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Charest AM, Reed E, Bozorgzadeh S, Hernandez L, Getsey NV, Smith L, Galperina A, Beauregard HE, Charest HA, Mitchell M, Riley MA. Nisin Inhibition of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1230. [PMID: 38930612 PMCID: PMC11205666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study investigates the activity of the broad-spectrum bacteriocin nisin against a large panel of Gram-negative bacterial isolates, including relevant plant, animal, and human pathogens. The aim is to generate supportive evidence towards the use/inclusion of bacteriocin-based therapeutics and open avenues for their continued development. Methods and Results: Nisin inhibitory activity was screened against a panel of 575 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, encompassing 17 genera. Nisin inhibition was observed in 309 out of 575 strains, challenging the prevailing belief that nisin lacks effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria. The genera Acinetobacter, Helicobacter, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas exhibited particularly high nisin sensitivity. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of nisin as a therapeutic agent for several key Gram-negative plant, animal, and human pathogens. These results challenge the prevailing notion that nisin is less effective or ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens when compared to Gram-positive pathogens and support future pursuits of nisin as a complementary therapy to existing antibiotics. Significance and Impact of Study: This research supports further exploration of nisin as a promising therapeutic agent for numerous human, animal, and plant health applications, offering a complementary tool for infection control in the face of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Charest
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Ethan Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Samantha Bozorgzadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Hernandez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Natalie V. Getsey
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Liam Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Anastasia Galperina
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hadley E. Beauregard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hailey A. Charest
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Mathew Mitchell
- Organicin Scientific, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Margaret A. Riley
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
- Organicin Scientific, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
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2
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Maghembe RS, Magulye MAK, Eilu E, Sekyanzi S, Makaranga A, Mwesigwa S, Katagirya E. A sophisticated virulence repertoire and colistin resistance of Citrobacter freundii ST150 from a patient with sepsis admitted to ICU in a tertiary care hospital in Uganda, East Africa: Insight from genomic and molecular docking analyses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 120:105591. [PMID: 38604286 PMCID: PMC11069293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis and multidrug resistance comprise a complex of factors attributable to mortality among intensive care unit (ICU) patients globally. Pathogens implicated in sepsis are diverse, and their virulence and drug resistance remain elusive. From a tertiary care hospital ICU in Uganda, we isolated a Citrobacter freundii strain RSM030 from a patient with sepsis and phenotypically tested it against a panel of 16 antibiotics including imipenem levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and colistin, among others. We sequenced the organism's genome and integrated multilocus sequencing (MLST), PathogenFinder with Virulence Factor analyzer (VFanalyzer) to establish its pathogenic relevance. Thereafter, we combined antiSMASH and PRISM genome mining with molecular docking to predict biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), pathways, toxin structures and their potential targets in-silico. Finally, we coupled ResFinder with comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) to scrutinize the genomic antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolate. From PathogenFinder and MLST, this organism was confirmed to be a human pathogen (p = 0.843), sequence type (ST)150, whose virulence is determined by chromosomal type III secretion system (T3SS) (the injectosome) and plasmid-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS), the enterobactin biosynthetic gene cluster and biofilm formation through the pgaABCD operon. Pathway and molecular docking analyses revealed that the shikimate pathway can generate a toxin targeting multiple host proteins including spectrin, detector of cytokinesis protein 2 (Dock2) and plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP), potentially distorting the host cell integrity. From phenotypic antibiotic testing, we found indeterminate results for amoxicillin/clavulanate and levofloxacin, with resistance to cotrimoxazole and colistin. Detailed genome analysis revealed chromosomal beta lactam resistance genes, i.e. blaCMY-79, blaCMY-116 and blaTEM-1B, along with multiple mutations of the lipopolysaccharide modifying operon genes PmrA/PmrB, pmrD, mgrA/mgrB and PhoP/PhoQ, conferring colistin resistance. From these findings, we infer that Citrobacter freundii strain RSM030 is implicated in sepsis and resistance to standard antibiotics, including colistin, the last resort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben S Maghembe
- Biological and Marine Sciences Unit, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Marian University College, P. O. Box 47, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Wester Campus, Ishaka, Uganda.; Microbiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Maximilian A K Magulye
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Eilu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Wester Campus, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Simon Sekyanzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdalah Makaranga
- Biological and Marine Sciences Unit, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Marian University College, P. O. Box 47, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Savannah Mwesigwa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric Katagirya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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3
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Monte DFM, de Oliveira CJB. Global distribution of colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116248. [PMID: 38574443 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
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4
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Liu H, Tu Y, He J, Xu Q, Zhang X, Mu X, Chen M, Zhou H, Li X. Emergence and plasmid cointegration-based evolution of NDM-1-producing ST107 Citrobacter freundii high-risk resistant clone in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107069. [PMID: 38141833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii (CRCF) poses an enormous challenge in the health care setting. However, the epidemiology and plasmid dynamic evolution of this species have not been well studied, especially for the novel high-risk resistant clones in the intensive care units (ICUs). Here, we characterised the cointegration-based plasmid dynamic evolution of the emerging ST107 CRCF clone in China. Twenty CRCF strains were identified, including ST22 (30%), ST107 (25%), ST396 (10%) and ST116 (10%). Interestingly, the tigecycline (TGC) resistance gene cluster tmexCD2-toprJ2 and blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 were simultaneously found in one ST107 strain. Epidemiological analysis showed that ST107 clone contained human- and environment-derived strains from five countries. Notably, 93.75% (15/16) of the isolates harboured blaNDM-1 or blaKPC-2. Plasmid fusion among various ST107 strains of two patients occurred in the same ICU, mediated by Tn5403 and IS26-based insertion and deletion events. pCF1807-2 carried blaNDM-1 while pCF1807-3 carried both tmexCD2-toprJ2 and blaKPC-2 in the CF1807 strain. Importantly, the cointegrate plasmid pCF1807-2 exhibited higher transfer efficiency and could remain stable after serial passage. Notably, no fitness cost was observed for the host. In conclusion, ST107 CRCF is a high-risk resistant clone due to its ability to integrate resistant plasmids. Our findings elucidated the potential threat and global transmission of the ST107 lineage, and reasonable monitoring should be performed to prevent its further spread in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuexing Tu
- Department of Critical care medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jintao He
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingye Xu
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinli Mu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minhua Chen
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Li
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Huang Z, Yu K, Lan R, Glenn Morris J, Xiao Y, Ye J, Zhang L, Luo L, Gao H, Bai X, Wang D. Vibrio metschnikovii as an emergent pathogen: analyses of phylogeny and O-antigen and identification of possible virulence characteristics. