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Mannan M, Nabeela S, Mishra R, Uppuluri P. Host immune response against fungal biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 81:102520. [PMID: 39126962 PMCID: PMC11391915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Fungal biofilms are a multilayered community of cells attached to mucosal or abiotic surfaces enclosed in a coating of self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix. The sheer density of cells protected by a polymeric shield not only makes the biofilm impermeable to antimicrobials or immune cells but also hidden from host recognition. Biofilms also serve as a reservoir of drug-resistant persister cells and dispersal cells armored with virulence factors adept at evading the immune system. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge on the immunomodulatory properties of biofilms formed by Candida species and by other biofilm-forming fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus and Cryptococcus. Finally, we deliberate on promising strategies to help activate the immune system for combating fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mannan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Priya Uppuluri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Cheng KO, Montaño DE, Zelante T, Dietschmann A, Gresnigt MS. Inflammatory cytokine signalling in vulvovaginal candidiasis: a hot mess driving immunopathology. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae010. [PMID: 39234208 PMCID: PMC11374039 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity to opportunistic fungal infections consists of tightly regulated innate and adaptive immune responses that clear the infection. Immune responses to infections of the vaginal mucosa by Candida species are, however, an exception. In the case of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the inflammatory response is associated with symptomatic disease, rather than that it results in pathogen clearance. As such VVC can be considered an inflammatory disease, which is a significant public health problem due to its predominance as a female-specific fungal infection. Particularly, women with recurrent VVC (RVVC) suffer from a significant negative impact on their quality of life and mental health. Knowledge of the inflammatory pathogenesis of (R)VVC may guide more effective diagnostic and therapeutic options to improve the quality of life of women with (R)VVC. Here, we review the immunopathogenesis of (R)VVC describing several elements that induce an inflammatory arson, starting with the activation threshold established by vaginal epithelial cells that prevent unnecessary ignition of inflammatory responses, epithelial and inflammasome-dependent immune responses. These inflammatory responses will drive neutrophil recruitment and dysfunctional neutrophil-mediated inflammation. We also review the, sometimes controversial, findings on the involvement of adaptive and systemic responses. Finally, we provide future perspectives on the potential of some unexplored cytokine axes and discuss whether VVC needs to be subdivided into subgroups to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar On Cheng
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Dolly E Montaño
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Axel Dietschmann
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, Jena, 07749, Germany
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3
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Jing Q, Liu R, Jiang Q, Liu Y, He J, Zhou X, Yu OY, Chu CH, Cheng L, Ren B, Li M. Staphylococcus aureus wraps around Candida albicans and synergistically escapes from Neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422440. [PMID: 39050841 PMCID: PMC11266059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background NETs, a unique neutrophil immune mechanism, are vital in defending against microbial invasions. Understanding the mechanisms of co-infection by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which often leads to higher mortality and poorer prognosis, is crucial for studying infection progression. Methods In our study, we established a mouse model of subcutaneous infection to characterize the inflammation induced by co-infection. By purifying and extracting NETs to interact with microorganisms, we delve into the differences in their interactions with various microbial species. Additionally, we investigated the differences in NETs production by neutrophils in response to single or mixed microorganisms through the interaction between neutrophils and these microorganisms. Furthermore, we analyzed the gene expression differences during co-infection using transcriptomics. Results In vivo, C. albicans infections tend to aggregate, while S. aureus infections are more diffuse. In cases of co-infection, S. aureus adheres to and wraps C. albicans. NETs exhibit strong killing capability against C. albicans but weaker efficacy against S. aureus. When NETs interact with mixed microorganisms, they preferentially target and kill the outer layer of S. aureus. In the early stages, neutrophils primarily rely on phagocytosis to kill S. aureus, but as the bacteria accumulate, they stimulate neutrophils to produce NETs. Interestingly, in the presence of neutrophils, S. aureus promotes the proliferation and hyphal growth of C. albicans. Conclusion Our research has showed substantial differences in the progression of co-infections compared to single-microbial infections, thereby providing scientific evidence for NETs as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kumar D, Kumar A. Molecular Determinants Involved in Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Regulation. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1640-1659. [PMID: 37410258 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is known for its pathogenicity, although it lives within the human body as a commensal member. The commensal nature of C. albicans is well controlled and regulated by the host's immune system as they live in the harmonized microenvironment. However, the development of certain unusual microhabitat conditions (change in pH, co-inhabiting microorganisms' population ratio, debilitated host-immune system) pokes this commensal fungus to transform into a pathogen in such a way that it starts to propagate very rapidly and tries to breach the epithelial barrier to enter the host's systemic circulations. In addition, Candida is infamous as a major nosocomial (hospital-acquired infection) agent because it enters the human body through venous catheters or medical prostheses. The hysterical mode of C. albicans growth builds its microcolony or biofilm, which is pathogenic for the host. Biofilms propose additional resistance mechanisms from host immunity or extracellular chemicals to aid their survival. Differential gene expressions and regulations within the biofilms cause altered morphology and metabolism. The genes associated with adhesiveness, hyphal/pseudo-hyphal growth, persister cell transformation, and biofilm formation by C. albicans are controlled by myriads of cell-signaling regulators. These genes' transcription is controlled by different molecular determinants like transcription factors and regulators. Therefore, this review has focused discussion on host-immune-sensing molecular determinants of Candida during biofilm formation, regulatory descriptors (secondary messengers, regulatory RNAs, transcription factors) of Candida involved in biofilm formation that could enable small-molecule drug discovery against these molecular determinants, and lead to disrupt the well-structured Candida biofilms effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
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Herman RA, Ayepa E, Zhang WX, Li ZN, Zhu X, Ackah M, Yuan SS, You S, Wang J. Molecular modification and biotechnological applications of microbial aspartic proteases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:388-413. [PMID: 36842994 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2171850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The growing preference for incorporating microbial aspartic proteases in industries is due to their high catalytic function and high degree of substrate selectivity. These properties, however, are attributable to molecular alterations in their structure and a variety of other characteristics. Molecular tools, functional genomics, and genome editing technologies coupled with other biotechnological approaches have aided in improving the potential of industrially important microbial proteases by addressing some of their major limitations, such as: low catalytic efficiency, low conversion rates, low thermostability, and less enzyme yield. However, the native folding within their full domain is dependent on a surrounding structure which challenges their functionality in substrate conversion, mainly due to their mutual interactions in the context of complex systems. Hence, manipulating their structure and controlling their expression systems could potentially produce enzymes with high selectivity and catalytic functions. The proteins produced by microbial aspartic proteases are industrially capable and far-reaching in regulating certain harmful distinctive industrial processes and the benefits of being eco-friendly. This review provides: an update on current trends and gaps in microbial protease biotechnology, exploring the relevant recombinant strategies and molecular technologies widely used in expression platforms for engineering microbial aspartic proteases, as well as their potential industrial and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ansah Herman
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ellen Ayepa
- Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kusi, Ghana
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shuai You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
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Bras G, Satala D, Juszczak M, Kulig K, Wronowska E, Bednarek A, Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. Secreted Aspartic Proteinases: Key Factors in Candida Infections and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4775. [PMID: 38731993 PMCID: PMC11084781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases are key factors contributing to the virulence of pathogenic fungi from the genus Candida. Their proteolytic activities are crucial for extracting nutrients from the external environment, degrading host defenses, and destabilizing the internal balance of the human organism. Currently, the enzymes most frequently described in this context are secreted aspartic proteases (Saps). This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted roles of Saps, highlighting their importance in biofilm formation, tissue invasion through the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and components of the coagulation cascade, modulation of host immune responses via impairment of neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage functions, and their contribution to antifungal resistance. Additionally, the diagnostic challenges associated with Candida infections and the potential of Saps as biomarkers were discussed. Furthermore, we examined the prospects of developing vaccines based on Saps and the use of protease inhibitors as adjunctive therapies for candidiasis. Given the complex biology of Saps and their central role in Candida pathogenicity, a multidisciplinary approach may pave the way for innovative diagnostic strategies and open new opportunities for innovative clinical interventions against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
