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Zhang S, Lu S, Li Z. Extrahepatic factors in hepatic immune regulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941721. [PMID: 36052075 PMCID: PMC9427192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a site of complex immune activity. The hepatic immune system tolerates harmless immunogenic loads in homeostasis status, shelters liver function, while maintaining vigilance against possible infectious agents or tissue damage and providing immune surveillance at the same time. Activation of the hepatic immunity is initiated by a diverse repertoire of hepatic resident immune cells as well as non-hematopoietic cells, which can sense “danger signals” and trigger robust immune response. Factors that mediate the regulation of hepatic immunity are elicited not only in liver, but also in other organs, given the dual blood supply of the liver via both portal vein blood and arterial blood. Emerging evidence indicates that inter-organ crosstalk between the liver and other organs such as spleen, gut, lung, adipose tissue, and brain is involved in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. In this review, we present the features of hepatic immune regulation, with particular attention to the correlation with factors from extrahepatic organ. We describe the mechanisms by which other organs establish an immune association with the liver and then modulate the hepatic immune response. We discuss their roles and distinct mechanisms in liver homeostasis and pathological conditions from the cellular and molecular perspective, highlighting their potential for liver disease intervention. Moreover, we review the available animal models and methods for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of these extrahepatic factors. With the increasing understanding of the mechanisms by which extrahepatic factors regulate liver immunity, we believe that this will provide promising targets for liver disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi International Cooperation Base for Inflammation and Immunity, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi International Cooperation Base for Inflammation and Immunity, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
| | - Zongfang Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi International Cooperation Base for Inflammation and Immunity, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zongfang Li,
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Qi Y, Liu W, Yan X, Zhang C, Zhang C, Liu L, Zheng X, Suo M, Ti Y, Ni M, Zhang M, Bu P. Tongxinluo May Alleviate Inflammation and Improve the Stability of Atherosclerotic Plaques by Changing the Intestinal Flora. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805266. [PMID: 35431939 PMCID: PMC9011338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Tongxinluo, as a multi-target Chinese medicine to improve atherosclerosis, whether it can improve atherosclerosis by affecting the intestinal flora is worth exploring. We established a vulnerable plaque model of atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits by high cholesterol diet and balloon injury (HCB), and performed Tongxinluo intervention. We detected the level of inflammation by immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, and ELISA, analyzed plaque characteristics by calculating the vulnerability index, and analyzed the changes of gut microbiota and metabolites by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomic sequencing. The results showed that Tongxinluo intervention improved plaque stability, reduced inflammatory response, inhibited NLRP3 inflammatory pathway, increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Alistipes which reduced by HCB, and increased the content of beneficial metabolites such as trans-ferulic acid in feces. Through correlation analysis, we found that some metabolites were significantly correlated with some bacteria and some inflammatory factors. In particular, the metabolite trans-ferulic acid was also significantly positively correlated with plaque stability. Our further studies showed that trans-ferulic acid could also inhibit the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. In conclusion, Tongxinluo can improve plaque stability and reduce inflammation in atherosclerotic rabbits, which may be achieved by modulating intestinal flora and intestinal metabolism. Our study provides new views for the role of Tongxinluo in improving atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque, which has important clinical significance.
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Arenas-Montes J, Perez-Martinez P, Vals-Delgado C, Romero-Cabrera JL, Cardelo MP, Leon-Acuña A, Quintana-Navarro GM, Alcala-Diaz JF, Lopez-Miranda J, Camargo A, Perez-Jimenez F. Owning a Pet Is Associated with Changes in the Composition of Gut Microbiota and Could Influence the Risk of Metabolic Disorders in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082347. [PMID: 34438804 PMCID: PMC8388619 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic syndrome represents a multicomponent disorder characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired insulin sensitivity, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The etiology of metabolic syndrome is the result of a complex interaction between genetic, metabolic and environmental factors. However, the relationship between the risk of suffering metabolic syndrome and owning pets has not been sufficiently studied, although being in contact with pets has been considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease. Moreover, some evidence suggests that this protection might be due to favorable changes in the intestinal microbiota. Bearing this background in mind, in this work we hypothesized that people who live with pets harbor a different microbiota to those who do not own a pet, and this fact could reduce the risk of suffering metabolic syndrome. Abstract Pet ownership positively influences clinical outcomes in cardiovascular prevention. Additionally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been previously linked to microbiota dysbiosis. We evaluated the influence of owning a pet and its relationship with the intestinal microbiota. We analyzed the gut microbiota from 162 coronary patients from the CORDIOPREV study (NCT00924937) according to whether they owned pets (n = 83) or not (n = 79). The pet-owner group was further divided according to whether they owned dogs only (n = 28) or not (n = 55). A 7-item pet-owners test score was used. Patients who owned pets had less risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (OR = 0.462) and obesity (OR = 0.519) and were younger (p < 0.001) than patients who did not own pets. Additionally, patients who owned dogs had less risk of MetS (OR = 0.378) and obesity (OR = 0.418) and were younger (p < 0.001) than patients who did not own pets. A preponderance of the genera Serratia and Coprococcus was found in the group of owners, while the genera Ruminococcus, an unknown genus of Enterobacteriaceae and Anaerotruncus were preponderant in the group of non-owners. In patients who owned dogs, Methanobrevibacter and two more genera, Coprococcus and Oscillospira, were more common. Our study suggests that the prevalence of MetS and obesity in CVD patients is lower in pet owners, and that pet ownership could be a protective factor against MetS through the shaping of the gut microbiota. Thus, owning a pet could be considered as a protective factor against cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arenas-Montes
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vals-Delgado
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Romero-Cabrera
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Magdalena P. Cardelo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Leon-Acuña
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gracia M. Quintana-Navarro
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan F. Alcala-Diaz
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.P.-J.); Tel.: +34-957-213735 (A.C.); Fax: +34-957-012882 (F.P.-J.)
