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Malet-Villemagne J, Vidic J. Extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni. Microbes Infect 2024:105377. [PMID: 38866352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria in genus Campylobacter are the leading cause of foodborne infections worldwide. Here we describe the roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of these bacteria and current knowledge of vesicle biogenesis. We also discuss the advantages of this alternative secretion pathway for bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Malet-Villemagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
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2
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Peregrino ES, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Vázquez-Flores L, Estrada-Parra S, Wong-Baeza C, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I. The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6210. [PMID: 38892397 PMCID: PMC11172497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Peregrino
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
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3
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Cho KJ, Kim YM. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Modulation of biofilm and virulence properties. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:13-23. [PMID: 38417645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens cause persistent infections by forming biofilms and producing numerous virulence factors. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanostructures produced by various bacterial species vital for molecular transport. BEVs include various components, including lipids (glycolipids, LPS, and phospholipids), nucleic acids (genomic DNA, plasmids, and short RNA), proteins (membrane proteins, enzymes, and toxins), and quorum-sensing signaling molecules. BEVs play a major role in forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilms by transporting EPS components such as extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. BEVs have been observed to carry various secretory virulence factors. Thus, BEVs play critical roles in cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, virulence, disease progression, and resistance to antimicrobial treatment. In contrast, BEVs have been shown to impede early-stage biofilm formation, disseminate mature biofilms, and reduce virulence. This review summarizes the current status in the literature regarding the composition and role of BEVs in microbial infections. Furthermore, the dual functions of BEVs in eliciting and suppressing biofilm formation and virulence in various microbial pathogens are thoroughly discussed. This review is expected to improve our understanding of the use of BEVs in determining the mechanism of biofilm development in pathogenic bacteria and in developing drugs to inhibit biofilm formation by microbial pathogens. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanostructures formed by membrane blebbing and explosive cell lysis. It is essential for transporting lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and quorum-sensing signaling molecules. BEVs play an important role in the formation of the biofilm's extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by transporting its components, such as extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Furthermore, BEVs shield genetic material from nucleases and thermodegradation by packaging it during horizontal gene transfer, contributing to the transmission of bacterial adaptation determinants like antibiotic resistance. Thus, BEVs play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, virulence enhancement, disease progression, and drug resistance. In contrast, BEVs have been shown to prevent early-stage biofilm, disperse mature biofilm, and reduce virulence characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Zheng K, Feng Y, Li L, Kong F, Gao J, Kong X. Engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles: a versatile bacteria-based weapon against gastrointestinal tumors. Theranostics 2024; 14:761-787. [PMID: 38169585 PMCID: PMC10758051 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures released by gram-negative bacteria. They share membrane composition and properties with their originating cells, making them adept at traversing cellular barriers. These OMVs have demonstrated exceptional membrane stability, immunogenicity, safety, penetration, and tumor-targeting properties, which have been leveraged in developing vaccines and drug delivery systems. Recent research efforts have focused on engineering OMVs to increase production yield, reduce cytotoxicity, and improve the safety and efficacy of treatment. Notably, gastrointestinal (GI) tumors have proven resistant to several traditional oncological treatment strategies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in some patients, their usage as monotherapy remains limited by tumor heterogeneity and individual variability. The immunogenic and modifiable nature of OMVs makes them an ideal design platform for the individualized treatment of GI tumors. OMV-based therapy enables combination therapy and optimization of anti-tumor effects. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in OMV engineering for GI tumor therapy and discusses the challenges in the clinical translation of emerging OMV-based anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpu Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanyang Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Cao X, van Putten JP, Wösten MM. Campylobacter jejuni benefits from the bile salt deoxycholate under low-oxygen condition in a PldA dependent manner. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2262592. [PMID: 37768138 PMCID: PMC10540661 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2262592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacteria need to adapt to endure the antibacterial activities of bile salts in the gut. Phospholipase A (PldA) is a key enzyme in the maintenance of bacterial membrane homeostasis. Bacteria respond to stress by modulating their membrane composition. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of human worldwide. However, the mechanism by which C. jejuni adapts and survives in the gut environment is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of PldA, bile salt sodium deoxycholate (DOC), and oxygen availability in C. jejuni biology, mimicking an in vivo situation. Growth curves were used to determine the adaptation of C. jejuni to bile salts. RNA-seq and functional assays were employed to investigate the PldA-dependent and DOC-induced changes in gene expression that influence bacterial physiology. Survival studies were performed to address oxidative stress defense in C. jejuni. Here, we discovered that PldA of C. jejuni is required for optimal growth in the presence of bile salt DOC. Under high oxygen conditions, DOC is toxic to C. jejuni, but under low oxygen conditions, as is present in the lumen of the gut, C. jejuni benefits from DOC. C. jejuni PldA seems to enable the use of iron needed for optimal growth in the presence of DOC but makes the bacterium more vulnerable to oxidative stress. In conclusion, DOC stimulates C. jejuni growth under low oxygen conditions and alters colony morphology in a PldA-dependent manner. C. jejuni benefits from DOC by upregulating iron metabolism in a PldA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Cao
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P.M. van Putten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M.S.M. Wösten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Bitzenhofer NL, Classen T, Jaeger KE, Loeschcke A. Biotransformation Of l-Tryptophan To Produce Arcyriaflavin A With Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300576. [PMID: 37743253 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural products such as indolocarbazoles are a valuable source of highly bioactive compounds with numerous potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Arcyriaflavin A, isolated from marine invertebrates and slime molds, is one representative of this group and acts as a cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor. To date, access to this compound has mostly relied on multi-step total synthesis. In this study, biosynthetic access to arcyriaflavin A was explored using recombinant Pseudomonas putida KT2440 based on a previously generated producer strain. We used a Design of Experiment approach to analyze four key parameters, which led to the optimization of the bioprocess. By engineering the formation of outer membrane vesicles and using an adsorbent in the culture broth, we succeeded to increase the yield of arcyriaflavin A in the cell-free supernatant, resulting in a nearly eight-fold increase in the overall production titers. Finally, we managed to scale up the bioprocess leading to a final yield of 4.7 mg arcyriaflavin A product isolated from 1 L of bacterial culture. Thus, this study showcases an integrative approach to improve biotransformation and moreover also provides starting points for further optimization of indolocarbazole production in P. putida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lisa Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8, 52426, Jülich, Germany
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7
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Grasekamp KP, Beaud Benyahia B, Taib N, Audrain B, Bardiaux B, Rossez Y, Izadi-Pruneyre N, Lejeune M, Trivelli X, Chouit Z, Guerardel Y, Ghigo JM, Gribaldo S, Beloin C. The Mla system of diderm Firmicute Veillonella parvula reveals an ancestral transenvelope bridge for phospholipid trafficking. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7642. [PMID: 37993432 PMCID: PMC10665443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
E. coli and most other diderm bacteria (those with two membranes) have an inner membrane enriched in glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) containing GPLs in its inner leaflet and primarily lipopolysaccharides in its outer leaflet. In E. coli, this lipid asymmetry is maintained by the Mla system which consists of six proteins: the OM lipoprotein MlaA extracts GPLs from the outer leaflet, and the periplasmic chaperone MlaC transfers them across the periplasm to the inner membrane complex MlaBDEF. However, GPL trafficking still remains poorly understood, and has only been studied in a handful of model species. Here, we investigate GPL trafficking in Veillonella parvula, a diderm Firmicute with an Mla system that lacks MlaA and MlaC, but contains an elongated MlaD. V. parvula mla mutants display phenotypes characteristic of disrupted lipid asymmetry which can be suppressed by mutations in tamB, supporting that these two systems have opposite GPL trafficking functions across diverse bacterial lineages. Structural modelling and subcellular localisation assays suggest that V. parvula MlaD forms a transenvelope bridge, comprising a typical inner membrane-localised MCE domain and, in addition, an outer membrane ß-barrel. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that this elongated MlaD type is widely distributed across diderm bacteria and likely forms part of the ancestral functional core of the Mla system, which would be composed of MlaEFD only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrie P Grasekamp
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Basile Beaud Benyahia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Najwa Taib
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Bianca Audrain
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacterial Transmembrane Systems Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Rossez
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacterial Transmembrane Systems Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Maylis Lejeune
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacterial Transmembrane Systems Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d'Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Zina Chouit
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Laboratory, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France.
