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Ma L, Liu Q, Wang M, Liu L, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Liu J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pathology and cell tropism in tongue tissues of COVID-19 autopsies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1394721. [PMID: 38975331 PMCID: PMC11224463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1394721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) has affected millions of people worldwide. Except for acute respiratory distress syndrome, dysgeusis is also a common symptom of COVID-19 that burdens patients for weeks or permanently. However, the mechanisms underlying taste dysfunctions remain unclear. Here, we performed complete autopsies of five patients who died of COVID-19. Integrated tongue samples, including numerous taste buds, salivary glands, vessels, and nerves were collected to map the pathology, distribution, cell tropism, and receptor distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the tongue. Our results revealed that all patients had moderate lymphocyte infiltration around the salivary glands and in the lamina propria adjacent to the mucosa, and pyknosis in the epithelia of taste buds and salivary glands. This may be because the serous acini, salivary gland ducts, and taste buds are the primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Multicolor immunofluorescence showed that SARS-CoV-2 readily infects Keratin (KRT)7+ taste receptor cells in taste buds, secretory cells in serous acini, and inner epithelial cells in the ducts. The major receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), were both abundantly expressed in these cells. Viral antigens and receptor were both rarely detected in vessels and nerves. This indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pathological injury in the tongue, and that dysgeusis may be directly related to viral infection and cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longda Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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2
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Wei J, Lu C, Ding Y, Lu Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Tang G. Gustatory dysfunction and long COVID in Chinese patients with COVID-19: A 6-month follow-up study. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38654678 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate long COVID of gustatory dysfunction and the associated risk factors regarding onset and recovery in Chinese patients. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection at Changxing Mobile Cabin Hospital in Shanghai, China, from March to May 2022. A prospective follow-up of patients with gustatory dysfunction was conducted at 6 months after discharge. RESULTS In total, 18.48% (241/1304) reported gustatory dysfunction. The 6-month follow-up response rate was 89.63% (216/241) and 74.02% recovered their taste sense within 1-3 weeks. A total of 20.37% of patients (44/216) presented with long COVID. Symptoms persisted for 12 patients (5.56%) after 6 months. Having multiple taste impairments (OR, 2.364; 95% CI, 1.286-4.348; p = 0.006) was associated with a higher risk of gustatory dysfunction with long COVID. Having received a COVID-19 vaccine booster was positively associated with taste sensation recovery (HR, 1.344; 95% CI, 1.012-1.785; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS About 20.37% of patients with COVID-19 might develop long COVID of gustatory dysfunction and 5.56% with persisting changes in their sense of taste. Most patients recovered taste sensations within 1-3 weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset and receiving a booster shot of the COVID-19 vaccine presented a protective effect on the taste sensation recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghui Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjian Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyao Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Limongelli L, Favia G, Maiorano E, D'Amati A, Pispero A, Ingravallo G, Barile G, Tempesta A, Dell'Olio F, Siciliani RA, Capodiferro S. Oral lesions with immunohistochemical evidence of Sars-CoV-2 in swab-negative post-COVID syndrome. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1264-1272. [PMID: 36775262 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence exists about post-COVID condition/syndrome as sequelae of Sars-CoV-2 infection in healed patients, possibly involving the lungs, brain, kidney, cardiovascular and neuromuscular system, as well the persistency of taste dysfunction. Such symptoms develop during or after infection and continue for more than 12 weeks with pathogenesis related to virus persistency but variable by organs or systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recently observed six patients recovered from COVID-19 and with negative RT-PCR testing, showing oral mucosa lesions (mainly ulcers) overlapping those occurring in the acute phase, persisting up to 20 days and thus needing a biopsy with histological investigation and spike protein evaluation by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found epithelial ulceration, inflammatory infiltrate, vessels with increased diameter and flattened endothelium but no thrombi formation; also, we found a weak epithelial SARS-CoV-2 positivity limited to the basal/spinosum layers, progressively decreasing toward the periphery, and the intraepithelial lymphomonocytes, endothelium, and perivascular pericytes too. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can persist, as for other organs/systems, also in the oral epithelium/mucosa after the acute phase and can be responsible for lesions, although by a pathogenetic mechanism that should be better defined but certainly referable as the oral mucosa counterpart of post-COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Limongelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Operating Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Amati
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Operating Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Pispero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Operating Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Tempesta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Dell'Olio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arianna Siciliani