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2252522. [PMID: 37616379 PMCID: PMC10484048 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2252522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio metschnikovii is an emergent pathogen that causes human infections which may be fatal. However, the phylogenetic characteristics and pathogenicity determinants of V. metschnikovii are poorly understood. Here, the whole-genome features of 103 V. metschnikovii strains isolated from different sources are described. On phylogenetic analysis V. metschnikovii populations could be divided into two major lineages, defined as lineage 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), of which L1 was more likely to be associated with human activity. Meanwhile, we defined 29 V. metschnikovii O-genotypes (VMOg, named VMOg1-VMOg29) by analysis of the O-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters (O-AGCs). Most VMOgs (VMOg1 to VMOg28) were assembled by the Wzx/Wzy pathway, while only VMOg29 used the ABC transporter pathway. Based on the sequence variation of the wzx and wzt genes, an in silico O-genotyping system for V. metschnikovii was developed. Furthermore, nineteen virulence-associated factors involving 161 genes were identified within the V. metschnikovii genomes, including genes encoding motility, adherence, toxins, and secretion systems. In particular, V. metschnikovii was found to promote a high level of cytotoxicity through the synergistic action of the lateral flagella and T6SS. The lateral flagellar-associated flhA gene played an important role in the adhesion and colonization of V. metschnikovii during the early stages of infection. Overall, this study provides an enhanced understanding of the genomic evolution, O-AGCs diversity, and potential pathogenic features of V. metschnikovii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Huang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyi Yu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yue Xiao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Julian Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longze Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Gao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duochun Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Human Pathogenic Culture Collection, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Popov IV, Berezinskaia IS, Popov IV, Martiusheva IB, Tkacheva EV, Gorobets VE, Tikhmeneva IA, Aleshukina AV, Tverdokhlebova TI, Chikindas ML, Venema K, Ermakov AM. Cultivable Gut Microbiota in Synanthropic Bats: Shifts of Its Composition and Diversity Associated with Hibernation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3658. [PMID: 38067008 PMCID: PMC10705225 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of bats in the global microbial ecology no doubt is significant due to their unique immune responses, ability to fly, and long lifespan, all contributing to pathogen spread. Some of these animals hibernate during winter, which results in the altering of their physiology. However, gut microbiota shifts during hibernation is little studied. In this research, we studied cultivable gut microbiota composition and diversity of Nyctalus noctula before, during, and after hibernation in a bat rehabilitation center. Gut microorganisms were isolated on a broad spectrum of culture media, counted, and identified with mass spectrometry. Linear modeling was used to investigate associations between microorganism abundance and N. noctula physiological status, and alpha- and beta-diversity indexes were used to explore diversity changes. As a result, most notable changes were observed in Serratia liquefaciens, Hafnia alvei, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus xylosus, which were significantly more highly abundant in hibernating bats, while Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia rettgeri, Citrobacter braakii, and Pedicoccus pentosaceus were more abundant in active bats before hibernation. The alpha-diversity was the lowest in hibernating bats, while the beta-diversity differed significantly among all studied periods. Overall, this study shows that hibernation contributes to changes in bat cultivable gut microbiota composition and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Popov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Federal Territory Sirius, Russia
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University—Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Iraida S. Berezinskaia
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Ilia V. Popov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Irina B. Martiusheva
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Elizaveta V. Tkacheva
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Vladislav E. Gorobets
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Iuliia A. Tikhmeneva
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Anna V. Aleshukina
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Tatiana I. Tverdokhlebova
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Michael L. Chikindas
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University—Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Alexey M. Ermakov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
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7
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Pospišil M, Car H, Elveđi-Gašparović V, Beader N, Herljević Z, Bedenić B. Bloodstream Infections by AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales: Risk Factors and Therapeutic Outcome. Pathogens 2023; 12:1125. [PMID: 37764933 PMCID: PMC10535069 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections associated with AmpC-producing Enterobacterales are severe medical conditions which, without prompt and effective treatment, may have dire ramifications. This study aimed to assess whether certain comorbidities and previous surgical procedures coincide with resistance determinants of AmpC-producing Enterobacterales associated with bloodstream infections. Antibiotic resistance patterns and therapy outcome were also determined. The patients' data obtained revealed that the prevalence of recent surgical procedures, solid organ tumors, metabolic diseases, kidney and liver failure, and hematological malignancies do not differ between resistant and susceptible isolates of AmpC-producing Enterobacterales. Furthermore, no difference was reported in mortality rates. Regarding antibiotic resistance, 34.52% of isolates were confirmed to be resistant (AmpC hyperproduction, ESBL, or carbapenemase). More than one in five AmpC hyperproducers were reported amid Providencia spp., K. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and C. freundii. strains. Carbapenemases were mostly noted in Providencia spp. followed by M. morganii and K. aerogenes strains. Serratia marcescens had the highest proportion of ESBLsof ESBLs. Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins of Providencia spp. and K. aerogenes strains exceeded 50%, and resistance to meropenem over 10% was observed only in C. freundii strains. Enterobacterales' ever-growing resistance to antibiotics is becoming quite a challenge for clinicians and new treatment options are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Pospišil
- Krapina-Zagorje County Community Health Centre, 49245 Stubica, Croatia;
| | - Haris Car
- Zagreb Health School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vesna Elveđi-Gašparović
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Beader
- BIMIS—Biomedical Research Center Šalata, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zoran Herljević
- Clinical Department for Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Branka Bedenić
- BIMIS—Biomedical Research Center Šalata, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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8
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Tariq FN, Shafiq M, Khawar N, Habib G, Gul H, Hayat A, Rehman MU, Moussa IM, Mahmoud EA, Elansary HO. The functional repertoire of AmpR in the AmpC β-lactamase high expression and decreasing β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance in ESBL Citrobacter freundii. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19486. [PMID: 37662790 PMCID: PMC10472055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is characterized by AmpC β-lactamases that develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is substantially high in Escherichia coli, C. freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens, but infrequently explored in C. freundii. The present investigation characterized the ESBL C. freundii and delineated the genes involved in decrease in antibiotics resistance. We used the VITEK-2 system and Analytical Profile Index (API) kit to characterize and identify the Citrobacter isolates. The mRNA level of AmpC and AmpR was determined by RT-qPCR, and gel-shift assay was performed to evaluate protein-DNA binding. Here, a total of 26 Citrobacter strains were isolated from COVID-19 patients that showed varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. We examined and characterized the multidrug resistant C. freundii that showed ESBL production. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the AmpC mRNA expression is significantly high followed by a high level of AmpR. We sequenced the AmpC and AmpR genes that revealed the AmpR has four novel mutations in comparison to the reference genome namely; Thr64Ile, Arg86Ser, Asp135Val, and Ile183Leu while AmpC remained intact. The ΔAmpR mutant analysis revealed that the AmpR positively regulates oxidative stress response and decreases β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance. The AmpC and AmpR high expression was associated with resistance to tazobactam, ampicillin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and cephalosporins whereas AmpR deletion reduced β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance. We conclude that AmpR is a positive regulator of AmpC that stimulates β-lactamases which inactivate multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Naz Tariq
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Shafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Khawar
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Haji Gul
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mujaddad Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Ihab Mohamed Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chen Q, Fan Y, Zhang B, Yan C, Zhang Q, Ke Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Shi H, Hu Y, Huang Q, Su J, Xie C, Zhang X, Zhou L, Ren J, Xu H. Capsulized Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis by Gut Microbial Colonization and Metabolite Regulation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0415222. [PMID: 37093057 PMCID: PMC10269780 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can induce clinical remission in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Enemas, nasoduodenal tubes, and colonoscopies are the most common routes for FMT administration. However, there is a lack of definitive evidence regarding the effectiveness of capsulized FMT treatment in UC patients. In this study, we administered capsulized FMT to 22 patients with active UC to assess the efficiency of capsulized FMT and determine the specific bacteria and metabolite factors associated with the response to clinical remission. Our results showed that the use of capsulized FMT was successful in the treatment of UC patients. Capsulized FMT induced clinical remission and clinical response in 57.1% (12 of 21) and 76.2% (16 of 21) of UC patients, respectively. Gut bacterial richness was increased after FMT in patients who achieved remission. Patients in remission after FMT exhibited enrichment of Alistipes sp. and Odoribacter splanchnicus, along with increased levels of indolelactic acid. Patients who did not achieve remission exhibited enrichment of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella and increased levels of biosynthesis of 12,13-DiHOME (12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid) and lipopolysaccharides. Furthermore, we identified a relationship between specific bacteria and metabolites and the induction of remission in patients. These findings may provide new insights into FMT in UC treatment and provide reference information about therapeutic microbial manipulation of FMT to enhance its effects. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrails.gov under registration no. NCT03426683). IMPORTANCE Fecal microbiota transplantation has been successfully used in patients. Recently, capsulized FMT was reported to induce a response in patients with UC. However, limited patients were enrolled in such studies, and the functional factors of capsulized FMT have not been reported in the remission of patients with UC. In this study, we prospectively recruited patients with UC to receive capsulized FMT. First, we found that capsulized FMT could induce clinical remission in 57.1% of patients and clinical response in 76.2% after 12 weeks, which was more acceptable. Second, we found a relationship between the decrease of opportunistic pathogen and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in patients in remission after capsulized FMT. We also identified an association between specific bacteria and metabolites and remission induction in patients after capsulized FMT. These findings put forward a possibility for patients to receive FMT at home and provide reference information about therapeutic microbial manipulation of FMT to enhance its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bangzhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changsheng Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhao Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhangran Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxiu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiome and Human Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiome and Human Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Zhang G, Zhao Q, Ye K, Ye L, Ma Y, Yang J. Molecular analysis of clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates: Acquisition of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island mediated by ICEkp in C. freundii. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1056790. [PMID: 37007518 PMCID: PMC10060806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1056790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundStudies on Citrobacter spp. are limited, hindering our understanding of its species evolution and medical relevance.MethodsA total of 164 clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were collected from 2017 to 2020 and identified by VITEK MALDI-TOF MS or VITEK-2 Gram-Negative Identification Card. All isolates were further analyzed by whole-genome sequencing using a HiSeq sequencer. All sequences were processed using different modules of the PGCGAP integrated package: Prokka and fastANI were used for annotation and average nucleotide identification (ANI), respectively. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were identified by searching CARD, ResFinder, and VFDB databases, respectively. Strains were identified using Ribosomal Multi-locus Sequence Typing (rMLST) classification based on 53 ribosome protein subunits (rps). The evolutionary relationship was analyzed using kSNP3 and visualized by iTOL editor v1_1. Genetic environments were compared by BLAST and visualized by Easyfig 2.2.5. The pathogenicity of some Citrobacter freundii isolates was confirmed by Galleria mellonella larvae infection test.ResultsA total of 14 species of Citrobacter spp. were identified from 164 isolates. However, 27 and 11 isolates were incorrectly identified as C. freundii and Citrobacter braakii by MALDI-TOF MS, respectively. In addition, MS also failed to identify Citrobacter portucalensis. The virulence genes mainly encoded proteins related to flagella and iron uptake systems. Citrobacter koseri isolates (n = 28) contained two iron uptake systems, coding yersiniabactin and aerobactin, respectively. C. braakii isolates (n = 32), like Salmonella, carried Vi capsule polysaccharide synthesis genes. The yersiniabactin gene clusters identified in five C. freundii isolates are located on various ICEkp elements and have not been reported previously. Moreover, ICEkp-carrying C. freundii showed diverse pathogenic features.ConclusionConventional methods have significant defects in identifying Citrobacter spp. ICEkp-like elements-mediated acquirement of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island was identified for the first time in C. freundii.
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11
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Seidel CL, Strobel K, Weider M, Tschaftari M, Unertl C, Willershausen I, Weber M, Hoerning A, Morhart P, Schneider M, Beckmann MW, Bogdan C, Gerlach RG, Gölz L. Orofacial clefts alter early life oral microbiome maturation towards higher levels of potentially pathogenic species: A prospective observational study. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2164147. [PMID: 36632344 PMCID: PMC9828641 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2164147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFC) present different phenotypes with a postnatal challenge for oral microbiota development. In order to investigate the impact of OFC on oral microbiota, smear samples from 15 neonates with OFC and 17 neonates without OFC were collected from two oral niches (tongue, cheek) at two time points, i.e. after birth (T0: Ø3d OFC group; Ø2d control group) and 4-5 weeks later (T1: Ø32d OFC group; Ø31d control group). Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We detected a significant increase of alpha diversity and anaerobic and Gram-negative species from T0 to T1 in both groups. Further, we found that at T1 OFC neonates presented a significantly lower alpha diversity (lowest values for high cleft severity) and significantly higher levels of Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella), Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Lactocaseibacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter and Lawsonella compared to controls. Notably, neonates with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP/BCLP) presented similarities in beta diversity and a mixture with skin microbiota. However, significant differences were seen in neonates with cleft palate only compared to UCLP/BCLP with higher levels of anaerobic species. Our findings revealed an influence of OFC as well as cleft phenotype and severity on postnatal oral microbiota maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna L. Seidel
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,CONTACT Corinna L. Seidel Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 11, Erlangen91054, Germany
| | - Karin Strobel
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Tschaftari
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Unertl
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ines Willershausen
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Hoerning
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Morhart
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman G. Gerlach
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,Roman G. Gerlach Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, Erlangen91054, Germany
| | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,Lina Gölz Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstraße 11, Erlangen91054, Germany
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Uddin MJ, Haque F, Jabeen I, Shuvo SR. Characterization and whole-genome sequencing of an extreme arsenic-tolerant Citrobacter freundii SRS1 strain isolated from Savar area in Bangladesh. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:44-52. [PMID: 36332226 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii SRS1, gram-negative bacteria, were isolated from Savar, Bangladesh. The strain could tolerate up to 80 mmol L-1 sodium arsenite, 400 mmol L-1 sodium arsenate, 5 mmol L-1 manganese sulfate, 3 mmol L-1 lead nitrate, 2.5 mmol L-1 cobalt chloride, 2.5 mmol L-1 cadmium acetate, and 2.5 mmol L-1 chromium chloride. The whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of C. freundii SRS1 is estimated to be 5.4 Mb long, and the G + C content is 51.7%. The genome of C. freundii SRS1 contains arsA, arsB, arsC, arsD, arsH, arsR, and acr3 genes for arsenic resistance; czcA, czcD, cbiN, and cbiM genes for cobalt resistance; chrA and chrB genes for chromium resistance; mntH, sitA, sitB, sitC, and sitD genes for manganese resistance; and zntA gene for lead and cadmium resistance. This novel acr3 gene has never previously been reported in any C. freundii strain except SRS1. A set of 130 completely sequenced strains of C. freundii was selected for phylogenomic analysis. The phylogenetic tree showed that the SRS1 strain is closely related to the C. freundii 62 strain. Further analyses of the genes involved in metal and metalloid resistance might facilitate identifying the mechanisms and pathways involved in high metal resistance in the C. freundii SRS1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jafar Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Haque
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir R Shuvo
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, School of Health & Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Witaningrum AM, Wibisono FJ, Permatasari DA, Effendi MH, Ugbo EN. Multidrug resistance-encoding gene in Citrobacter freundii isolated from healthy laying chicken in Blitar District, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.161-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of resistance (MDR) of Enterobacteriaceae in Indonesia has caused concern regarding human health. Citrobacter freundii reportedly targets the gastrointestinal tract of animals and is a common cause of foodborne diseases associated with diarrhea, peritonitis, meningitis, brain abscess, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MDR and the presence of Class 1 integron-encoding genes in C. freundii isolates obtained from cloacal swabs of healthy laying chickens in Blitar district, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty-five cloacal swab samples were collected from 33 farms in Blitar over a period of 4 months. Standard microbiological techniques such as bacterial culture in MacConkey agar, Simmons citrate agar, and triple sugar iron agar and biochemical tests such as the indole test were performed to identify the isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C. freundii isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method, and MDR-encoding genes (Class 1 integron) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: Out of 165 cloacal swab samples, 7 (4.24%) were positive for C. freundii. Citrobacter freundii was highly resistant to erythromycin (71.43%) and moderately to streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (all 42.86%); however, it showed low resistance to ampicillin (28.57%). All isolates were found to exhibit MDR. Only 1 (14.29%) of the seven C. freundii isolates harbored a Class 1 integron gene. This study revealed that Class 1 integron-encoding genes have a low prevalence in C. freundii isolated from healthy laying chickens in Blitar, Indonesia.
