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Young NA, Schwarz E, Zeno BM, Bruckner S, Mesa RA, Jablonski K, Wu LC, Roberson EDO, Jarjour WN. Inhibition of miRNA associated with a disease-specific signature and secreted via extracellular vesicles of systemic lupus erythematosus patients suppresses target organ inflammation in a humanized mouse model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1090177. [PMID: 38939646 PMCID: PMC11208704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Distinct, disease-associated intracellular miRNA (miR) expression profiles have been observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. Additionally, we have identified novel estrogenic responses in PBMCs from SLE patients and demonstrated that estrogen upregulates toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 expression. TLR7 and TLR8 bind viral-derived single-stranded RNA to stimulate innate inflammatory responses, but recent studies have shown that miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b can also bind and activate these receptors when packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of EV-encapsulated small RNA species in SLE and examine the therapeutic approach of miR inhibition in humanized mice. Methods Plasma-derived EVs were isolated from SLE patients and quantified. RNA was then isolated and bulk RNA-sequencing reads were analyzed. Also, PBMCs from active SLE patients were injected into immunodeficient mice to produce chimeras. Prior to transfer, the PBMCs were incubated with liposomal EVs containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) antagonists to miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. After three weeks, blood was collected for both immunophenotyping and cytokine analysis; tissue was harvested for histopathological examination. Results EVs were significantly increased in the plasma of SLE patients and differentially expressed EV-derived small RNA profiles were detected compared to healthy controls, including miR-21, mir-29a, and miR-29b. LNA antagonists significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological infiltrates in the small intestine, liver, and kidney, as demonstrated by H&E-stained tissue sections and immunohistochemistry measuring human CD3. Discussion These data demonstrate distinct EV-derived small RNA signatures representing SLE-associated biomarkers. Moreover, targeting upregulated EV-encapsulated miR signaling by antagonizing miRs that may bind to TLR7 and TLR8 reveals a novel therapeutic opportunity to suppress autoimmune-mediated inflammation and pathogenesis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Young
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emily Schwarz
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Braden M. Zeno
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shane Bruckner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rosana A. Mesa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kyle Jablonski
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elisha D. O. Roberson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wael N. Jarjour
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Singh AD, Patnam S, Manocha A, Bashyam L, Rengan AK, Sasidhar MV. Polyethylene glycol-based isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles, an easily adoptable protocol. MethodsX 2023; 11:102310. [PMID: 37608961 PMCID: PMC10440582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urine is a highly advantageous biological specimen for biomarker research and is a non-invasive source. Most of the urinary biomarkers are non-specific, volatile and need extensive validation before clinical adoption. Extracellular vesicles are secreted by almost all cells and are involved in homoeostasis, intercellular communication, and cellular processes in healthy and pathophysiological states. Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) are released from the urogenital system and mirror the molecular processes of physiological and pathological states of their source cells. Therefore, UEVs serve as a valuable source of biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of various pathologies. They hold a promising source of multiplex biomarkers suitable for prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy monitoring. UEVs are easily accessible, non-invasive, and suited for longitudinal sampling. Although various techniques are available for isolating UEVs, there is yet to be a consensus on a standard and ideal protocol. We have optimized an efficient, reliable, and easily adoptable polyethylene glycol (PEG) based UEV isolation technique following MISEV guidelines. The method is suitable for various downstream applications of UEVs. This could be a cost-effective, consistent, and accessible procedure for many clinical labs and is most suited for longitudinal analysis. Adopting the protocol will pave the way for establishing UEVs as the ideal biomarker source. •Urine can be collected non-invasively and repeatedly, hence a very useful specimen for biomarker discovery. Urinary EVs (UEVs), derived from urine, offer a stable diagnostic tool, but standardised isolation and analysis approaches are warranted.•To have enough UEVs for any study, large volumes of urine sample are necessary, which limits different isolation methods by cost, yield, and time.•The protocol developed could help researchers by offering a cost-effective and dependable UEV isolation method and may lay the foundation for UEVs adoption in clinical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anula Divyash Singh
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreekanth Patnam
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anisha Manocha
- Department of Histopathology, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Leena Bashyam
- Genomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manda Venkata Sasidhar
- Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Hyderabad, India
- Urvogelbio Private Ltd, Hyderabad, India
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4