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Madhuri M, Rudramurthy SM, Roy U. Two promising Bacillus-derived antifungal lipopeptide leads AF 4 and AF 5 and their combined effect with fluconazole on the in vitro Candida glabrata biofilms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1334419. [PMID: 38708082 PMCID: PMC11066293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1334419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida species are endowed with the ability to produce biofilms, which is one of the causes of pathogenicity, as biofilms protect yeasts from antifungal drugs. Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata) is one of the most prevalent pathogenic yeasts in humans and a biofilm producer. Methods: The study was aimed at evaluating the combined effects of two highly promising antifungal biomolecules (AF4 and AF5) lipopeptide in nature, chromatographically purified to homogeneity from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and the standard antifungal fluconazole (at different concentrations) to demonstrate C. glabrata biofilm formation inhibition. Biofilm production and inhibition were evaluated by quantification of the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity using crystal violet (CV) staining and XTT reduction assays, respectively. Microscopic techniques such as confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to visualize biofilm formation and inhibition. Results and Discussion: Compared to untreated and fluconazole-treated biofilms, an enhanced in vitro anti-biofilm effect of the antifungal lipopeptides AF4/AF5 alone and their combinations with fluconazole was established. The lipopeptides AF4/AF5 alone at 8 and 16 μg/mL exhibited significant biomass and metabolic activity reductions. SEM and CSLM images provided evidence that the lipopeptide exposure results in architectural alterations and a significant reduction of C. glabrata biofilms, whereas (2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) analyses showed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation along with membrane permeabilization. The estimation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in AF4/AF5-treated biofilms indicated EPS reduction. The combinations of fluconazole (64/128 μg/mL) and AF4/AF5 lipopeptide (16 μg/mL) were found to significantly disrupt the mature (24 h) biofilms as revealed by CSLM and SEM studies. The CSLM images of biofilms were validated using COMSTAT. The FTIR-analyses indicate the antibiofilm effects of both lipopeptides on 24 h biofilms to support CSLM and SEM observations. The combinations of fluconazole (64/128 μg/mL) and AF4/AF5 lipopeptide were found to disrupt the mature biofilms; the study also showed that the lipopeptides alone have the potentials to combat C. glabrata biofilms. Taken together, it may be suggested that these lipopeptide leads can be optimized to potentially apply on various surfaces to either reduce or nearly eradicate yeast biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Madhuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Sancoale, Goa, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Mycology Division, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Sancoale, Goa, India
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Khamzeh A, Dahlstrand Rudin A, Venkatakrishnan V, Stylianou M, Sanchez Klose FP, Urban CF, Björnsdottir H, Bylund J, Christenson K. High levels of short-chain fatty acids secreted by Candida albicans hyphae induce neutrophil chemotaxis via free fatty acid receptor 2. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:536-546. [PMID: 37992073 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans belongs to our commensal mucosal flora and in immune-competent individuals in the absence of epithelial damage, this fungus is well tolerated and controlled by our immune defense. However, C. albicans is an opportunistic microorganism that can cause different forms of infections, ranging from superficial to life-threatening systemic infections. C. albicans is polymorphic and switches between different phenotypes (e.g. from yeast form to hyphal form). C. albicans hyphae are invasive and can grow into tissues to eventually reach circulation. During fungal infections, neutrophils in particular play a critical role for the defense, but how neutrophils are directed toward the invasive forms of fungi is less well understood. We set out to investigate possible neutrophil chemoattractants released by C. albicans into culture supernatants. We found that cell-free culture supernatants from the hyphal form of C. albicans induced both neutrophil chemotaxis and concomitant intracellular calcium transients. Size separation and hydrophobic sorting of supernatants indicated small hydrophilic factors as responsible for the activity. Further analysis showed that the culture supernatants contained high levels of short-chain fatty acids with higher levels from hyphae as compared to yeast. Short-chain fatty acids are known neutrophil chemoattractants acting via the neutrophil free fatty acid receptor 2. In line with this, the calcium signaling in neutrophils induced by hyphae culture supernatants was blocked by a free fatty acid receptor 2 antagonist and potently increased in the presence of a positive allosteric modulator. Our data imply that short-chain fatty acids may act as a recruitment signal whereby neutrophils can detect C. albicans hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsham Khamzeh
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes Dahlstrand Rudin
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammations Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marios Stylianou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felix P Sanchez Klose
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Halla Björnsdottir
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12A, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mordzińska-Rak A, Szałapata K, Wydrych J, Gagoś M, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A. Attachment of Proteolytic Enzyme Inhibitors to Vascular Prosthesis-An Analysis of Binding and Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:935. [PMID: 38474448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic infections are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and relapse rates, making them still a serious problem for implantology. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial pathogens causing prosthetic infections. In response to the increasing rate of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics, this work proposes a method for combating pathogenic microorganisms by modifying the surfaces of synthetic polymeric biomaterials using proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (serine protease inhibitors-4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride and puromycin). While using techniques based on the immobilization of biologically active molecules, it is important to monitor the changes occurring on the surface of the modified biomaterial, where spectroscopic techniques (e.g., FTIR) are ideal. ATR-FTIR measurements demonstrated that the immobilization of both inhibitors caused large structural changes on the surface of the tested vascular prostheses (polyester or polytetrafluoroethylene) and showed that they were covalently bonded to the surfaces of the biomaterials. Next, the bactericidal and antibiofilm activities of the tested serine protease inhibitors were determined using the CLSM microscopic technique with fluorescent staining. During LIVE/DEAD analyses, a significant decrease in the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm after exposure to selected concentrations of native inhibitors (0.02-0.06 mg/mL for puromycin and 0.2-1 mg/mL for 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mordzińska-Rak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szałapata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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10
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Juszczak M, Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M. Complexation of fungal extracellular nucleic acids by host LL-37 peptide shapes neutrophil response to Candida albicans biofilm. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1295168. [PMID: 38384468 PMCID: PMC10880380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1295168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans remains the predominant cause of fungal infections, where adhered microbial cells form biofilms - densely packed communities. The central feature of C. albicans biofilms is the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of polymers and extracellular nucleic acids (eDNA, eRNA), which significantly impedes the infiltration of host cells. Neutrophils, as crucial players in the innate host defense, employ several mechanisms to eradicate the fungal infection, including NETosis, endocytosis, or the release of granules containing, among others, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The main representative of these is the positively charged peptide LL-37 formed from an inactive precursor (hCAP18). In addition to its antimicrobial functions, this peptide possesses a propensity to interact with negatively charged molecules, including nucleic acids. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that LL-37 contacting with C. albicans nucleic acids, isolated from biofilm, are complexed by the peptide and its shorter derivatives, as confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We indicated that the generation of the complexes induces discernible alterations in the neutrophil response to fungal nucleic acids compared to the effects of unconjugated molecules. Our analyses involving fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blotting revealed that stimulation of neutrophils with DNA:LL-37 or RNA:LL-37 complexes hamper the activation of pro-apoptotic caspases 3 and 7 and fosters increased activation of anti-apoptotic pathways mediated by the Mcl-1 protein. Furthermore, the formation of complexes elicits a dual effect on neutrophil immune response. Firstly, they facilitate increased nucleic acid uptake, as evidenced by microscopic observations, and enhance the pro-inflammatory response, promoting IL-8 production. Secondly, the complexes detection suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species and attenuates NETosis activation. In conclusion, these findings may imply that the neutrophil immune response shifts toward mobilizing the immune system as a whole, rather than inactivating the pathogen locally. Our findings shed new light on the intricate interplay between the constituents of the C. albicans biofilm and the host's immune response and indicate possible reasons for the elimination of NETosis from the arsenal of the neutrophil response during contact with the fungal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Unger L, Skoluda S, Backman E, Amulic B, Ponce‐Garcia FM, Etiaba CNC, Yellagunda S, Krüger R, von Bernuth H, Bylund J, Hube B, Naglik JR, Urban CF. Candida albicans induces neutrophil extracellular traps and leucotoxic hypercitrullination via candidalysin. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57571. [PMID: 37795769 PMCID: PMC10626426 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide toxin candidalysin, secreted by Candida albicans hyphae, promotes stimulation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, candidalysin alone triggers a distinct mechanism for NET-like structures (NLS), which are more compact and less fibrous than canonical NETs. Candidalysin activates NADPH oxidase and calcium influx, with both processes contributing to morphological changes in neutrophils resulting in NLS formation. NLS are induced by leucotoxic hypercitrullination, which is governed by calcium-induced protein arginine deaminase 4 activation and initiation of intracellular signalling events in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, activation of signalling by candidalysin does not suffice to trigger downstream events essential for NET formation, as demonstrated by lack of lamin A/C phosphorylation, an event required for activation of cyclin-dependent kinases that are crucial for NET release. Candidalysin-triggered NLS demonstrate anti-Candida activity, which is resistant to nuclease treatment and dependent on the deprivation of Zn2+ . This study reveals that C. albicans hyphae releasing candidalysin concurrently trigger canonical NETs and NLS, which together form a fibrous sticky network that entangles C. albicans hyphae and efficiently inhibits their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Unger
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Samuel Skoluda
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Emelie Backman
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Borko Amulic
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Chinelo NC Etiaba
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Sujan Yellagunda
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care MedicineCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care MedicineCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of ImmunologyLabor Berlin Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbHBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)BerlinGermany
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of OdontologySahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity MechanismsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology ‐ Hans‐Knoell‐InstituteJenaGermany
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host‐Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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12
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Zawrotniak M, Juszczak M, Rapała-Kozik M. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps in response to Candida albicans yeast, as a secondary defense mechanism activated by phagocytosis. Yeast 2023; 40:349-359. [PMID: 36737224 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the main pathogens responsible for the development of difficult-to-fight fungal infections called candidiasis. Neutrophils are the major effector cells involved in the eradication of fungal pathogens. This group of immune cells uses several mechanisms that enable the rapid neutralization of pathogens. The most frequently identified mechanisms are phagocytosis and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The mechanism for selecting the type of neutrophil immune response is still unknown. In our study, we analyzed the relationship between the activation of phagocytosis and netosis. We detected the presence of two neutrophil populations characterized by different response patterns to contact with C. albicans blastospores. The first neutrophil population showed an increased ability to rapidly release NETs without prior internalization of the pathogen. In the second population, the netosis process was inherently associated with phagocytosis. Differences between populations also referred to the production of reactive oxygen species. Our results suggest that neutrophils use different strategies to fight C. albicans and, contrary to previous reports, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapała-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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13
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Kulshrestha A, Gupta P. Secreted aspartyl proteases family: a perspective review on the regulation of fungal pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:295-309. [PMID: 37097060 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted aspartyl proteases (SAPs) are important enzymes for fungal pathogenicity, playing a significant role in infection and survival. This article provides insight into how SAPs facilitate the transformation of yeast cells into hyphae and engage in biofilm formation, invasion and degradation of host cells and proteins. SAPs and their isoenzymes are prevalent during fungal infections, making them a potential target for antifungal and antibiofilm therapies. By targeting SAPs, critical stages of fungal pathogenesis such as adhesion, hyphal development, biofilm formation, host invasion and immune evasion can potentially be disrupted. Developing therapies that target SAPs could provide an effective treatment option for a wide range of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kulshrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
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14
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Bao MY, Li M, Bu QR, Yang Y, Song H, Wang CZ, Wang TM, Li N. The effect of herbal medicine in innate immunity to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1096383. [PMID: 37483621 PMCID: PMC10359817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1096383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus that often causes mucosal and systemic infections. Several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), have been implicated in the host recognition of C. albicans. These PRRs recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of C. albicans to activate innate immune cells, thereby rapidly inducing various inflammatory responses by activating intracellular signaling cascades. Herbal medicine and its active components deserve priority development due to their low toxicity and high antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. This review discussed the activities of herbal compounds against C. albicans and their related mechanisms, especially their regulatory role on innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) implicated in C. albicans infections. Our work aims to find new therapeutic drugs and targets to prevent and treat diseases caused by C. albicans infection with the mechanisms by which this fungus interacts with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Ru Bu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-Zhong Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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15
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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16
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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17
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Albaladejo-Riad N, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Induction and characterization of extracellular traps by gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:582-590. [PMID: 36152801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the induction and characterization of extracellular traps (ETs) produced by gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes. The cells were incubated several times (10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min) with different concentrations of the stimulants diluted in RPMI-1640 culture medium: RPMI-1640 (control), β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BG, 0-400 μg mL-1), lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS, 0-10 μg mL-1), calcium ionophore A23187 (CaI, 0-5 μg mL-1), Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0-1000 ng mL-1) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium salt (Poly I:C, 0-200 μg mL-1). BG, LPS and CaI exerted only weak stimulatory activity, while PMA and poly I:C exerted a potent one. After stimulation of the leucocytes, ETs structures were quantified and visualised through staining of the chromatin with nucleic acid-specific dyes and immunocytochemical probing of characteristic proteins expected to decorate the structure. ETs structures had DNA and myeloperoxidase. The ETs morphology was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. These data confirm that seabream leucocytes form ETs with different morphological properties, depending on the used stimulant. These results will be the basis for new studies to analyse the implication of this mechanism in fish immunity. All this new knowledge will have its application in fish farms when we learn to manipulate the innate immune response in order to mitigate microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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18
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Zhong H, Lu RY, Wang Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infections: A seesaw battle in hosts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977493. [PMID: 36189199 PMCID: PMC9515532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing health care challenge. Neutrophils play a key role in defense against fungal infections. There are many effective ways for neutrophils to eliminate fungal invaders, such as phagocytosis, oxidative bursts, and the formation of extracellular traps. This process has received considerable attention and has made rapid progress since neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation was described. Here, we describe the formation, induction, and function of NETs, as well as fungal strategies against NETs hunting. We highlight the effects of NETs on common fungal pathogens and how these pathogens survive.
