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Carvalho Cabral P, Stegeman SK, Olivier M, Cermakian N. Circadian Regulation of Leishmania Parasite Internalisation in Macrophages and Downstream Cellular Events. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13053. [PMID: 38817112 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. parasites use macrophages as a host cell during infection. As a result, macrophages have a dual role: clearing the parasite as well as acting as host cells. Recently, studies have shown that macrophages harbour circadian clocks, which affect many of their functions such as phagocytosis, receptor expression and cytokine release. Interestingly, Leishmania major infection in hosts was also shown to be under circadian control. Therefore, we decided to investigate what underlies the rhythms of L. major infection within macrophages. Using a culture model of infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with L. major promastigotes, we show that the parasites are internalised into macrophages with a 24-h variation dependent on a functional circadian clock in the cells. This was associated with a variation in the number of parasites per macrophage. The cell surface expression of parasite receptors was not controlled by the cells' circadian clock. In contrast, the expression of the components of the endocytic pathway, EEA1 and LC3b, varied according to the time of infection. This was paralleled by variations in parasite-induced ROS production as well as cytokine tumour necrosis factor α. In summary, we have uncovered a time-dependent regulation of the internalisation of L. major promastigotes in macrophages, controlled by the circadian clock in these cells, as well as subsequent cellular events in the endocytic pathway, intracellular signalling and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia K Stegeman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Benaim G, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Unmasking the Mechanism behind Miltefosine: Revealing the Disruption of Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis as a Rational Therapeutic Target in Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:406. [PMID: 38672424 PMCID: PMC11047903 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Originally developed as a chemotherapeutic agent, miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) is an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine synthesis with proven antiparasitic effects. It is the only oral drug approved for the treatment of Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Although its precise mechanisms are not yet fully understood, miltefosine exhibits broad-spectrum anti-parasitic effects primarily by disrupting the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of the parasites while sparing the human hosts. In addition to its inhibitory effects on phosphatidylcholine synthesis and cytochrome c oxidase, miltefosine has been found to affect the unique giant mitochondria and the acidocalcisomes of parasites. Both of these crucial organelles are involved in Ca2+ regulation. Furthermore, miltefosine has the ability to activate a specific parasite Ca2+ channel that responds to sphingosine, which is different to its L-type VGCC human ortholog. Here, we aimed to provide an overview of recent advancements of the anti-parasitic mechanisms of miltefosine. We also explored its multiple molecular targets and investigated how its pleiotropic effects translate into a rational therapeutic approach for patients afflicted by Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis. Notably, miltefosine's therapeutic effect extends beyond its impact on the parasite to also positively affect the host's immune system. These findings enhance our understanding on its multi-targeted mechanism of action. Overall, this review sheds light on the intricate molecular actions of miltefosine, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic option against these debilitating parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Benaim
- Unidad de Señalización Celular y Bioquímica de Parásitos, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Microbiology, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Lago T, Medina L, Lago J, Santana N, Cardoso T, Rocha A, Leal-Calvo T, Carvalho EM, Castellucci LC. MicroRNAs regulating macrophages infected with Leishmania L. ( V.) Braziliensis isolated from different clinical forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280949. [PMID: 38143766 PMCID: PMC10748487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. There are still no vaccines, and therapeutic options are limited, indicating the constant need to understand the fine mechanisms of its pathophysiology. An approach that has been explored in leishmaniasis is the participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that act, in most cases, to repress gene expression. miRNAs play a role in the complex and plastic interaction between the host and pathogens, either as part of the host's immune response to neutralize infection or as a molecular strategy employed by the pathogen to modulate host pathways to its own benefit. Methods Monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy subjects were infected with isolates of three clinical forms of L. braziliensis: cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and disseminated (DL) leishmaniasis. We compared the expression of miRNAs that take part in the TLR/NFkB pathways. Correlations with parasite load as well as immune parameters were analyzed. Results miRNAs -103a-3p, -21-3p, 125a-3p -155-5p, -146a-5p, -132- 5p, and -147a were differentially expressed in the metastatic ML and DL forms, and there was a direct correlation between miRNAs -103a-3p, -21-3p, -155-5p, -146a-5p, -132-5p, and -9-3p and parasite load with ML and DL isolates. We also found a correlation between the expression of miR-21-3p and miR-146a-5p with the antiapoptotic gene BCL2 and the increase of viable cells, whereas miR-147a was indirectly correlated with CXCL-9 levels. Conclusion The expression of miRNAs is strongly correlated with the parasite load and the inflammatory response, suggesting the participation of these molecules in the pathogenesis of the different clinical forms of L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainã Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lilian Medina
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nadja Santana
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Sakvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alan Rocha
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Sakvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Sakvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Serviço de Imunologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Chauhan R, Tiwari M, Chaudhary A, Sharan Thakur R, Pande V, Das J. Chemokines: A key driver for inflammation in protozoan infection. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 43:211-228. [PMID: 37980574 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2281566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to the group of small proteins within the cytokine family having strong chemo-attractant properties. In most cases, the strong immuno-modulatory role of chemokines is crucial for generating the immune response against pathogens in various protozoan diseases. In this review, we have given a brief update on the classification, characterization, homeostasis, transcellular migration, and immuno-modulatory role of chemokines. Here we will evaluate the potential role of chemokines and their regulation in various protozoan diseases. There is a significant direct relationship between parasitic infection and the recruitment of effector cells of the immune response. Chemokines play an indispensable role in mediating several defense mechanisms against infection, such as leukocyte recruitment and the generation of innate and cell-mediated immunity that aids in controlling/eliminating the pathogen. This process is controlled by the chemotactic movement of chemokines induced as a primary host immune response. We have also addressed that chemokine expressions during infection are time-dependent and orchestrated in a systematic pattern that ultimately assists in generating a protective immune response. Taken together, this review provides a systematic understanding of the complexity of chemokines profiles during protozoan disease conditions and the rationale of targeting chemokines for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Chauhan
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Reva Sharan Thakur
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Ihedioha OC, Sivakoses A, Beverley SM, McMahon-Pratt D, Bothwell ALM. Leishmania major-derived lipophosphoglycan influences the host's early immune response by inducing platelet activation and DKK1 production via TLR1/2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257046. [PMID: 37885890 PMCID: PMC10598878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are rapidly deployed to infection sites and respond to pathogenic molecules via pattern recognition receptors (TLR, NLRP). Dickkopf1 (DKK1) is a quintessential Wnt antagonist produced by a variety of cell types including platelets, endothelial cells, and is known to modulate pro-inflammatory responses in infectious diseases and cancer. Moreover, DKK1 is critical for forming leukocyte-platelet aggregates and induction of type 2 cell-mediated immune responses. Our previous publication showed activated platelets release DKK1 following Leishmania major recognition. Results Here we probed the role of the key surface virulence glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG), on DKK1 production using null mutants deficient in LPG synthesis (Δlpg1- and Δlpg2-). Leishmania-induced DKK1 production was reduced to control levels in the absence of LPG in both mutants and was restored upon re-expression of the cognate LPG1 or LPG2 genes. Furthermore, the formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates was dependent on LPG. LPG mediated platelet activation and DKK1 production occurs through TLR1/2. Conclusion Thus, LPG is a key virulence factor that induces DKK1 production from activated platelets, and the circulating DKK1 promotes Th2 cell polarization. This suggests that LPG-activated platelets can drive innate and adaptive immune responses to Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ihedioha
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Anutr Sivakoses
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St. Louis, MI, United States
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alfred L. M. Bothwell
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Veras PST, de Santana MBR, Brodskyn CI, Fraga DBM, Solcà MS, De Menezes JPB, Leite BMM, Teixeira HMP. Elucidating the role played by bone marrow in visceral leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1261074. [PMID: 37860064 PMCID: PMC10582953 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1261074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread group of infectious diseases that significantly impact global health. Despite high prevalence, leishmaniasis often receives inadequate attention in the prioritization of measures targeting tropical diseases. The causative agents of leishmaniasis are protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, which give rise to a diverse range of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous and visceral forms. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form, can be life-threatening if left untreated. Parasites can spread systemically within the body, infecting a range of organs, such as the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Natural reservoirs for these protozoa include rodents, dogs, foxes, jackals, and wolves, with dogs serving as the primary urban reservoir for Leishmania infantum. Dogs exhibit clinical and pathological similarities to human VL and are valuable models for studying disease progression. Both human and canine VL provoke clinical symptoms, such as organ enlargement, fever, weight loss and abnormal gamma globulin levels. Hematologic abnormalities have also been observed, including anemia, leukopenia with lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Studies in dogs have linked these hematologic changes in peripheral blood to alterations in the bone marrow. Mouse models of VL have also contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these hematologic and bone marrow abnormalities. This review consolidates information on hematological and immunological changes in the bone marrow of humans, dogs, and mice infected with Leishmania species causing VL. It includes findings on the role of bone marrow as a source of parasite persistence in internal organs and VL development. Highlighting gaps in current knowledge, the review emphasizes the need for future research to enhance our understanding of VL and identify potential targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Borges Rabêlo de Santana
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manuela Silva Solcà
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Martins Macedo Leite
- Laboratory of Parasite - Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute-Fiocruz Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Alvarez F, Istomine R, Da Silva Lira Filho A, Al-Aubodah TA, Huang D, Okde R, Olivier M, Fritz JH, Piccirillo CA. IL-18 is required for the T H1-adaptation of T REG cells and the selective suppression of T H17 responses in acute and chronic infections. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:462-475. [PMID: 37182738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18, a member of the IL-1 family of alarmins, is abundantly released in the lungs following influenza A (IAV) infections yet its role in orchestrating the local adaptive immune response remains ill defined. Through genetic disruption of the IL-18 receptor, we demonstrate that IL-18 not only promotes pulmonary TH1 responses but also influences regulatory T cells (TREG) function in the infected lungs. As the response unfolds, TREG cells accumulating in the lungs express Helios, T-bet, CXCR3, and IL-18R1 and produce interferon γ in the presence of IL-12. During IAV, IL-18R1 is required for TREG cells to control TH17, but not TH1, responses and promote a return to lung homeostasis, revealing a novel mechanism of selective suppression. Moreover, this observation was not limited to the lungs, as skin-localized TREG cells require an IL-18 signal to specifically suppress IL-17A production by TH17 and γδ T cells in a model of chronic cutaneous Leishmania major infection. Overall, these results uncover how IL-18 orchestrates the tissue adaptation of TREG cells to selectively favor TH1 over TH17 responses during TH1-driven immune responses and provide a novel perspective into how IL-18 dictates the immune response during viral and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Rakan Okde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), Montréal, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), Montréal, Canada.