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Chernyshev VS, Yashchenok A, Ivanov M, Silachev DN. Filtration-based technologies for isolation, purification and analysis of extracellular vesicles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23344-23357. [PMID: 37646109 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cellular communication with multifactorial and multifaceted biological activity has generated significant interest, highlighting their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. EVs are found in nearly all biological fluids creating a broad spectrum of where potential disease markers can be found for liquid biopsy development and what subtypes can be used for treatment of diseases. Complexity of biological fluids has generated a variety of different approaches for EV isolation and identification that may in one way or another be most optimal for research studies or clinical use. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, significance of which can be evaluated depending on the end goal of the study. One of the methods is based on filtration which has received attention in the past years due its versatility, low cost and other advantages. Introduction of different approaches for EV capture and analysis that are based on filtration gave rise to new subcategories of filtration techniques which are presented in this overview. Miniaturization and combination of filtration-based approaches with microfluidics is also highlighted due its future prospects in healthcare, especially point-of-need technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy S Chernyshev
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey Yashchenok
- Skoltech Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Skolkovo Innovation Center, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis N Silachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Liu JL, Zhang L, Huang Y, Li XH, Liu YF, Zhang SM, Zhao YE, Chen XJ, Liu Y, He LY, Dong Z, Liu FY, Sun L, Xiao L. Epsin1-mediated exosomal sorting of Dll4 modulates the tubular-macrophage crosstalk in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1451-1467. [PMID: 37016580 PMCID: PMC10188907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells (TECs) play critical roles in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and can activate macrophages through the secretion of exosomes. However, the mechanism(s) of TEC-exosomes in macrophage activation under DN remains unknown. By mass spectrometry, 1,644 differentially expressed proteins, especially Dll4, were detected in the urine exosomes of DN patients compared with controls, which was confirmed by western blot assay. Elevated Epsin1 and Dll4/N1ICD expression was observed in kidney tissues in both DN patients and db/db mice and was positively associated with tubulointerstitial damage. Exosomes from high glucose (HG)-treated tubular cells (HK-2) with Epsin1 knockdown (KD) ameliorated macrophage activation, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression, and tubulointerstitial damage in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. In an in vitro study, enriched Dll4 was confirmed in HK-2 cells stimulated with HG, which was captured by THP-1 cells and promoted M1 macrophage activation. In addition, Epsin1 modulated the content of Dll4 in TEC-exosomes stimulated with HG. TEC-exosomes with Epsin1-KD significantly inhibited N1ICD activation and iNOS expression in THP-1 cells compared with incubation with HG alone. These findings suggested that Epsin1 could modulate tubular-macrophage crosstalk in DN by mediating exosomal sorting of Dll4 and Notch1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-E Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Yu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fu-You Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Tsai YC, Kuo MC, Hung WW, Wu PH, Chang WA, Wu LY, Lee SC, Hsu YL. Proximal tubule-derived exosomes contribute to mesangial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy via miR-92a-1-5p transfer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:10. [PMID: 36639674 PMCID: PMC9838003 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an increasing threat to human health and regarded to be the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Exosomes delivery may play a key role in cross-talk among kidney cells and the progression of DN. However, the mechanisms underlying exosomes in DN remain unclear. METHODS The cross-disciplinary study, including in vivo, in vitro, and human studies was conducted to explore the cross-talk between proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and mesangial cells (MCs) in DN. We purified exosome from PTECs treated with high glucose and db/db mice and assessed their influences in the pathologic change of MCs and downstream signal pathway. Healthy individuals and type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled to examine the role of exosomes in clinical applications. RESULTS High glucose stimulated PTECs to secrete exosomal miR-92a-1-5p, which was taken-up by glomerular MCs, inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation (MFT) in vitro and in vivo. PTEC-released exosomal 92a-1-5p decreased reticulocalbin-3 expression, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by downregulating genes essential for ER homeostasis including calreticulin and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor. Treatment with miR-92a-1-5p inhibitor ameliorated kidney damage in db/db mice with DN. Urinary miR-92a-1-5p could predict kidney injury in type 2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS PTEC-derived exosomal miR-92a-1-5p modulated the kidney microenvironment in vivo and in vitro models, which altered ER stress and MFT in MCs resulting in DN progression. Further blocking miR-92a-1-5p epigenetic regulatory network could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of DN. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Tsai
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Kuo
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Hung
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsun Wu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Wu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chu Lee