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19
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Liang C, Lian N, Li M. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900895. [PMID: 36034717 PMCID: PMC9411525 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are global public health problems and can lead to substantial human morbidity and mortality. Current antifungal therapy is not satisfactory, especially for invasive, life-threatening fungal infections. Modulating the antifungal capacity of the host immune system is a feasible way to combat fungal infections. Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system that resist fungal pathogens by releasing reticular extracellular structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). When compared with phagocytosis and oxidative burst, NETs show better capability in terms of trapping large pathogens, such as fungi. This review will summarize interactions between fungal pathogens and NETs. Molecular mechanisms of fungi-induced NETs formation and defensive strategies used by fungi are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuting Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Li,
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20
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He Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Yan L, Wu J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Candida albicans Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913028. [PMID: 35784323 PMCID: PMC9245010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common pathogen causing clinical Candida infections. Neutrophils are a key member of the host innate immunity that plays an essential role in clearing invading C. albicans. In addition to the well-known defensive approaches such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and reactive oxygen species production, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has also become an important way for neutrophils to defend against various pathogens. C. albicans has been reported to be capable of activating neutrophils to release NETs that subsequently kill fungi. The induction of NETs is affected by both the morphology and virulence factors of C. albicans, which also develops specific strategies to respond to the attack by NETs. Our review specifically focuses on the mechanisms by which C. albicans triggers NET formation and their subsequent interactions, which might provide meaningful insight into the innate immunity against C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei He
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Yan, ; Jianhua Wu,
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Yan, ; Jianhua Wu,
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21
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Allert S, Schulz D, Kämmer P, Großmann P, Wolf T, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G, Brunke S, Hube B. From environmental adaptation to host survival: Attributes that mediate pathogenicity of Candida auris. Virulence 2022; 13:191-214. [PMID: 35142597 PMCID: PMC8837256 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2026037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a major cause of invasive fungal infections. While Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis are the most dominant species causing life-threatening candidiasis, C. auris recently emerged as a new species causing invasive infections with high rates of clinical treatment failures. To mimic initial phases of systemic Candida infections with dissemination via the bloodstream and to elucidate the pathogenic potential of C. auris, we used an ex vivo whole blood infection model. Similar to other clinically relevant Candida spp., C. auris is efficiently killed in human blood, but showed characteristic patterns of immune cell association, survival rates, and cytokine induction. Dual-species transcriptional profiling of C. auris-infected blood revealed a unique C. auris gene expression program during infection, while the host response proofed similar and conserved compared to other Candida species. C. auris-specific responses included adaptation and survival strategies, such as counteracting oxidative burst of immune cells, but also expression of potential virulence factors, (drug) transporters, and cell surface-associated genes. Despite comparable pathogenicity to other Candida species in our model, C. auris-specific transcriptional adaptations as well as its increased stress resistance and long-term environmental survival, likely contribute to the high risk of contamination and distribution in a nosocomial setting. Moreover, infections of neutrophils with pre-starved C. auris cells suggest that environmental preconditioning can have modulatory effects on the early host interaction. In summary, we present novel insights into C. auris pathogenicity, revealing adaptations to human blood and environmental niches distinctive from other Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Kämmer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Großmann
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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22
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Doolan R, Bouchery T. Hookworm infections: Reappraising the evidence for a role of Neutrophils in light of NETosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12911. [PMID: 35124825 PMCID: PMC9285577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Hookworm infection, neutrophils have long had the image of the villain, being recruited to the site of larval migration because of damage but participating themselves in tissue injury. With recent developments in neutrophil biology, there is an increasing body of evidence for the role of neutrophils as effector cells in hookworm immunity. In particular, their ability to release extracellular traps, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), confer neutrophils a larvicidal activity. Here, we review recent evidence in this nascent field and discuss the avenue for future research on NETs/hookworm interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Doolan
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
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23
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De-Simone SG, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Gonçalves PS, Lechuga GC, Mandonado A, Graeff-Teixeira C, Provance DW. Angiostrongilus cantonensis an Atypical Presenilin: Epitope Mapping, Characterization, and Development of an ELISA Peptide Assay for Specific Diagnostic of Angiostrongyliasis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020108. [PMID: 35207030 PMCID: PMC8878667 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Angiostrongyliasis, the leading cause universal of eosinophilic meningitis, is an emergent disease due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae, transmitted accidentally to humans. The diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis is based on epidemiologic characteristics, clinical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory findings, particularly hypereosinophilia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, the diagnosis is difficult and often confused with those produced by other parasitic diseases. Therefore, the development of a fast and specific diagnostic test for angiostrongyliasis is a challenge mainly due to the lack of specificity of the described tests, and therefore, the characterization of a new target is required. Material and Methods: Using bioinformatics tools, the putative presenilin (PS) protein C7BVX5-1 was characterized structurally and phylogenetically. A peptide microarray approach was employed to identify single and specific epitopes, and tetrameric epitope peptides were synthesized to evaluate their performance in an ELISA-peptide assay. Results: The data showed that the A. cantonensis PS protein presents nine transmembrane domains, the catalytic aspartyl domain [(XD (aa 241) and GLGD (aa 332–335)], between TM6 and TM7 and the absence of the PALP and other characteristics domains of the class A22 and homologous presenilin (PSH). These individualities make it an atypical sub-branch of the PS family, located in a separate subgroup along with the enzyme Haemogonchus contournus and separated from other worm subclasses. Twelve B-linear epitopes were identified by microarray of peptides and validated by ELISA using infected rat sera. In addition, their diagnostic performance was demonstrated by an ELISA-MAP4 peptide. Conclusions: Our data show that the putative AgPS is an atypical multi-pass transmembrane protein and indicate that the protein is an excellent immunological target with two (PsAg3 and PsAg9) A. costarisencis cross-reactive epitopes and eight (PsAg1, PsAg2, PsAg6, PsAg7, PsAg8, PsAg10, PsAg11, PsAg12) apparent unique A. cantonensis epitopes. These epitopes could be used in engineered receptacle proteins to develop a specific immunological diagnostic assay for angiostrongyliasis caused by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Priscila S. Gonçalves
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24220-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Lechuga
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Arnaldo Mandonado
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Mammals Reservoirs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil;
| | - David W. Provance
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.-P.); (P.S.G.); (G.C.L.); (D.W.P.J.)
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Fungi—A Component of the Oral Microbiome Involved in Periodontal Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:113-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102736. [PMID: 34685715 PMCID: PMC8534323 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of defense mechanisms of the human immune system to counteract infection by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of invasion, and the subsequent production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that efficiently capture and kill the invader cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that within these structures composed of chromatin and proteins, the latter play a pivotal role in the entrapment of the fungal pathogen. The proteinous components of NETs, such as the granular enzymes elastase, myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin, as well as histones and cathelicidin-derived peptide LL-37, are involved in contact with the surface of C. albicans cells. The fungal partners in these interactions are a typical adhesin of the agglutinin-like sequence protein family Als3, and several atypical surface-exposed proteins of cytoplasmic origin, including enolase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate mutase. Importantly, the adhesion of both the elastase itself and the mixture of proteins originating from NETs on the C. albicans cell surface considerably increased the pathogen potency of human epithelial cell destruction compared with fungal cells without human proteins attached. Such an implementation of adsorbed NET-derived proteins by invading C. albicans cells might alter the effectiveness of the fungal pathogen entrapment and affect the further host colonization.