| | - Francisco Perez-Jimenez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.-M.); (P.P.-M.); (C.V.-D.); (J.L.R.-C.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.-A.); (G.M.Q.-N.); (J.F.A.-D.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medicine (Medicine, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology), University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.P.-J.); Tel.: +34-957-213735 (A.C.); Fax: +34-957-012882 (F.P.-J.)
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a growing challenge in terms of its prevention and treatment. The 'multiple hits' hypothesis of multiple insults, such as dietary fat intake, de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis and hepatic inflammation, can provide a more accurate explanation of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Betaine plays important roles in regulating the genes associated with NAFLD through anti-inflammatory effects, increased free fatty oxidation, anti-lipogenic effects and improved insulin resistance and mitochondrial function; however, the mechanism of betaine remains elusive.
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Wu L, Li J, Feng J, Ji J, Yu Q, Li Y, Zheng Y, Dai W, Wu J, Guo C. Crosstalk between PPARs and gut microbiota in NAFLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111255. [PMID: 33485064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder in both China and worldwide. It ranges from simple steatosis and progresses over time to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Furthermore, NAFLD and its complications impose a huge health burden to society. The microbiota is widely connected and plays an active role in human physiology and pathology, and it is a hidden 'organ' in determining the state of the host, in terms of homeostasis, or disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptorsuperfamily and can regulate multiple pathways involved in metabolism, and serve as effective targets forthe treatment of many types of metabolic syndromes, including NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to integrate related articles on gut microbiota, PPARs and NAFLD, and present a balanced overview on how the microbiota can possibly influence the development of NAFLD through PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Swallah MS, Fan H, Wang S, Yu H, Piao C. Prebiotic Impacts of Soybean Residue (Okara) on Eubiosis/Dysbiosis Condition of the Gut and the Possible Effects on Liver and Kidney Functions. Molecules 2021; 26:E326. [PMID: 33440603 PMCID: PMC7826621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara is a white-yellow fibrous residue consisting of the insoluble fraction of the soybean seeds remaining after extraction of the aqueous fraction during the production of tofu and soymilk, and is generally considered a waste product. It is packed with a significant number of proteins, isoflavones, soluble and insoluble fibers, soyasaponins, and other mineral elements, which are all attributed with health merits. With the increasing production of soy beverages, huge quantities of this by-product are produced annually, which poses significant disposal problems and financial issues for producers. Extensive studies have been done on the biological activities, nutritional values, and chemical composition of okara as well as its potential utilization. Owing to its peculiar rich fiber composition and low cost of production, okara might be potentially useful in the food industry as a functional ingredient or good raw material and could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent varied ailments such as prevention of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, as well as to stimulate the growth of intestinal microbes and production of microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites), since gut dysbiosis (imbalanced microbiota) has been implicated in the progression of several complex diseases. This review seeks to compile scientific research on the bioactive compounds in soybean residue (okara) and discuss the possible prebiotic impact of this fiber-rich residue as a functional diet on eubiosis/dysbiosis condition of the gut, as well as the consequential influence on liver and kidney functions, to facilitate a detailed knowledge base for further exploration, implementation, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
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Hu D, Yang W, Mao P, Cheng M. Combined Amelioration of Prebiotic Resveratrol and Probiotic Bifidobacteria on Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:652-661. [PMID: 32436410 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1767166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity are becoming increasingly common globally and characteristic as gut microbiota disturbance. Supplement of probiotics is considered as a promising strategy for NAFLD and obesity treatment. However, this effect varied from each other in clinical trials. We proposed that combination with a prebiotic substrate may improve the effects of probiotics. Thus, in this study, we investigated the separated and combined effects of Bifidobacteria and resveratrol (RSV) against obesity and NAFLD. NAFLD was caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 8 weeks. HFD-treated mice were orally treated with B. longum (1 × 109 CFU/mouse/day), RSV (100 mg/kg/day), and both of them from the fifth week. HFD feeding caused obesity and NAFLD as indicated by significantly increased body and liver weights, liver steatosis, elevated serum transaminases and lipid profiles, increased inflammation and imbalanced redox status. Based on these physical and biochemical parameters, inflammatory and antioxidant markers, individual administration of B. longum and RSV alleviated obesity and NAFLD, while coadministration of both products further enhanced the efficacy. These data suggested that combined prebiotic RSV and probiotic B. longum would be a potential candidate or adjuvant for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhong Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peijiang Mao
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minyu Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Talavera-Urquijo E, Beisani M, Balibrea JM, Alverdy JC. Is bariatric surgery resolving NAFLD via microbiota-mediated bile acid ratio reversal? A comprehensive review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1361-1369. [PMID: 32336663 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that there is still insufficient evidence to consider non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an stand-alone indication for bariatric surgery, many clinical and histopathological beneficial effects on both NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been shown. Although weight loss seems to be the obvious mechanism, weight-loss independent factors are also believed to be involved. Among them, changes in gut microbiota and bile acids (BA) composition may be playing an unappreciated role in the improvement of NAFLD. In this review we examine the mechanisms and interdependence of the gut microbiota and BA, and their influence on NAFLD pathogenesis and its reversal following bariatric surgery. According to the currently available evidence, gut microbiota has a major influence on BA composition. In fact, both BA and microbiome disturbances (dysbiosis) play a role in the etiopathogenesis of NAFLD and might be potential therapeutic targets. In addition, bariatric surgery can modify the intraluminal ileal environment in a way that causes significant repopulation of the gut microbiota and a reversal of the plasma primary/secondary BA ratio, which, in turn, induces weigh-independent metabolic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Talavera-Urquijo
