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Singh P, Kaur J. MSMEG_5850, a global TetR family member supports Mycobacterium smegmatis to survive environmental stress. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01186-9. [PMID: 39017913 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A Mycobacterium smegmatis transcriptional regulator, MSMEG_5850, and its ortholog in M. tuberculosis, rv0775 were annotated as putative TetR Family Transcriptional Regulators. Our previous study revealed MSMEG_5850 is involved in global transcriptional regulation in M. smegmatis and the presence of gene product supported the survival of bacteria during nutritional starvation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MSMEG_5850 diverged early in comparison to its counterparts in virulent strains. Therefore, the expression pattern of MSMEG_5850 and its counterpart, rv0775, was compared during various in-vitro growth and stress conditions. Expression of MSMEG_5850 was induced under different environmental stresses while no change in expression was observed under mid-exponential and stationary phases. No expression of rv0775 was observed under any stress condition tested, while the gene was expressed during the mid-exponential phase that declined in the stationary phase. The effect of MSMEG_5850 on the survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions and growth pattern was studied using wild type, knockout, and supplemented strain. Deletion of MSMEG_5850 resulted in altered colony morphology, biofilm/pellicle formation, and growth pattern of M. smegmatis. The survival rate of wild-type MSMEG_5850 was higher in comparison to knockout under different environmental stresses. Overall, this study suggested the role of MSMEG_5850 in the growth and adaptation/survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India, 160014
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India, 160014.
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Nesakumar M, Luke EH, Vetrivel U. Next-Gen Dual Transcriptomics for Adult Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Biomarkers and Host-Pathogen Interplay in Human Cells: A Strategic Review. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:36-47. [PMID: 38468742 PMCID: PMC10924812 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern that results in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in middle- to low-income countries. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in adults is a form of TB that affects organs other than the lungs and is challenging to diagnose and treat due to a lack of accurate early diagnostic markers and inadequate knowledge of host immunity. Next-generation sequencing-based approaches have shown potential for identifying diagnostic biomarkers and host immune responses related to EPTB. This strategic review discusses on the significance using primary human cells and cell lines for in vitro transcriptomic studies on common forms of EPTB, such as lymph node TB, brain TB, bone TB, and endometrial TB to derive potential insights. While organoids have shown promise as a model system, primary cell lines still remain a valuable tool for studying host-pathogen interplay due to their conserved immune system, non-iPSC origin, and lack of heterogeneity in cell population. This review outlines a basic workflow for researchers interested in performing transcriptomics studies in EPTB, and also discusses the potential of cell-line based dual RNA-Seq technology for deciphering comprehensive transcriptomic signatures, host-pathogen interplay, and biomarkers from the host and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thus, emphasizing the implementation of this technique which can significantly contribute to the global anti-TB effort and advance our understanding of EPTB. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Nesakumar
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Division, Indian Council for Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Elizabeth Hanna Luke
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Division, Indian Council for Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Division, Indian Council for Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
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Sharma S, Aggarwal AN, Kaur P, Yadav R, Sethi S, Verma I. In-vivo expressed mycobacterial transcripts as diagnostic targets for pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 144:102431. [PMID: 38041961 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) such as Xpert MTB/RIF have transformed the TB diagnostic field by significantly increasing the case detection. However, newer improved diagnostic assays are still needed to meet the WHO targets to end TB. Present study is based on a novel approach of utilizing the in-vivo expressed specific mycobacterial transcriptomic biomarkers for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Total 61 subjects were recruited including smear positive (smear+; n = 15), smear negative (smear-; n = 30) PTB patients and disease controls (n = 16). Transcripts of three mycobacterial genes Rv0986, Rv0971c and Rv3121 were analyzed using real time PCR (qRT-PCR) in sputum samples. qRT-PCR with Rv0986, Rv0971c and Rv3121 identified smear + PTB patients with 100 %, 78.6 % and 86.7 % sensitivity respectively. In smear- PTB patients, both Rv0986 and Rv0971c based qRT-PCR resulted in 63 %, sensitivity whereas Rv3121 identified these patients with ∼40 % sensitivity only. The sensitivity of the assay for smear-patients increased to 85 % when combinatorial analysis of qRT-PCR data for all the three genes was used. Thus, in-vivo expressed mycobacterial transcripts have promising potential as biomarkers for PTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Ashutosh N Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Sharma S, Suri D, Aggarwal AN, Yadav R, Sethi S, Laal S, Verma I. Evaluation of immunodominant peptides of in vivo expressed mycobacterial antigens in an ELISA-based diagnostic assay for pulmonary tuberculosis. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1751-1759. [PMID: 37198420 PMCID: PMC10485188 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-sputum-based biomarker assay is urgently required as per WHO's target product pipeline for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the utility of previously identified proteins, encoded by in vivo expressed mycobacterial transcripts in pulmonary tuberculosis, as diagnostic targets for a serodiagnostic assay. A total of 300 subjects were recruited including smear+, smear- pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, sarcoidosis patients, lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Proteins encoded by eight in vivo expressed transcripts selected from previous study including those encoded by two topmost expressed and six RD transcripts (Rv0986, Rv0971, Rv1965, Rv1971, Rv2351c, Rv2657c, Rv2674, Rv3121) were analyzed for B-cell epitopes by peptide arrays/bioinformatics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the antibody response against the selected peptides in sera from PTB and controls. Overall 12 peptides were selected for serodiagnosis. All the peptides were initially screened for their antibody response. The peptide with highest sensitivity and specificity was further assessed for its serodiagnostic ability in all the study subjects. The mean absorbance values for antibody response to selected peptide were significantly higher (p<0.001) in PTB patients as compared to healthy controls; however, the sensitivity for diagnosis of PTB was 31% for smear+ and 20% for smear- PTB patients. Thus, the peptides encoded by in vivo expressed transcripts elicited a significant antibody response, but are not suitable candidates for serodiagnosis of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Advanced Pediatric Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Ashutosh N. Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Singh P, Kumar A, Chhabra R, Singh K, Kaur J. MSMEG_5850, a stress-induced TetR protein, involved in global transcription regulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:563-580. [PMID: 37284769 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To decipher the role of MSMEG_5850 in the physiology of mycobacteria. Methods: MSMEG_5850 was knocked out and RNA sequencing was performed. MSMEG_5850 protein was purified from the Escherichia coli pET28a system. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and size exclusion chromatography were used to determine the binding of MSMEG_5850 to its motif and binding stoichiometry. The effect of nutritional stress was monitored. Results: Transcriptome analysis revealed the differential expression of 148 genes in an MSMEG_5850 knockout strain. MSMEG_5850 had control over 50 genes because those genes had a binding motif upstream of their sequence. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed MSMEG_5850 bound to its motif as a monomer. MSMEG_5850 was upregulated under nutritional stress and promoted the survival of mycobacteria. Conclusion: The study confirms the role of MSMEG_5850 in global transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Current Address: Fellow Scientist, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Ravindresh Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, Sector-25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Kaur K, Sharma S, Abhishek S, Kaur P, Saini UC, Dhillon MS, Karakousis PC, Verma I. Metabolic switching and cell wall remodelling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during bone tuberculosis. J Infect 2023; 86:134-146. [PMID: 36549425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone tuberculosis (TB) is the third most common types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It is critical to understand mycobacterial adaptive strategies within bone lesions to identify mycobacterial factors that may have role in disease pathogenesis. METHODS Whole genome microarray was used to characterize the in-vivo transcriptome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) within bone TB specimens. Mycobacterial virulent proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. An in vitro osteoblast cell line model was used to study the role of these proteins in bone TB pathogenesis. RESULTS 914 mycobacterial genes were significantly overexpressed and 1688 were repressed in bone TB specimens. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated a non-replicative and hypometabolic state of M.tb, reinforcement of the mycobacterial cell wall and induction of DNA damage repair responses, suggesting possible survival strategies of M.tb within bone. Bioinformatics mining of microarray data led to identification of five virulence proteins. The genes encoding these proteins were also upregulated in the in vitro MC3T3 osteoblast cell line model of bone TB. Further, exposure of osteoblast cells to two of these virulence proteins (Rv1046c and Rv3663c) significantly inhibited osteoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION M.tb alters its transcriptome to establish infection in bone by upregulating certain virulence genes which play a key role in disturbing bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uttam Chand Saini
- Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Dhillon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Centers for Tuberculosis Research and Systems Approaches for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Kaur K, Laal S, Ryndak MB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptome in intraocular tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36762529 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) is a significant cause of visual morbidity in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic countries. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has been detected in both the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and in the intraocular fluid (IOF) in some cases, IOTB is paucibacillary in the vast majority of patients. As a result, M. tb pathogenesis in the ocular compartment is poorly defined.Hypothesis. The transcriptional profile of M. tb in the ocular compartment will differ from those of M. tb in environments that represent earlier stages of infection.Aim. Our aim is to shed light on the pathogenesis of M. tb in a clinically relevant but challenging environment to study.Methodology. Whole-genome microarray analysis was performed on M. tb grown in an IOF model (artificial IOF; AIOF) over 6 days against reference log phase bacteria grown in 7H9. Results were compared to published M. tb transcriptomes in other physiologically relevant environments, e.g. RPE cell line.Results. M. tb replicates slowly in AIOF. Genes involved in active replication and aerobic respiration as well as lipid metabolism were either downregulated or not differentially expressed. Yet, M. tb in AIOF downregulated genes of the DosR regulon, indicating the suppression of dormancy, similar to M. tb in RPE cells. This transcriptional profile is distinct from the active and virulent transcriptomes of M. tb in alveolar epithelial cells and blood.Conclusion. M. tb likely acquires a non-invasive and quiescent phenotype, between active infection and dormancy, upon reaching an extrapulmonary niche, i.e. the ocular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Present address: Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Suman Laal
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, NY, USA
| | - Michelle B Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Present address: Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Office for Research, New York, NY, USA
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Selvapandiyan A, Puri N, Kumar P, Alam A, Ehtesham NZ, Griffin G, Hasnain SE. Zooming in on common immune evasion mechanisms of pathogens in phagolysosomes: potential broad-spectrum therapeutic targets against infectious diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:6780197. [PMID: 36309472 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens evade the host immune challenges to propagate and cause fatal diseases. The microbes overpower host immunity at various levels including during entry into host cells, phagosome formation, phagosome maturation, phagosome-lysosome fusion forming phagolysosomes, acidification of phagolysosomes, and at times after escape into the cytosol. Phagolysosome is the final organelle in the phagocyte with sophisticated mechanisms to degrade the pathogens. The immune evasion strategies by the pathogens include the arrest of host cell apoptosis, decrease in reactive oxygen species, the elevation of Th2 anti-inflammatory response, avoidance of autophagy and antigen cross-presentation pathways, and escape from phagolysosomal killing. Since the phagolysosome organelle in relation to infection/cure is seldom discussed in the literature, we summarize here the common host as well as pathogen targets manipulated or utilized by the pathogens established in phagosomes and phagolysosomes, to hijack the host immune system for their benefit. These common molecules or pathways can be broad-spectrum therapeutic targets for drug development for intervention against infectious diseases caused by different intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - George Griffin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310, India