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26
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Hameed S, Hans S, Singh S, Dhiman R, Monasky R, Pandey RP, Thangamani S, Fatima Z. Revisiting the Vital Drivers and Mechanisms of β-Glucan Masking in Human Fungal Pathogen, Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:942. [PMID: 34451406 PMCID: PMC8399646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the several human fungal pathogens, Candida genus represents one of the most implicated in the clinical scenario. There exist several distinctive features that govern the establishment of Candida infections in addition to their capacity to adapt to multiple stress conditions inside humans which also include evasion of host immune responses. The complex fungal cell wall of the prevalent pathogen, Candida albicans, is one of the main targets of antifungal drugs and recognized by host immune cells. The wall consists of tiered arrangement of an outer thin but dense covering of mannan and inner buried layers of β-glucan and chitin. However, the pathogenic fungi adopt strategies to evade immune recognition by masking these molecules. This capacity to camouflage the immunogenic polysaccharide β-glucan from the host is a key virulence factor of C. albicans. The present review is an attempt to collate various underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida β-glucan masking from the available pool of knowledge and provide a comprehensive understanding. This will further improve therapeutic approaches to candidiasis by identifying new antifungal targets that blocks fungal immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India; (S.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India; (S.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shweta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India; (S.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Ruby Dhiman
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Sonepat 131029, India; (R.D.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Ross Monasky
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Sonepat 131029, India; (R.D.); (R.P.P.)
| | - Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (S.T.)
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram 122413, India; (S.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.)
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Afonso M, Mestre AR, Silva G, Almeida AC, Cunha RA, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Gonçalves T, Rodrigues L. Candida Extracellular Nucleotide Metabolism Promotes Neutrophils Extracellular Traps Escape. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:678568. [PMID: 34327150 PMCID: PMC8313894 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.678568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate immunity is fundamental to the resistance against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata infection, two of the most important agents contributing to human fungal infections. Phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, constitute the first line of host defense mechanisms, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent an important strategy to immobilize and to kill invading microorganisms, arresting the establishment of infection. The purinergic system operates an important role in the homeostasis of immunity and inflammation, and ectophosphatase and ectonucleotidase activities are recognized as essential for survival strategies and infectious potential of several pathogens. The expression and unique activity of a 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease (3′NT/NU), able to hydrolyze not only AMP but also nucleic acids, has been considered as part of a possible mechanism of microbes to escape from NETs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if yeasts escape from the NET-mediated killing through their 3′NT/NU enzymatic activity contributing to NET-hydrolysis. After demonstrating the presence of 3′NT/NU activity in C. albicans, C. glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that, during neutrophils-Candida interaction, when NETs formation and release are triggered, NETs digestion occurs and this process of NETs disruption promoted by yeast cells was prevented by ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), a 3′NT/NU inhibitor. In conclusion, although the exact nature and specificity of yeasts ectonucleotidases are not completely unraveled, we highlight the importance of these enzymes in the context of infection, helping yeasts to overcome host defenses, whereby C. albicans and C. glabrata can escape NET-mediate killing through their 3′NT/NU activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Afonso
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Mestre
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Silva
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Purines at CNC - Neuromodulation Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisa Rodrigues
- Medical Microbiology Research Group, CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Smolarz M, Zawrotniak M, Satala D, Rapala-Kozik M. Extracellular Nucleic Acids Present in the Candida albicans Biofilm Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:681030. [PMID: 34123878 PMCID: PMC8187917 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.681030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the first line of the host's defense, use a variety of antimicrobial mechanisms to fight invading pathogens. One of the most crucial is the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the process called NETosis. The unique structure of NETs effectively inhibits the spread of pathogens and ensures their exposure to a high concentration of NET-embedded antimicrobial compounds. NETosis strategy is often used by the host to defend against fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. In immunocompromised patients, this microorganism is responsible for developing systemic fungal infections (candidiasis). This is correlated with the use of a vast array of virulence factors, leading to the acquisition of specific resistance to host defense factors and available drug therapies. One of the most important features favoring the development of drug resistance is a C. albicans ability to form biofilms that protect fungal cells mainly through the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM). Among the main ECM-building macromolecules extracellular nucleic acids have been identified and their role is probably associated with the stbilization of the biofilm structure. The complex interactions of immune cells with the thick ECM layer, comprising the first line of contact between these cells and the biofilm structure, are still poorly understood. Therefore, the current studies aimed to assess the release of extracellular nucleic acids by C. albicans strains at different stages of biofilm formation, and to determine the role of these molecules in triggering the NETosis. We showed for the first time that fungal nucleic acids, purified directly from mature C. albicans biofilm structure or obtained from the whole fungal cells, have the potential to induce NET release in vitro. In this study, we considered the involvement of TLR8 and TLR9 in NETosis activation. We showed that DNA and RNA molecules initiated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activation of the NADPH oxidase complex, essential for ROS-dependent NETosis. Furthermore, analysis of the cell migration showed that the nucleic acids located in the extracellular space surrounding the biofilm may be also effective chemotactic factors, driving the dynamic migration of human neutrophils to the site of ongoing fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Smolarz
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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29
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Williams TJ, Gonzales-Huerta LE, Armstrong-James D. Fungal-Induced Programmed Cell Death. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030231. [PMID: 33804601 PMCID: PMC8003624 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a cause of morbidity in humans, and despite the availability of a range of antifungal treatments, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high. Although our knowledge of the interactions between pathogenic fungi and the host continues to grow, further research is still required to fully understand the mechanism underpinning fungal pathogenicity, which may provide new insights for the treatment of fungal disease. There is great interest regarding how microbes induce programmed cell death and what this means in terms of the immune response and resolution of infection as well as microbe-specific mechanisms that influence cell death pathways to aid in their survival and continued infection. Here, we discuss how programmed cell death is induced by fungi that commonly cause opportunistic infections, including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans, the role of programmed cell death in fungal immunity, and how fungi manipulate these pathways.