Conclusion: Poultry animals can play a role in the transmission of resistance genes to humans due to the MDR of Enterobacteriaceae, including C. freundii in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Freshinta Jellia Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Jl. DukuhKupang XXV No.54, Surabaya 60225, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ayu Permatasari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Li M, Wang J, Deng H, Li L, Huang X, Chen D, Ouyang P, Geng Y, Yang S, Yin L, Luo W, Jiang J. The Damage of the Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii) Digestive Organs Caused by Citrobacter Freundii Is Associated With the Disturbance of Intestinal Microbiota and Disruption of Intestinal-Liver Axis Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:940576. [PMID: 35865811 PMCID: PMC9295903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.940576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common conditional pathogenic bacterium in nature, C. freundii has posed a threat to crayfish culture and may infect humans through consumption. However, the pathogenic mechanism of C. freundii in crayfish remains unknown, which poses difficulties for the prevention and control of the bacterium. In this study, the effects of C. freundii on the digestive organs, intestine and hepatopancreas, of crayfish were investigated by high-throughput sequencing technology combined with histological analysis and flow cytometry. The findings suggested that C. freundii caused disruption of the intestinal microbiota, leading to intestinal inflammation and disrupting intestinal integrity. Meanwhile, C. freundii infection stimulates bile acid biosynthesis in the intestinal microbiota. Transcriptomic results showed significant upregulation of hepatopancreatic lipid degradation pathway and cytochrome P450-related pathways. Follow-up experiments confirmed a decrease in intracellular lipids and an increase in ROS and apoptosis. All the results indicated the disruption of intestinal-liver axis homeostasis due to disturbed intestinal microbiota may as a potential basis for C. freundii pathopoiesis in crayfish. These results provide new insights into the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of C. freundii in the infection of crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiling Deng
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangyu Li
- Fishery Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Liangyu Li, ; Xiaoli Huang,
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Liangyu Li, ; Xiaoli Huang,
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Alfaro T, Elmore JR, Stromberg ZR, Hutchison JR, Hess BM. Engineering Citrobacter freundii using CRISPR/Cas9 system. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 200:106533. [PMID: 35779647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated proteins) system is a useful tool to edit genomes quickly and efficiently. However, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to edit bacterial genomes has been limited to select microbial chassis primarily used for bioproduction of high value products. Thus, expansion of CRISPR/Cas9 tools to other microbial organisms is needed. Here, our aim was to assess the suitability of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing of the Citrobacter freundii type strain ATCC 8090. We evaluated the commonly used two plasmid pCas/pTargetF system to enable gene deletions and insertions in C. freundii and determined editing efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 based method enabled high editing efficiency (~91%) for deletion of galactokinase (galk) and enabled deletion with various single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences. To assess the ability of CRISPR/Cas9 tools to insert genes, we used the fluorescent reporter mNeonGreen, an endopeptidase (yebA), and a transcriptional regulator (xylS) and found successful insertion with high efficiency (81-100%) of each gene individually. These results strengthen and expand the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to C. freundii as an additional microbial chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Alfaro
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Joshua R Elmore
- Synthetic Biology Group, Earth and Biological Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Zachary R Stromberg
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Janine R Hutchison
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Becky M Hess
- Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Li Y, Fang C, Qiu Y, Dai X, Zhang L. Genomic characterization of a carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii cocarrying bla KPC-2 and bla NDM-1. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:289-292. [PMID: 35489677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Citrobacter freundii is an important opportunistic pathogen, and carbapenem-resistant strains pose a significant challenge to public health. Here we report the genetic features of antimicrobial resistance genes of a carbapenem-resistant C. freundii SCLZS47 from hospital sewage by using whole genome sequencing. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the broth microdilution method. Whole genomic sequences of SCLZS47 were obtained by using the HiSeq 2000 combined with PacBio RSII platforms. Plasmid incompatibility types, resistance genes, and insertion elements were identified using the PlasmidFinder, ResFinder, and ISfinder, respectively. RESULTS SCLZS47 has a circular chromosome and three resistance plasmids, and it carries 23 known ARGs. Among them, blaCMY-135 and three copies of blaCTX-M-14 are located on the chromosome. 16 ARGs are clustered in two accessory modules of a multi-drug resistance (MDR) plasmid, and homologous recombination and transposition events contribute to the formation of these MDR regions. Carbapenemase genes blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 are carried by a pCKPC18-1-like plasmid, and a pNDM-HN380-like plasmid, respectively. Conjugation experiments indicated that both KPC-2- and NDM-1-encoding plasmids are transmissible. CONCLUSION Analysis of the genetic features of resistance genes would help to better understand their transmission mechanisms and dynamics in bacterial community, which has significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Chengju Fang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Yichuan Qiu
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Dai
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Luhua Zhang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
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17
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Zhen-Dong Z, Yu-Rong W, Fan-Shu X, Qiang-Chuan H, Zhuang G. Distinct bacterial community of a solid-state fermented Chinese traditional food huase sufu revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1233-1241. [PMID: 34603822 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufu is a common solid-state traditional fermented food made from soybean. Huase sufu is a typical type found in several provinces of China, especially in Hubei. However, little is known about the bacterial community. High-throughput sequencing technology revealed that the dominant taxa at phylum level were: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, and at the genus level were: Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, Acinetobacter, etc. Additionally, LEfSe revealed that compared with the bacterial community of red sufu and white sufu, the biomarker genera for both huase sufu were Enterococcus, and Myroides. Moreover, there were twenty-eight hubs for the huase sufu samples, and four of them were dominant genera: Citrobacter, Myroides, Vagococcus, and Enterococcus. These results provide a new insight into our understanding of the bacterial diversity of huase sufu, and will facilitate the isolation, screening, and development potential bacterial strains for production of huase sufu. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00963-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhen-Dong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Yu-Rong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fan-Shu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Hou Qiang-Chuan
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Zhuang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei People's Republic of China
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18
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Mbhele ZN, Shobo CO, Amoako DG, Zishiri OT, Bester LA. Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus spp. from Public Hospital Environments in South Africa. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1692-1704. [PMID: 34546077 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the molecular dissemination of Bacillus species in public hospitals in South Africa. The study conducted over 3 months during 2017 involved representative samples obtained from three wards (general ward, intensive care unit, and pediatric unit) from four public hospitals denoted as A (Central), B (Tertiary), C (Regional), and D (District). Swabs collected from 11 distinct hospital surfaces were screened using selective media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods. Overall, 17% (135/777) isolates were identified with a prevalence of 24% (32/135) for central, 33% (45/135) for tertiary, 27% (36/135) for regional, and 16% (22/135) for district hospital. Bacillus species were further confirmed to belong to Bacillus cereus (129/135; 96%) and Bacillus subtilis (6/135; 4%). Prevalence was similar across the wards, averaging 33.3% (45/135). The highest prevalence of Bacillus isolates was found on the drip stands (11.8%), sink (11.8%), ward phone (11.5%), and nurses' tables (10.3%). Minimum inhibitory concentration analyses revealed high resistance to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. The most common resistance genes detected were ermB (56%) and tetM (5%). Enterotoxin virulence genes hblA (77%) and hblD (88%) associated with the diarrheal syndrome were most detected; however, no ces genes (cereulide toxin) for emetic syndrome was found. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR revealed considerable diversity at the different levels of health care, although the clonal spread of strains between the sites/wards within each specific hospital was revealed. The study highlighted the dissemination of drug-resistant Bacillus spp. in public hospital environments and calls for the design of optimal strategies to curb their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamile N Mbhele
