. The structure of the regulatory input to the heart seen by HRV was characterized by low complexity and reduced autonomic neurogenic control of HR. Across the program of DI sessions, the hypotensive effect was documented, but no notable modification of the HRV-parameters was found. The absence of long-term modification of the studied parameters can be attributed both to deconditioning environmental effect of DI and limited adaptation of the organism due to neurodegeneration in PD. That should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation measures in subjects of older age and chronic somatic diseases with modeled microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Meigal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sireneva
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina Saenko
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
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31
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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080732. [PMID: 34440476 PMCID: PMC8400095 DOI: 10.3390/life11080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. The second part of the study provides evidence on how these very same neurons are altered during Parkinson’s disease. In fact, although being defined as a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease features a number of degenerative alterations, which often anticipate motor symptoms. Among these, the GI tract is often involved, and for this reason, it is important to assess its normal and pathological structure. A deeper knowledge of the ENS is expected to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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32
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Drobny A, Ngo PA, Neurath MF, Zunke F, López-Posadas R. Molecular Communication Between Neuronal Networks and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Gut Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655123. [PMID: 34368179 PMCID: PMC8339315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are common in Parkinson's disease patients. These clinical signs normally appear years before the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease, preceding the occurrence of motor manifestations. Moreover, it is postulated that Parkinson's disease might originate in the gut, due to a response against the intestinal microbiota leading to alterations in alpha-synuclein in the intestinal autonomic nervous system. Transmission of this protein to the central nervous system is mediated potentially via the vagus nerve. Thus, deposition of aggregated alpha-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as a potential prodromal diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, hallmarks of chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, such as dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, are also observed in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, alpha-synuclein accumulations were detected in the gut of Crohn's disease patients. Despite a solid association between neurodegenerative diseases and gut inflammation, it is not clear whether intestinal alterations represent cause or consequence of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut in the context of Parkinson's disease and intestinal dysfunction/inflammation as present in inflammatory bowel disease. Further, we focus on the contribution of intestinal epithelium, the communication between intestinal epithelial cells, microbiota, immune and neuronal cells, as well as mechanisms causing alterations of epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong A Ngo
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Beekes M. The Neural Gut-Brain Axis of Pathological Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease and Its Counterpart in Peroral Prion Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:1394. [PMID: 34372600 PMCID: PMC8310171 DOI: 10.3390/v13071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the cerebral deposition of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn). PD-associated αSyn (αSynPD) aggregates are assumed to act, in a prion-like manner, as proteinaceous nuclei ("seeds") capable of self-templated propagation. Braak and colleagues put forward the idea of a neural gut-brain axis mediating the centripetal spread of αSynPD pathology from the enteric nervous system (ENS) to the brain in PD. This has sparked great interest and initiated passionate discussions both in support of and opposing the suggested hypothesis. A precedent for the spread of protein seeds or seeding from the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract to the central nervous system (CNS) had been previously revealed for pathological prion protein in peroral prion infections. This article scrutinizes the similarities and dissimilarities between the pathophysiological spread of disease-associated protein aggregation along the neural gut-brain axis in peroral prion infections and PD. On this basis, evidence supporting the proposed neural gut-brain axis in PD is concluded to be not as robust as that established for peroral prion infections. New tools for the ultrasensitive detection of αSynPD-associated seeding activity in archived or fresh human tissue samples such as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) or protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays can possibly help to address this deficit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beekes
- Prion and Prionoid Research Unit, ZBS 6-Proteomics and Spectroscopy, ZBS-Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Huntington TE, Srinivasan R. Adeno-Associated Virus Expression of α-Synuclein as a Tool to Model Parkinson's Disease: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1120-1137. [PMID: 34221553 PMCID: PMC8219504 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population and is characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor symptoms. The abnormal aggregation and spread of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is thought to underlie the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), leading to the development of PD. It is in this context that the use of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to express a-syn in the rodent midbrain has become a popular tool to model SNc DA neuron loss during PD. In this review, we summarize results from two decades of experiments using AAV-mediated a-syn expression in rodents to model PD. Specifically, we outline aspects of AAV vectors that are particularly relevant to modeling a-syn dysfunction in rodent models of PD such as changes in striatal neurochemistry, a-syn biochemistry, and PD-related behaviors resulting from AAV-mediated a-syn expression in the midbrain. Finally, we discuss the emerging role of astrocytes in propagating a-syn pathology, and point to future directions for employing AAVs as a tool to better understand how astrocytes contribute to a-syn pathology during the development of PD. We envision that lessons learned from two decades of utilizing AAVs to express a-syn in the rodent brain will enable us to develop an optimized set of parameters for gaining a better understanding of how a-syn leads to the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Huntington