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Yadav M, Akhtar MN, Mishra M, Kumar S, Kumar R, Shubham, Nandal A, Sen P. Leishmania donovani Attenuates Dendritic Cell Trafficking to Lymph Nodes by Inhibiting C-Type Lectin Receptor 2 Expression via Transforming Growth Factor-β. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0412222. [PMID: 37125906 PMCID: PMC10269552 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To initiate an antileishmanial adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) must carry Leishmania antigens from peripheral tissues to local draining lymph nodes. However, the migratory capacity of DCs is largely compromised during Leishmania donovani infection. The molecular mechanism underlying this defective DC migration is not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that L. donovani infection impaired the lymph node homing ability of DCs by decreasing C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2) expression. L. donovani exerted this inhibitory effect by inducing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion from DCs. Indeed, TGF-β produced in this manner inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated CLEC-2 expression on DCs by activating c-Src. Notably, suppression of c-Src expression significantly improved the arrival of DCs in draining lymph nodes by preventing L. donovani-induced CLEC-2 downregulation on DCs. These findings reveal a unique mechanism by which L. donovani inhibits DC migration to lymph nodes and suggest a key role for TGF-β, c-Src, and CLEC-2 in regulating this process. IMPORTANCE Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating T cell-mediated protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the second most lethal parasitic disease in the world. However, the T cell-inducing ability of DCs critically depends on the extent of DC migration to regional lymph nodes. Notably, the migration of DCs is reported to be impaired during VL. The cause of this impaired DC migration, however, remains ill-defined. Here, we provide the first evidence that L. donovani, the causative agent of VL, attenuates the lymph node homing capacity of DCs by decreasing C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2) expression on DCs. Additionally, we have demonstrated how L. donovani mediates this inhibitory effect. Overall, our work has revealed a unique mechanism underlying L. donovani-induced impairment of DC migration and suggests a potential strategy to improve antileishmanial T cell activity by increasing DC arrival in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Md. Naushad Akhtar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Mishra
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shubham
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anil Nandal
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradip Sen
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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10
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Quintela-Carvalho G, Goicochea AMC, Mançur-Santos V, Viana SDM, Luz YDS, Dias BRS, Lázaro-Souza M, Suarez M, de Oliveira CI, Saraiva EM, Brodskyn CI, Veras PT, de Menezes JP, Andrade BB, Lima JB, Descoteaux A, Borges VM. Leishmania infantum Defective in Lipophosphoglycan Biosynthesis Interferes With Activation of Human Neutrophils. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:788196. [PMID: 35463648 PMCID: PMC9019130 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.788196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is often associated with hematologic manifestations that may interfere with neutrophil response. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a major molecule on the surface of Leishmania promastigotes, which has been associated with several aspects of the parasite–vector–host interplay. Here, we investigated how LPG from Leishmania (L.) infantum, the principal etiological agent of VL in the New World, influences the initial establishment of infection during interaction with human neutrophils in an experimental setting in vitro. Human neutrophils obtained from peripheral blood samples were infected with either the wild-type L. infantum (WT) strain or LPG-deficient mutant (∆lpg1). In this setting, ∆lpg1 parasites displayed reduced viability compared to WT L. infantum; such finding was reverted in the complemented ∆lpg1+LPG1 parasites at 3- and 6-h post-infection. Confocal microscopy experiments indicated that this decreased survival was related to enhanced lysosomal fusion. In fact, LPG-deficient L. infantum parasites more frequently died inside neutrophil acidic compartments, a phenomenon that was reverted when host cells were treated with Wortmannin. We also observed an increase in the secretion of the neutrophil collagenase matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) by cells infected with ∆lpg1 L. infantum compared to those that were infected with WT parasites. Furthermore, collagen I matrix degradation was found to be significantly increased in ∆lpg1 parasite-infected cells but not in WT-infected controls. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a substantial boost in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection with either WT or ∆lpg1 L. infantum. In addition, killing of ∆lpg1 parasites was shown to be more dependent on the ROS production than that of WT L. infantum. Notably, inhibition of the oxidative stress with Apocynin potentially fueled ∆lpg1 L. infantum fitness as it increased the intracellular parasite viability. Thus, our observations demonstrate that LPG may be a critical molecule fostering parasite survival in human neutrophils through a mechanism that involves cellular activation and generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano), Alagoinhas, Brazil
| | - Astrid Madeleine Calero Goicochea
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Mançur-Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sayonara de Melo Viana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Yasmin da Silva Luz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena Lázaro-Souza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elvira M. Saraiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia I. Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Veras
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana P.B. de Menezes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jonilson Berlink Lima
- Núcleo de Agentes Infecciosos e Vetores (NAIVE), Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia (UFOB), Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Valéria M. Borges, ; Albert Descoteaux,
| | - Valéria M. Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Valéria M. Borges, ; Albert Descoteaux,
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Maruyama SR, Fuzo CA, Oliveira AER, Rogerio LA, Takamiya NT, Pessenda G, de Melo EV, da Silva AM, Jesus AR, Carregaro V, Nakaya HI, Almeida RP, da Silva JS. Insight Into the Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Coexpression Profile in the Human Blood Transcriptome Upon Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784463. [PMID: 35370994 PMCID: PMC8965071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne infectious disease that can be potentially fatal if left untreated. In Brazil, it is caused by Leishmania infantum parasites. Blood transcriptomics allows us to assess the molecular mechanisms involved in the immunopathological processes of several clinical conditions, namely, parasitic diseases. Here, we performed mRNA sequencing of peripheral blood from patients with visceral leishmaniasis during the active phase of the disease and six months after successful treatment, when the patients were considered clinically cured. To strengthen the study, the RNA-seq data analysis included two other non-diseased groups composed of healthy uninfected volunteers and asymptomatic individuals. We identified thousands of differentially expressed genes between VL patients and non-diseased groups. Overall, pathway analysis corroborated the importance of signaling involving interferons, chemokines, Toll-like receptors and the neutrophil response. Cellular deconvolution of gene expression profiles was able to discriminate cellular subtypes, highlighting the contribution of plasma cells and NK cells in the course of the disease. Beyond the biological processes involved in the immunopathology of VL revealed by the expression of protein coding genes (PCGs), we observed a significant participation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in our blood transcriptome dataset. Genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs expression in VL has never been performed. lncRNAs have been considered key regulators of disease progression, mainly in cancers; however, their pattern regulation may also help to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of host immune responses elicited by L. infantum infections in humans. Among our findings, we identified lncRNAs such as IL21-AS1, MIR4435-2HG and LINC01501 and coexpressed lncRNA/mRNA pairs such as CA3-AS1/CA1, GASAL1/IFNG and LINC01127/IL1R1-IL1R2. Thus, for the first time, we present an integrated analysis of PCGs and lncRNAs by exploring the lncRNA–mRNA coexpression profile of VL to provide insights into the regulatory gene network involved in the development of this inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alessandro Fuzo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutics Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Edson R Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Aparecida Rogerio
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Nayore Tamie Takamiya
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pessenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Enaldo Vieira de Melo
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital-Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria da Silva
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital-Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro Jesus
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital-Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Roque Pacheco Almeida
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital-Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Platform, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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12
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The History of Live Attenuated Centrin Gene-Deleted Leishmania Vaccine Candidates. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040431. [PMID: 35456106 PMCID: PMC9025045 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by an infection of the Leishmania protozoa, is a neglected tropical disease and a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with approximately 350 million people worldwide at risk and 2 million new cases occurring annually. Current treatments for leishmaniasis are not highly efficacious and are associated with high costs, especially in low- and middle-income endemic countries, and high toxicity. Due to a surge in the incidence of leishmaniases worldwide, the development of new strategies such as a prophylactic vaccine has become a high priority. However, the ability of Leishmania to undermine immune recognition has limited our efforts to design safe and efficacious vaccines against leishmaniasis. Numerous antileishmanial vaccine preparations based on DNA, subunit, and heat-killed parasites with or without adjuvants have been tried in several animal models but very few have progressed beyond the experimental stage. However, it is known that people who recover from Leishmania infection can be protected lifelong against future infection, suggesting that a successful vaccine requires a controlled infection to develop immunologic memory and subsequent long-term immunity. Live attenuated Leishmania parasites that are non-pathogenic and provide a complete range of antigens similarly to their wild-type counterparts could evoke such memory and, thus, would be effective vaccine candidates. Our laboratory has developed several live attenuated Leishmania vaccines by targeted centrin gene disruptions either by homologous recombination or, more recently, by using genome editing technologies involving CRISPR-Cas9. In this review, we focused on the sequential history of centrin gene-deleted Leishmania vaccine development, along with the characterization of its safety and efficacy. Further, we discussed other major considerations regarding the transition of dermotropic live attenuated centrin gene-deleted parasites from the laboratory to human clinical trials.