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Capodiferro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
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4
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Assiri AM, Alamaa T, Elenezi F, Alsagheir A, Alzubaidi L, TIeyjeh I, Alhomod AS, Gaffas EM, Amer SA. Unveiling the Clinical Spectrum of Post-COVID-19 Conditions: Assessment and Recommended Strategies. Cureus 2024; 16:e52827. [PMID: 38406111 PMCID: PMC10884364 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 caused the pandemic of the rapidly evolving COVID-19. As of December 6, 2023, there were 765,152,854 COVID-19-recovering cases. Long-term consequences known as "long COVID" and "post-COVID-19 conditions" (PCCs) or "post-acute COVID-19 syndrome" are being reported more frequently in a subset of recovering patients. Systemic, neuropsychiatric, cardio-respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms are the most prevalent. The management of PCCs poses unique challenges due to the lack of official guidelines and the complex nature of the illness. This abstract highlights key principles derived from recent reviews and expert recommendations to provide healthcare professionals with a comprehensive approach to manage post-COVID-19 patients. Preventive medicine plays a crucial role in managing PCCs. While no specific medications are available for treatment, preventive measures such as COVID-19 vaccination, adherence to precautionary measures, regular consultations with medical professionals, monitoring symptoms and progress, and seeking information on symptom management are essential to assist patients in their recovery and improve their quality of life. Medical management requires transparent goal-setting and collaborative decision-making based on the patient's symptoms, comorbidities, and treatment objectives. Treatment plans for post-COVID-19 patients should focus on patient education, using registries and calendars to track symptoms and triggers, providing support and reassurance, and offering holistic support through peer networks and supportive psychotherapy techniques. Symptomatic and rehabilitative care, including well-established symptom management techniques, physical rehabilitation programs, and addressing mental health and well-being, are vital components of post-COVID-19 management. Lifestyle factors such as stress reduction, nutrition, and sleep should be incorporated into managing underlying medical conditions in post-COVID-19 patients. Regular follow-up visits and referrals to specialists are recommended to monitor the patient's progress and address specific organ system involvement or additional care needs. In summary, for the effective management of PCCs, a holistic approach should include preventive measures, patient education, supportive psychotherapy, symptomatic and rehabilitative care, medical management, counseling on lifestyle elements, and appropriate follow-up plans. However, it is crucial to stay updated with evolving guidelines and recommendations from healthcare authorities to provide the most effective and evidence-based care to post-COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tareef Alamaa
- Therapeutic Services, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Faisal Elenezi
- Assistant Agency for Hospital Affairs, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Aeshah Alsagheir
- Health Quality Index Measuring, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Lamya Alzubaidi
- Assistant Agency for Hospital Affairs, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Imad TIeyjeh
- Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Eisha M Gaffas
- Mental Health and Social Services, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Samar A Amer
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGY
- General Administration of Health Programs and Non-communicable Diseases, Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAU
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5
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Jaramillo M, Thyvalikakath TP, Eckert G, Srinivasan M. Characteristics of Chemosensory Perception in Long COVID and COVID Reinfection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103598. [PMID: 37240704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest an increasing prevalence of persistent symptoms in individuals affected by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to determine the relative frequency of altered taste and smell in COVID reinfection (multiple COVID positive tests) and long COVID (one COVID positive test). We sent an electronic survey to patients in the Indiana University Health COVID registry with positive COVID test results, querying if they were experiencing symptoms consistent with long COVID including altered chemosensory perceptions. Among the 225 respondents, a greater long COVID burden and COVID reinfection was observed in women. Joint pain was reported as the most common symptom experienced by 18% of individuals in the long COVID cohort. In the COVID reinfection cohort >20% of individuals reported headache, joint pain, and cough. Taste perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 29% and 42% of individuals in the long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Smell perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 37% and 46% of individuals in long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Further, Chi-square test suggested significant association between pre-COVID severity of taste/smell perception and headache in both cohorts. Our findings highlight the prevalence of persistent chemosensory dysfunction for two years and longer in long COVID and COVID reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikki Jaramillo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thankam P Thyvalikakath
- Department of Dental Public Health and Dental Informatics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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6