- Department of General & Digestive Surgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Beisani
- Department of Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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de Paiva BR, Esgalhado M, Borges NA, Kemp JA, Alves G, Leite PEC, Macedo R, Cardozo LFMF, de Brito JS, Mafra D. Resistant starch supplementation attenuates inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:549-555. [PMID: 32008198 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, dysbiosis is associated with inflammation and cardiovascular risk, so many nutritional strategies are being studied to reduce these complications. Resistant starch (RS) can be considered a prebiotic that promotes many benefits, including modulation of gut microbiota which is linked to immune-modulatory effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RS supplementation on proinflammatory cytokines in CKD patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted with sixteen HD patients (55.3 ± 10.05 years, body mass index (BMI) 25.9 ± 5.42 kg/m2, 56% men, time on dialysis 38.9 ± 29.23 months). They were allocated to the RS group (16 g RS/day) or placebo group (manioc flour). The serum concentration of ten cytokines and growth factors was detected through a multiparametric immunoassay based on XMap-labeled magnetic microbeads (Luminex Corp, USA) before and after 4 weeks with RS supplementation. RESULTS After RS supplementation, there was a reduction of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-Cell Expressed and Secreted (p < 0.001), platelet-derived growth factor (two B subunits) (p = 0.014) and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) (p = 0.027). The other parameters did not change significantly. CONCLUSION This preliminary result indicates that RS may contribute to a desirable profile of inflammatory markers in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Regis de Paiva
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Rua Marquês do Paraná nº 303, 4º andar, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marta Esgalhado
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Julie Ann Kemp
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Clinical Research Unit, Antônio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emílio Corrêa Leite
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and in Vitro Toxicology, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Science-Dimav, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology-INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Macedo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jessyca Sousa de Brito
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Microbiota, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: protocol of an observational study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:408. [PMID: 31801616 PMCID: PMC6891972 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by triglyceride accumulation in the hepatocytes in the absence of alcohol overconsumption, commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Both NAFLD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by an altered microbiota composition, however the role of the microbiota in NAFLD and T2D is not well understood. To assess the relationship between alteration in the microbiota and NAFLD while dissecting the role of T2D, we established a nested study on T2D and non-T2D individuals within the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) study, called the CHRIS-NAFLD study. Here, we present the study protocol along with baseline and follow-up characteristics of study participants. Methods Among the first 4979 CHRIS study participants, 227 individuals with T2D were identified and recalled, along with 227 age- and sex-matched non-T2D individuals. Participants underwent ultrasound and transient elastography examination to evaluate the presence of hepatic steatosis and liver stiffness. Additionally, sampling of saliva and faeces, biochemical measurements and clinical interviews were carried out. Results We recruited 173 T2D and 183 non-T2D participants (78% overall response rate). Hepatic steatosis was more common in T2D (63.7%) than non-T2D (36.3%) participants. T2D participants also had higher levels of liver stiffness (median 4.8 kPa, interquartile range (IQR) 3.7, 5.9) than non-T2D participants (median 3.9 kPa, IQR 3.3, 5.1). The non-invasive scoring systems like the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) suggests an increased liver fibrosis in T2D (mean − 0.55, standard deviation, SD, 1.30) than non-T2D participants (mean − 1.30, SD, 1.17). Discussion Given the comprehensive biochemical and clinical characterization of study participants, once the bioinformatics classification of the microbiota will be completed, the CHRIS-NAFLD study will become a useful resource to further our understanding of the relationship between microbiota, T2D and NAFLD.
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Yue SJ, Wang WX, Yu JG, Chen YY, Shi XQ, Yan D, Zhou GS, Zhang L, Wang CY, Duan JA, Tang YP. Gut microbiota modulation with traditional Chinese medicine: A system biology-driven approach. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104453. [PMID: 31541688 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of system biology, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is drawing more and more attention nowadays. However, there are still many enigmas behind this ancient medical system because of the arcane theory and complex mechanism of actions. In recent decades, advancements in genome sequencing technologies, bioinformatics and culturomics have led to the groundbreaking characterization of the gut microbiota, a 'forgotten organ', and its role in host health and disease. Notably, gut microbiota has been emerging as a new avenue to understanding TCM. In this review, we will focus on the structure, composition, functionality and metabolites of gut microbiota affected by TCM so as to conversely understand its theory and mechanisms. We will also discuss the potential areas of gut microbiota for exploring Chinese material medica waste, Chinese marine material medica, add-on therapy and personalized precise medication of TCM. The review will conclude with future perspectives and challenges of gut microbiota in TCM intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Jin-Gao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
| | - Xu-Qin Shi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Current Models of Fatty Liver Disease; New Insights, Therapeutic Targets and Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:33-58. [PMID: 30919331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with a global prevalence of 25%, and is soon projected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in the US. Alarmingly, few effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches are currently available to block or attenuate development and progression of NAFLD. Preclinical models are critical for unraveling the complex and multi-factorial etiology of NAFLD and for testing potential therapeutics. Here we review preclinical models that have been instrumental in highlighting molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and in facilitating early proof-of-concept investigations into novel intervention strategies.