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Sánchez-García L, Pérez-Torres A, Muñoz-Cruz S, Salaiza-Suazo N, Morales-Montor J, Becker I. Mast-Cell Response to Leishmania mexicana and Sand-Fly Salivary Proteins Is Modulated by Orchiectomy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040398. [PMID: 35456073 PMCID: PMC9025480 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role during Leishmania infections, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected sand fly that injects saliva together with the parasite. Sand fly saliva is a complex fluid that modulates the host immune response. In addition, hormonal factors modulate the host immune response and alter susceptibility to infections. Thus, to assess the impact of male sex hormones on the mast-cell (MC) response to Leishmania infections, we orchiectomized male mice, infected them with the parasite in the presence of sand fly salivary proteins, and analyzed the inflammatory response of MCs. Our results showed that the MC response to the parasite and vector salivary proteins differed between orchiectomized and sham-operated mice. In orchiectomized mice, MC showed a retarded activation pattern, associated with slower degranulation and weaker TNF-α, histamine, and tryptase staining in response to the infection with Leishmania mexicana combined with vector-salivary proteins, as compared to sham mice. Furthermore, neutrophil infiltration was slower in orchiectomized mice, and numbers of infected macrophages and lesion sizes were smaller. Our results show that, during Leishmania infection, male sex hormones modulate the mast-cell response against the parasite and salivary proteins of the sand fly vector, inducing an intense inflammatory response. Their absence in orchiectomized mice retards the inflammatory response, enabling better control of the infection and slower disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-S.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-55-5622-3854/+52-55-5622-3732; Fax: +52-55-5622-3369
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Samira Muñoz-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-S.); (I.B.)
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-S.); (I.B.)
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14
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
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Bamigbola IE, Ali S. Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: the role of toll-like receptors in disease progression. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12910. [PMID: 35119120 PMCID: PMC9285711 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), members of pattern recognition receptors, are expressed on many cells of the innate immune system and their engagements with antigens regulates specific immune responses. TLRs signalling influences species-specific immune responses during Leishmania infection, thus, TLRs play a decisive role towards elimination or exacerbation of Leishmania infection. To date, there is no single therapeutic or prophylactic approach that fully effective against Leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which Leishmania species evade, or exploit host immune machinery could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and management of leishmaniasis. In this review, the role of TLRs in the induction of a paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis was discussed. This review focuses on highlighting the novel interplay of TLR2/TLR9 driven resistance or susceptibility to 5 clinically important Leishmania species in human. The activation of TLR2/TLR9 can induce a diverse anti-Leishmania activities depending on the species of infecting Leishmania parasite. Infection with L. infantum and L. mexicana initiate TLR2/9 activation leading to host protective immune response while infection with L. major, L. donovani, and L. amazonensis trigger either a TLR2/9 related protective or non-protective immune responses. These findings suggest that TLR2 and TLR9 are targets worth pursuing either for modulation or blockage to trigger host protective immune response towards leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa E Bamigbola
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Selman Ali
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Bhattacharya P, Ismail N, Saxena A, Gannavaram S, Dey R, Oljuskin T, Akue A, Takeda K, Yu J, Karmakar S, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Nakhasi HL. Neutrophil-dendritic cell interaction plays an important role in live attenuated Leishmania vaccine induced immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010224. [PMID: 35192633 PMCID: PMC8896671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are involved in the initial host responses to pathogens. Neutrophils can activate T cell responses either independently or through indirect involvement of Dendritic cells (DCs). Recently we have demonstrated direct neutrophil-T cell interactions that initiate adaptive immune responses following immunization with live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasite vaccine (LdCen-/-). However, neutrophil-DC interactions in T cell priming in vaccine immunity in general are not known. In this study we evaluated the interaction between neutrophils and DCs during LdCen-/- infection and compared with wild type parasite (LdWT) both in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/findings LdCen-/- parasite induced increased expression of CCL3 in neutrophils caused higher recruitment of DCs capable of inducing a strong proinflammatory response and elevated co-stimulatory molecule expression compared to LdWT infection. To further illustrate neutrophil-DCs interactions in vivo, we infected LYS-eGFP mice with red fluorescent LdWT/LdCen-/- parasites and sort selected DCs that engulfed the neutrophil containing parasites or DCs that acquired the parasites directly in the ear draining lymph nodes (dLN) 5d post infection. The DCs predominantly acquired the parasites by phagocytosing infected neutrophils. Specifically, DCs containing LdCen-/- parasitized neutrophils exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype, increased expression of costimulatory molecules and initiated higher CD4+T cell priming ex-vivo. Notably, potent DC activation occurred when LdCen-/- parasites were acquired indirectly via engulfment of parasitized neutrophils compared to direct engulfment of LdCen-/- parasites by DCs. Neutrophil depletion in LdCen-/- infected mice significantly abrogated expression of CCL3 resulting in decreased DC recruitment in ear dLN. This event led to poor CD4+Th1 cell priming ex vivo that correlated with attenuated Tbet expression in ear dLN derived CD4+ T cells in vivo. Conclusions Collectively, LdCen-/- containing neutrophils phagocytized by DC markedly influence the phenotype and antigen presenting capacity of DCs early on and thus play an immune-regulatory role in shaping vaccine induced host protective response. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania is a neglected tropical disease. Leishmania donovani is the principal causative agent of VL in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent whereas in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America VL is mainly caused by Leishmania infantum. No licensed vaccine exists against VL. We have reported previously that live attenuated centrin gene-deleted L. donovani (LdCen-/-) parasite vaccine induced strong innate immunity which leads to a protective Th1 response in animal models. We recently demonstrated that neutrophils play an indispensable role following immunization with LdCen-/- parasites in inducing protective Th1 immune response. However, neutrophils also secrete chemokines that attract other innate cells such as dendritic cells and regulate their activities. In the current study we analyzed the interplay between neutrophils and DCs, and its effects on T cell activation during LdCen-/- infection and compared with wild type parasite (LdWT) infection. We observed that higher recruitment of DCs occurred in LdCen-/- infected mice ear draining lymph nodes compared to LdWT. This recruitment is facilitated by increased secretion of the chemokine CCL3 by neutrophils. A markedly decreased DC recruitment was observed in LdCen-/- infected mice following CCL3 neutralization indicating the key role of neutrophils in DC recruitment. Further, we demonstrated that DCs that ingest LdCen-/- infected neutrophils are better activated than those that acquire the parasites independent of neutrophils. Notably neutrophil depletion in LdCen-/- infected mice also attenuated activation of DCs in the ear dLN that resulted in poor CD4+T cell priming. Our results reveal that interaction between neutrophils and DCs play an important role in shaping proinflammatory immune response induced by a live attenuated Leishmania vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PB); (HLN)
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adovi Akue
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Yu
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subir Karmakar
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pradeep K. Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PB); (HLN)
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17
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Carvalho Cabral P, Tekade K, Stegeman SK, Olivier M, Cermakian N. The involvement of host circadian clocks in the regulation of the immune response to parasitic infections in mammals. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12903. [PMID: 34964129 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are recurring variations of physiology with a period of ~24 hours, generated by circadian clocks located throughout the body. Studies have shown a circadian regulation of many aspects of immunity. Immune cells have intrinsic clock mechanisms, and innate and adaptive immune responses - such as leukocyte migration, magnitude of inflammation, cytokine production and cell differentiation - are under circadian control. This circadian regulation has consequences for infections including parasitic infections. In the context of Leishmania infection, the circadian clock within host immune cells modulates the magnitude of the infection and the inflammatory response triggered by the parasite. As for malaria, rhythms within the immune system were shown to impact the developmental cycles of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells. Further, host circadian rhythms impact infections by multicellular parasites; for example, infection with helminth Trichuris muris shows different kinetics of worm expulsion depending on time of day of infection, a variation that depends on the dendritic cell clock. Although the research on the circadian control of immunity in the context of parasitic infections is in its infancy, the research reviewed here suggests a crucial involvement of host circadian rhythms in immunity on the development and progression of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimaya Tekade
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Sophia K Stegeman
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
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18
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Tiburcio R, Melo LD, Nunes S, Barbosa ALA, de Oliveira EC, Suarez M, Borges VM, Tavares N, Brodskyn CI. DC-SIGN Mediates the Interaction Between Neutrophils and Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Dendritic Cells to Promote DC Maturation and Parasite Elimination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750648. [PMID: 34790196 PMCID: PMC8591281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected arthropod-borne disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Successful Leishmania infections require the mitigation of immune cell functions leading to parasite survival and proliferation. A large body of evidence highlights the involvement of neutrophils (PMNs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the establishment of immunological responses against these parasites. However, few studies, contemplate to what extent these cells interact synergistically to constrain Leishmania infection. Objective We sought to investigate how PMNs and infected DCs interact in an in vitro model of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Material and Methods Briefly, human PMNs and DCs were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Next, PMNs were activated with fibronectin and subsequently co-cultured with L. amazonensis-infected DCs. Results We observed that L. amazonensis-infected DC exhibited lower rates of infection when co-cultivated with either resting or activated PMNs. Surprisingly, we found that the release of neutrophil enzymes was not involved in Leishmania killing. Next, we showed that the interaction between PMNs and infected-DCs was intermediated by DC-SIGN, further suggesting that parasite elimination occurs in a contact-dependent manner. Furthermore, we also observed that TNFα and ROS production was dependent on DC-SIGN-mediated contact, as well as parasite elimination is dependent on TNFα production in the co-culture. Finally, we observed that direct contact between PMNs and DCs are required to restore the expression of DC maturation molecules during L. amazonensis infection. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the engagement of direct contact between PMNs and L. amazonensis-infected DC via DC-SIGN is required for the production of inflammatory mediators with subsequent parasite elimination and DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tiburcio