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan ,grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 TzYou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan
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Gu D, Ding Y, Jiang X, Shen B, Musante L, Holthofer H, Zou H. Diabetes with kidney injury may change the abundance and cargo of urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085133. [PMID: 37077361 PMCID: PMC10107408 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are derived from epithelia facing the renal tubule lumen in the kidney and urogenital tract; they may carry protein biomarkers of renal dysfunction and structural injury. However, there are scarce studies focusing on uEVs in diabetes with kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS A community-based epidemiological survey was performed, and the participants were randomly selected for our study. uEVs were enriched by dehydrated dialysis method, quantified by Coomassie Bradford protein assay, and adjusted by urinary creatinine (UCr). Then, they identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle track analysis (NTA), and western blot of tumor susceptibility gene 101. RESULTS Decent uEVs with a homogeneous distribution were finally obtained, presenting a membrane-encapsulated structure like cup-shaped or roundish under TEM, having active Brownian motion, and presenting the main peak between 55 and 110 nm under NTA. The Bradford protein assay showed that the protein concentrations of uEVs were 0.02 ± 0.02, 0.04 ± 0.05, 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.07 ± 0.08, and 0.11 ± 0.15 μg/mg UCr, respectively, in normal controls and in prediabetes, diabetes with normal proteinuria, diabetes with microalbuminuria, and diabetes with macroproteinuria groups after adjusting the protein concentration with UCr by calculating the vesicles-to-creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION The protein concentration of uEVs in diabetes with kidney injury increased significantly than the normal controls before and after adjusting the UCr. Therefore, diabetes with kidney injury may change the abundance and cargo of uEVs, which may be involved in the physiological and pathological changes of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Ding
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beili Shen
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hequn Zou
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Hequn Zou,
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Yoshitake J, Azami M, Sei H, Onoshima D, Takahashi K, Hirayama A, Uchida K, Baba Y, Shibata T. Rapid Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles Using a Hydrophilic Porous Silica Gel-Based Size-Exclusion Chromatography Column. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13676-13681. [PMID: 36166570 PMCID: PMC9558085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Extracellular vesicles
(EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles
released by almost all cell types and can be found in biological fluids,
such as blood and urine. EVs play an important role in various physiological
and pathological processes via cell–cell communication, highlighting
their potential applications as diagnostic markers for diseases and
therapeutic drug delivery carriers. Although various methods have
been developed for the isolation of EVs from biological fluids, most
of them exhibit major limitations, including low purity, long processing
times, and high cost. In this study, we developed a size-exclusion
chromatography (SEC) column device using hydrophilic porous silica
gel (PSG). Owing to the resistance to pressure of the device, a rapid
system for EV isolation was developed by connecting it to a flash
liquid chromatography system furnished with a UV detector and a fraction
collector. This system can be used for the real-time monitoring of
eluted EVs by UV absorption without further analysis and separation
of high-purity EVs from urine samples with high durability, reusability,
and reproducibility. In addition, there were no significant differences
between the PSG column- and conventional SEC column-isolated EVs in
the proteome profiles and cellular uptake activities, suggesting the
good quality of the EVs isolated by the PSG column. These findings
suggest that the PSG column device offers an effective and rapid method
for the isolation of intact EVs from biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshitake
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mayuko Azami
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Haruka Sei
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Onoshima
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kumiko Takahashi
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., 1-1, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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9
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Allelein S, Aerchlimann K, Rösch G, Khajehamiri R, Kölsch A, Freese C, Kuhlmeier D. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Positive Extracellular Vesicles in Urine-A Potential Liquid Biopsy Strategy for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122987. [PMID: 35740652 PMCID: PMC9221222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to communicate with adjacent and distant cells. Consequently, circulating EVs are found in all bodily fluids, providing information applicable for liquid biopsy in early cancer diagnosis. Studies observed an overexpression of the membrane-bound prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on prostate cancer cells. To investigate whether EVs derived from communicating prostate cells allow for reliable conclusions on prostate cancer development, we isolated PSMA-positive, as well as CD9-positive, EVs from cell-free urine with the use of magnetic beads. These populations of EVs were subsequently compared to CD9-positive EVs isolated from female urine in Western blotting, indicating the successful isolation of prostate-derived and ubiquitous EVs, respectively. Furthermore, we developed a device with an adapted protocol that enables an automated immunomagnetic enrichment of EVs of large sample volumes (up to 10 mL), while simultaneously reducing the overall bead loss and hands-on time. With an in-house spotted antibody microarray, we characterized PSMA as well as other EV surface markers of a prostate cohort of 44 urine samples in a more simplified way. In conclusion, the automated and specific enrichment of EVs from urine has a high potential for future diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Allelein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.A.); (A.