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Bessone F, Razori MV, Roma MG. Molecular pathways of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development and progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:99-128. [PMID: 30343320 PMCID: PMC11105781 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a main hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. It represents a wide spectrum of histopathological abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with or without fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While hepatic simple steatosis seems to be a rather benign manifestation of hepatic triglyceride accumulation, the buildup of highly toxic free fatty acids associated with insulin resistance-induced massive free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue and the increased de novo hepatic fatty acid synthesis from glucose acts as the "first hit" for NAFLD development. NAFLD progression seems to involve the occurrence of "parallel, multiple-hit" injuries, such as oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, endotoxin-induced, TLR4-dependent release of inflammatory cytokines, and iron overload, among many others. These deleterious factors are responsible for the triggering of a number of signaling cascades leading to inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis, the hallmarks of NASH. This review is aimed at integrating the overwhelming progress made in the characterization of the physiopathological mechanisms of NAFLD at a molecular level, to better understand the factor influencing the initiation and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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Roh YS, Kim JW, Park S, Shon C, Kim S, Eo SK, Kwon JK, Lim CW, Kim B. Toll-Like Receptor-7 Signaling Promotes Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Inhibiting Regulatory T Cells in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2574-2588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bessone F, Dirchwolf M, Rodil MA, Razori MV, Roma MG. Review article: drug-induced liver injury in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - a physiopathological and clinical integrated view. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:892-913. [PMID: 30194708 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, since it is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome pandemics. NAFLD may affect drug disposal and has common pathophysiological mechanisms with drug-induced liver injury (DILI); this may predispose to hepatoxicity induced by certain drugs that share these pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, drugs may trigger fatty liver and inflammation per se by mimicking NAFLD pathophysiological mechanisms. AIMS To provide a comprehensive update on (a) potential mechanisms whereby certain drugs can be more hepatotoxic in NAFLD patients, (b) the steatogenic effects of drugs, and (c) the mechanism involved in drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH). METHODS A language- and date-unrestricted Medline literature search was conducted to identify pertinent basic and clinical studies on the topic. RESULTS Drugs can induce macrovesicular steatosis by mimicking NAFLD pathogenic factors, including insulin resistance and imbalance between fat gain and loss. Other forms of hepatic fat accumulation exist, such as microvesicular steatosis and phospholipidosis, and are mostly associated with acute mitochondrial dysfunction and defective lipophagy, respectively. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is also commonly involved in DISH. Patients with pre-existing NAFLD may be at higher risk of DILI induced by certain drugs, and polypharmacy in obese individuals to treat their comorbidities may be a contributing factor. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between DILI and NAFLD may be reciprocal: drugs can cause NAFLD by acting as steatogenic factors, and pre-existing NAFLD could be a predisposing condition for certain drugs to cause DILI. Polypharmacy associated with obesity might potentiate the association between this condition and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Dirchwolf
- Unidad de Transplante Hepático, Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Privado de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Agustina Rodil
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Diet-induced inflammation: From gut to metabolic organs and the consequences for the health and longevity of ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:17-27. [PMID: 30170184 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary shifts play an important role in decreased longevity in ruminant livestock. Ruminants evolved as cellulose fermenters adapt to fiber-rich diets. Instead, high-producing ruminants nowadays are commonly fed with grain-based diets to increase intake and productivity. Such diets, however, trade off the health of the animal. One negative aspect of such feeding is related to elevated levels of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in the gut lumen and the likelihood of LPS translocation across the gut causing systemic and local (tissue) inflammation with consequences for production and longevity. However, the view for toxicity of gut LPS is oversimplified, overlooking the physicochemistry of LPS and the translocation route that determine the fate and immune reactive activity of LPS within the host. The barrier and defensive mechanisms of rumen morphology and intestinal mucus are understated. LPS cross the epithelial barrier paracellularly through impaired tight-junction and transcellularly through receptor-mediated transcytosis and the lipoprotein pathway transporting lipids. The lipoprotein pathway delivers LPS to the circulation before reaching the liver for detoxification and is believed to be the major natural route of gut LPS translocation at least in non-ruminants. Ruminant research has focused on endotoxemia and systemic inflammation but with little success and conflicting results, not to mention that low-grade inflammation is not easy to detect. In fact, LPS in the circulation must be effectively removed to avoid an adverse effect of rising level of LPS in the circulation. Circulating LPS could be transported towards target tissues in various organs, leading to local inflammation and altered metabolic activity in the tissues. Therefore, it might be feasible to capture tissue inflammation, especially in the metabolic organs including the liver, adipose tissues, and mammary gland. The present review gathers research updates and presents a comprehensive view of the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of LPS and the possibilities of translocation as well as other possible fate of LPS at each gut site in ruminants. Furthermore, we describe the involvement of three key metabolic organs including the liver, adipose tissue, and mammary gland in response to gut-derived LPS that lead to inflammation in the tissue posing consequences for the health and longevity of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Scotti E, Boué S, Sasso GL, Zanetti F, Belcastro V, Poussin C, Sierro N, Battey J, Gimalac A, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J. Exploring the microbiome in health and disease. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317741884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of human microbiome is an exciting and rapidly expanding field of research. In the past decade, the biological relevance of the microbiome for human health has become evident. Microbiome comprises a complex collection of microorganisms, with their genes and metabolites, colonizing different body niches. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, supporting immunity, protecting against pathogenic microbes, and maintaining health. Remarkable new findings showed that our microbiome not only primarily affects the health and function of the gastrointestinal tract but also has a strong influence on general body health through its close interaction with the nervous system and the lung. Therefore, a perfect and sensitive balanced interaction of microbes with the host is required for a healthy body. In fact, growing evidence suggests that the dynamics and function of the indigenous microbiota can be influenced by many factors, including genetics, diet, age, and toxicological agents like cigarette smoke, environmental contaminants, and drugs. The disruption of this balance, that is called dysbiosis, is associated with a plethora of diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, periodontitis, skin diseases, and neurological disorders. The importance of the host microbiome for the human health has also led to the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches focused on the intentional manipulation of the microbiota, either by restoring missing functions or eliminating harmful roles. In the present review, we outline recent studies devoted to elucidate not only the role of microbiome in health conditions and the possible link with various types of diseases but also the influence of various toxicological factors on the microbial composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - James Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Anne Gimalac