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Léon Dimitri Melo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Carvalho de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tavares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia - Instituto de nacional de ciência e tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Gomes RS, Silva MVT, Oliveira MAP, Joosten LAB, Ribeiro-Dias F. Protective immune response mediated by neutrophils in experimental visceral leishmaniasis is enhanced by IL-32γ. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104449. [PMID: 34784560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important cells in protection against microbial infections including visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It is well known that IL-32γ increases the protective T helper 17 cell mediated immune response against Leishmania infantum. Thus, in this study we evaluated whether IL-32 γ can increase the protective role of neutrophils against VL. In comparison with wild type (WT) mice, transgenic mice for human IL-32 γ (IL-32 γ Tg) presented a higher frequency and absolute number of neutrophils in both spleen and liver after the establishment of L. infantum infection. The IL-32 concentrations correlated with neutrophil numbers in the infected tissues. The IL-32 γ -induced recruitment of neutrophils was dependent on IL-17, since inhibition of Th17 T cells generation and IL-17 production with digoxin treatment reversed the effects of IL-32 γ. In murine neutrophils, the presence of IL-32 γ enhanced the phagocytosis of L. infantum via CR3. In addition, murine IL-32 γ Tg neutrophils were able to kill L. infantum due to the increased production of ROS when compared with WT neutrophils. In fact, IL-32 γ Tg mice lost their ability to control infection by L. infantum when neutrophils were depleted. In parallel, treatment of human neutrophils with recombinant IL-32 γ increased phagocytosis and ROS-dependent killing of L. infantum, similarly to murine IL-32 γ Tg neutrophils. The data show that IL-32 γ induces neutrophil recruitment to organs affected by VL and increases phagocytosis and killing of L. infantum by neutrophils. Together, data indicate the pivotal axis IL-32 γ -Th17-neutrophils to control VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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20
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Bhattacharya P, Oljuskin T, Dey R, Gannavaram S, Satoskar AR, Nakhasi HL. Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748325. [PMID: 34712235 PMCID: PMC8546207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between Leishmania, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. Leishmania parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in Leishmania pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious Leishmania vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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21
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Leishmania Promastigotes Enhance Neutrophil Recruitment through the Production of CXCL8 by Endothelial Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111380. [PMID: 34832536 PMCID: PMC8623338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells represent one of the first cell types encountered by Leishmania promastigotes when inoculated into the skin of the human hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. However, little is known on their role in the early recruitment of phagocytic cells and in the establishment of the infection. Initially, neutrophils, rapidly recruited to the site of promastigotes deposition, phagocytize Leishmania promastigotes, which elude the killing mechanisms of the host cells, survive, and infect other phagocytic cells. Here, we show that Leishmania promastigotes co-incubated with HMEC-1, a microvascular endothelial cell line, exhibited significant morphological changes and loss of infectivity. Moreover, promastigotes of different Leishmania species stimulated the production of CXCL8 by HMEC-1 in a dose- and TLR4-dependent manner. Interestingly, we observed that the conditioned media from Leishmania-stimulated HMEC-1 cells attracted leukocytes, mostly neutrophils, after 2 h of incubation. After 24 h, a higher percentage of monocytes was detected in conditioned media of unstimulated HMEC-1 cells, whereas neutrophils still predominated in conditioned medium from Leishmania-stimulated cells. The same supernatants did not contain CCL5, a chemokine recruiting T cells and monocytes. On the contrary, inhibition of the production of CCL5 induced by TNF-α was seen. These data indicate that the interaction of Leishmania promastigotes with endothelial cells leads to the production of chemokines and the recruitment of neutrophils, which contribute to the establishment of Leishmania infection.
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22
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Carneiro PP, Dórea AS, Oliveira WN, Guimarães LH, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Parasite Load in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706510. [PMID: 34691019 PMCID: PMC8526941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory response associated with ulcer development. Monocytes/macrophages, the main cells harboring parasites, are largely responsible for parasite control. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling leads to the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and TNF during innate immune response. TLR antagonists have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disease. The neutralization of these receptors may attenuate an exacerbated inflammatory response. We evaluated the ability of TLR2 and TLR4 antagonists to modulate host immune response in L. braziliensis-infected monocytes and cells from CL patient skin lesions. Following TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization, decreased numbers of infected cells and internalized parasites were detected in CL patient monocytes. In addition, reductions in oxidative burst, IL-1β, TNF and CXCL9 production were observed. TNF production by cells from CL lesions also decreased after TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization. The attenuation of host inflammatory response after neutralizing these receptors suggests the potential of TLR antagonists as immunomodulators in association with antimonial therapy in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Goncalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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23
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Jafarzadeh A, Nair A, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Saha B. Immunological role of keratinocytes in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12870. [PMID: 34028815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following inoculation of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, into the skin of a mammal, the epidermal keratinocytes recognize the parasite and influence the local immune response that can give rise to different outcomes of leishmaniasis. The early keratinocyte-derived cytokines and keratinocytes-T cells interactions shape the anti-leishmanial immune responses that contribute to the resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The keratinocyte-derived cytokines can directly potentiate the leishmanicidal activity of monocytes and macrophages. As keratinocytes express MHC-II and enhance the expression of costimulatory molecules, these cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Depending on the epidermal microenvironment, the keratinocytes induce various types of effector CD4+ T cells. Keratinocyte apoptosis and necrosis have been also implicated in ulceration in CL. Further, keratinocytes contribute to the healing of Leishmania-related cutaneous wounds. However, keratinocyte-derived IL-10 may play a key role in the development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In this review, a comprehensive discussion regarding the multiple roles played by keratinocytes during leishmaniasis was provided, while highlighting novel insights concerning the immunological and pathological roles of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.,National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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24
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Guimaraes-Costa AB, Shannon JP, Waclawiak I, Oliveira J, Meneses C, de Castro W, Wen X, Brzostowski J, Serafim TD, Andersen JF, Hickman HD, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Oliveira F. A sand fly salivary protein acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3213. [PMID: 34050141 PMCID: PMC8163758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from bacterial formyl peptides or viral chemokine mimicry, a non-vertebrate or insect protein that directly attracts mammalian innate cells such as neutrophils has not been molecularly characterized. Here, we show that members of sand fly yellow salivary proteins induce in vitro chemotaxis of mouse, canine and human neutrophils in transwell migration or EZ-TAXIScan assays. We demonstrate murine neutrophil recruitment in vivo using flow cytometry and two-photon intravital microscopy in Lysozyme-M-eGFP transgenic mice. We establish that the structure of this ~ 45 kDa neutrophil chemotactic protein does not resemble that of known chemokines. This chemoattractant acts through a G-protein-coupled receptor and is dependent on calcium influx. Of significance, this chemoattractant protein enhances lesion pathology (P < 0.0001) and increases parasite burden (P < 0.001) in mice upon co-injection with Leishmania parasites, underlining the impact of the sand fly salivary yellow proteins on disease outcome. These findings show that some arthropod vector-derived factors, such as this chemotactic salivary protein, activate rather than inhibit the host innate immune response, and that pathogens take advantage of these inflammatory responses to establish in the host. Immune mimicry has been shown in chemokine like moieties from bacteria and viruses. Here, the authors characterise a sand fly salivary protein that induces neutrophil chemotaxis and explore its impact in a model of parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson B Guimaraes-Costa
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - John P Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Waclawiak
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jullyanna Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Waldione de Castro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xi Wen
- Chemotaxis Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Twinbrook Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tiago D Serafim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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25
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Maksouri H, Darif D, Estaquier J, Riyad M, Desterke C, Lemrani M, Dang PMC, Akarid K. The Modulation of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Human Neutrophils by Moroccan Strains of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica Is Not Associated with p47 phox Phosphorylation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1025. [PMID: 34068760 PMCID: PMC8151549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the first phagocyte recruited and infected by Leishmania. They synthetize superoxide anions (O2-) under the control of the NADPH oxidase complex. In Morocco, Leishmania major and L. tropica are the main species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The impact of these parasites on human PMN functions is still unclear. We evaluated the in vitro capacity of primary Moroccan strains of L. major and L. tropica to modulate PMN O2- production and p47phox phosphorylation status of the NADPH oxidase complex. PMNs were isolated from healthy blood donors, and their infection rate was measured by microscopy. O2- production was measured by superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. P47phox phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot using specific antibodies against Ser328 and Ser345 sites. Whereas we did not observe any difference in PMN infectivity rate, our results indicated that only L. tropica promastigotes inhibited both fMLF- and PMA-mediated O2- production independently of p47phox phosphorylation. Leishmania soluble antigens (SLAs) from both species significantly inhibited O2- induced by fMLF or PMA. However, they only decreased PMA-induced p47phox phosphorylation. L. major and L. tropica modulated differently O2- production by human PMNs independently of p47phox phosphorylation. The inhibition of ROS production by L. tropica could be a mechanism of its survival within PMNs that might explain the reported chronic pathogenicity of L. tropica CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnaa Maksouri
- Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy (FMPC), Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), 20000 Casablanca, Morocco; (H.M.); (M.R.)