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Keshia Aerchlimann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.A.); (A.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Gundula Rösch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM), 55129 Mainz, Germany; (G.R.); (R.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Roxana Khajehamiri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM), 55129 Mainz, Germany; (G.R.); (R.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Andreas Kölsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.A.); (A.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Christian Freese
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM), 55129 Mainz, Germany; (G.R.); (R.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Dirk Kuhlmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.A.); (A.K.); (D.K.)
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10
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Ranches G, Zeidler M, Kessler R, Hoelzl M, Hess MW, Vosper J, Perco P, Schramek H, Kummer KK, Kress M, Krogsdam A, Rudnicki M, Mayer G, Huettenhofer A. Exosomal mitochondrial tRNAs and miRNAs as potential predictors of inflammation in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:794-813. [PMID: 35664695 PMCID: PMC9136061 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as a valuable repository of novel biomarkers for human diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). From a healthy control group, we performed microRNA (miRNA) profiling of urinary exosomes and compared it with a cell culture model of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs). Thereby, a large fraction of abundant urinary exosomal miRNAs could also be detected in exosomes derived from RPTECs, indicating them as a suitable model system for investigation of CKD. We subsequently analyzed exosomes from RPTECs in pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic states, mimicking some aspects of CKD. Following cytokine treatment, we observed a significant increase in exosome release and identified 30 dysregulated exosomal miRNAs, predominantly associated with the regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic-related pathways. In addition to miRNAs, we also identified 16 dysregulated exosomal mitochondrial RNAs, highlighting a pivotal role of mitochondria in sensing renal inflammation. Inhibitors of exosome biogenesis and release significantly altered the abundance of selected candidate miRNAs and mitochondrial RNAs, thus suggesting distinct sorting mechanisms of different non-coding RNA (ncRNA) species into exosomes. Hence, these two exosomal ncRNA species might be employed as potential indicators for predicting the pathogenesis of CKD and also might enable effective monitoring of the efficacy of CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory Ranches
- Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Corresponding author Glory Ranches, Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Zeidler
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Roman Kessler
- Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Martina Hoelzl
- Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael W. Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jonathan Vosper
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Paul Perco
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Herbert Schramek
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Kai K. Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anne Krogsdam
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael Rudnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Corresponding author Gert Mayer, Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Alexander Huettenhofer
- Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Corresponding author Alexander Hüttenhofer, Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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11
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Zhou H, Zhu L, Song J, Wang G, Li P, Li W, Luo P, Sun X, Wu J, Liu Y, Zhu S, Zhang Y. Liquid biopsy at the frontier of detection, prognosis and progression monitoring in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:86. [PMID: 35337361 PMCID: PMC8951719 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a leading cause of carcinogenic death. To date, surgical resection is regarded as the gold standard by the operator for clinical decisions. Because conventional tissue biopsy is invasive and only a small sample can sometimes be obtained, it is unable to represent the heterogeneity of tumor or dynamically monitor tumor progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a new minimally invasive or noninvasive diagnostic strategy to detect CRC at an early stage and monitor CRC recurrence. Over the past years, a new diagnostic concept called “liquid biopsy” has gained much attention. Liquid biopsy is noninvasive, allowing repeated analysis and real-time monitoring of tumor recurrence, metastasis or therapeutic responses. With the advanced development of new molecular techniques in CRC, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), exosomes, and tumor-educated platelet (TEP) detection have achieved interesting and inspiring results as the most prominent liquid biopsy markers. In this review, we focused on some clinical applications of CTCs, ctDNA, exosomes and TEPs and discuss promising future applications to solve unmet clinical needs in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Pengzhou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xulong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yunze Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Shaihong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China.