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christiana O Shobo
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa.,Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Liu L, Zhang L, Zhou H, Yuan M, Hu D, Wang Y, Sun H, Xu J, Lan R. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Citrobacter spp. Causing Extraintestinal Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:737636. [PMID: 34513738 PMCID: PMC8429604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.737636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This prospective study was carried out to investigate molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Citrobacter spp. from extraintestinal infections. Methods Forty-six clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were isolated from hospital patients with extraintestinal infections and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed. Results The 46 clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were typed into 38 sequence types (STs), 9 of which belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs). None of the isolates shared the same ST or CCs with isolates from other countries or from other parts of China. Over half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 17/26 C. freundii, 5/6 C. braakii, and 3/14 C. koseri isolates being MDR. Moreover, four isolates were carbapenem resistant with resistance to imipenem or meropenem. Among eight quinolone resistant C. freundii, all had a mutation in codon 59 (Thr59Ile) in quinolone resistance determining region of the gyrA gene. Only a small proportion of the isolates were found to be highly cytotoxic and adhesive with no correlation to sample sources. Conclusions There was a diverse range of Citrobacter isolates causing extraintestinal infections and a high prevalence of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Microbiology Department, Maanshan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- Microbiology Department, Maanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Dziri R, Kuşkucu MA, Arfaoui A, Fethi M, Ifaoui S, Bellaaj R, Ouzari I, Saltoğlu N, Klibi N. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Citrobacter freundii Strain Isolated from the Hospital Environment: An Extremely Multiresistant NDM-1 and VIM-48 Coproducing Isolate. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:18-22. [PMID: 34348037 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii has acquired resistance to several antimicrobial drugs, including last-resort antibiotics affecting, therefore, clinical efficacy and causing high rates of mortality. In this study, we investigate the whole genome sequence of a carbapenem-resistant C. freundii strain isolated from the hospital environment in Tunisia. A total of 210 samples were taken using sterile swabs, from inanimate surfaces, medical devices, and care staff, during the period extended between March and April 2019. After the microbiological analysis of samples and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, only one strain identified as C. freundii showing resistance to carbapenems was selected for the whole genome sequencing. The genome analysis revealed a high-level resistance to most antibiotics. Interestingly, we have noted the coexistence of blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-48 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) encoding genes conferring resistance to carbapenems. Other β-lactamases encoding genes have also been detected, including blaTEM-1, blaCMY-48, and blaOXA-1. Moreover, genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside [aac(3)-IId, ant(3″)-Ia, aadA, aac(6')-Ib], macrolide [mph(A)], sulfonamide (sul1), trimethoprim (dfrA1), tetracycline [tet(D)], chloramphenicol [cat(B3)], rifamycin (arr-3), and quinolone (qnrB) have been revealed. The multi-locus sequence typing analysis showed that this isolate could not be assigned to an existing sequence type (ST), but it is almost identical to ST22. The plasmid investigation revealed the presence of five plasmids belonging to diverse incompatibility groups (IncFII, IncHI1A, IncHI1B, IncN, and IncX3). To the best of our knowledge, our findings report the first detection of NDM-1 and VIM-48 coproducing C. freundii in Tunisia and the second detection in the world of the blaVIM-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mert Ahmet Kuşkucu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Amani Arfaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meha Fethi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Safa Ifaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Bellaaj
- Service of Hospital Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imene Ouzari
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Neşe Saltoğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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21
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Roode GJ, Bütow KW, Naidoo S. Microbial contamination profile change over a 4-year period in nonoperated cleft soft palate. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:665-674. [PMID: 34180558 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Surgical site infection is a major concern in cleft soft palate. Knowledge of the type, number and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens present preoperatively contribute to treatment success. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not the microbial contamination (diversity) preoperatively has changed since 2015. METHODS AND RESULTS Swabs were taken from the surgical site in 103 consecutive patients who presented for primary repair of the soft palate cleft. These were sent for microscopy, culture and sensitivity testing. Swabs were taken before disinfecting the site. Results were tabled and compared with two previous studies from the same facility. Out of 103 patients, 100 patients showed positive cultures with 42 different pathogenic micro-organisms identified. Most dominant pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae, 45.6%, increased by 28% from the previous two studies, with 93.6% of these pathogens resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Most of the other identified pathogens showed an alarming increase in occurrence, with a wide resistance to antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS The increase in number and diversity of microbial contamination as well as their resistance to antimicrobials is a real concern. Ways of preventing postoperative infection in a natural way need to be explored. SIGNIFICANCE Surgeons need to be aware of constant changes in micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt-Wilhelm Bütow
- Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgical Practice, Life-Wilgers Hospital, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
| | - Sharan Naidoo
- Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgical Practice, Mediclinic Midstream Hospital, Lyttelton, South Africa.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral surgery, Facial Deformity Clinic, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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The Effect of the Effluent from a Small-Scale Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant Treating Municipal Wastewater on the Composition and Abundance of the Microbial Community, Antibiotic Resistome, and Pathogens in the Sediment and Water of a Receiving Stream. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major contributors of nutrients, microbes—including those carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)—and pathogens to receiving waterbodies. The effect of the effluent of a small-scale activated sludge WWTP treating municipal wastewater on the composition and abundance of the microbial community as well as the antibiotic resistome and pathogens in the sediment and water of the receiving stream and river was studied using metagenome sequencing and a quantitative approach. Elevated Bacteroidetes proportions in the prokaryotic community, heightened sulfonamide and aminoglycoside resistance determinants proportions, and an increase of up to three orders of magnitude of sul1–sul2–aadA–blaOXA2 gene cluster abundances were recorded in stream water and sediments 0.3 km downstream of a WWTP discharge point. Further downstream, a gradual recovery of affected microbial communities along a distance gradient from WWTP was recorded, culminating in the mostly comparable state of river water and sediment parameters 3.7 km downstream of WWTP and stream water and sediments upstream of the WWTP discharge point. Archaea, especially Methanosarcina, Methanothrix, and Methanoregula, formed a substantial proportion of the microbial community of WWTP effluent as well as receiving stream water and sediment, and were linked to the spread of ARGs. Opportunistic environmental-origin pathogens were predominant in WWTP effluent and receiving stream bacterial communities, with Citrobacter freundii proportion being especially elevated in the close vicinity downstream of the WWTP discharge point.