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, UH2C, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco;
| | - Dounia Darif
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, UH2C, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco;
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- INSERM U1124, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy (FMPC), Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), 20000 Casablanca, Morocco; (H.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Faculty of Medicine of the Kremlin-Bicêtre, University Paris-Sud, 94270 Paris, France;
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20250 Casablanca, Morocco;
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Inflammation Research Center, 75018 Paris, France;
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Site Xavier Bichat, University of Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, UH2C, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco;
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26
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de Freitas E Silva R, von Stebut E. Unraveling the Role of Immune Checkpoints in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620144. [PMID: 33776999 PMCID: PMC7990902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people every year in at least 98 countries and is one of the major unsolved world health issues. Leishmania is a parasitic protozoa which are transmitted by infected sandflies and in the host they mainly infect macrophages. Immunity elicited against those parasites is complex and immune checkpoints play a key role regulating its function. T cell receptors and their respective ligands, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, CD40, OX40, HVEM, LIGHT, 2B4 and TIM-3 have been characterized for their role in regulating adaptive immunity against different pathogens. However, the exact role those receptors perform during Leishmania infections remains to be better determined. This article addresses the key role immune checkpoints play during Leishmania infections, the limiting factors and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Pandey RK, Dikhit MR, Lokhande KB, Pandey K, Das P, Bimal S. An immunoprophylactic evaluation of Ld-ODC derived HLA-A0201 restricted peptides against visceral leishmaniasis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6086-6096. [PMID: 33602055 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1876773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Five (5) HLA-A 0201 restricted epitopes of ornithine decarboxylase derived from Leishmania donovani (Ld-ODC) were examined by reverse vaccinology to develop prophylactics against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). These consensus epitopes comprising (P1: RLMPSAHAI, P2: LLDQYQIHL, P3: GLYHSFNCI, P4: AVLEVLSAL and P5: RLPASPAAL) were observed and presented by diverse HLA alleles screened by immune-informatics tools. These epitopes were also observed for strong stability for appropriate immune response in in silico screening and molecular dynamics. Top five selected epitopes filtered from population coverage analysis and TAP binding affinity were identified and evaluated against treated cases of VL subjects. Experiments were run individually with synthetic peptides or as the cocktail of peptides. A major population of CD8+ T cells were predominantly IFN-γ producers but not the IL-10 cytokines and shown with granzyme-B activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the screened HLA-A0201 restricted epitope hotspots derived from Leishmania ODC can trigger CD8+ T cells, which can skew other immune cells functions toward protection. However, a detailed analysis can explore its potentiality as a vaccine candidate.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishor Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Hajipur, India.,Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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28
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Kupani M, Pandey RK, Mehrotra S. Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on innate immune response and cross-talks with macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2255-2267. [PMID: 33345353 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils with their array of microbicidal activities are the first innate immune cells to guard against infection. They are also most crucial for the host's initial defense against Leishmania parasites which cause clinically diverse diseases ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to a more severe visceral form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Neutrophils are recruited in large numbers at the infection site after bite of sandfly, which is the vector for the disease. The initial interaction of neutrophils with the parasites may modulate the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses and hence affect the disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively appraise the role of neutrophils during the early stages of Leishmania infection with a focus on the visceral form of the disease. In the past decade, new insights regarding the role of neutrophils in VL have surfaced which have been extensively elaborated in the present review. In addition, since much of the information regarding neutrophil-Leishmania early interaction has accumulated through studies on mouse models of CL, these studies are also revisited. We begin by reviewing the factors which drive the recruitment of neutrophils at the site of injection by the sandfly. We then discuss the studies delineating the molecular mechanisms involved in the uptake of the Leishmania parasite by neutrophils and how the parasite subverts their microbicidal functions. In the end, the interaction of infected neutrophils with macrophages and dendritic cells is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev K Pandey
- Research & Development, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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29
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Lago AS, Lima FR, Carvalho AM, Sampaio C, Lago N, Guimarães LH, Lago J, Machado PRL, Carvalho LP, Arruda S, Carvalho EM. Diabetes Modifies the Clinic Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa491. [PMID: 33324720 PMCID: PMC7724508 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. braziliensis is characterized by 1 or multiple well-limited ulcerated lesions. Diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs neutrophil and monocyte function, and there is a report of vegetative lesions in a patient with both diseases in Morocco. Here we evaluate the influence of DM on clinical manifestations, immune response, and in the treatment of CL. Methods The participants were 36 DM patients with CL and 36 patients with CL without DM, matched by age and gender. The diagnosis of CL was performed by documentation of DNA of L. braziliensis by polymerase chain reaction in the lesion biopsy and histopathologic findings. All patients were treated with Glucantime (Sanofi-Aventis) 20 mg/kg of weight per day for 20 days. Results There was no difference in the majority of the clinical variables between the groups, and the cure rate in patients with CL and DM (67%) was similar to that observed in CL patients (56%; P ˃ .05). The most important finding was the documentation that 36% of the patients with DM and CL had atypical cutaneous lesions characterized by large superficial ulcers without defined borders. High levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis facor, and interleukin-1β were detected in the supernatants of mononuclear cells stimulated with Leishmania antigen in patients with DM and atypical CL. Moreover, while cure was observed in only 33% of the patients with DM and atypical CL lesions, it was observed in 85% of patients with typical lesions (P < .05). Conclusions DM modifies the clinical presentation of CL, enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and impairs response to antimony therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro S Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Filipe R Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Camilla Sampaio
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Neuza Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Federal University of Southern Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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30
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Bhattacharya P, Dey R, Saxena A, Karmakar S, Ismail N, Gannavaram S, Dagur PK, Satoskar M, Satoskar S, De Paoli S, Takeda K, McCoy JP, Nakhasi HL. Essential Role of Neutrophils in the Protective Immune Response Induced by a Live Attenuated Leishmania Vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3333-3347. [PMID: 33177159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
No licensed vaccine exists against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease caused by the Leishmania donovani parasite. We have previously reported both macrophages and dendritic cells play important role in the protection induced by a live attenuated centrin gene-deleted L. donovani (LdCen-/- ) parasite vaccine. The role of neutrophils in orchestrating the initial innate response to pathogens is widely recognized. To investigate the early interaction of LdCen-/- with neutrophils, we immunized mice intradermally in the ear pinna with LdCen-/- Compared with LdWT infection, LdCen-/- parasites induced higher recruitment of neutrophils to the ear dermis and ear draining lymph nodes (dLN) as early as 6-18 h after immunization, which were predominantly proinflammatory in nature. Neutrophils from ear dLN of LdCen-/- -immunized mice exhibited heightened expression of costimulatory molecules and attenuated expression of coinhibitory molecules necessary for higher T cell activation. Further phenotypic characterization revealed heterogeneous neutrophil populations containing Nα and Nβ subtypes in the ear dLN. Of the two, the parasitized Nα subset from LdCen-/- -immunized mice exhibited much stronger Ag-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation ex vivo. Adoptive transfer of neutrophils bearing LdCen-/- parasites induced an increased Th1 response in naive mice. Importantly, neutrophil depletion significantly abrogated Ag-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in LdCen-/- -immunized mice and impaired protection against virulent challenge. Conversely, replenishing of neutrophils significantly restored the LdCen-/- -induced host-protective response. These results suggest that neutrophils are indispensable for protective immunity induced by LdCen-/- parasite vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993;
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subir Karmakar
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | - Silvia De Paoli
- Office of Blood Research and Review, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993; and
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - John Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993;
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dos Santos Meira C, Gedamu L. Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120695. [PMID: 31847221 PMCID: PMC6956275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.