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
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Cremonini E, Wang Z, Bettaieb A, Adamo AM, Daveri E, Mills DA, Kalanetra KM, Haj FG, Karakas S, Oteiza PI. (-)-Epicatechin protects the intestinal barrier from high fat diet-induced permeabilization: Implications for steatosis and insulin resistance. Redox Biol 2017; 14:588-599. [PMID: 29154190 PMCID: PMC5691220 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is proposed as an underlying factor for obesity-associated pathologies. Consumption of high fat diets (HFD) is associated with increased intestinal permeabilization and increased paracellular transport of endotoxins which can promote steatosis and insulin resistance. This study investigated whether dietary (-)-epicatechin (EC) supplementation can protect the intestinal barrier against HFD-induced permeabilization and endotoxemia, and mitigate liver damage and insulin resistance. Mechanisms leading to loss of integrity and function of the tight junction (TJ) were characterized. Consumption of a HFD for 15 weeks caused obesity, steatosis, and insulin resistance in male C57BL/6J mice. This was associated with increased intestinal permeability, decreased expression of ileal TJ proteins, and endotoxemia. Supplementation with EC (2-20mg/kg body weight) mitigated all these adverse effects. EC acted modulating cell signals and the gut hormone GLP-2, which are central to the regulation of intestinal permeability. Thus, EC prevented HFD-induced ileum NOX1/NOX4 upregulation, protein oxidation, and the activation of the redox-sensitive NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. Supporting NADPH oxidase as a target of EC actions, in Caco-2 cells EC and apocynin inhibited tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα)-induced NOX1/NOX4 overexpression, protein oxidation and monolayer permeabilization. Together, our findings demonstrate protective effects of EC against HFD-induced increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia. This can in part underlie EC capacity to prevent steatosis and insulin resistance occurring as a consequence of HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ana M Adamo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Daveri
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sidika Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States and developed countries. NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, significantly contributing to the exacerbation of the latter. Although NAFLD represents the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome, it can also be found in patients prior to their presentation with other manifestations of the syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and closely intertwined with insulin resistance and obesity. Several mechanisms are undoubtedly involved in its pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we bring together the current understanding of the pathogenesis that makes NAFLD a systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Reccia
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Cherif Akladios
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Francesco Virdis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Madhava Pai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Duncan Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, UK.
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New insight into inter-organ crosstalk contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Protein Cell 2017. [PMID: 28643267 PMCID: PMC5818366 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver dysfunction and a significant global health problem with substantial rise in prevalence over the last decades. It is becoming increasingly clear that NALFD is not only predominantly a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, but also involves extra-hepatic organs and regulatory pathways. Therapeutic options are limited for the treatment of NAFLD. Accordingly, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD is critical for gaining new insight into the regulatory network of NAFLD and for identifying new targets for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we emphasize on the current understanding of the inter-organ crosstalk between the liver and peripheral organs that contributing to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Del Chierico F, Nobili V, Vernocchi P, Russo A, De Stefanis C, Gnani D, Furlanello C, Zandonà A, Paci P, Capuani G, Dallapiccola B, Miccheli A, Alisi A, Putignani L. Gut microbiota profiling of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obese patients unveiled by an integrated meta-omics-based approach. Hepatology 2017; 65:451-464. [PMID: 27028797 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is evidence that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by gut microbiota. Therefore, we investigated its modifications in pediatric NAFLD patients using targeted metagenomics and metabolomics. Stools were collected from 61 consecutive patients diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or obesity and 54 healthy controls (CTRLs), matched in a case-control fashion. Operational taxonomic units were pyrosequenced targeting 16S ribosomal RNA and volatile organic compounds determined by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The α-diversity was highest in CTRLs, followed by obese, NASH, and NAFL patients; and β-diversity distinguished between patients and CTRLs but not NAFL and NASH. Compared to CTRLs, in NAFLD patients Actinobacteria were significantly increased and Bacteroidetes reduced. There were no significant differences among the NAFL, NASH, and obese groups. Overall NAFLD patients had increased levels of Bradyrhizobium, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Propionibacterium acnes, Dorea, and Ruminococcus and reduced proportions of Oscillospira and Rikenellaceae compared to CTRLs. After reducing metagenomics and metabolomics data dimensionality, multivariate analyses indicated a decrease of Oscillospira in NAFL and NASH groups and increases of Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Dorea in NASH patients compared to CTRLs. Of the 292 volatile organic compounds, 26 were up-regulated and 2 down-regulated in NAFLD patients. Multivariate analyses found that combination of Oscillospira, Rickenellaceae, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis, Sutterella, Lachnospiraceae, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-butanol, and 2-butanone could discriminate NAFLD patients from CTRLs. Univariate analyses found significantly lower levels of Oscillospira and higher levels of 1-pentanol and 2-butanone in NAFL patients compared to CTRLs. In NASH, lower levels of Oscillospira were associated with higher abundance of Dorea and Ruminococcus and higher levels of 2-butanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone compared to CTRLs. CONCLUSION An Oscillospira decrease coupled to a 2-butanone up-regulation and increases in Ruminococcus and Dorea were identified as gut microbiota signatures of NAFL onset and NAFL-NASH progression, respectively. (Hepatology 2017;65:451-464).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Liver Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Human Microbiome Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Human Microbiome Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Gnani