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23
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Msomi NN, Padayachee T, Nzuza N, Syed PR, Kryś JD, Chen W, Gront D, Nelson DR, Syed K. In Silico Analysis of P450s and Their Role in Secondary Metabolism in the Bacterial Class Gammaproteobacteria. Molecules 2021; 26:1538. [PMID: 33799696 PMCID: PMC7998510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of lifestyle on shaping the genome content of an organism is a well-known phenomenon and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs/P450s), heme-thiolate proteins that are ubiquitously present in organisms, are no exception. Recent studies focusing on a few bacterial species such as Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes revealed that the impact of lifestyle affected the P450 repertoire in these species. However, this phenomenon needs to be understood in other bacterial species. We therefore performed genome data mining, annotation, phylogenetic analysis of P450s and their role in secondary metabolism in the bacterial class Gammaproteobacteria. Genome-wide data mining for P450s in 1261 Gammaproteobacterial species belonging to 161 genera revealed that only 169 species belonging to 41 genera have P450s. A total of 277 P450s found in 169 species grouped into 84 P450 families and 105 P450 subfamilies, where 38 new P450 families were found. Only 18% of P450s were found to be involved in secondary metabolism in Gammaproteobacterial species, as observed in Firmicutes as well. The pathogenic or commensal lifestyle of Gammaproteobacterial species influences them to such an extent that they have the lowest number of P450s compared to other bacterial species, indicating the impact of lifestyle on shaping the P450 repertoire. This study is the first report on comprehensive analysis of P450s in Gammaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombizethu Nokuphiwa Msomi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.N.M.); (T.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Tiara Padayachee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.N.M.); (T.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Nomfundo Nzuza
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.N.M.); (T.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Puleng Rosinah Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Justyna Dorota Kryś
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Dominik Gront
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.N.M.); (T.P.); (N.N.)
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24
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Rasool FN, Saavedra MA, Pamba S, Perold V, Mmochi AJ, Maalim M, Simonsen L, Buur L, Pedersen RH, Syberg K, Jelsbak L. Isolation and characterization of human pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria associated with plastic litter collected in Zanzibar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124591. [PMID: 33301968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a growing problem, not at least in areas where poor waste management results in direct pollution of coastal zones, such as South Asia and regions in Africa. In addition to the effect on ecosystems and their related services, plastic pollution may also affect human health indirectly as vectors for infectious disease. As plastic offers a suitable surface for the attachment of biofilm forming bacteria, it may contribute to disease outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance. To investigate the role of plastic litter as potential vectors for pathogenic bacteria, we collected plastic litter from four rural sites in Zanzibar, and isolated adhered bacteria. Isolates were short-read sequenced for further molecular analysis. This revealed that collected plastic litter was associated with diverse bacterial species, including human pathogens Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. Furthermore, most isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Our findings confirm that plastic litter, serve as novel reservoir for human multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria that combined with poor sanitation and waste handling, may lead to transmission of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance. These findings add a new level to the environmental challenges with plastic pollution; the potential health risk associated with exposure to plastic litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah N Rasool
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Mariana A Saavedra
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Siajali Pamba
- University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vonica Perold
- Fitz Patrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aviti J Mmochi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Mohammed Maalim
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Lone Simonsen
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lars Buur
- Roskilde University, Department of Social Science and Business, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Syberg
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lotte Jelsbak
- Roskilde University, Department of Science and Environment, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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25
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Choudhuri I, Khanra K, Maity P, Patra A, Maity GN, Pati BR, Nag A, Mondal S, Bhattacharyya N. Structure and biological properties of exopolysaccharide isolated from Citrobacter freundii. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:537-549. [PMID: 33316341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular characterization, antioxidant activity in vitro, cytotoxicity study of an exopolysaccharide isolated from Citrobacter freundii. Firstly, the culture conditions were standardized by the Design of experiments (DoE) based approach, and the final yield of thecrude exopolysaccharide was optimized at 2568 ± 169 mg L-1. One large fraction of exopolysaccharide was obtained from the culture filtrate by size exclusion chromatography and molecular characteristics were studied. A new mannose rich exopolysaccharide (Fraction-I) with average molecular weight ~ 1.34 × 105 Da was isolated. The sugar analysis showed the presence of mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of nearly 7:2 respectively. The structure of the repeating unit in the exopolysaccharide was determined through chemical and 1D/2D- NMR experiments as: Finally, the antioxidant activity, and the cytotoxicity of the exopolysaccharide were investigated and the relationship with molecular properties was discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Choudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India
| | - Kalyani Khanra
- Department of Biotechnology, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India
| | - Prasenjit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya, Sabang, Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal PIN-721166, India
| | - Anutosh Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India
| | - Gajendra Nath Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India
| | - Bikas Ranjan Pati
- Dept. of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721102, India
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru PIN-560029, India
| | - Soumitra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India.
| | - Nandan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, Panskura Banamali College, P.O. - Panskura R.S., Purba Medinipur, West Bengal PIN-721152, India.
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Thomas SG, Abajorga M, Glover MA, Wengert PC, Parthasarathy A, Savka MA, Wadsworth CB, Shipman PA, Hudson AO. Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter portucalensis RIT669-Potential Zoonotic Pathogens Isolated from Spotted Turtles. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111805. [PMID: 33212916 PMCID: PMC7698337 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century, and biofilm formation enables bacteria to resist antibiotic at much higher concentrations than planktonic cells. Earlier, we showed that the Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter portucalensis RIT669 (closely related to C. freundii NBRC 12681) from infected spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata), formed biofilms and upregulated toxin expression on plastic surfaces, and were predicted to possess multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Here, we show that they each resist several antibiotics in the planktonic phase, but were susceptible to neomycin, and high concentrations of tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. The susceptibility of their biofilms to neomycin and cotrimoxazole was tested using the Calgary device. For A. hydrophila, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 500-1000, and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) > 1000 μg/mL, using cotrimoxazole, and MIC = 32.3-62.5, and MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using neomycin. For C. freundii MIC = 7.8-15.6, and, MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using cotrimoxazole, and MIC = 7.8, and MBEC > 1000 μg/mL, using neomycin. Both A. hydrophila and C. portucalensis activated an acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) dependent biosensor, suggesting that quorum sensing could mediate biofilm formation. Their multidrug resistance in the planktonic form, and weak biofilm eradication even with neomycin and cotrimoxazole, indicate that A. hydrophila and C. portucalensis are potential zoonotic pathogens, with risks for patients living with implants.