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32
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De Niz M, Meehan GR, Tavares J. Intravital microscopy: Imaging host-parasite interactions in lymphoid organs. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13117. [PMID: 31512335 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy allows imaging of biological phenomena within living animals, including host-parasite interactions. This has advanced our understanding of both, the function of lymphoid organs during parasitic infections, and the effect of parasites on such organs to allow their survival. In parasitic research, recent developments in this technique have been crucial for the direct study of host-parasite interactions within organs at depths, speeds and resolution previously difficult to achieve. Lymphoid organs have gained more attention as we start to understand their function during parasitic infections and the effect of parasites on them. In this review, we summarise technical and biological findings achieved by intravital microscopy with respect to the interaction of various parasites with host lymphoid organs, namely the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and present a view into possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heussler Lab, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gavin R Meehan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joana Tavares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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33
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Leishmania Spp-Host Interaction: There Is Always an Onset, but Is There an End? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:330. [PMID: 31608245 PMCID: PMC6761226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease. Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such as geographic spread, number of population living at risk of infection as well as the potential lethality and/or the development of disfiguring lesions in the, respectively, visceral and tegumentary forms of the disease. As a result, several groups have been bending over this issue and many valuable data have been published. Nevertheless, parasite-host interactions are still not fully known and, consequently, we do not entirely understand the infection dynamics and parasite persistence. This knowledge may point targets for modulation or blockage, being very useful in the development of measures to interfere in the course of infection/ disease and to minimize the risks and morbidity. In the present review we will discuss some aspects of the Leishmania spp-mammalian host interaction in the onset of infection and after the clinical cure of the lesions. We will also examine the information already available concerning the parasite strategy to evade immune response mainly at the beginning of the infection, as well as during the parasite persistence. This knowledge can improve the conditions of treatment, follow-up and cure control of patients, minimizing the potential damages this protozoosis can cause to infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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34
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Leishmania major degrades murine CXCL1 - An immune evasion strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007533. [PMID: 31260451 PMCID: PMC6625741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a global health problem with an estimated report of 2 million new cases every year and more than 1 billion people at risk of contracting this disease in endemic areas. The innate immune system plays a central role in controlling L. major infection by initiating a signaling cascade that results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Upon infection with L. major, CXCL1 is produced locally and plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Herein, we report that L. major specifically targets murine CXCL1 for degradation. The degradation of CXCL1 is not dependent on host factors as L. major can directly degrade recombinant CXCL1 in a cell-free system. Using mass spectrometry, we discovered that the L. major protease cleaves at the C-terminal end of murine CXCL1. Finally, our data suggest that L. major metalloproteases are involved in the direct cleavage and degradation of CXCL1, and a synthetic peptide spanning the CXCL1 cleavage site can be used to inhibit L. major metalloprotease activity. In conclusion, our study has identified an immune evasion strategy employed by L. major to evade innate immune responses in mice, likely reservoirs in the endemic areas, and further highlights that targeting these L. major metalloproteases may be important in controlling infection within the reservoir population and transmittance of the disease. Our study discovered a highly specific role for L. major metalloprotease in cleaving and degrading murine CXCL1. Indeed, L. major metalloprotease did not cleave murine CXCL2 or human CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8. CXCL1 is a critical chemokine required for neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection; thus, we propose that this metalloprotease may have evolved to evade immune responses specifically in the murine host. We have further identified that the C-terminal end on CXCL1 is targeted for cleavage by the L. major metalloprotease. Finally, this cleavage site information was used to design peptides that are able to inhibit CXCL1 degradation by L. major. Our study highlights an immune evasion strategy utilized by L. major to establish infection within a murine host.
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35
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Seyed N, Rafati S. Resolution and pro-resolving lipid mediators in Leishmania infection. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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36
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Wei F, Gong W, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Cao J. Role of the lipoxin A4 receptor in the development of neutrophil extracellular traps in Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:275. [PMID: 31142352 PMCID: PMC6542009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils play an immunomodulatory role through the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are released in response to Leishmania infection, but the mechanism of NET extrusion has not been elucidated. The lipoxin A4 receptor on neutrophils is crucial for the inflammatory response and immune regulation of many diseases, including Leishmania infection. Therefore, in the present study, we tried to explore whether Leishmania infantum promastigotes stimulate neutrophil activation and NET release via activating the lipoxin A4 receptor. RESULTS Leishmania infantum promastigotes stimulated neutrophil activity, but blocking of the lipoxin A4 receptor with its antagonist Boc prior to L. infantum stimulation abrogated these effects. Neutrophils showed citrullinated histone H3 expression and simultaneous NET extrusion on L. infantum stimulation, but a decline in both was observed on blocking of the lipoxin A4 receptor. Moreover, differentiated HL-60 cells with lipoxin A4 receptor silencing showed a decrease in citrullinated histone H3 expression as compared to the unsilenced HL-60 samples on stimulation with promastigotes. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania infantum promastigotes altered the characteristics of neutrophils and induced NET extrusion by activating the lipoxin A4 receptor. The lipoxin A4 receptor may have potential as a therapeutic target in relation to NET extrusion in the treatment of leishmaniasis, but its mechanisms of action need to be explored in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenci Gong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junyun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuetao Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Oualha R, Barhoumi M, Marzouki S, Harigua-Souiai E, Ben Ahmed M, Guizani I. Infection of Human Neutrophils With Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major Strains Triggers Activation and Differential Cytokines Release. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:153. [PMID: 31134162 PMCID: PMC6524560 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania (L.) genus. Although the principal host cells of the parasites are macrophages, neutrophils are the first cells rapidly recruited to the site of parasites inoculation, where they play an important role in the early recognition and elimination of the parasites. The nature of early interactions between neutrophils and Leishmania could influence the outcome of infection. Herein we aimed to evaluate whether different Leishmania strains, responsible for distinct clinical manifestations, could influence ex vivo functional activity of neutrophils. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from 14 healthy volunteers and the ex vivo infection of these cells was done with two L. infantum and one L. major strains. Infection parameters were determined and neutrophils activation was assessed by oxidative burst, degranulation, DNA release and apoptosis; cytokine production was measured by a multiplex flow cytometry analysis. Intracellular amastigotes were rescued to determine Leishmania strains survival. The results showed that L. infantum and L. major promastigotes similarly infected the neutrophils. Oxidative burst, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis were significantly increased in infected neutrophils but with no differences between strains. The L. infantum-infected neutrophils induced more DNA release than those infected by L. major. Furthermore, Leishmania strains induced high amounts of IL-8 and stimulated the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β by human neutrophils. We observed that only one strain promoted IL-6 release by these neutrophils. The production of TNF-α was also differently induced by the parasites strains. All these results demonstrate that L. infantum and L. major strains were able to induce globally a similar ex vivo activation and apoptosis of neutrophils; however, they differentially triggered cytokines release from these cells. In addition, rescue of intracellular parasites indicated different survival rates further emphasizing on the influence of parasite strains within a species on the fate of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeh Oualha
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Alves-Silva MV, Nico D, de Luca PM, Palatnik de-Sousa CB. The F1F3 Recombinant Chimera of Leishmania donovani-Nucleoside Hydrolase (NH36) and Its Epitopes Induce Cross-Protection Against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:724. [PMID: 31024556 PMCID: PMC6465647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is the etiological agent of Cutaneous (CL) and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) in the New World. CL can be more benign but ML can be severe and disfiguring. Immunity to these diseases include hypersensitivity, an enhanced inflammatory response with strong IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Additionally, the production of IL-10 which down modulates the immune response is reduced. The Nucleoside hydrolase (NH36) of Leishmania (L.) donovani is the main antigen of the Leishmune veterinary vaccine and its F3 domain induces a CD4+ T cell-mediated protection against L. (L.) infantum chagasi infection. Prevention of L. (L.) amazonensis infection requires in contrast an additional CD8+ T cell mediated response induced by the F1 domain. Consequently, the F1F3 recombinant chimera, which contains both domains cloned in tandem, optimized the vaccine efficacy against L. (L.) amazonensis mouse infection. We compared the efficacies of NH36, F1, F3, and the FIF3 chimera against L. (V.) braziliensis mouse infection. The F1F3 chimera increased the NH36 specific IgA and response before and after infection and the IgG and IgG3 levels after challenge. It also induced a 49% stronger intradermal response to leishmanial antigen (IDR) than NH36 that was positively correlated to the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 anti-NH36 antibodies. However, stronger Th1 responses with elevated IFN-γ/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios were promoted by the F3 and F1 vaccines and detected in infected controls while the F1F3 chimera promoted the highest IL-10 secretion, which reduced the pathological Th1 response, and characterized the induction of a mixed and/or T-cell regulatory response. We identified the epitopes responsible for these immune responses. The F3 vaccine induced the earliest immunity and after challenge, the F1F3 chimera promoted the highest CD4+ and CD8+ cytokine-secreting T cell responses, and the predominant frequencies of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ T cells. Also as observed against L. (L.) amazonensis infection, the F1F3 chimera showed the strongest reduction of the ear lesions sizes induced by L. (V.) braziliensis. Our results confirm the potential use of the F1F3 chimera in a multi-species cross-protective vaccine against L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Alves-Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Luca