- Liver Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Furlanello
- Predictive Models for Biomedicine and Environment Unit, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zandonà
- Predictive Models for Biomedicine and Environment Unit, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, 00185, Rome, Italy.,SysBio Centre for Systems Biology, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Scientific Directorate, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Alisi
- Liver Research Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Human Microbiome Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Parasitology Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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22
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Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1111-1121. [PMID: 28140328 PMCID: PMC5105045 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) intake elicits a wide range of physiologic effects, not just locally in the gut, but systemically. DFs can greatly alter the gut milieu by affecting the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the gut barrier, gastrointestinal immune and endocrine responses, and nitrogen cycling and microbial metabolism. These gut-associated changes can then alter the physiology and biochemistry of the body's other main nutrient management and detoxification organs, the liver and kidneys. The molecular mechanisms by which DF alters the physiology of the gut, liver, and kidneys is likely through gut-localized events (i.e., bacterial nitrogen metabolism, microbe-microbe, and microbe-host cell interactions) coupled with specific factors that emanate from the gut in response to DF, which signal to or affect the physiology of the liver and kidneys. The latter may include microbe-derived xenometabolites, peptides, or bioactive food components made available by gut microbes, inflammation signals, and gut hormones. The intent of this review is to summarize how DF alters the gut milieu to specifically affect intestinal, liver, and kidney functions and to discuss the potential local and systemic signaling networks that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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23
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Koh JC, Loo WM, Goh KL, Sugano K, Chan WK, Chiu WYP, Choi MG, Gonlachanvit S, Lee WJ, Lee WJJ, Lee YY, Lesmana LA, Li YM, Liu CJ, Matsuura B, Nakajima A, Ng EKW, Sollano JD, Wong SKH, Wong VWS, Yang Y, Ho KY, Dan YY. Asian consensus on the relationship between obesity and gastrointestinal and liver diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1405-13. [PMID: 27010240 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is increasing in Asia, with implications on gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases. The Gut and Obesity in Asia Workgroup comprises regional experts with the aim of studying relationship between obesity and the GI and liver diseases in Asia. Through literature review and the modified Delphi process, consensus statements examining the impact of obesity on esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, and liver diseases, exploring relationship between gut microbiome and obesity, and assessing obesity therapies have been produced by the Gut and Obesity in Asia Workgroup. Sixteen experts participated with 9/15 statements having strong consensus (>80% agreement). The prevalence of obesity in Asia is increasing (100% percentage agreement in brackets), and this increased prevalence of obesity will result in a greater burden of obesity-related GI and liver diseases (93.8%). There was consensus that obesity increases the risk of gastric cancer (75%) and colorectal neoplasia (87.5%). Obesity was also associated with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma (66.7%) and pancreatic cancer (66.7%) in Asia. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Asia is on the rise (100%), and the risk of NAFLD in Asia (100%) is increased by obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (93.8%). Regarding therapy, it was agreed that bariatric surgery was an effective treatment modality for obesity (93.8%) but there was less agreement on its benefit for NAFLD (62.5%). These experts' consensus on obesity and GI diseases in Asia forms the basis for further research, and its translation into addressing this emerging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Mun Loo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khean Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wah Kheong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai Yan Philip Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Sutep Gonlachanvit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wei-Jei Lee
- Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Laurentius A Lesmana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia
| | - You-Ming Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Bunzo Matsuura
- Department of Lifestyle-Related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Enders Kwok Wai Ng
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jose D Sollano
- Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Simon Kin Hung Wong
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Gu J, Yao M, Yao D, Wang L, Yang X, Yao D. Nonalcoholic Lipid Accumulation and Hepatocyte Malignant Transformation. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:123-30. [PMID: 27350942 PMCID: PMC4913080 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is steadily increasing, highlighting its status as a public health concern, particularly due to its significant association with other comorbidities, such as diabetes. However, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a primary risk factor, with its own prevalence increasing in recent years, and it has gradually caught up with the historical primary etiological factors of infection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, exposure to aflatoxin, or alcohol liver disease. The deeply worrisome aspects of all of these high risk factors, however, are their remarkable presence within populations. Systemic and genetic mechanisms involved in the malignant transformation of liver cells, as well as useful biomarkers of early stage HCC are being investigated. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the interrelation of NAFLD and HCC remain largely unknown. In this review, some of the recent advances in our understanding of liver lipid accumulation are summarized and discussed to provide insights into the relationship between NAFLD and hepatocyte malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengbing Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuli Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengfu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence to: Professor Dengfu Yao, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China. Tel: +86-513-85052297, Fax: +86-513-85052554, E-mail:
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25
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Foster MT, Gentile CL, Cox-York K, Wei Y, Wang D, Estrada AL, Reese L, Miller T, Pagliassotti MJ, Weir TL. Fuzhuan tea consumption imparts hepatoprotective effects and alters intestinal microbiota in high saturated fat diet-fed rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1213-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Foster
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Christopher L. Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Kimberly Cox-York
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Yuren Wei
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Andrea L. Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Lauren Reese