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Montanari M, Guescini M, Gundogdu O, Luchetti F, Lanuti P, Ciacci C, Burattini S, Campana R, Ortolani C, Papa S, Canonico B. Extracellular Vesicles from Campylobacter jejuni CDT-Treated Caco-2 Cells Inhibit Proliferation of Tumour Intestinal Caco-2 Cells and Myeloid U937 Cells: Detailing the Global Cell Response for Potential Application in Anti-Tumour Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010487. [PMID: 36613943 PMCID: PMC9820799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by a range of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni. CDT represents an important virulence factor that is a heterotrimeric complex composed of CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. CdtA and CdtC constitute regulatory subunits whilst CdtB acts as the catalytic subunit exhibiting phosphatase and DNase activities, resulting in cell cycle arrest and cell death. Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is an evolutionarily conserved process that is present throughout all kingdoms. Mammalian EVs play important roles in regular cell-to-cell communications but can also spread pathogen- and host-derived molecules during infections to alter immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that CDT targets the endo-lysosomal compartment, partially evading lysosomal degradation and exploiting unconventional secretion (EV release), which is largely involved in bacterial infections. CDT-like effects are transferred by Caco-2 cells to uninfected heterologous U937 and homologous Caco-2 cells. The journey of EVs derived from CDT-treated Caco-2 cells is associated with both intestinal and myeloid tumour cells. EV release represents the primary route of CDT dissemination, revealing an active toxin as part of the cargo. We demonstrated that bacterial toxins could represent suitable tools in cancer therapy, highlighting both the benefits and limitations. The global cell response involves a moderate induction of apoptosis and autophagic features may play a protective role against toxin-induced cell death. EVs from CDT-treated Caco-2 cells represent reliable CDT carriers, potentially suitable in colorectal cancer treatments. Our data present a potential bacterial-related biotherapeutic supporting a multidrug anticancer protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele Montanari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Ciacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Burattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Campana
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Claudio Ortolani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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9
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de Jonge EF, Vogrinec L, van Boxtel R, Tommassen J. Inactivation of the Mla system and outer-membrane phospholipase A results in disrupted outer-membrane lipid asymmetry and hypervesiculation in Bordetella pertussis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins are peptide or protein virulence factors produced by several pathogens, which make single-strand breaks (SSBs) and/or double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in the target host cells. If host DNA inflictions are not resolved on time, host cell apoptosis, cell senescence, and/or even bacterial pathogen-related cancer may occur. Two multi-protein AB toxins, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by over 30 bacterial pathogens and typhoid toxin from Salmonella Typhi, as well as small polyketide-peptides named colibactin that causes the DNA interstrand cross-linking and subsequent DSBs is the most well-characterized bacterial genotoxins. Using these three examples, this review discusses the mechanisms by which these toxins deliver themselves into the nucleus of the target host cells and exert their genotoxic functions at the structural and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoqi Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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11
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Mehanny M, Kroniger T, Koch M, Hoppstädter J, Becher D, Kiemer AK, Lehr C, Fuhrmann G. Yields and Immunomodulatory Effects of Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles Differ with the Bacterial Growth Phase. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101151. [PMID: 34724354 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of death worldwide. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are promising vaccine candidates because of the antigenic components of their parent microorganisms. Pneumococcal MVs exhibit low toxicity towards several cell lines, but their clinical translation requires a high yield and strong immunogenic effects without compromising immune cell viability. MVs are isolated during either the stationary phase (24 h) or death phase (48 h), and their yields, immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in human primary macrophages and dendritic cells have been investigated. Death-phase vesicles showed higher yields than stationary-phase vesicles. Both vesicle types displayed acceptable compatibility with primary immune cells and several cell lines. Both vesicle types showed comparable uptake and enhanced release of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, from human primary immune cells. Proteomic analysis revealed similarities in vesicular immunogenic proteins such as pneumolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A, and IgA1 protease in both vesicle types, but stationary-phase MVs showed significantly lower autolysin levels than death-phase MVs. Although death-phase vesicles produced higher yields, they lacked superiority to stationary-phase vesicles as vaccine candidates owing to their similar antigenic protein cargo and comparable uptake into primary human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mehanny