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Riad A, Schulz-Weidner N, Dziedzic A, Howaldt HP, Attia S. Oral side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in 32 European countries: Analysis of EudraVigilance reports. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28771. [PMID: 37212314 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent reports of oral side effects (SEs) following COVID-19 vaccination warrant further investigation into their prevalence, severity, and aetiology. This study was conducted to synthesize the first-ever population-level evidence about oral SEs of COVID-19 vaccines in Europe. The European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Pharmacovigilance (EudraVigilance) database was accessed in August 2022 to extract summary data of all potential oral SEs reported after COVID-19 vaccination. The data were reported descriptively and cross-tabulated to facilitate sub-group analysis per vaccine type, sex, and age group. Dysgeusia was the most commonly reported oral SE (0.381 case per each 100 received reports), followed by oral paraesthesia (0.315%), ageusia (0.296%), lip swelling (0.243%), dry mouth (0.215%), oral hypoaesthesia (0.210%), swollen tongue (0.207%), and taste disorder (0.173%). Females had significantly (Sig. < 0.001) a higher prevalence of all most common (top 20) oral SEs, except for salivary hypersecretion, which was equally prevalent among females and males. The present study revealed a low prevalence of oral SEs, with taste-related, other sensory and anaphylactic SEs being the most common SEs in Europe, similar to what was found earlier among the US population. Future studies should explore the potential risk factors of oral sensory and anaphylactic SEs to verify whether they are causally linked to COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub Riad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Arkadiusz Dziedzic
- Department of Restorative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Howaldt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sameh Attia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Guo W, Feng K, Yuan Y, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of Genes Associated with the Impairment of Olfactory and Gustatory Functions in COVID-19 via Machine-Learning Methods. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:798. [PMID: 36983953 PMCID: PMC10051382 DOI: 10.3390/life13030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a severe respiratory disease, affects many parts of the body, and approximately 20-85% of patients exhibit functional impairment of the senses of smell and taste, some of whom even experience the permanent loss of these senses. These symptoms are not life-threatening but severely affect patients' quality of life and increase the risk of depression and anxiety. The pathological mechanisms of these symptoms have not been fully identified. In the current study, we aimed to identify the important biomarkers at the expression level associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-mediated loss of taste or olfactory ability, and we have suggested the potential pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 complications. We designed a machine-learning-based approach to analyze the transcriptome of 577 COVID-19 patient samples, including 84 COVID-19 samples with a decreased ability to taste or smell and 493 COVID-19 samples without impairment. Each sample was represented by 58,929 gene expression levels. The features were analyzed and sorted by three feature selection methods (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, light gradient boosting machine, and Monte Carlo feature selection). The optimal feature sets were obtained through incremental feature selection using two classification algorithms: decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF). The top genes identified by these multiple methods (H3-5, NUDT5, and AOC1) are involved in olfactory and gustatory impairments. Meanwhile, a high-performance RF classifier was developed in this study, and three sets of quantitative rules that describe the impairment of olfactory and gustatory functions were obtained based on the optimal DT classifiers. In summary, this study provides a new computation analysis and suggests the latent biomarkers (genes and rules) for predicting olfactory and gustatory impairment caused by COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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8
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Donadoni M, Kaminski R, Liao S, Al Janabi S, Margolskee RF, Ozdener MH, Sariyer IK. Coronavirus infection in chemosensory cells. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:35-44. [PMID: 36719595 PMCID: PMC9888344 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus (HCoV)-related diseases are mostly related to the respiratory system, although secondary complications such as headache, anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia have been reported. HCoV infection and replication in chemosensory cells associated with ageusia and anosmia is poorly understood. Here, we characterized HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in two types of chemosensory cells, olfactory and taste cells, with their unique molecular and histological characteristics. We first assessed HCoV-OC43 infection in in vitro cultured human olfactory epithelial cells (hOECs) and fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Interestingly, while both cell types were susceptible to HCoV-OC43 infection, viral replication rates were significantly reduced in HBO cells compared to hOECs. More interestingly, while culture media from hOECs was able to produce secondary infection in Vero cells, there was very limited secondary infection from HBO cells, suggesting that HBO cells may not be able to release infectious virus. On the other hand, unlike HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels of viral infection rates in both hOECs and HBO cells. Furthermore, our RT-qPCR-based gene array studies revealed that several key genes involved in taste and olfactory functions were significantly altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results may suggest a possible mechanism associated with chemosensory symptoms, such as anosmia and ageusia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Center for Neurovirology & Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Center for Neurovirology & Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shuren Liao
- Center for Neurovirology & Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Center for Neurovirology & Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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9