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Elder E, Krishna B, Williamson J, Aslam Y, Farahi N, Wood A, Romashova V, Roche K, Murphy E, Chilvers E, Lehner PJ, Sinclair J, Poole E. Monocytes Latently Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus Evade Neutrophil Killing. iScience 2019; 12:13-26. [PMID: 30677738 PMCID: PMC6352302 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One site of latency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in vivo is in undifferentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. Although latently infected cells are known to evade host T cell responses by suppression of T cell effector functions, it is not known if they must also evade surveillance by other host immune cells. Here we show that cells latently infected with HCMV can, indeed, be killed by host neutrophils but only in a serum-dependent manner. Specifically, antibodies to the viral latency-associated US28 protein mediate neutrophil killing of latently infected cells. To address this mechanistically, a full proteomic screen was carried out on latently infected monocytes. This showed that latent infection downregulates the neutrophil chemoattractants S100A8/A9, thus suppressing neutrophil recruitment to latently infected cells. The ability of latently infected cells to inhibit neutrophil recruitment represents an immune evasion strategy of this persistent human pathogen, helping to prevent clearance of the latent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Elder
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Krishna
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yusuf Aslam
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neda Farahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alexander Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Veronika Romashova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kate Roche
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eain Murphy
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edwin Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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40
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Tibúrcio R, Nunes S, Nunes I, Rosa Ampuero M, Silva IB, Lima R, Machado Tavares N, Brodskyn C. Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View. Front Immunol 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 30873156 PMCID: PMC6401646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-Leishmania interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tibúrcio
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Reinan Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Ford J, Hughson A, Lim K, Bardina SV, Lu W, Charo IF, Lim JK, Fowell DJ. CCL7 Is a Negative Regulator of Cutaneous Inflammation Following Leishmania major Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3063. [PMID: 30671055 PMCID: PMC6331479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL7 (MCP3) is known to promote the recruitment of many innate immune cell types including monocytes and neutrophils to sites of bacterial and viral infection and eosinophils and basophils to sites of allergic inflammation. CCL7 upregulation has been associated with many inflammatory settings including infection, cardiovascular disease, and the tumor microenvironment. CCL7's pleotropic effects are due in part to its ability to bind numerous chemokine receptors, namely CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CCR10. CCL7-blockade or CCL7-deficiency is often marked by decreased inflammation and poor pathogen control. In the context of Leishmania major infection, CCL7 is specifically upregulated in the skin one-2 weeks after infection but its role in L. major control is unclear. To determine CCL7's impact on the response to L. major we infected WT and CCL7-/- C57BL/6 mice. L. major infection of CCL7-deficient mice led to an unexpected increase in inflammation in the infected skin 2 weeks post-infection. A broad increase in immune cell subsets was observed but was dominated by enhanced neutrophilic infiltration. Increased neutrophil recruitment was associated with an enhanced IL-17 gene profile in the infected skin. CCL7 was shown to directly antagonize neutrophil migration in vitro and CCL7 add-back in vivo specifically reduced neutrophil influx into the infected skin revealing an unexpected role for CCL7 in limiting neutrophil recruitment during L. major infection. Enhanced neutrophilic infiltration in CCL7-deficient mice changed the balance of L. major infected host cells with an increase in the ratio of infected neutrophils over monocytes/macrophages. To determine the consequence of CCL7 deficiency on L. major control we analyzed parasite load cutaneously at the site of infection and viscerally in the draining LN and spleen. The CCL7-/- mice supported robust cutaneous parasite control similar to their WT C57BL/6 counterparts. In contrast, CCL7-deficiency led to greater parasite dissemination and poor parasite control in the spleen. Our studies reveal a novel role for CCL7 in negatively regulating cutaneous inflammation, specifically neutrophils, early during L. major infection. We propose that CCL7-mediated dampening of the early immune response in the skin may limit the ability of the parasite to disseminate without compromising cutaneous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Ford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela Hughson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Susana V Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Israel F Charo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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42
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43
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Regli IB, Fernández OL, Martínez-Salazar B, Gómez MA, Saravia NG, Tacchini-Cottier F. Resistance of Leishmania (Viannia) Panamensis to Meglumine Antimoniate or Miltefosine Modulates Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3040. [PMID: 30622537 PMCID: PMC6308327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L. (V.) p.) is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia and is usually treated with either meglumine antimoniate (MA) or miltefosine (MIL). In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the emergence of drug-resistance against these compounds. Neutrophils are known to play an important role in immunity against Leishmania. These cells are rapidly recruited upon infection and are also present in chronic lesions. However, their involvement in the outcome of infection with drug-resistant Leishmania has not been examined. In this study, human and murine neutrophils were infected in vitro with MA or MIL drug-resistant L. (V.) p. lines derived from a parental L. (V.) p. drug-susceptible strain. Neutrophil effector functions were assessed analyzing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and the expression of cell surface activation markers. Parasite killing by neutrophils was assessed using L. (V.) p. transfected with a luciferase reporter. We show here that MA and MIL-resistant L. (V.) p. lines elicited significantly increased NET formation and MA-resistant L. (V.) p. induced significantly increased ROS production in both murine and human neutrophils, compared to infections with the parental MIL and MA susceptible strain. Furthermore, neutrophils exposed to drug-resistant lines showed increased activation, as revealed by decreased expression of CD62L and increased expression of CD66b in human neutrophils yet presented higher survival within neutrophils than the drug-susceptible strain. These results provide evidence that parasite drug-susceptibility may influences neutrophil activation and function as well as parasite survival within neutrophils. Further investigaton of the inter-relationship of drug susceptibility and neutrophil effector function should contribute to better understanding of the factors involved in susceptibility to anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo B Regli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olga Lucía Fernández
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Berenice Martínez-Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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44
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Garza JJ, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Ovine vital neutrophil extracellular traps bind and impair Haemonchus contortus L3 in a breed-dependent manner. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12572. [PMID: 29992577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize neutrophil response to Haemonchus contortus (Hc) in vitro using cells from parasite-resistant St. Croix (STC) and parasite-susceptible Suffolk (SUF) sheep. Neutrophils from Hc-primed and naive STC and SUF sheep were incubated with Hc larval antigen (HcLA), Hc worm antigen (HcWA) or complete media (CM). After HcLA exposure, neutrophils from STC and SUF formed extracellular traps composed of DNA. Stimulation with HcLA induced a 35-fold increase in extracellular DNA compared to CM controls. However, extracellular DNA was not found when neutrophils were cultured with HcWA. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in response to HcLA yields a low percentage of necrotic cells indicating a form of vital NETosis. Neutrophils from primed and naïve STC bound Hc L3 greater (93% and 68%) than SUF (78% and 45%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, STC neutrophils significantly reduced larval ATP levels compared to SUF neutrophils (0.05 μmol/L vs 0.1 μmol/L ATP, P < 0.001). These data indicate that ovine neutrophils bind, form vital NET and reduce ATP to Hc L3 in a breed and infection status-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier J Garza
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott P Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott A Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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45
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Guimarães-Pinto K, Nascimento DO, Corrêa-Ferreira A, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Lopes MF, DosReis GA, Filardy AA. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Induces Cellular Stress Response and Senescence-Like Phenotype in Murine Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1569. [PMID: 30038622 PMCID: PMC6047053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infects and replicates within a wide variety of immune and non-immune cells. Here, we investigated early cellular responses induced in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts upon infection with trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. We show that fibroblasts were susceptible to T. cruzi infection and started to release trypomastigotes to the culture medium after 4 days of infection. Also, we found that T. cruzi infection reduced the number of fibroblasts in 3-day cell cultures, by altering fibroblast proliferation. Infected fibroblasts displayed distinctive phenotypic alterations, including enlarged and flattened morphology with a nuclei accumulation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci. In addition, infection induced an overexpression of the enzyme senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), an activation marker of the cellular senescence program, as well as the production of cytokines and chemokines involved with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1. Infected fibroblasts released increased amounts of stress-associated factors nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the treatment with antioxidants deferoxamine (DFO) and N-acetylcysteine reduced ROS generation, secretion of SASP-related cytokine IL-6, SA-β-gal activity, and parasite load by infected fibroblasts. Taken together, our data suggest that T. cruzi infection triggers a rapid cellular stress response followed by induction of a senescent-like phenotype in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, enabling them to act as reservoirs of parasites during the early stages of the Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Guimarães-Pinto
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Antonia Corrêa-Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celio G Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela F Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George A DosReis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A Filardy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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46
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The role of heparan sulfate in host macrophage infection by Leishmania species. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:789-796. [PMID: 29934302 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by parasites from the Leishmania genus. More than 20 Leishmania species are responsible for human disease, causing a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from cutaneous lesions to a fatal visceral infection. There is no single safe and effective approach to treat these diseases and resistance to current anti-leishmanial drugs is emerging. New drug targets need to be identified and validated to generate novel treatments. Host heparan sulfates (HSs) are abundant, heterogeneous polysaccharides displayed on proteoglycans that bind various ligands, including cell surface proteins expressed on Leishmania promastigote and amastigote parasites. The fine chemical structure of HS is formed by a plethora of specific enzymes during biosynthesis, with various positions (N-, 2-O-, 6-O- and 3-O-) on the carbon sugar backbone modified with sulfate groups. Post-biosynthesis mechanisms can further modify the sulfation pattern or size of the polysaccharide, altering ligand affinity to moderate biological functions. Chemically modified heparins used to mimic the heterogeneous nature of HS influence the affinity of different Leishmania species, demonstrating the importance of specific HS chemical sequences in parasite interaction. However, the endogenous structures of host HSs that might interact with Leishmania parasites during host invasion have not been elucidated, nor has the role of HSs in host-parasite biology. Decoding the structure of HSs on target host cells will increase understanding of HS/parasite interactions in leishmaniasis, potentiating identification of new opportunities for the development of novel treatments.