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Punniyamurthy A, Sharma S, Kaur K, Nahar Saikia U, Khaiwal R, Sharma S, Verma I. PM 2.5 mediated alterations in the in vitro human granuloma and its effect on reactivation of mycobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14497-14508. [PMID: 34611809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter pollutant PM2.5 diminishes the immune response to mycobacterial antigens relevant to contain the infection in the granuloma, thus leading to reactivation of latent bacilli. The present study was therefore designed based on the hypothesis that exposure to PM2.5 affects the granuloma formation and reactivation of latent mycobacterial bacilli contained in the granuloma. For the sampling of PM2.5, based on initial standardisations, Teflon filter was selected over the quartz filter. Two different approaches were used to study the effect of PM2.5 on the human PBMC granuloma formed by Mycobacterium bovis BCG at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1. In the first approach, granuloma formed in the presence of PM2.5 was loosely packed and ill-defined with significant downregulation of dormancy-associated mycobacterial genes, upregulation of reactivation-associated rpfB gene along with a significant increase in TNFα level without any change in the bacterial load in terms of CFUs. In the second approach, preformed human PBMC granuloma using M. bovis BCG was treated with PM2.5 that resulted in the disruption of granuloma architecture along with downregulation of not only dormancy-associated genes but also reactivation-associated rpfB gene of mycobacterial bacilli recovered from granuloma. However, there was no significant change in the host cytokine levels. Therefore, it can be inferred that PM2.5 can modulate the granuloma formation in vitro as well as mycobacterial gene expression in the granuloma with a possible role in the reactivation of latent bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khushpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravindra Khaiwal
- Department of Community Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Pawełczyk J, Brzostek A, Minias A, Płociński P, Rumijowska-Galewicz A, Strapagiel D, Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J, Dziadek J. Cholesterol-dependent transcriptome remodeling reveals new insight into the contribution of cholesterol to Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12396. [PMID: 34117327 PMCID: PMC8196197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen that can adapt to the various nutrients available during its life cycle. However, in the nutritionally stringent environment of the macrophage phagolysosome, Mtb relies mainly on cholesterol. In previous studies, we demonstrated that Mtb can accumulate and utilize cholesterol as the sole carbon source. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that a lipid-rich environment may have a much broader impact on the pathogenesis of Mtb infection than previously thought. Therefore, we applied high-resolution transcriptome profiling and the construction of various mutants to explore in detail the global effect of cholesterol on the tubercle bacillus metabolism. The results allow re-establishing the complete list of genes potentially involved in cholesterol breakdown. Moreover, we identified the modulatory effect of vitamin B12 on Mtb transcriptome and the novel function of cobalamin in cholesterol metabolite dissipation which explains the probable role of B12 in Mtb virulence. Finally, we demonstrate that a key role of cholesterol in mycobacterial metabolism is not only providing carbon and energy but involves also a transcriptome remodeling program that helps in developing tolerance to the unfavorable host cell environment far before specific stress-inducing phagosomal signals occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pawełczyk
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Brzostek
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
| | - Alina Minias
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland ,grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Rumijowska-Galewicz
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- grid.10789.370000 0000 9730 2769Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź, Poland
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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Role of Extracellular Mycobacteria in Blood-Retinal Barrier Invasion in a Zebrafish Model of Ocular TB. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030333. [PMID: 33805720 PMCID: PMC7999171 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraocular inflammation following mycobacterial dissemination to the eye is common in tuberculosis (TB)-endemic countries. However, the early host–pathogen interactions during ocular dissemination are unknown. In this study, we investigated the early events during mycobacterial invasion of the blood-retinal barriers (BRBs) with fluorescent-tagged Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), host macrophages, and retinal vasculature in a zebrafish model of ocular TB. We found that Mm invaded the vascular endothelium in either the extracellular or intracellular (inside phagocytes) state, typically 3–4 days post-injection (dpi). Extracellular Mm are phagocytosed in the retinal tissue and progress to form a compact granuloma around 6 dpi. Intracellular Mm crossing the BRBs are likely to be less virulent and either persist inside solitary macrophages (in most cases) or progress to loosely arranged granuloma (rarely). The early interactions between mycobacteria and host immune cells can thus determine the course of disease during mycobacterial dissemination to the eye.