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Tirrel Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Michael J. Pagliassotti
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Tiffany L. Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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26
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Mishra AK, Dubey V, Ghosh AR. Obesity: An overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota. Metabolism 2016; 65:48-65. [PMID: 26683796 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major challenges for public health in 21st century, with 1.9 billion people being considered as overweight and 600 million as obese. There are certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and several forms of cancer which were found to be associated with obesity. Therefore, understanding the key molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of obesity could be beneficial for the development of a therapeutic approach. Hormones such as ghrelin, glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted by an endocrine organ gut, have an intense impact on energy balance and maintenance of homeostasis by inducing satiety and meal termination. Glucose and energy homeostasis are also affected by lipid sensing in which different organs respond in different ways. However, there is one common mechanism i.e. formation of esterified lipids (long chain fatty acyl CoAs) and the activation of protein kinase C δ (PKC δ) involved in all these organs. The possible role of gut microbiota and obesity has been addressed by several researchers in recent years, indicating the possible therapeutic approach toward the management of obesity by the introduction of an external living system such as a probiotic. The proposed mechanism behind this activity is attributed by metabolites produced by gut microbial organisms. Thus, this review summarizes the role of various physiological factors such as gut hormone and lipid sensing involved in various tissues and organ and most important by the role of gut microbiota in weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Mishra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinay Dubey
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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27
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Martins IJ. Overnutrition Determines LPS Regulation of Mycotoxin Induced Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29554-73. [PMID: 26690419 PMCID: PMC4691133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are now associated with obesity and diabetes and linked to the developing and developed world. Interests in healthy diets have escalated that may prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The global metabolic syndrome involves lipoprotein abnormalities and insulin resistance and is the major disorder for induction of neurological disease. The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on dyslipidemia and NAFLD indicate that the clearance and metabolism of fungal mycotoxins are linked to hypercholesterolemia and amyloid beta oligomers. LPS and mycotoxins are associated with membrane lipid disturbances with effects on cholesterol interacting proteins, lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane apo E/amyloid beta interactions relevant to hypercholesterolemia with close connections to neurological diseases. The influence of diet on mycotoxin metabolism has accelerated with the close association between mycotoxin contamination from agricultural products such as apple juice, grains, alcohol, and coffee. Cholesterol efflux in lipoproteins and membrane cholesterol are determined by LPS with involvement of mycotoxin on amyloid beta metabolism. Nutritional interventions such as diets low in fat/carbohydrate/cholesterol have become of interest with relevance to low absorption of lipophilic LPS and mycotoxin into lipoproteins with rapid metabolism of mycotoxin to the liver with the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
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28
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Sepideh A, Karim P, Hossein A, Leila R, Hamdollah M, Mohammad E G, Mojtaba S, Mohammad S, Ghader G, Seyed Moayed A. Effects of Multistrain Probiotic Supplementation on Glycemic and Inflammatory Indices in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:500-505. [PMID: 26430826 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1031355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition defined by exceeding triglycerides accumulation in the liver. The condition can develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Considering the ever-increasing prevalence of NAFLD, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory indices in patients with NAFLD. METHODS This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 42 patients with NAFLD who had been referred to a gastroenterology clinic. Subjects in the intervention and control groups consumed 2 capsules/day probiotic or placebo, respectively, for 8 weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS Means of FBS, insulin, insulin resistance, and IL-6 were significantly different between groups after intervention (p < 0.05), whereas TNF-α was not significantly modified (p > 0.05). In the probiotic group, insulin, insulin resistance, TNF-α, and IL-6 decreased significantly at the end of the study compared to the beginning of study. CONCLUSION Considering the effects of probiotic supplementation on the reduction of glycemic and inflammatory indices in patients with NAFLD, consumption of probiotics is recommended as a complementary therapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parastouei Karim
- e Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRAN; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , IRAN
| | | | | | | | | | - Sepandi Mojtaba
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Health School
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29
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Urinary (1)H-NMR-based metabolic profiling of children with NAFLD undergoing VSL#3 treatment. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1118-25. [PMID: 25809828 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children. Our recent clinical trial demonstrated that dietary and VSL#3-based interventions may improve fatty liver by ultrasound and body mass index (BMI) after 4 months. OBJECTIVES As in this short-term trial, as in others, it is impracticable to monitor response to therapy or treatment by liver biopsy, we aimed to identify a panel of potential non-invasive metabolic biomarkers by a urinary metabolic profiling. METHODS Urine samples from a group of 31 pediatric NAFLD patients, enrolled in a VSL#3 clinical trial, were analyzed by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with analysis of variance-Simultaneous Component Analysis model and multivariate data analyses. Urinary metabolic profiles were interpreted in terms of clinical patient feature, treatment and chronology pattern correlations. RESULTS VSL#3 treatment induced changes in NAFLD urinary metabolic phenotype mainly at level of host amino-acid metabolism (that is, valine, tyrosine, 3-amino-isobutyrate or β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA)), nucleic acid degradation (pseudouridine), creatinine metabolism (methylguanidine) and secondarily at the level of gut microbial amino-acid metabolism (that is, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate from valine degradation). Furthermore, some of these metabolites correlated with clinical primary and secondary trial end points after VSL#3 treatment: tyrosine and the organic acid U4 positively with alanine aminotransferase (R=0.399, P=0.026) and BMI (R=0.36, P=0.045); BAIBA and tyrosine negatively with active glucagon-like-peptide 1 (R=-0.51, P=0.003; R=-0.41, P=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS VSL#3 treatment-dependent urinary metabotypes of NAFLD children may be considered as non-invasive effective biomarkers to evaluate the response to treatment.