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Tobias Kroniger
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2.2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Drug Delivery Department Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Pharmaceutical Biology Department Biology Staudtstr. 5 Erlangen 91058 Germany
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12
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Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as delivery carriers for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114085. [PMID: 34933064 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of microorganisms in human health and disease, with evidence showing that new types of biotherapy using engineered bacterial therapeutics, including bacterial derivatives, can address specific mechanisms of disease. The complex interactions between microorganisms and metabolic/immunologic pathways underlie many diseases with unmet medical needs, suggesting that targeting these interactions may improve patient treatment. Using tools from synthetic biology and chemical engineering, non-pathogenic bacteria or bacterial products can be programmed and designed to sense and respond to environmental signals to deliver therapeutic effectors. This review describes current progress in biotherapy using live bacteria and their derivatives to achieve therapeutic benefits against various diseases.
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13
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Sałamaszyńska-Guz A, Rasmussen PK, Murawska M, Douthwaite S. Campylobacter jejuni Virulence Factors Identified by Modulating Their Synthesis on Ribosomes With Altered rRNA Methylation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:803730. [PMID: 35096652 PMCID: PMC8794745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.803730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and remains the main infective agent in gastroenteritis and related intestinal disorders in Europe and the USA. As with all bacterial infections, the stages of adhesion to host tissue, survival in the host and eliciting disease all require the synthesis of proteinaceous virulence factors on the ribosomes of the pathogen. Here, we describe how C. jejuni virulence is attenuated by altering the methylation of its ribosomes to disrupt the composition of its proteome, and how this in turn provides a means of identifying factors that are essential for infection and pathogenesis. Specifically, inactivation of the C. jejuni Cj0588/TlyA methyltransferase prevents methylation of nucleotide C1920 in the 23S rRNA of its ribosomes and reduces the pathogen’s ability to form biofilms, to attach, invade and survive in host cells, and to provoke the innate immune response. Mass spectrometric analyses of C. jejuni TlyA-minus strains revealed an array of subtle changes in the proteome composition. These included reduced amounts of the cytolethal distending toxin (CdtC) and the MlaEFD proteins connected with outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production. Inactivation of the cdtC and mlaEFD genes confirmed the importance of their encoded proteins in establishing infection. Collectively, the data identify a subset of genes required for the onset of human campylobacteriosis, and serve as a proof of principle for use of this approach in detecting proteins involved in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz, ; Stephen Douthwaite,
| | | | - Małgorzata Murawska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephen Douthwaite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz, ; Stephen Douthwaite,
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14
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Wang N, Zhou F, Chen C, Luo H, Guo J, Wang W, Yang J, Li L. Role of Outer Membrane Vesicles From Helicobacter pylori in Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673993. [PMID: 34790655 PMCID: PMC8591407 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Studies have shown the association between helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and coronary artery disease. It is interesting to find H. pylori DNA and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein in atherosclerotic plaque. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), secreted by H. pylori, exert effects in the distant organ or tissue. However, whether or not OMVs from H. pylori are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Our present study found that treatment with OMVs from CagA-positive H. pylori accelerated atherosclerosis plaque formation in ApoE–/– mice. H. pylori-derived OMVs inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which was also reflected in in vivo studies. These effects were normalized to some degree after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-depleted CagA-positive OMVs or CagA-negative OMVs. Treatment with H. pylori-derived OMVs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhanced the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in HUVECs, which were reversed to some degree in the presence of a superoxide dismutase mimetic TEMPOL and a NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. Expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), two inflammatory factors, were augmented after treatment with OMVs from H. pylori. These suggest that H. pylori-derived OMVs accelerate atherosclerosis plaque formation via endothelium injury. CagA and LPS from H. pylori-OMVs, at least in part, participate in these processes, which may be involved with the activation of ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. These may provide a novel strategy to reduce the incidence and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Faying Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingwen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
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15
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Cain JA, Dale AL, Cordwell SJ. Exploiting pglB Oligosaccharyltransferase-Positive and -Negative Campylobacter jejuni and a Multiprotease Digestion Strategy to Identify Novel Sites Modified by N-Linked Protein Glycosylation. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4995-5009. [PMID: 34677046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen encoding a unique N-linked glycosylation (pgl) system that mediates attachment of a heptasaccharide to N-sequon-containing membrane proteins by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). Many targets of PglB are known, yet only a fraction of sequons are experimentally confirmed, and site occupancy remains elusive. We exploited pglB-positive (wild-type; WT) and -negative (ΔpglB) proteomes to identify potential glycosites. The nonglycosylated forms of known glycopeptides were typically increased in protein normalized abundance in ΔpglB relative to WT and restored by pglB reintroduction (ΔpglB::pglB). Sequon-containing peptide abundances were thus consistent with significant site occupancy in the presence of the OST. Peptides with novel sequons were either unaltered (likely not glycosylated) or showed abundance consistent with known glycopeptides. Topology analysis revealed that unaltered sequons often displayed cytoplasmic localization, despite originating from membrane proteins. Novel glycosites were confirmed using parallel multiprotease digestion, LC-MS/MS, and FAIMS-MS to define the glycoproteomes of WT and ΔpglB::pglB C. jejuni. We identified 142 glycosites, of which 32 were novel, and 83% of sites predicted by proteomics were validated. There are now 166 experimentally verified C. jejuni glycosites and evidence for occupancy or nonoccupancy of 31 additional sites. This study serves as a model for the use of OST-negative cells and proteomics for highlighting novel glycosites and determining occupancy in a range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Cain
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ashleigh L Dale
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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16
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Qiao L, Rao Y, Zhu K, Rao X, Zhou R. Engineered Remolding and Application of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729369. [PMID: 34690971 PMCID: PMC8532528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during growth in vitro and in vivo. MVs are nanoscale vesicular structures with diameters ranging from 20 to 400 nm. MVs incorporate bacterial lipids, proteins, and often nucleic acids, and can effectively stimulate host immune response against bacterial infections. As vaccine candidates and drug delivery systems, MVs possess high biosafety owing to the lack of self-replication ability. However, wild-type bacterial strains have poor MV yield, and MVs from the wild-type strains may be harmful due to the carriage of toxic components, such as lipopolysaccharides, hemolysins, enzymes, etc. In this review, we summarize the genetic modification of vesicle-producing bacteria to reduce MV toxicity, enhance vesicle immunogenicity, and increase vesicle production. The engineered MVs exhibit broad applications in vaccine designs, vaccine delivery vesicles, and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keting Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Maphosa S, Moleleki LN. Isolation and Characterization of Outer Membrane Vesicles of Pectobacterium brasiliense 1692. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1918. [PMID: 34576813 PMCID: PMC8469291 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pbr) 1692 is an aggressive phytopathogen affecting a broad host range of crops and ornamental plants, including potatoes. Previous research on animal pathogens, and a few plant pathogens, revealed that Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are part of Gram-negative bacteria's (GNB) adaptive toolkit. For this reason, OMV production and subsequent release from bacteria is a conserved process. Therefore, we hypothesized that OMVs might transport proteins that play a critical role in causing soft rot disease and in the survival and fitness of Pbr1692. Here, we show that the potato pathogen, Pbr1692, releases OMVs of various morphologies in Luria Bertani media at 31 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the production of OMVs by Pbr1692 cells. Transmission Electron Microscopy showed that these exist as chain-, single-, and double-membrane morphologies. Mass spectrometry followed by Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Virulence Factor, CAZymes, Antibiotic Resistance Ontology, and Bastion6 T6SE annotations identified 129 OMV-associated proteins with diverse annotated roles, including antibiotic stress response, virulence, and competition. Pbr1692 OMVs contributed to virulence in potato tubers and elicited a hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, Pbr1692 OMVs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Dickeya dadantii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silindile Maphosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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18