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12
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Akbar A, Malekian F, Baghban N, Kodam SP, Ullah M. Methodologies to Isolate and Purify Clinical Grade Extracellular Vesicles for Medical Applications. Cells 2022; 11:186. [PMID: 35053301 PMCID: PMC8774122 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EV) in nano drug delivery has been demonstrated in many previous studies. In this study, we discuss the sources of extracellular vesicles, including plant, salivary and urinary sources which are easily available but less sought after compared with blood and tissue. Extensive research in the past decade has established that the breadth of EV applications is wide. However, the efforts on standardizing the isolation and purification methods have not brought us to a point that can match the potential of extracellular vesicles for clinical use. The standardization can open doors for many researchers and clinicians alike to experiment with the proposed clinical uses with lesser concerns regarding untraceable side effects. It can make it easier to identify the mechanism of therapeutic benefits and to track the mechanism of any unforeseen effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akbar
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Farzaneh Malekian
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Neda Baghban
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sai Priyanka Kodam
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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13
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Wu A, Wolley MJ, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. Using human urinary extracellular vesicles to study physiological and pathophysiological states and regulation of the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981317. [PMID: 36105401 PMCID: PMC9465297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), expressed in the renal distal convoluted tubule, plays a major role in Na+, Cl- and K+ homeostasis and blood pressure as exemplified by the symptoms of patients with non-functional NCC and Gitelman syndrome. NCC activity is modulated by a variety of hormones, but is also influenced by the extracellular K+ concentration. The putative "renal-K+ switch" mechanism is a relatively cohesive model that links dietary K+ intake to NCC activity, and may offer new targets for blood pressure control. However, a remaining hurdle for full acceptance of this model is the lack of human data to confirm molecular findings from animal models. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted attention from the scientific community due to their potential roles in intercellular communication, disease pathogenesis, drug delivery and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are an excellent sample source for the study of physiology and pathology of renal, urothelial and prostate tissues, but the diverse origins of uEVs and their dynamic molecular composition present both methodological and data interpretation challenges. This review provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art, challenges and knowledge gaps in current uEV-based analyses, with a focus on the application of uEVs to study the "renal-K+ switch" and NCC regulation. We also provide recommendations regarding biospecimen handling, processing and reporting requirements to improve experimental reproducibility and interoperability towards the realisation of the potential of uEV-derived biomarkers in hypertension and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin J. Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Stowasser,
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14
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Saad MG, Beyenal H, Dong WJ. Exosomes as Powerful Engines in Cancer: Isolation, Characterization and Detection Techniques. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:518. [PMID: 34940275 PMCID: PMC8699402 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Ji Dong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.G.S.); (H.B.)