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Chetty D, Abrahams S, van Coller R, Carr J, Kenyon C, Bardien S. Movement of prion-like α-synuclein along the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: A potential target of curcumin treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4695-4711. [PMID: 34043864 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is aggregation of toxic forms of the presynaptic protein, α-synuclein in structures known as Lewy bodies. α-Synuclein pathology is found in both the brain and gastrointestinal tracts of affected individuals, possibly due to the movement of this protein along the vagus nerve that connects the brain to the gut. In this review, we discuss current insights into the spread of α-synuclein pathology along the gut-brain axis, which could be targeted for therapeutic interventions. The prion-like propagation of α-synuclein, and the clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal dysfunction in individuals living with PD, are discussed. There is currently insufficient evidence that surgical alteration of the vagus nerve, or removal of gut-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the appendix and tonsils, are protective against PD. Furthermore, we propose curcumin as a potential candidate to prevent the spread of α-synuclein pathology in the body by curcumin binding to α-synuclein's non-amyloid β-component (NAC) domain. Curcumin is an active component of the food spice turmeric and is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially neuroprotective properties. We hypothesize that once α-synuclein is bound to curcumin, both molecules are subsequently excreted from the body. Therefore, dietary supplementation with curcumin over one's lifetime has potential as a novel approach to complement existing PD treatment and/or prevention strategies. Future studies are required to validate this hypothesis, but if successful, this could represent a significant step towards improved nutrient-based therapeutic interventions and preventative strategies for this debilitating and currently incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Chetty
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Riaan van Coller
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colin Kenyon
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Motyl JA, Strosznajder JB, Wencel A, Strosznajder RP. Recent Insights into the Interplay of Alpha-Synuclein and Sphingolipid Signaling in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126277. [PMID: 34207975 PMCID: PMC8230587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular studies have provided increasing evidence that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a protein conformational disease, where the spread of alpha-synuclein (ASN) pathology along the neuraxis correlates with clinical disease outcome. Pathogenic forms of ASN evoke oxidative stress (OS), neuroinflammation, and protein alterations in neighboring cells, thereby intensifying ASN toxicity, neurodegeneration, and neuronal death. A number of evidence suggest that homeostasis between bioactive sphingolipids with opposing function—e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide—is essential in pro-survival signaling and cell defense against OS. In contrast, imbalance of the “sphingolipid biostat” favoring pro-oxidative/pro-apoptotic ceramide-mediated changes have been indicated in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, we focused on the role of sphingolipid alterations in ASN burden, as well as in a vast range of its neurotoxic effects. Sphingolipid homeostasis is principally directed by sphingosine kinases (SphKs), which synthesize S1P—a potent lipid mediator regulating cell fate and inflammatory response—making SphK/S1P signaling an essential pharmacological target. A growing number of studies have shown that S1P receptor modulators, and agonists are promising protectants in several neurological diseases. This review demonstrates the relationship between ASN toxicity and alteration of SphK-dependent S1P signaling in OS, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. Moreover, we discuss the S1P receptor-mediated pathways as a novel promising therapeutic approach in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A. Motyl
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland; (J.A.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Joanna B. Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Wencel
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystems Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland; (J.A.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Robert P. Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Passaro AP, Lebos AL, Yao Y, Stice SL. Immune Response in Neurological Pathology: Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Crosstalk. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676621. [PMID: 34177918 PMCID: PMC8222736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of neurological disorders and is an important therapeutic target; however, immunotherapies have been largely unsuccessful. In cases where these therapies have succeeded, particularly multiple sclerosis, they have primarily focused on one aspect of the disease and leave room for improvement. More recently, the impact of the peripheral immune system is being recognized, since it has become evident that the central nervous system is not immune-privileged, as once thought. In this review, we highlight key interactions between central and peripheral immune cells in neurological disorders. While traditional approaches have examined these systems separately, the immune responses and processes in neurological disorders consist of substantial crosstalk between cells of the central and peripheral immune systems. Here, we provide an overview of major immune effector cells and the role of the blood-brain barrier in regard to neurological disorders and provide examples of this crosstalk in various disorders, including stroke and traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain cancer. Finally, we propose targeting central-peripheral immune interactions as a potential improved therapeutic strategy to overcome failures in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abraham L. Lebos