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47
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Teixeira CR, Santos CDS, Prates DB, Dos Santos RT, Araújo-Santos T, de Souza-Neto SM, Borges VM, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn CI. Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva Drives Interleukin-17-Induced Neutrophil Recruitment Favoring Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 29867796 PMCID: PMC5953329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During bloodfeeding, the presence of sand fly saliva in the hemorrhagic pool where Leishmania is also inoculated modulates the development of host immune mechanisms creating a favorable environment for disease progression. To date, information obtained through experimental models suggests that sand fly saliva induces cellular recruitment and modulates production of eicosanoids. However, the effect of sand fly saliva in the different steps of the inflammatory response triggered by Leishmania remains undefined. Here we further investigate if interaction of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) with different host cells present during the initial inflammatory events regulate Leishmania infantum infectivity. Initially, we observed that incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Lu. longipalpis SGS in the presence of L. infantum significantly increased IL-10 but did not alter expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ T cells induced by the parasite alone. Interestingly, incubation of PBMC with Lu. longipalpis SGS alone or in the presence of L. infantum resulted in increased IL-17 production. The presence of IL-17 is related to neutrophil recruitment and plays an important role at the site of infection. Here, we also observed increased migration of neutrophil using an in vitro chemotactic assay following incubation with supernatants from PBMC stimulated with L. infantum and Lu. longipalpis SGS. Neutrophil migration was abrogated following neutralization of IL-17 with specific antibodies. Moreover, culture of human neutrophils with L. infantum in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS promoted neutrophil apoptosis resulting in increased parasite viability. Neutrophils operate as the first line of defense in the early stages of infection and later interact with different cells, such as macrophages. The crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages is critical to determine the type of specific immune response that will develop. Here, we observed that co-culture of human macrophages with autologous neutrophils previously infected in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS resulted in a higher infection rate, accompanied by increased production of TGF-β and PGE2. Our results provide new insight into the contribution of Lu. longipalpis SGS to L. infantum-induced regulation of important inflammatory events, creating a favorable environment for parasite survival inside different host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deboraci B Prates
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Marques-da-Silva C, Chaves MM, Thorstenberg ML, Figliuolo VR, Vieira FS, Chaves SP, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Rossi-Bergmann B, Savio LEB, Coutinho-Silva R. Intralesional uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) treatment induced resistance to Leishmania amazonensis infection by boosting Th 1 immune responses and reactive oxygen species production. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:201-211. [PMID: 29680937 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is the etiologic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, an immune-driven disease causing a range of clinical symptoms. Infections caused by L. amazonensis suppress the activation and function of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4+ T cells. In this study, we analyzed the course of infection as well as the leishmanicidal effect of intralesional UTP treatment in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. We found that UTP treatment reduced the parasitic load in both footpad and lymph node sites of infection. UTP also boosted Th1 immune responses, increasing CD4+ T cell recruitment and production of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α. In addition, the role of UTP during innate immune response against L. amazonensis was evaluated using the air pouch model. We observed that UTP augmented neutrophil chemoattraction and activated microbicidal mechanisms, including ROS production. In conclusion, our data suggested an important role for this physiological nucleotide in controlling L. amazonensis infection, and its possible use as a therapeutic agent for shifting immune responses to Th1 and increasing host resistance against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Chaves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Thorstenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Figliuolo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Vieira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Suzana P Chaves
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquimica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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49
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Kauffmann F, Meert E, de Jonge K, Elkrim Y, Hanot Mambres D, Denis O, Muraille E, Magez S, De Trez C. STAT6 Mediates Footpad Immunopathology in the Absence of IL-12p40 Following Infection of Susceptible BALB/c Mice With Leishmania major. Front Immunol 2018; 9:503. [PMID: 29593739 PMCID: PMC5861353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major (L. major) parasites are intracellular parasites belong to the Trypanosomatidae family and are the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This disease affects approximately 1.5 million per year worldwide and there is currently no prophylactic vaccine available. L. major is transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly and has been considered for decades now as a mouse model of choice to identify the factors implicated in T helper (Th)1 and Th2 polarization due to the natural resistance and susceptibility to infection of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. In this study, we refine the role of IL-12p40 cytokine, which is implicated the development of a protective Th1 response, and STAT6, a transcription factor involved in the signaling via detrimental interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 associated Th2 cytokines during L. major infection in the BALB/c model. In the absence of STAT6 and IL-12p40 signaling, double knockout (DKO) susceptible BALB/c mice displayed reduced footpad swelling and ulcerative lesion compared to IL-12p40−/− mice upon L. major infection. Hence, they expressed slower upregulation of keratinocyte markers implicated in the inhibition of wound healing, such as keratin 6a (Krt6a) and Krt16. This coincides with the presence of neutrophils displaying an altered phenotype characterized by a lower expression of surface markers Ly6C, CD11b, and Ly6G. These neutrophils exhibited very lower levels of apoptosis similarly to neutrophils present in resistant STAT6−/− mice. Interestingly, the reduced footpad swelling in DKO mice is associated with a high footpad parasite level similar to susceptible IL-12p40−/− mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrate that in the absence of both STAT6 and IL-12p40 signaling, L. major-infected mice display smaller and less ulcerated lesions, which does, however, not correlate with reduced parasite load. In addition, the presence of neutrophils with an altered phenotype is associated with reduced apoptosis and delayed immunopathologies, demonstrating the detrimental role of STAT6 in infected susceptible BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elyn Meert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaat de Jonge
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvon Elkrim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine Hanot Mambres
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Scientific Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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50
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Viana AG, Magalhães LMD, Giunchetti RC, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Infection of Human Monocytes with Leishmania infantum Strains Induces a Downmodulated Response when Compared with Infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1896. [PMID: 29358935 PMCID: PMC5766652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with different species of Leishmania leads to distinct clinical manifestations, ranging from relatively mild cutaneous (Leishmania braziliensis) to severe visceral (Leishmania infantum) forms of leishmaniasis. Here, we asked whether in vitro infection of human monocytes by Leishmania strains responsible for distinct clinical manifestations leads to early changes in immunological characteristics and ability of the host cells to control Leishmania. We evaluated the expression of toll-like receptors and MHC class II molecules, cytokines, and Leishmania control by human monocytes following short-term infection with L. braziliensis (M2904), a reference strain of L. infantum (BH46), and a wild strain of L. infantum (wild). The induction of TLR2, TLR9, and HLA-DR were all lower in L. infantum when compared with L. braziliensis-infected cells. Moreover, L. infantum-infected monocytes (both strains) produced lower TNF-alpha and a lower TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratio, resulting in a weaker inflammatory profile and a 100-fold less effective control of Leishmania than cells infected with L. braziliensis. Our results show that L. infantum strains fail to induce a strong inflammatory response, less activation, and less control of Leishmania from human monocytes, when compared with that induced by L. braziliensis infection. This functional profile may help explain the distinct clinical course observed in patients infected with the different Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Penna, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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