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Basu S, Elkington P, Rao NA. Pathogenesis of ocular tuberculosis: New observations and future directions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101961. [PMID: 33010848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) encompasses all forms of intra- and extra-ocular inflammation associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the organism is rarely found in ocular fluid samples of diseased eyes, rendering the pathomechanisms of the disease unclear. This confounds clinical decision-making in diagnosis and treatment of OTB. Here, we critically review existing human and animal data related to ocular inflammation and TB pathogenesis to unravel likely pathomechanisms of OTB. Broadly there appear to be two fundamental mechanisms that may underlie the development of TB-associated ocular inflammation: a. inflammatory response to live/replicating Mtb in the eye, and b. immune mediated ocular inflammation induced by non-viable Mtb or its components in the eye. This distinction is significant as in direct Mtb-driven mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment would be aimed at detection of Mtb-infection and its elimination; while indirect mechanisms would primarily require anti-inflammatory therapy with adjunctive anti-TB therapy. Further, we discuss how that most clinical phenotypes of OTB likely represent a combination of both mechanisms, with one being predominant than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- Retina and Uveitis Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute (Mithu Tulsi Chanrai Campus), Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Narsing A Rao
- USC-Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Basu S, Rao N, Elkington P. Animal Models of Ocular Tuberculosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:1513-1519. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1746358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- Retina and Uveitis Services, L V Prasad Eye Institute (MTC Campus), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Narsing Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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15
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Zúñiga A, Aravena P, Pulgar R, Travisany D, Ortiz-Severín J, Chávez FP, Maass A, González M, Cambiazo V. Transcriptomic Changes of Piscirickettsia salmonis During Intracellular Growth in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:426. [PMID: 31998656 PMCID: PMC6964531 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of Piscirickettsiosis, a systemic infection of salmonid fish species. P. salmonis infects and survives in its host cell, a process that correlates with the expression of virulence factors including components of the type IVB secretion system. To gain further insights into the cellular and molecular mechanism behind the adaptive response of P. salmonis during host infection, we established an in vitro model of infection using the SHK-1 cell line from Atlantic salmon head kidney. The results indicated that in comparison to uninfected SHK-1 cells, infection significantly decreased cell viability after 10 days along with a significant increment of P. salmonis genome equivalents. At that time, the intracellular bacteria were localized within a spacious cytoplasmic vacuole. By using a whole-genome microarray of P. salmonis LF-89, the transcriptome of this bacterium was examined during intracellular growth in the SHK-1 cell line and exponential growth in broth. Transcriptome analysis revealed a global shutdown of translation during P. salmonis intracellular growth and suggested an induction of the stringent response. Accordingly, key genes of the stringent response pathway were up-regulated during intracellular growth as well as at stationary phase bacteria, suggesting a role of the stringent response on bacterial virulence. Our results also reinforce the participation of the Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system during P. salmonis infection and reveals many unexplored genes with potential roles in the adaptation to intracellular growth. Finally, we proposed that intracellular P. salmonis alternates between a replicative phase and a stationary phase in which the stringent response is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Blue Genomics Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile
| | - Pamela Aravena
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pulgar
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Mathematical Modeling (PIA AFB17001) and Department of Mathematical Engineering, Universidad de Chile - UMI CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Ortiz-Severín
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Microbiología de Sistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco P Chávez
- Center for Mathematical Modeling (PIA AFB17001) and Department of Mathematical Engineering, Universidad de Chile - UMI CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Mathematical Modeling (PIA AFB17001) and Department of Mathematical Engineering, Universidad de Chile - UMI CNRS 2807, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Cambiazo
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Ryndak MB, Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Primary Infection and Dissemination: A Critical Role for Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:299. [PMID: 31497538 PMCID: PMC6712944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, despite the use of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and intensive attempts to improve upon BCG or develop new vaccines. Two lacunae in our understanding of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)-host pathogenesis have mitigated the vaccine efforts; the bacterial-host interaction that enables successful establishment of primary infection and the correlates of protection against TB. The vast majority of vaccine efforts are based on the premise that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is the predominating mode of protection against TB. However, studies in animal models and in humans demonstrate that post-infection, a period of several weeks precedes the initiation of CMI during which the few inhaled bacteria replicate