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Integrated mass spectrometry-based multi-omics for elucidating mechanisms of bacterial virulence. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1905-1926. [PMID: 34374408 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being considered the simplest form of life, bacteria remain enigmatic, particularly in light of pathogenesis and evolving antimicrobial resistance. After three decades of genomics, we remain some way from understanding these organisms, and a substantial proportion of genes remain functionally unknown. Methodological advances, principally mass spectrometry (MS), are paving the way for parallel analysis of the proteome, metabolome and lipidome. Each provides a global, complementary assay, in addition to genomics, and the ability to better comprehend how pathogens respond to changes in their internal (e.g. mutation) and external environments consistent with infection-like conditions. Such responses include accessing necessary nutrients for survival in a hostile environment where co-colonizing bacteria and normal flora are acclimated to the prevailing conditions. Multi-omics can be harnessed across temporal and spatial (sub-cellular) dimensions to understand adaptation at the molecular level. Gene deletion libraries, in conjunction with large-scale approaches and evolving bioinformatics integration, will greatly facilitate next-generation vaccines and antimicrobial interventions by highlighting novel targets and pathogen-specific pathways. MS is also central in phenotypic characterization of surface biomolecules such as lipid A, as well as aiding in the determination of protein interactions and complexes. There is increasing evidence that bacteria are capable of widespread post-translational modification, including phosphorylation, glycosylation and acetylation; with each contributing to virulence. This review focuses on the bacterial genotype to phenotype transition and surveys the recent literature showing how the genome can be validated at the proteome, metabolome and lipidome levels to provide an integrated view of organism response to host conditions.
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19
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Sartorio MG, Pardue EJ, Feldman MF, Haurat MF. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: From Discovery to Applications. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:609-630. [PMID: 34351789 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-052821-031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of cellular components across the plasma membrane is an essential process that enables organisms to interact with their environments. Production of extracellular vesicles in bacteria is a well-documented but poorly understood process. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced in gram-negative bacteria by blebbing of the outer membrane. In addition to their roles in pathogenesis, cell-to-cell communication, and stress responses, OMVs play important roles in immunomodulation and the establishment and balance of the gut microbiota. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles of OMVs and the current knowledge of OMV biogenesis. We also discuss the growing and promising biotechnological applications of OMV. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Sartorio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Evan J Pardue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - M Florencia Haurat
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA;
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20
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Avila-Calderón ED, Ruiz-Palma MDS, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Ruiz EA, Gomez-Lunar Z, Witonsky S, Contreras-Rodríguez A. Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:557902. [PMID: 33746909 PMCID: PMC7969528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria were first described more than 50 years ago. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in biogenesis began to be studied only in the last few decades. Presently, the biogenesis and molecular mechanisms for their release are not completely known. This review covers the most recent information on cellular components involved in OMV biogenesis, such as lipoproteins and outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, quorum-sensing molecules, and flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - María Del Socorro Ruiz-Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.,División Químico Biológicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Tecámac, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Norma Velázquez-Guadarrama