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Liu L, Song L, Deng R, Lan R, Jin W, Tran Van Nhieu G, Cao H, Liu Q, Xiao Y, Li X, Meng G, Ren Z. Citrobacter freundii Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome via the Type VI Secretion System. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2174-2185. [PMID: 33151309 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is a significant cause of human infections, responsible for food poisoning, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections. We previously identified a highly cytotoxic and adhesive C. freundii strain CF74 expressing a type VI secretion system (T6SS). In this study, we showed that in mice-derived macrophages, C. freundii CF74 activated the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain -Like Receptor Family, Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasomes in a T6SS-dependent manner. The C. freundii T6SS activated the inflammasomes mainly through caspase 1 and mediated pyroptosis of macrophages by releasing the cleaved gasdermin-N domain. The CF74 T6SS was required for flagellin-induced interleukin 1β release by macrophages. We further show that the T6SS tail component and effector, hemolysin co-regulation protein-2 (Hcp-2), was necessary and sufficient to trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, the T6SS played a key role in mediating interleukin 1β secretion and the survival of mice during C. freundii infection in mice. These findings provide novel insights into the role of T6SS in the pathogenesis of C. freundii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Deng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wenjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Calcium Signaling and Microbial Infections, Inserm U1282, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, UMR 8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Huifang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ramos-Vivas J, Chapartegui-González I, Fernández-Martínez M, González-Rico C, Barrett J, Fortún J, Escudero R, Marco F, Linares L, Nieto J, Aranzamendi M, Muñoz P, Valerio M, Aguado JM, Chaves F, Gracia-Ahufinger I, Paez-Vega A, Martínez-Martínez L, Fariñas MC. Adherence to Human Colon Cells by Multidrug Resistant Enterobacterales Strains Isolated From Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With a Focus on Citrobacter freundii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:447. [PMID: 33042855 PMCID: PMC7525035 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteria species are common causes of hospital-acquired infections, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Immunocompromised patients such as solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are especially at risk because they are frequently exposed to antibiotics in the course of their treatments. In this work, we used a collection of 106 Escherichia coli, 78 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 25 Enterobacter spp., and 24 Citrobacter spp. multidrug resistant strains isolated from transplant patients (hepatic, renal or renal/pancreatic) in order to examine their ability to adhere in vitro to HT-29 human colon cells, and to determine if some adhesive characteristics are associated with prevalence and persistence of these strains. A total of 33 E. coli (31%), 21 K. pneumoniae (27%), 7 Enterobacter spp. (28%), and 5 Citrobacter spp. (21%), adhered to the colon epithelial cells. Two main adherence patterns were observed in the four species analyzed, diffuse adherence, and aggregative adherence. Under transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), most bacteria lacked visible fimbria on their surface, despite their strong adherence to epithelial cells. None of the strains studied was able to induce any cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells although some of them strongly colonizing both cells and glass coverslips at high density. Some of the strains failed to adhere to the epithelial cells but adhered strongly to the cover-slide, which shows that microscopy studies are mandatory to elucidate the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells in vitro, and that quantitative assays using colony forming unit (CFUs) counting need to be supplemented with pictures to determine definitively if a bacterial strain adheres or not to animal cells in vitro. We report here, for the first time, the aggregative adherence pattern of two multidrug resistant (MDR) Citrobacter freundii strains isolated from human patients; importantly, biofilm formation in Citrobacter is totally dependent on the temperature; strong biofilms were formed at room temperature (RT) but not at 37°C, which can play an important role in the colonization of hospital surfaces. In conclusion, our results show that there is a great variety of adhesion phenotypes in multidrug-resistant strains that colonize transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Fernández-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.,Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Claudia González-Rico
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.,Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - John Barrett
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.,New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jesús Fortún
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Escudero
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Marco
- Service of Microbiology, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Linares
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Muñoz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maricela Valerio
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Aguado
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Chaves
- Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gracia-Ahufinger
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Paez-Vega
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Carmen Fariñas
- Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.,Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Lamiyan AK, Dalal R, Kumar NR. Venom peptides in association with standard drugs: a novel strategy for combating antibiotic resistance - an overview. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200001. [PMID: 32843888 PMCID: PMC7416788 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance that leads to resurgence of bacterial infections poses a threat to disease-free existence for humankind and is a challenge for the welfare of the society at large. Despite research efforts directed towards treatment of pathogens, antibiotics within new improved classes have not emerged for years, a fact largely attributable to the pharmacological necessities compelling drug development. Recent reversion to the use of natural products alone or in combination with standard drugs has opened up new vistas for alternative therapeutics. The success of this strategy is evident in the sudden interest in plant extracts as additives/synergists for treatment of maladies caused by drug-resistant bacterial strains. Animal venoms have long fascinated scientists as sources of pharmacologically active components that can be exploited for the treatment of specific ailments and should be promoted further to clinical trials. In the present review, we outline the scope and possible methods for the applications of animal venoms in combination with commercial antibiotics to offer a better treatment approach against antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramkesh Dalal
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles ( Clemmys guttata). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081172. [PMID: 32752245 PMCID: PMC7465454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes—biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)—and two virulence factors—Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)—was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a > 2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a > 2-fold, and on polypropylene a > 6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.
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Whole genome analysis of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii B9-C2 isolated from preterm neonate’s stool in the first week. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 21:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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32
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Amaretti A, Righini L, Candeliere F, Musmeci E, Bonvicini F, Gentilomi GA, Rossi M, Raimondi S. Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, Phenotyping, and Genotyping of Non- Escherichia coli Enterobacterales from the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051847. [PMID: 32156029 PMCID: PMC7084377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Escherichia coli Enterobacterales (NECE) can colonize the human gut and may present virulence determinants and phenotypes that represent severe heath concerns. Most information is available for virulent NECE strains, isolated from patients with an ongoing infection, while the commensal NECE population of healthy subjects is understudied. In this study, 32 NECE strains were isolated from the feces of 20 healthy adults. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry attributed the isolates to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter kobei, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Cronobacter sp., and Hafnia alvei, Morganella morganii, and Serratia liquefaciens. Multiplex PCR revealed that K. pneumoniae harbored virulence genes for adhesins (mrkD, ycfM, and kpn) and enterobactin (entB) and, in one case, also for yersiniabactin (ybtS, irp1, irp2, and fyuA). Virulence genes were less numerous in the other NECE species. Biofilm formation was spread across all the species, while curli and cellulose were mainly produced by Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Among the most common antibiotics, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was the sole against which resistance was observed, only Klebsiella strains being susceptible. The NECE inhabiting the intestine of healthy subjects have traits that may pose a health threat, taking into account the possibility of horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lucia Righini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Francesco Candeliere
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Eliana Musmeci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (G.A.G.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Viale Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (L.R.); (F.C.); (E.M.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-8595
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Liu L, Qin L, Hao S, Lan R, Xu B, Guo Y, Jiang R, Sun H, Chen X, LV X, Xu J, Zhao C. Lineage, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Citrobacter spp. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030195. [PMID: 32155802 PMCID: PMC7157202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter spp. are opportunistic human pathogens which can cause nosocomial infections, sporadic infections and outbreaks. In order to determine the genetic diversity, in vitro virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Citrobacter spp., 128 Citrobacter isolates obtained from human diarrheal patients, foods and environment were assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial susceptibility testing and adhesion and cytotoxicity testing to HEp-2 cells. The 128 Citrobacter isolates were typed into 123 sequence types (STs) of which 101 were novel STs, and these STs were divided into five lineages. Lineages I and II contained C. freundii isolates; Lineage III contained all C. braakii isolates, while Lineage IV and V contained C. youngae isolates. Lineages II and V contained more adhesive and cytotoxic isolates than Lineages I, III, and IV. Fifty-one of the 128 isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR, ≥3) and mainly distributed in Lineages I, II, and III. The prevalence of quinolone resistance varied with Lineage III (C. braakii) having the highest proportion of resistant isolates (52.6%), followed by Lineage I (C. freundii) with 23.7%. Seven qnrB variants, including two new alleles (qnrB93 and qnrB94) were found with Lineage I being the main reservoir. In summary, highly cytotoxic MDR isolates from diarrheal patients may increase the risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liyun Qin
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuai Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Baohong Xu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yumei Guo
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruiping Jiang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinchao LV
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (C.Z.)