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30
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Arslan N. Obesity, fatty liver disease and intestinal microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16452-16463. [PMID: 25469013 PMCID: PMC4248188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The term NAFLD describes a spectrum of liver pathology ranges from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even cirrhosis. Metabolic syndrome and NAFLD also predict hepatocellular carcinoma. Many genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of obesity and NAFLD, but the exact mechanisms are not known. Intestinal ecosystem contains trillions of microorganisms including bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and viruses. Several studies support the relationship between the intestinal microbial changes and obesity and also its complications, including insulin resistance and NAFLD. Given that the gut and liver are connected by the portal venous system, it makes the liver more vulnerable to translocation of bacteria, bacterial products, endotoxins or secreted cytokines. Altered intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) may stimulate hepatic fat deposition through several mechanisms: regulation of gut permeability, increasing low-grade inflammation, modulation of dietary choline metabolism, regulation of bile acid metabolism and producing endogenous ethanol. Regulation of intestinal microbial ecosystem by diet modifications or by using probiotics and prebiotics as a treatment for obesity and its complications might be the issue of further investigations.
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31
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Pallayova M, Taheri S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese adults: clinical aspects and current management strategies. Clin Obes 2014; 4:243-53. [PMID: 25825857 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder whose prevalence is strongly linked to the current epidemic of obesity in many western countries. The prevalence of NAFLD is two to four times higher in populations with pre-existing metabolic comorbidities than in the general population. The diagnosis of primary NAFLD involves establishing the presence of hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis by imaging or histology, along with establishing the non-alcoholic nature of the disease process and excluding competing aetiologies for hepatic steatosis. Among the indirect serum biomarkers, the NAFLD fibrosis score can help to identify patients with NAFLD and with higher likelihood of having fibrosis or cirrhosis. A liver biopsy should be considered in NAFLD patients at increased risk for steatohepatitis/advanced fibrosis and in cases where a liver biopsy is necessary to exclude co-existing chronic liver diseases and other aetiologies for hepatic steatosis. The treatment and management recommendations for obesity-associated NAFLD are aimed towards weight reduction. The currently available interventions employed to promote weight loss and improve the metabolic responses in NAFLD include lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pallayova
- Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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32
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Meta-omic platforms to assist in the understanding of NAFLD gut microbiota alterations: tools and applications. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:684-711. [PMID: 24402126 PMCID: PMC3907832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide as a result of the increasing prevalence of obesity, starting from early life stages. It is characterized by a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple fatty liver (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH), with a possible progression to fibrosis, thus increasing liver-related morbidity and mortality. NAFLD development is driven by the co-action of several risk factors, including obesity and metabolic syndrome, which may be both genetically induced and diet-related. Recently, particular attention has been paid to the gut-liver axis, which may play a physio-pathological role in the onset and progression of the disease. The gut microbiota is intended to act as a bioreactor that can guarantee autonomous metabolic and immunological functions and that can drive functional strategies within the environment of the body in response to external stimuli. The complexity of the gut microbiota suggests that it behaves as an organ. Therefore, the concept of the gut-liver axis must be complemented with the gut-microbiota-liver network due to the high intricacy of the microbiota components and metabolic activities; these activities form the active diet-driven power plant of the host. Such complexity can only be revealed using systems biology, which can integrate clinical phenomics and gut microbiota data.
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Della Corte C, Liccardo D, Mosca A, Vania A, Nobili V. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paed.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Frasinariu OE, Ceccarelli S, Alisi A, Moraru E, Nobili V. Gut-liver axis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an input for novel therapies. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:543-51. [PMID: 23280158 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a multifactorial condition, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alteration of gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability increase exposure of the liver to gut-derived bacterial products: lipopolysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA. These products stimulate innate immune receptors, namely Toll-like receptors, which activate signalling pathways involved in liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. Currently, there are several studies on the involvement of lipopolysaccharide-activated Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. There has been widespread interest in the study of the involvement of resident hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells activation in liver fibrogenesis upon TLR4 stimulation. Although the best evidence to support a role for gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-induced fibrosis comes largely from animal models, data from human studies are accumulating and could lead to new therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic modulation of gut microflora may be an alternative strategy to develop an anti-fibrotic therapy. In this review, we discuss the relevant role of gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic liver disease-associated liver fibrosis and discuss the evidence on novel anti-fibrotic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia E Frasinariu
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Aron-Wisnewsky J, Gaborit B, Dutour A, Clement K. Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:338-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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