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15
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Piona C, Ventrici C, Marcovecchio L, Chiarelli F, Maffeis C, Bonfanti R, Rabbone I. Long-term complications of type 1 diabetes: what do we know and what do we need to understand? Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:504-522. [PMID: 34530587 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) include microvascular complications and macrovascular disease. Despite the important advances in the treatment of T1D of the last decades, these complications still represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T1D. Extensive evidence indicates that structural and functional alterations of the kidney, retina, nerves and large arteries occur already in the first years after the onset of diabetes. We performed a comprehensive review of the available evidence on screening, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of vascular complications of T1D. In particular, we focused on three major challenges related to long-term complications of T1D: 1) finding of new biomarkers and diagnostic methods able to identify early signs of complications; 2) identifying specific risk factors for the development of these complications; 3) identifying and implementing new therapeutic strategies able to prevent the development and progression of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piona
- Paediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Regional Center for Paediatric Diabetes, University City Hospital of Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Ventrici
- Paediatric Unit, Hospital of Polistena, Polistena, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Maffeis
- Paediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Regional Center for Paediatric Diabetes, University City Hospital of Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy -
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16
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Al Naem M, Bourebaba L, Kucharczyk K, Röcken M, Marycz K. Therapeutic mesenchymal stromal stem cells: Isolation, characterization and role in equine regenerative medicine and metabolic disorders. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:301-322. [PMID: 31797146 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have become a popular treatment modality in equine orthopaedics. Regenerative therapies are especially interesting for pathologies like complicated tendinopathies of the distal limb, osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and more recently metabolic disorders. Main sources for MSC harvesting in the horse are bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord blood. While the acquisition of umbilical cord blood is fairly easy and non-invasive, extraction of bone marrow and adipose tissue requires more invasive techniques. Characterization of the stem cells as a result of any isolation method, is also a crucial step for the confirmation of the cells' stemness properties; thus, three main characteristics must be fulfilled by these cells, namely: adherence, expression of a series of well-defined differentiation clusters as well as pluripotency. EVs, resulting from the paracrine action of MSCs, also play a key role in the therapeutic mechanisms mediated by stem cells; MSC-EVs are thus largely implicated in the regulation of proliferation, maturation, polarization and migration of various target cells. Evidence that EVs alone represent a complex network 0involving different soluble factors and could then reflect biophysical characteristics of parent cells has fuelled the importance of developing highly specific techniques for their isolation and analysis. All these aspects related to the functional and technical understanding of MSCs will be discussed and summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Al Naem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.,International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucharczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland.
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17
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Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Magic Particles for Biomarker Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1306:29-40. [PMID: 33959904 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-coated structures secreted by all cells of the body and can be detected in all bodily fluids, including urine. EV contents (e.g. proteins and distinct RNA classes) reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin, offering a new source of biomarkers. Accordingly, urinary Extracellular Vesicles (uEVs) are emerging as a source for early biomarkers of kidney damage and beyond, holding the potential to replace the conventional invasive techniques including kidney biopsy. However, the lack of standardization and sample collection and isolation methods, and the influence of factors such as inter- and intra-individual variability create difficulties in interpreting current results. Here we review recent results and reported uses of especially urinary EVs and also pinpoint approaches to be considered when designing experiments.