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30
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Trivedi A, Khan MA, Bade G, Talwar A. Orchestration of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (Nets), a Unique Innate Immune Function during Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 33435568 PMCID: PMC7826777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity, mortality and economic burden caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global concern. Surprisingly, COPD is already the third leading cause of death worldwide, something that WHO had not predicted to occur until 2030. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airway limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles of gases. Neutrophil is one of the key infiltrated innate immune cells in the lung during the pathogenesis of COPD. Neutrophils during pathogenic attack or injury decide to undergo for a suicidal death by releasing decondensed chromatin entangled with antimicrobial peptides to trap and ensnare pathogens. Casting neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been widely demonstrated to be an effective mechanism against invading microorganisms thus controlling overwhelming infections. However, aberrant and massive NETs formation has been reported in several pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, NETs can directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death resulting in impairing pulmonary function and accelerating the progression of the disease. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of NET formation is the need of the hour in order to use NETs for beneficial purpose and controlling their involvement in disease exacerbation. For example, DNA neutralization of NET proteins using protease inhibitors and disintegration with recombinant human DNase would be helpful in controlling excess NETs. Targeting CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) would also reduce neutrophilic inflammation, mucus production and neutrophil-proteinase mediated tissue destruction in lung. In this review, we discuss the interplay of NETs in the development and pathophysiology of COPD and how these NETs associated therapies could be leveraged to disrupt NETopathic inflammation as observed in COPD, for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Trivedi
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Meraj A. Khan
- Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Geetanjali Bade
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Anjana Talwar
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
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31
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Staniszewska M. Virulence Factors in Candida species. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:313-323. [PMID: 31544690 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190722152415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases are severe and have very high morbidity as well as up to 60% mortality for patients diagnosed with invasive fungal infection. In this review, in vitro and in vivo studies provided us with the insight into the role of Candida virulence factors that mediate their success as pathogens, such as: membrane and cell wall (CW) barriers, dimorphism, biofilm formation, signal transduction pathway, proteins related to stress tolerance, hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. proteases, lipases, haemolysins), and toxin production. The review characterized the virulence of clinically important C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. Due to the white-opaque transition in the mating-type locus MTL-homozygous cells, C. albicans demonstrates an advantage over other less related species of Candida as a human commensal and pathogen. It was reviewed that Candida ergosterol biosynthesis genes play a role in cellular stress and are essential for Candida pathogenesis both in invasive and superficial infections. Hydrolases associated with CW are involved in the host-pathogen interactions. Adhesins are crucial in colonization and biofilm formation, an important virulence factor for candidiasis. Calcineurin is involved in membrane and CW stress as well as virulence. The hyphae-specific toxin, named candidalysin, invades mucosal cells facilitating fungal invasion into deeper tissues. Expression of this protein promotes resistance to neutrophil killing in candidiasis. The virulence factors provide immunostimulatory factors, activating dendric cells and promoting T cell infiltration and activation. Targeting virulence factors, can reduce the risk of resistance development in Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Staniszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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32
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Camilli G, Blagojevic M, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Programmed Cell Death: Central Player in Fungal Infections. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:179-196. [PMID: 33293167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in humans. Although recent research has improved our understanding of the complex and dynamic interplay that occurs between pathogenic fungi and the human host, much remains to be elucidated concerning the molecular mechanisms that drive fungal pathogenicity and host responses to fungal infections. In recent times, there has been a significant increase in studies investigating the immunological functions of microbial-induced host cell death. In addition, pathogens use many strategies to manipulate host cell death pathways to facilitate their survival and dissemination. This review will focus on the mechanisms of host programmed cell death that occur during opportunistic fungal infections, and explore how cell death pathways may affect immunity towards pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Mariana Blagojevic
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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33
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Breda LCD, Breda CNDS, de Almeida JRF, Paulo LNM, Jannuzzi GP, Menezes IDG, Albuquerque RC, Câmara NOS, Ferreira KS, de Almeida SR. Fonsecaeapedrosoi Conidia and Hyphae Activate Neutrophils Distinctly: Requirement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:540064. [PMID: 33193308 PMCID: PMC7609859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.540064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused mainly by the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The infection is characterized by erythematous papules and histological sections demonstrating an external layer of fibrous tissue and an internal layer of thick granulomatous inflammatory tissue containing mainly macrophages and neutrophils. Several groups are studying the roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in F. pedrosoi infection; however, few studies have focused on the role of neutrophils in this infection. In the current study, we verify the importance of murine neutrophils in the killing of F. pedrosoi conidia and hyphae. We demonstrate that phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species during infection with conidia are TLR-2- and TLR-4-dependent and are essential for conidial killing. Meanwhile, hyphal killing occurs by NET formation in a TLR-2-, TLR-4-, and ROS-independent manner. In vivo experiments show that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are also important in chromoblastomycosis infection. TLR-2KO and TLR-4KO animals had lower levels of CCL3 and CXCL1 chemokines and impaired neutrophil migration to the infected site. These animals also had higher fungal loads during infection with F. pedrosoi conidia, confirming that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are essential receptors for F. pedrosoi recognition and immune system activation. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time that neutrophil activation during F. pedrosoi is conidial or hyphal-specific with TLR-2 and TLR-4 being essential during conidial infection but unnecessary for hyphal killing by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Carvalho Dantas Breda
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Fogaça de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Neves Monteiro Paulo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Godoy Menezes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Chaves Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kmeck A, Tancer RJ, Ventura CR, Wiedman GR. Synergies with and Resistance to Membrane-Active Peptides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090620. [PMID: 32961656 PMCID: PMC7559582 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-active peptides (MAPs) have long been thought of as the key to defeating antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Such peptides, however, may not be sufficient alone. In this review, we seek to highlight some of the common pathways for resistance, as well as some avenues for potential synergy. This discussion takes place considering resistance, and/or synergy in the extracellular space, at the membrane, and during interaction, and/or removal. Overall, this review shows that researchers require improved definitions of resistance and a more thorough understanding of MAP-resistance mechanisms. The solution to combating resistance may ultimately come from an understanding of how to harness the power of synergistic drug combinations.
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Aaron L, Torsten M. Candida albicans in celiac disease: A wolf in sheep's clothing. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102621. [PMID: 32693029 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus with a potential pathogenicity and celiac disease is an autoimmune condition. Both share multiple pathophysiological junctions, including serological markers against cell-wall proteins of Candida, anti-gliadin antibodies are positive in both entities, gluten and a candidal virulence factor share sequence similarity and the autoantigen of celiac disease, the tissue transglutaminase, is pivotal in Candida albicans commensalism and hostile behavior and its covalently cross linked products are stable and resistant to breakdown in the two entities. Those autoimmune/infectious cross roads are the basis for the hypothesis that Candida albicans is an additional environmental factor for celiac disease autoimmunogenesis.
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Eix EF, Nett JE. How Biofilm Growth Affects Candida-Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1437. [PMID: 32670252 PMCID: PMC7329980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. proliferate as surface-associated biofilms in a variety of clinical niches. These biofilms can be extremely difficult to eradicate in healthcare settings. Cells within biofilm communities grow as aggregates and produce a protective extracellular matrix, properties that impact the ability of the host to respond to infection. Cells that disperse from biofilms display a phenotype of enhanced pathogenicity. In this review, we highlight host-biofilm interactions for Candida, focusing on how biofilm formation influences innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Eix
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Van AP, Álvarez de Haro N, Bron JE, Desbois AP. Chromatin extracellular trap release in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:227-238. [PMID: 31988016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release nuclear chromatin decorated with antimicrobial proteins into the extracellular milieu as an innate immune defence mechanism to counter invading microbes. These chromatin structures, called extracellular traps (ETs) and released by a process called NETosis, have been detected in mammals, certain invertebrates and some fish species, including fathead minnow, zebrafish, common carp, turbot, sole and barramundi. However, there have been no previous studies of ETs in the Salmonidae. ETs are released in response to chemical and biological stimuli, but observations from different fish species are inconsistent, particularly regarding the potency of various inducers and inhibitors. Thus, this present study aimed to describe ET release in a salmonid (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) and uncover the inducers and inhibitors that can control this response. Highly enriched suspensions of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs; mainly neutrophils) were prepared from head kidney tissues by a triple-layer Percoll gradient technique. ET structures were visualised in PMN-enriched suspensions through staining of the chromatin with nucleic acid-specific dyes and immunocytochemical probing of characteristic proteins expected to decorate the structure. ET release was quantified after incubation with inducers and inhibitors known to affect this response in other organisms. Structures resembling ETs stained positively with SYTOX Green (a stain specific for nucleic acid) while immunocytochemistry was used to detect neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and H2A histone in the structures, which are diagnostic proteinaceous markers of ETs. Consistent with other studies on mammals and some fish species, calcium ionophore and flagellin were potent inducers of ETs, while cytochalasin D inhibited NETosis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), used commonly to induce ETs, exerted only weak stimulatory activity, while heat-killed bacteria and lipopolysaccharide did not induce ET release. Unexpectedly, the ET-inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride acted as an inducer of ET release, an observation not reported elsewhere. Taken together, these data confirm for the first time that ETs are released by salmonid PMNs and compounds useful for manipulating NETosis were identified, thus providing a platform for further studies to explore the role of this mechanism in fish immunity. This new knowledge provides a foundation for translation to farm settings, since manipulation of the innate immune response offers a potential alternative to the use of antibiotics to mitigate against microbial infections, particularly for pathogens where protection by vaccination has yet to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre P Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Neila Álvarez de Haro
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
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Su H, Hu C, Cao B, Qu X, Guan P, Mu Y, Han L, Huang X. A semisynthetic borrelidin analogue BN-3b exerts potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans through ROS-mediated oxidative damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5081. [PMID: 32193473 PMCID: PMC7081223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of investigating the antifungal structure-activity relationships (SAR) of borrelidin and discovering antifungal leads, a semisynthetic borrelidin analogue, BN-3b with antifungal activity against Candida albicans, was achieved. In this study, we found that oxidative damage induced by endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the antifungal activity of BN-3b. Further investigation indicated that BN-3b stimulated ROS accumulation, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio. Moreover, BN-3b decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP generation. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that BN-3b severely damaged the cell membrane of C. albicans. Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that virulence factors of C. albicans SAPs, PLB1, PLB2, HWP1, ALSs, and LIPs were all down-regulated after BN-3b exposure. We also found that BN-3b markedly inhibited the hyphal formation of C. albicans. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that BN-3b significantly prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden in mouse model of disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Caijuan Hu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Bixuan Cao
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P.R. China.