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Ferrulli A, Senesi P, Terruzzi I, Luzi L. Eating Habits and Body Weight Changes Induced by Variation in Smell and Taste in Patients with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235068. [PMID: 36501098 PMCID: PMC9738767 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are recognized as common symptoms in patients with COVID-19, with a prevalence ranging, respectively, between 41-61% and 38.2-49%. This review focused on relating the variations in dietary habits with the reduction/loss of smell and/or taste in patients who contracted the COVID-19 infection. Primarily, we reviewed the main pathological mechanisms involved in COVID 19-induced anosmia/dysosmia and ageusia/dysgeusia. Then, we explored and summarized the behavioural changes in food intake and body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to sensory impairment and the underlying mechanisms. Most studies on this topic argue that the altered chemosensory perception (taste and smell) mainly induces reduced appetite, leading to a faster fullness sensation during the consumption of a meal and, therefore, to a decrease in body weight. On the other hand, a reduced perception of the food's sensory properties may trigger compensatory responses that lead some individuals to increase food intake with a different effect on body weight. Regarding body weight, most studies evaluated malnutrition in patients hospitalized for COVID-19; more studies are warranted to investigate nutritional status specifically in non-hospitalized patients with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions caused by COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-02-8599-4572
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Xu W, Sunavala‐Dossabhoy G, Spielman AI. Chemosensory loss in
COVID
‐19. Oral Dis 2022; 28 Suppl 2:2337-2346. [PMID: 35790059 PMCID: PMC9349612 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 virus quickly spread globally, infecting over half a billion individuals, and killing over 6 million*. One of the more unusual symptoms was patients' complaints of sudden loss of smell and/or taste, a symptom that has become more apparent as the virus mutated into different variants. Anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, respectively, seem to be transient for some individuals, but for others persists even after recovery from the infection. Causes for COVID‐19‐associated chemosensory loss have undergone several hypotheses. These include non‐functional or destroyed olfactory neurons and gustatory receptors or of their supporting cells, disruption of the signaling protein Neuropilin‐1, and disruption in the interaction with semaphorins, key molecules in the gustatory and olfactory axon guidance. The current paper will review these hypotheses and chart out potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology New York University College of Dentistry New York NY
| | - Gulshan Sunavala‐Dossabhoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Shreveport and Feist Weiller Cancer Center Shreveport LA
| | - Andrew I. Spielman
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology New York University College of Dentistry New York NY
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11
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Narayanan SN, Shivappa P, Padiyath S, Bhaskar A, Li YW, Merghani TH. The Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Chemical Sense Disorder Caused by the Novel Coronavirus. Front Public Health 2022; 10:839182. [PMID: 35734755 PMCID: PMC9207763 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.839182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are a ceaseless challenge and remain a global public health concern. The world has not yet come back to normal from the devastating effects of the highly contagious and pathogenic novel coronavirus, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Olfactory and taste dysfunction is common in patients infected by the novel coronavirus. In light of the emergence of different coronavirus variants, it is important to update the prevalence and pathophysiology of these side effects. In this review, articles published on the prevalence of olfactory and taste dysfunction from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and their possible pathophysiologic mechanisms have been reviewed and reported. The modulatory role of different SARS-CoV-2 variants on the chemical senses is then described. The clinical relevance of chemical sense disorder and its long-term morbidity and management is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-2352
| | - Pooja Shivappa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sreeshma Padiyath
- Independent Microbiology Researcher, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anand Bhaskar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yan Wa Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tarig Hakim Merghani
- Department of Physiology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Yamamoto T, Koyama Y, Imai Y, Sawada E, Kishimoto N, Seo K. SARS-CoV-2 recombinant proteins-induced degeneration of taste buds in rat circumvallate papillae. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1450-1453. [PMID: 35371412 PMCID: PMC8958135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections cause loss or alteration of taste and smell as early symptoms and sequelae, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether coronavirus disease 2019-induced taste disorders are caused by direct effects on taste bud cells. SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike and nucleocapsid proteins were applied to circumvallate papillae of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to compare the number of taste buds, and taste bud cells and area, together with confirmation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ACE2 expression in the taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae. Decreases in the number of taste buds, taste bud cells, and their area were observed at 12 days after application of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 proteins induce degeneration of taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamamoto
- Corresponding author. Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan. Fax: +81 25 227 0812.