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Ramsamy Y, Mlisana KP, Amoako DG, Allam M, Ismail A, Singh R, Abia ALK, Essack SY. Pathogenomic Analysis of a Novel Extensively Drug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii Isolate Carrying a bla NDM-1 Carbapenemase in South Africa. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020089. [PMID: 32024012 PMCID: PMC7168644 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenomic analysis was performed on a novel carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii isolate (H2730R) from a rectal swab of an adult male patient admitted to a tertiary hospital, Durban, South Africa. H2730R was identified using selective media and API 20e kit. Confirmatory identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the VITEK II. H2730R was whole-genome sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. H2730R was resistant to all tested antibiotics except tigecycline and was defined as ST498 by the C. freundii multilocus sequence typing (MLST) database. The estimated pathogenic potential predicted a higher probability (Pscore ≈ 0.875), supporting H2730R as a human pathogen. H2730R harbored 25 putative acquired resistance genes, 4 plasmid replicons, 4 intact prophages, a class 1 integron (IntI1), 2 predominant insertion sequences (IS3 and IS5), numerous efflux genes, and virulome. BLASTn analysis of the blaNDM-1 encoding contig (00022) and its flanking sequences revealed the blaNDM-1 was located on a plasmid similar to the multireplicon p18-43_01 plasmid reported for the spread of carbapenem resistance in South Africa. Phylogenomic analysis showed clustering of H2730R with CF003/CF004 strains in the same clade, suggesting a possible association between C. freundii strains/clones. Acquiring the p18-43_01 plasmid containing blaNDM-1, the diversity, and complex resistome, virulome, and mobilome of this pathogen makes its incidence very worrying regarding mobilized resistance. This study presents the background genomic information for future surveillance and tracking of the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogandree Ramsamy
- Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- National Health Laboratory Services, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.L.K.A.); (S.Y.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Daniel G. Amoako
- Infection Genomics and Applied Bioinformatics Division, Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- National Health Laboratory Services, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.L.K.A.); (S.Y.E.)
| | - Sabiha Y. Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.L.K.A.); (S.Y.E.)
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In Vitro Susceptibility and Florfenicol Resistance in Citrobacter Isolates and Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:7191935. [PMID: 31828082 PMCID: PMC6885840 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7191935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Citrobacter is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in animals, and the published data for its resistance to florfenicol are scarce. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of florfenicol resistance genes among Citrobacter isolates from animal and relevant environmental samples and conducted a comparative analysis of a multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain isolated from a rabbit. Among 20 Citrobacter strains isolated from animal samples, resistance was most commonly observed to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (75%), streptomycin (65%), florfenicol (60%), chloramphenicol (60%), and aztreonam (50%), while all the strains found in environmental samples were resistant to few antibiotics. The florfenicol resistance gene floR was detected in 12 isolates (48%, 12/25) from animal samples, and all of the floR-positive isolates were resistant to florfenicol with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≥256 μg/mL. Sequencing and comparative analysis of the plasmids from a multidrug-resistant C. freundii isolate named R47 showed that the floR-containing region in the plasmid pR47-54 was a truncated transposon-like structure and could be found on both plasmids and chromosomes of bacteria of either animal or human origin. Furthermore, a range of antimicrobial and metal resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements could be identified in pR47-54 and the other plasmid pR47-309 of C. freundii R47. These results provide in-depth views into the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Citrobacter isolates recovered from animal and relevant environmental samples, as well as highlight the role horizontal gene transfer plays in the dissemination of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.
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Jiang X, Cui X, Liu W, Xu H, Zheng B. Genetic characterization of a novel sequence type of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain recovered from wastewater treatment plant. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2775-2779. [PMID: 31564927 PMCID: PMC6735533 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s213525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain R17 was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in China. Whole-genome sequencing of strain R17 revealed a new sequence type (ST412) chromosome (length 5,124,258 bp) and an Inc FII (Yp) group plasmid pCFR17_1 (length 206,820 bp). A total of 13 antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance to eight different antibiotic groups were encoded by strain R17 and 12 of them were carried by plasmid pCFR17_1. These data and analysis suggest that the environment-derived C. freundii strains may serve as potential sources of ARGs and highlight the need of further surveillance of this bacteria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Cui
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Markovska R, Stoeva T, Dimitrova D, Boyanova L, Stankova P, Mihova K, Mitov I. Quinolone resistance mechanisms among third-generation cephalosporin resistant isolates of Enterobacter spp. in a Bulgarian university hospital. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1445-1455. [PMID: 31213860 PMCID: PMC6549396 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s204199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There have been no reports in Bulgaria about quinolone resistance determinants among Enterobacter spp. Aims: To investigate plasmid and chromosomal quinolone resistance rates among 175 third-generation cephalosporin resistant Enterobacter spp. isolates (167 Enterobacter cloacae complex and eight Enterobacter aerogenes isolates) collected at a university hospital in Varna, Bulgaria, as well as to reveal their association with ESBL/AmpC production and a carriage of specific plasmid replicon types. Methods: PCR, isoelectric focusing, replicon typing, sequencing, and epidemiology typing were carried out. Results: A high level of combined third-generation cephalosporin and quinolone resistant Enterobacter spp. was found - 79.4%. The ESBL production rate was 87%, consisting mainly of CTX-M-15 among E. cloacae complex (in 76%) and CTX-M-3 among E. aerogenes (in 88%). Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were identified in 57% of the isolates. The most commonly detected PMQR determinants were qnrB (90%), consisting mainly of qnrB1 (in 61%), and qnrB9 (in 27%) of the isolates. Both alleles were transferred with CTX-M-15 genes; transconjugants showed HI2 replicons (for qnrB1 positive transconjugants) and were non-typeable (for qnrB9). One Enterobacter spp. isolate produced qnrB4. QnrA1, qnrS1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were detected in single isolates only. QnrC, qnrD, qepA, and oqxAB genes were not found. QnrB was associated with CTX-M-15 production, and qnrS1 was linked to CTX-M-3. Alterations in 83 and 87 positions of gyrB in quinolone-resistance determining regions, and 80 position of parC were detected in high level quinolone resistant isolates. Among all the Enterobacter spp. isolates tested, one predominant clone A was identified (53%). Conclusion: Our data showed the necessity of more prudent use of quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins, because of the risk of promoting dissemination, and selection of multiple resistance determinants (ESBL, PMQR) among Enterobacter spp. isolates in Bulgaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumyana Markovska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Temenuga Stoeva
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital “Saint Marina”, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Dobromira Dimitrova
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital “Saint Marina”, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Boyanova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Stankova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Mihova
- Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Mitov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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