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Bartnicka D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Sykut J, Koziel J, Ciaston I, Adamowicz K, Bras G, Zawrotniak M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Satala D, Kozik A, Zyla E, Gawron K, Lazarz-Bartyzel K, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Rapala-Kozik M. Candida albicans Shields the Periodontal Killer Porphyromonas gingivalis from Recognition by the Host Immune System and Supports the Bacterial Infection of Gingival Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1984. [PMID: 32183255 PMCID: PMC7139284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus capable of switching its morphology between yeast-like cells and filamentous hyphae and can associate with bacteria to form mixed biofilms resistant to antibiotics. In these structures, the fungal milieu can play a protective function for bacteria as has recently been reported for C. albicans and a periodontal pathogen-Porphyromonas gingivalis. Our current study aimed to determine how this type of mutual microbe protection within the mixed biofilm affects the contacting host cells. To analyze C. albicans and P. gingivalis persistence and host infection, several models for host-biofilm interactions were developed, including microbial exposure to a representative monocyte cell line (THP1) and gingival fibroblasts isolated from periodontitis patients. For in vivo experiments, a mouse subcutaneous chamber model was utilized. The persistence of P. gingivalis cells was observed within mixed biofilm with C. albicans. This microbial co-existence influenced host immunity by attenuating macrophage and fibroblast responses. Cytokine and chemokine production decreased compared to pure bacterial infection. The fibroblasts isolated from patients with severe periodontitis were less susceptible to fungal colonization, indicating a modulation of the host environment by the dominating bacterial infection. The results obtained for the mouse model in which a sequential infection was initiated by the fungus showed that this host colonization induced a milder inflammation, leading to a significant reduction in mouse mortality. Moreover, high bacterial counts in animal organisms were noted on a longer time scale in the presence of C. albicans, suggesting the chronic nature of the dual-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bartnicka
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Joanna Sykut
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (I.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (I.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Karina Adamowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (I.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Edyta Zyla
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Lazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (K.L.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (K.L.-B.); (M.C.-G.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.B.); (M.G.-G.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (M.Z.); (J.K.-K.)
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Farnesol, a Quorum-Sensing Molecule of Candida Albicans Triggers the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121611. [PMID: 31835824 PMCID: PMC6952927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the host organism is possible due to the formation of microbial biofilms that cover the host tissues. Biofilms provide optimal local environmental conditions for fungal cell growth and increased their protection against the immune system. A common biofilm-forming fungus—Candida albicans—uses the quorum sensing (QS) mechanism in the cell-to-cell communication, which determines the biofilm development and, in consequence, host colonization. In the presented work, we focused on the ability of neutrophils—the main cells of the host’s immune system to recognize quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) produced by C. albicans, especially farnesol (FOH), farnesoic acid (FA), and tyrosol (TR), with emphasis on the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in a process called netosis. Our results showed for the first time that only farnesol but not farnesolic acid or tyrosol is capable of activating the NET production. By using selective inhibitors of the NET signaling pathway and analyzing the activity of selected enzymes such as Protein Kinase C (PKC), ERK1/2, and NADPH oxidase, we showed that the Mac−1 and TLR2 receptors are responsible for FOH recognizing and activating the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent netosis pathway.
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Repka W, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. "In sickness and in health" - how neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) works in infections, selected diseases and pregnancy. J Inflamm (Lond) 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 31297037 PMCID: PMC6599315 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the NET network (neutrophil extracellular trap) has revolutionized the perception of defense mechanisms used by neutrophils in infections and non-infectious states, as this mechanism proves the complexity of the ways in which neutrophils can act in the organism. The paper describes the NET network and its participation in bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections, both in a positive and a negative aspect. In addition, attention was paid to the participation of NETs in the course of autoimmune diseases, cancer, as well as its impact on pregnancy and fertility in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weronika Repka
- Scientific Student’s Association for Microbiology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Tokarz-Deptuła
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
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Candida spp. and phagocytosis: multiple evasion mechanisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1409-1423. [PMID: 31079344 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a global health problem, mainly in hospitals, where year by year hundreds of patients die because of these infections. Commensal yeasts may become pathogenic to human beings, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. During infectious processes, the immune system uses phagocytes to eliminate invader microorganisms. In order to prevent or neutralize phagocyte attacks, pathogenic yeasts can use virulence factors to survive, as well as to colonize and infect the host. In this review, we describe how Candida spp., mainly Candida albicans, interact with phagocytes and use several factors that contribute to immune evasion. Polymorphism, biofilm formation, gene expression and enzyme production mediate distinct functions such as adhesion, invasion, oxidative stress response, proteolysis and escape from phagocytes. Fungal and human cells have similar structures and mechanisms that decrease the number of potential targets for antifungal drugs. Therefore, research on host-pathogen interaction may aid in the discovery of new targets and in the development of new drugs or treatments for these diseases and thus to save lives.
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Campos-Garcia L, Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Hernandez-Bello R, Palma-Nicolas J, Gonzalez GM, Sanchez-Gonzalez A. Candida albicans and non- albicans Isolates from Bloodstream Have Different Capacities to Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020028. [PMID: 30939757 PMCID: PMC6616947 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils activated with pathogens or their products induce formation of extracellular traps (NETs), but if this constitutes a general response against all pathogenic species in a single genus or intrageneric differences exist remains unknown, yet this is of great importance for the establishment of effective treatments. To determine this, we analyzed neutrophil extracellular traps formation after the stimulation with bloodstream isolates from different Candida species (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata), and found that each species has a different capacity to induce DNA extrusion, which is independent of their morphology (yeast or hyphae). We observed that phospholipase producer's strains and their secretion products were able to induce NETs, a property not observed with phospholipase deficient strains, with exception of some Candida glabrata sensu stricto isolates, which showed no NETs induction although they did show phospholipase production. To further analyze this, we extended our study to include Candida glabrata cryptic species (C. bracarensis and C. nivariensis) and no extracellular traps formation was observed. Here, we contribute to the understanding of how neutrophils initiate NETs, and we found that certain strains may have a differential capacity to trigger these structures, which may explain the high mortality of some isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Campos-Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Rocio Jimena Jimenez-Valdes
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Vía del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Monterrey 66628, Mexico.
| | - Romel Hernandez-Bello
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Jose Palma-Nicolas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Maria Gonzalez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico.