- Unidad de Investigación en enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enrico A Ruiz
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Zulema Gomez-Lunar
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Sharon Witonsky
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
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21
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Elmi A, Nasher F, Dorrell N, Wren B, Gundogdu O. Revisiting Campylobacter jejuni Virulence and Fitness Factors: Role in Sensing, Adapting, and Competing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607704. [PMID: 33614526 PMCID: PMC7887314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis world wide and represents a major public health concern. Over the past two decades, significant progress in functional genomics, proteomics, enzymatic-based virulence profiling (EBVP), and the cellular biology of C. jejuni have improved our basic understanding of this important pathogen. We review key advances in our understanding of the multitude of emerging virulence factors that influence the outcome of C. jejuni–mediated infections. We highlight, the spatial and temporal dynamics of factors that promote C. jejuni to sense, adapt and survive in multiple hosts. Finally, we propose cohesive research directions to obtain a comprehensive understanding of C. jejuni virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fauzy Nasher
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Gundogdu O, Wren BW. Microbe Profile: Campylobacter jejuni - survival instincts. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 166:230-232. [PMID: 32228803 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is considered to be the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. C. jejuni can cause bloody diarrhoea, fever and abdominal pain in humans along with post-infectious sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (a paralytic autoimmune complication). C. jejuni infections can be fatal, particularly among young children. C. jejuni are distributed in most warm-blooded animals, and therefore the main route of transmission is generally foodborne, via the consumption and handling of meat products (particularly poultry). C. jejuni is microaerophilic and oxygen-sensitive, although it appears to be omnipresent in the environment, one of the many contradictions of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Gundogdu
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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23
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Mozaheb N, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Membrane Vesicle Production as a Bacterial Defense Against Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:600221. [PMID: 33362747 PMCID: PMC7755613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.600221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles are the nano-sized vesicles originating from membranes. The production of membrane vesicles is a common feature among bacteria. Depending on the bacterial growth phase and environmental conditions, membrane vesicles show diverse characteristics. Various physiological and ecological roles have been attributed to membrane vesicles under both homeostatic and stressful conditions. Pathogens encounter several stressors during colonization in the hostile environment of host tissues. Nutrient deficiency, the presence of antibiotics as well as elements of the host’s immune system are examples of stressors threatening pathogens inside their host. To combat stressors and survive, pathogens have established various defensive mechanisms, one of them is production of membrane vesicles. Pathogens produce membrane vesicles to alleviate the destructive effects of antibiotics or other types of antibacterial treatments. Additionally, membrane vesicles can also provide benefits for the wider bacterial community during infections, through the transfer of resistance or virulence factors. Hence, given that membrane vesicle production may affect the activities of antibacterial agents, their production should be considered when administering antibacterial treatments. Besides, regarding that membrane vesicles play vital roles in bacteria, disrupting their production may suggest an alternative strategy for battling against pathogens. Here, we aim to review the stressors encountered by pathogens and shed light on the roles of membrane vesicles in increasing pathogen adaptabilities in the presence of stress-inducing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mozaheb
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Begić M, Josić D. Biofilm formation and extracellular microvesicles-The way of foodborne pathogens toward resistance. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1718-1739. [PMID: 32901923 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost all known foodborne pathogens are able to form biofilms as one of the strategies for survival under harsh living conditions, to ward off the inhibition and the disinfection during food production, transport and storage, as well as during cleaning and sanitation of corresponding facilities. Biofilms are communities where microbial cells live under constant intracellular interaction and communication. Members of the biofilm community are embedded into extracellular matrix that contains polysaccharides, DNA, lipids, proteins, and small molecules that protect microorganisms and enable their intercellular communication under stress conditions. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. These lipid membrane-enveloped nanoparticles play an important role in biofilm genesis and in communication between different biofilm members. Furthermore, MVs are involved in other important steps of bacterial life like cell wall modeling, cellular division, and intercellular communication. They also carry toxins and virulence factors, as well as nucleic acids and different metabolites, and play a key role in host infections. After entering host cells, MVs can start many pathologic processes and cause serious harm and cell death. Prevention and inhibition of both biofilm formation and shedding of MVs by foodborne pathogens has a very important role in food production, storage, and food safety in general. Better knowledge of biofilm formation and maintaining, as well as the role of microbial vesicles in this process and in the process of host cells' infection is essential for food safety and prevention of both food spoilage and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Begić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University, Pula, Croatia
| | - Djuro Josić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University, Pula, Croatia.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Outer Membrane Lipid Secretion and the Innate Immune Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00920-19. [PMID: 32253250 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00920-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The asymmetric character and unique biochemistry of LPS molecules contribute to the OM's ability to function as a molecular permeability barrier that protects the bacterium against hazards in the environment. Assembly and regulation of the OM have been extensively studied for understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and bacterial defense against host immunity; however, there is little knowledge on how Gram-negative bacteria release their OMs into their environment to manipulate their hosts. Discoveries in bacterial lipid trafficking, OM lipid homeostasis, and host recognition of microbial patterns have shed new light on how microbes secrete OM vesicles (OMVs) to influence inflammation, cell death, and disease pathogenesis. Pathogens release OMVs that contain phospholipids, like cardiolipins, and components of LPS molecules, like lipid A endotoxins. These multiacylated lipid amphiphiles are molecular patterns that are differentially detected by host receptors like the Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex (TLR4/MD-2), mouse caspase-11, and human caspases 4 and 5. We discuss how lipid ligands on OMVs engage these pattern recognition receptors on the membranes and in the cytosol of mammalian cells. We then detail how bacteria regulate OM lipid asymmetry, negative membrane curvature, and the phospholipid-to-LPS ratio to control OMV formation. The goal is to highlight intersections between OM lipid regulation and host immunity and to provide working models for how bacterial lipids influence vesicle formation.
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Batista JH, Leal FC, Fukuda TTH, Alcoforado Diniz J, Almeida F, Pupo MT, da Silva Neto JF. Interplay between two quorum sensing-regulated pathways, violacein biosynthesis and VacJ/Yrb, dictates outer membrane vesicle biogenesis in Chromobacterium violaceum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2432-2442. [PMID: 32329144 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid nanoparticles released by Gram-negative bacteria, which play multiple roles in bacterial physiology and adaptation to diverse environments. In this work, we demonstrate that OMVs released by the environmental pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum deliver the antimicrobial compound violacein to competitor bacteria, mediating its toxicity in vivo at a long distance. OMVs purified by ultracentrifugation from the wild-type strain, but not from a violacein-abrogated mutant ΔvioABCDE, contained violacein and inhibited several Gram-positive bacteria. Competition tests using co-culture and transwell assays indicated that the C. violaceum wild-type strain killed Staphylococcus aureus better than the ΔvioABCDE mutant strain. We found that C. violaceum achieves growth phase-dependent OMV release by the concerted expression of two quorum sensing (QS)-regulated pathways, namely violacein biosynthesis and VacJ/Yrb system. Although both pathways were activated at high cell density in a QS-dependent manner, the effect on vesiculation was the opposite. While the ΔvioABCDE mutant produced twofold fewer vesicles than the wild-type strain, indicating that violacein induces OMV biogenesis for its own delivery, the ΔvacJ and ΔyrbE mutants were hypervesiculating strains. Our findings uncovered QS-regulated pathways involved in OMV biogenesis used by C. violaceum to package violacein into OMVs for interbacterial competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana H Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Leal
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taise T H Fukuda
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alcoforado Diniz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica T Pupo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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