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Health and Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Levine TD, Bellaire B, Gibbons C, Freeman R. Cutaneous alpha-synuclein deposition in postural tachycardia patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:908-917. [PMID: 33764697 PMCID: PMC8045934 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To report a case series of patients with neuropathic POTS and cutaneous phosphorylated alpha‐synuclein (P‐SYN) deposition on skin biopsy and compare these to neuropathic POTS patients without P‐SYN deposition. Methods The medical history, physical examination findings, autonomic function testing, and skin biopsy neuropathology of patients under the age of 50 with a postural tachycardia and a diagnosis of POTS were retrospectively reviewed. Included patients completed the composite autonomic severity score (COMPASS 31), the Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness scale, the REM Behavior Disorder Questionnaire, the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS‐10), and the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index. Results Of 296 patients seen with POTS, 22 patients with suspected neuropathic POTS had skin biopsies performed during their evaluation. Seven of 22 patients had P‐SYN present on skin biopsy, while 15 individuals did not. Those with P‐SYN on biopsy: (1) were more likely to be male; (2) had features of REM sleep behavioral disorder; (3) reported less sleepiness and cognitive impairment; and (4) noted greater symptoms of gastroparesis. On autonomic testing, the group with P‐SYN deposition was more likely to have a hypertensive response to tilt‐table testing and abnormal QSART responses. Interpretation Phosphorylated alpha‐synuclein deposition is present in some postural tachycardia patients with neuropathic features. Individuals with a postural tachycardia and cutaneous phosphorylated alpha‐synuclein deposition may be distinguished from other patients with neuropathic POTS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cossais F, Schaeffer E, Heinzel S, Zimmermann J, Niesler B, Röth R, Rappold G, Scharf A, Zorenkov D, Lange C, Barrenschee M, Margraf NG, Ellrichmann M, Berg D, Böttner M, Wedel T. Expression Profiling of Rectal Biopsies Suggests Altered Enteric Neuropathological Traits in Parkinson's Disease Patients. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 11:171-176. [PMID: 33337386 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Still little is known about the nature of the gastrointestinal pathological alterations occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we used multiplexed mRNA profiling to measure the expression of a panel of 770 genes related to neuropathological processes in deep submucosal rectal biopsies of PD patients and healthy controls. Altered enteric neuropathological traits based on the expression of 22 genes related to neuroglial and mitochondrial functions, vesicle trafficking and inflammation was observed in 9 out of 12 PD patients in comparison to healthy controls. These results provide new evidences that intestinal neuropathological alterations may occur in a large proportion of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cossais
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica Zimmermann
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Scharf
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dmitri Zorenkov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Lange
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Nils G Margraf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Ellrichmann
- Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Böttner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Eymsh B, Drobny A, Heyn TR, Xiang W, Lucius R, Schwarz K, Keppler JK, Zunke F, Arnold P. Toxic Metamorphosis-How Changes from Lysosomal to Cytosolic pH Modify the Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pattern. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4673-4684. [PMID: 32986422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a cytosolic, aggregation-prone protein that is associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, the protein can appear in different conformations, including monomeric and oligomeric forms as well as amyloid fibrils. Its individual structural constituents seem to be dependent on various factors and the composition of the respective cellular surroundings. Although under physiological conditions, most aSyn is found in the cytosol and synapses of neurons, aSyn can also be found in lysosomal compartments, where it gets degraded. We here compare the assembly speed, morphology, folding state, and spreading of aSyn at cytosolic pH (pH 7.4) and lysosomal pH (pH 5) using Thioflavin T, transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Interestingly, we found substantial differences between aSyn aggregation under neutral and acidic pH conditions, like those present in cytosolic and lysosomal cellular compartments. Also, lysosomal aSyn enriched from an aSyn-overexpressing cell line was able to seed aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed that aSyn aggregates formed under in vitro lysosomal pH (pH 5) conditions were not stable at neutral pH and collapsed into partly soluble aggregates with changed structural characteristics. Our findings have meaningful implications in intracellular toxicity events as well as in lysis procedures for molecular and structural characterization of intracellular aSyn conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisher Eymsh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timon R Heyn
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91045 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia K Keppler
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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