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Phosphoinositides: multipurpose cellular lipids with emerging roles in cell death. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:781-793. [PMID: 30742090 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol lipids, or phosphoinositides, critically regulate diverse cellular processes, including signalling transduction, cytoskeletal reorganisation, membrane dynamics and cellular trafficking. However, phosphoinositides have been inadequately investigated in the context of cell death, where they are mainly regarded as signalling secondary messengers. However, recent studies have begun to highlight the importance of phosphoinositides in facilitating cell death execution. Here, we cover the latest phosphoinositide research with a particular focus on phosphoinositides in the mechanisms of cell death. This progress article also raises key questions regarding the poorly defined role of phosphoinositides, particularly during membrane-associated events in cell death such as apoptosis and secondary necrosis. The review then further discusses important future directions for the phosphoinositide field, including therapeutically targeting phosphoinositides to modulate cell death.
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Mendez J, Sun D, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Bovine neutrophils form extracellular traps in response to the gastrointestinal parasite Ostertagia ostertagi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17598. [PMID: 30514873 PMCID: PMC6279769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) is a widespread parasite that causes chronic infection in cattle and leads to annual losses of billions of dollars in the cattle industry. It remains unclear why cattle are unable to mount an effective immune response despite a large influx of immune cells to the infected abomasal mucosa and draining lymph nodes. Neutrophils, the immune system’s first responders, have the capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to contain various pathogens, including some parasites. In the present study, the mechanisms by which O. ostertagi influences bovine NET formation were investigated. O. ostertagi larval soluble extract (OO extract) was able to induce typical NETs by purified neutrophils in vitro, confirmed by co-localization of extracellular DNA with typical NET-associated proteins histone and neutrophil elastase (NE). Consistent with existing literature, inhibition assays demonstrated that these OO extract-induced NETs were dependent upon the enzymes NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Live OO stage 4 larvae (L4) stimulated neutrophils to form NETs similar to those induced by OO extract. Bovine neutrophils also released NETs in response to Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living soil nematode, suggesting that bovine NET production may be a conserved mechanism against a broad range of nematodes. This is the first report demonstrating O. ostertagi-induced NET formation by bovine neutrophils, a potentially underappreciated mechanism in the early immune response against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Mendez
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Donglei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Avian and Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Podolska MJ, Mahajan A, Knopf J, Hahn J, Boeltz S, Munoz L, Bilyy R, Herrmann M. Autoimmune, rheumatic, chronic inflammatory diseases: Neutrophil extracellular traps on parade. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:281-287. [PMID: 30369262 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1519804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions that affect joints and connective tissues and are often accompanied by pain and restriction of motility. In many of these diseases, autoantibodies develop that react with molecules/structures commonly found hidden in neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and release is considered a defense mechanism against pathogens or endogenous danger signals and it has been associated with initial inflammatory responses. NETs are also endowed with an important resolution potential based on its intrinsic enzymatic activity, but in the case they are not timely removed from the crime scene they might modulate subsequent immune responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize the actual knowledge about the multifaceted roles of NETs in the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jonas Hahn
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Boeltz
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis Munoz
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- b Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University , Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Martin Herrmann
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
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Guiducci E, Lemberg C, Küng N, Schraner E, Theocharides APA, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Candida albicans-Induced NETosis Is Independent of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1573. [PMID: 30038623 PMCID: PMC6046457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells and the first line of defense against many pathogenic microbes, including the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Among the neutrophils' arsenal of effector functions, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are thought to be of particular importance for trapping and killing the large fungal filaments by means of their web-like structures that consist of chromatin fibers decorated with proteolytic enzymes and host defense proteins. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)-mediated citrullination of histones in activated neutrophils correlates with chromatin decondensation and extrusion and is widely accepted to act as an integral process of NET induction (NETosis). However, the requirement of PAD4-mediated histone citrullination for NET release during C. albicans infection remains unclear. In this study, we show that although PAD4-dependent neutrophil histone citrullination is readily induced by C. albicans, PAD4 is dispensable for NETosis in response to the fungus and other common NET-inducing stimuli. Moreover, PAD4 is not required for antifungal immunity during mucosal and systemic C. albicans infection. Our results demonstrate that PAD4 is dispensable for C. albicans-induced NETosis, and they highlight the limitations of using histone citrullination as a marker for NETs and PAD4-/- mice as a model of NET-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guiducci
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noëmi Küng
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Schraner
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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49
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Urban CF, Nett JE. Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:47-57. [PMID: 29601861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a continuously increasing problem in modern health care. Understanding the complex biology of the emerging pathogens and unraveling the mechanisms of host defense may form the basis for the development of more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Neutrophils play a pivotal role in the defense against fungal pathogens. These phagocytic hunters migrate towards invading fungal microorganisms and eradicate them by phagocytosis, oxidative burst and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In the last decade, the process of NET formation has received unparalleled attention, with numerous studies revealing the relevance of this neutrophil function for control of various mycoses. Here, we describe NET formation and summarize its role as part of the innate immune defense against fungal pathogens. We highlight factors influencing the formation of these structures and molecular mechanisms employed by fungi to impair the formation of NETs or subvert their antifungal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F Urban
- Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research & Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Sweden.
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5203 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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50
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Chicca IJ, Milward MR, Chapple ILC, Griffiths G, Benson R, Dietrich T, Cooper PR. Development and Application of High-Content Biological Screening for Modulators of NET Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29556228 PMCID: PMC5844942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA-based antimicrobial web-like structures whose release is predominantly mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS); their purpose is to combat infections. However, unbalanced NET production and clearance is involved in tissue injury, circulation of auto-antibodies and development of several chronic diseases. Currently, there is lack of agreement regarding the high-throughput methods available for NET investigation. This study, therefore, aimed to develop and optimize a high-content analysis (HCA) approach, which can be applied for the assay of NET production and for the screening of compounds involved in the modulation of NET release. A suitable paraformaldehyde fixation protocol was established to enable HCA of neutrophils and NETs. Bespoke and in-built bioinformatics algorithms were validated by comparison with standard low-throughput approaches for application in HCA of NETs. Subsequently, the optimized protocol was applied to high-content screening (HCS) of a pharmaceutically derived compound library to identify modulators of NETosis. Of 56 compounds assessed, 8 were identified from HCS for further characterization of their effects on NET formation as being either inducers, inhibitors or biphasic modulators. The effects of these compounds on naïve neutrophils were evaluated by using specific assays for the induction of ROS and NET production, while their modulatory activity was validated in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils. Results indicated the involvement of glutathione reductase, Src family kinases, molecular-target-of-Rapamycin, and mitogen-activated-protein-kinase pathways in NET release. The compounds and pathways identified may provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches for treating NET-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria J Chicca
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Imagen Therapeutics Ltd., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Milward
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Leslie C Chapple
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rod Benson
- Imagen Therapeutics Ltd., Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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