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13
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Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Hopkins C, D’Alessandro A, Menini A, Dibattista M, Tirelli G. Comprehensive Chemosensory Psychophysical Evaluation of Self-reported Gustatory Dysfunction in Patients With Long-term COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:281-282. [PMID: 34989788 PMCID: PMC8739827 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
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14
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Carrouel F, Gadea E, Esparcieux A, Dimet J, Langlois ME, Perrier H, Dussart C, Bourgeois D. Saliva Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Real-Time PCR From Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19 Adults. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:786042. [PMID: 35046915 PMCID: PMC8761670 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.786042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast spread of COVID-19 is related to the highly infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2. The disease is suggested to be transmitted through saliva droplets and nasal discharge. The saliva quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in real-time PCR from asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 adults has not been fully documented. This study analyzed the relationship between salivary viral load on demographics and clinical characteristics including symptoms, co-morbidities in 160 adults diagnosed as COVID-19 positive patients recruited between September and December 2020 in four French centers. Median initial viral load was 4.12 log10 copies/mL (IQR 2.95–5.16; range 0–10.19 log10 copies/mL). 68.6% of adults had no viral load detected. A median load reduction of 23% was observed between 0–2 days and 3–5 days, and of 11% between 3–5 days and 6–9 days for the delay from onset of symptoms to saliva sampling. No significant median difference between no-symptoms vs. symptoms patients was observed. Charge was consistently similar for the majority of the clinical symptoms excepted for headache with a median load value of 3.78 log10 copies/mL [1.95–4.58] (P < 0.003). SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load was associated with headache and gastro-intestinal symptoms. The study found no statistically significant difference in viral loads between age groups, sex, or presence de co-morbidity. Our data suggest that oral cavity is an important site for SARS-CoV-2 infection and implicate saliva as a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Carrouel
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Gadea
- Equipe SNA-EPIS, EA4607, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.,Clinical Research Unit, Emile Roux Hospital Center, Le Puy-en-Velay, France
| | - Aurélie Esparcieux
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Protestant Infirmary, Caluire-et-Cuire, France
| | - Jérome Dimet
- Clinical Research Center, Intercommunal Hospital Center of Mont de Marsan et du Pays des Sources, Mont de Marsan, France
| | - Marie Elodie Langlois
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saint Joseph Saint Luc Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Perrier
- Clinical Research Unit, Protestant Infirmary, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Dussart
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Health, Systemic, Process, UR4129 Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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15
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The Vitamin D, IL-6 and the eGFR Markers a Possible Way to Elucidate the Lung-Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk in COVID-19 Disease: A Foregone Conclusion. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091903. [PMID: 34576798 PMCID: PMC8464828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on recent findings, we speculated the existence of the lung, heart, and kidney axis as the main pathway for the COVID-19 disease progression. Methods: This paper reports on an observational study conducted by a team of researchers and doctors of the 118-Pre-Hospital and Emergency Department of SG Moscati of Taranto City in Italy. The study was conducted on a totality of 185 participants that were divided into three groups. The study group included COVID-19 affected patients (PP n = 80), the first control group included patients with different pathologies (non-COVID-19 NNp n = 62) of the SG Moscati Hospital, and the second control group included healthy individuals (NNh n = 43). The core of the current trial was focused on assessing the level of the vitamin D (serum 25(OH) D concentration), IL-6, and the renal glomerular filtrate (eGFR) in COVID-19 disease and non-COVID-19 patients in both groups. Results: It was observed that the majority of COVID-19-infected patients showed a progressive multi-organ involvement, especially in regard to the lung, kidney, and heart. The majority of the COVID-19 patients exhibited preexisting comorbidities which include cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal disorders accompanied by a severely low level of vitamin D, extremely high level of IL-6, and low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The significant overall damages exerted by the immune-mediated responses under the hyper-expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interleukins, such as IL-6, may be facilitated by either a decreased level of vitamin D or the ageing process. The reduced presence of vitamin D was often found together with a reduced functionality of renal activity, as revealed by the low eGFR, and both were seen to be concomitant with an increased mortality risk in patients with lung disorders and heart failure (HF), whether it is showed at baseline or it develops during manifestation of COVID-19. Therefore, the documentation of the modifiable risk factors related to SARS-CoV-2 and lung impairment in older patients with kidney and heart disease may help the clinician to better manage the situation. Conclusions: This paper addresses how a low level of vitamin D and older age may be indicative of systemic worsening in patients with COVID-19, with a goal of providing a broader context in which to view a better therapeutic approach.
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