dramatically and disseminate systemically. The “Trojan Horse” mechanism, wherein M. tb is phagocytosed and transported across the alveolar barrier by infected alveolar macrophages has been long postulated as the sole, primary M. tb:host interaction. In the current review, we present evidence from our studies of transcriptional profiles of M. tb in sputum as it emerges from infectious patients where the bacteria are in a quiescent state, to its adaptations in alveolar epithelial cells where the bacteria transform to a highly replicative and invasive phenotype, to its maintenance of the invasive phenotype in whole blood to the downregulation of invasiveness upon infection of epithelial cells at an extrapulmonary site. Evidence for this alternative mode of infection and dissemination during primary infection is supported by in vivo, in vitro cell-based, and transcriptional studies from multiple investigators in recent years. The proposed alternative mechanism of primary infection and dissemination across the alveolar barrier parallels our understanding of infection and dissemination of other Gram-positive pathogens across their relevant mucosal barriers in that barrier-specific adhesins, toxins, and enzymes synergize to facilitate systemic establishment of infection prior to the emergence of CMI. Further exploration of this M. tb:non-phagocytic cell interaction can provide alternative approaches to vaccine design to prevent infection with M. tb and not only decrease clinical disease but also decrease the overwhelming reservoir of latent TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Cuevasanta E, Reyes AM, Zeida A, Mastrogiovanni M, De Armas MI, Radi R, Alvarez B, Trujillo M. Kinetics of formation and reactivity of the persulfide in the one-cysteine peroxiredoxin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13593-13605. [PMID: 31311857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) participates in prokaryotic metabolism and is associated with several physiological functions in mammals. H2S reacts with oxidized thiol derivatives (i.e. disulfides and sulfenic acids) and thereby forms persulfides, which are plausible transducers of the H2S-mediated signaling effects. The one-cysteine peroxiredoxin alkyl hydroperoxide reductase E from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtAhpE-SH) reacts fast with hydroperoxides, forming a stable sulfenic acid (MtAhpE-SOH), which we chose here as a model to study the interactions between H2S and peroxiredoxins (Prx). MtAhpE-SOH reacted with H2S, forming a persulfide (MtAhpE-SSH) detectable by mass spectrometry. The rate constant for this reaction was (1.4 ± 0.2) × 103 m-1 s-1 (pH 7.4, 25 °C), six times higher than that reported for the reaction with the main low-molecular-weight thiol in M. tuberculosis, mycothiol. H2S was able to complete the catalytic cycle of MtAhpE and, according to kinetic considerations, it could represent an alternative substrate in M. tuberculosis. MtAhpE-SSH reacted 43 times faster than did MtAhpE-SH with the unspecific electrophile 4,4'-dithiodipyridine, a disulfide that exhibits no preferential reactivity with peroxidatic cysteines, but MtAhpE-SSH was less reactive toward specific Prx substrates such as hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. According to molecular dynamics simulations, this loss of specific reactivity could be explained by alterations in the MtAhpE active site. MtAhpE-SSH could transfer its sulfane sulfur to a low-molecular-weight thiol, a process likely facilitated by the low pKa of the leaving thiol MtAhpE-SH, highlighting the possibility that Prx participates in transpersulfidation. The findings of our study contribute to the understanding of persulfide formation and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Cuevasanta
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,Unidad de Bioquímica Analítica, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Aníbal M Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Inés De Armas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Abhishek S, Ryndak MB, Choudhary A, Sharma S, Gupta A, Gupta V, Singh N, Laal S, Verma I. Transcriptional signatures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse model of intraocular tuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:5561443. [PMID: 31504463 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on human intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) are extremely challenging. For understanding the pathogenesis of IOTB, it is important to investigate the mycobacterial transcriptional changes in ocular environment. METHODS Mice were challenged intravenously with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and at 45 days post-infection, experimental IOTB was confirmed based on bacteriological and molecular assays. M. tuberculosis transcriptome was analyzed in the infected eyes using microarray technology. The identified M. tuberculosis signature genes were further validated and investigated in human IOTB samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Following intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis, 45% (5/12) mice showed bacilli in the eyes with positivity for M. tuberculosis ribonucleic acid in 100% (12/12), thus confirming the paucibacillary nature of IOTB similar to human IOTB. M. tuberculosis transcriptome in these infected eyes showed significant upregulation of 12 M. tuberculosis genes and five of these transcripts (Rv0962c, Rv0984, Rv2612c, Rv0974c and Rv0971c) were also identified in human clinically confirmed cases of IOTB. CONCLUSIONS Differentially expressed mycobacterial genes identified in an intravenously challenged paucibacillary mouse IOTB model and presence of these transcripts in human IOTB samples highlight the possible role of these genes for survival of M. tuberculosis in the ocular environment, thus contributing to pathogenesis of IOTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Michelle Beth Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alpa Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Nirbhai Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10010, USA.,Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, NY 10010, USA
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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