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18
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Gebeyehu A, Kommineni N, Bagde A, Meckes DG, Sachdeva MS. Role of Exosomes for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2021; 38:53-97. [PMID: 34375513 PMCID: PMC8691065 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2021036301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endogenous extracellular vesicles (30-100 nm) composed with membrane lipid bilayer which carry vesicular proteins, enzymes, mRNA, miRNA and nucleic acids. They act as messengers for intra- and inter-cellular communication. In addition to their physiological roles, exosomes have the potential to encapsulate and deliver small chemotherapeutic drugs and biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid-based drugs to the recipient tissue or organs. Due to their biological properties, exosomes have better organotropism, homing capacity, cellular uptake and cargo release ability than other synthetic nano-drug carriers such as liposomes, micelles and nanogels. The secretion of tumor-derived exosomes is increased in the hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment, which can be used as a target for nontoxic and nonimmunogenic drug delivery vehicles for various cancers. Moreover, exosomes have the potential to carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs, bypass RES effect and bypass BBB. Exosomes can be isolated from other types of EVs and cell debris based on their size, density and specific surface proteins through ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, precipitation, immunoaffinity interaction and gel filtration. Drugs can be loaded into exosomes at the biogenesis stage or with the isolated exosomes by incubation, electroporation, extrusion or sonication methods. Finally, exosomal cargo vehicles can be characterized by ultrastructural microscopic analysis. In this review we intend to summarize the inception, structure and function of the exosomes, role of exosomes in immunological regulation and cancer, methods of isolation and characterization of exosomes and products under clinical trials. This review will provide an inclusive insight of exosomes in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aragaw Gebeyehu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mandip Singh Sachdeva
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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19
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Exosomal circ_DLGAP4 promotes diabetic kidney disease progression by sponging miR-143 and targeting ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1008. [PMID: 33230102 PMCID: PMC7683700 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is closely associated with the high risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exosomal circRNAs can exert significant roles in the pathology of various diseases. Nevertheless, the role of exosomal circRNAs in DKD progression remains barely known. Circular RNA DLGAP4 has been reported to be in involved in acute ischemic stroke. In our study, we found exosomal circ_DLGAP4 was increased in the exosomes isolated from HG-treated mesangial cells (MCs), DKD patients, and DKD rat models compared with the corresponding normal subjects. Then, we observed that exo-circ_DLGAP4 significantly promoted proliferation and fibrosis of MCs cells. Moreover, to study the underlying mechanism of circ_DLGAP4 in regulating DKD, bioinformatics method was consulted and miR-143 was predicted as its target. The direct correlation between miR-143 and circ_DLGAP4 was validated in MCs. MCs proliferation and fibrosis were increased by circ_DLGAP4, which could be decreased by mimic-miR-143. Next, elevated expression of Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (ERBB3) is involved in various diseases. However, the function of ERBB3 in DKD development remains poorly known. Next, ERBB3 was predicted as the downstream target for miR-143. It was displayed that circ_DLGAP4 promoted proliferation and fibrosis of MCs by sponging miR-143 and regulating ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 axis. Meanwhile, the loss of exo-circ_DLGAP4 induced miR-143 and repressed ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2 expression in MCs. Subsequently, in vivo assays were performed and it was proved that overexpression of circ_DLGAP4 markedly promoted DKD progression in vivo via modulating miR-143/ERBB3/NF-κB/MMP-2. In conclusion, we indicated that exosomal circ_DLGAP4 could prove a novel insight for DKD development.
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20
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Zarà M, Amadio P, Campodonico J, Sandrini L, Barbieri SS. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E943. [PMID: 33198302 PMCID: PMC7696149 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles of endocytic origin physiologically released by nearly all cell types into surrounding body fluids. They carry cell-specific cargos of protein, lipids, and genetic materials and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells. Since the intrinsic properties of exosomes are strictly influenced by the state of the parental cell and by the cellular microenvironment, the analysis of exosome origin and content, and their cell-targeting specificity, make them attractive as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. While the possible role of exosomes as messengers and a regenerative tool in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is actively investigated, the evidence about their usefulness as biomarkers is still limited and incomplete. Further complications are due to the lack of consensus regarding the most appropriate approach for exosome isolation and characterization, both important issues for their effective clinical translation. As a consequence, in this review, we will discuss the few information currently accessible about the diagnostic/prognostic potential of exosomes in CVDs and on the methodologies available for exosome isolation, analysis, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zarà
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Jeness Campodonico
- Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Sandrini
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Silvia S. Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (L.S.)
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21
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Estébanez B, Jiménez-Pavón D, Huang CJ, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. Effects of exercise on exosome release and cargo in in vivo and ex vivo models: A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3336-3353. [PMID: 33037627 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-released exosomes have been identified as novel players to mediate cell-to-cell communication in promoting systemic beneficial effects. This review aimed to systematically investigate the effects of exercise on exosome release and cargo, as well as provide an overview of their physiological implications. Among the 436 articles obtained in the database search (WOS, Scopus, and PubMed), 19 articles were included based on eligibility criteria. Results indicate that exercise promotes the release of exosomes without modification of its vesicle size. The literature has primarily shown an exercise-driven increase in exosome markers (Alix, CD63, CD81, and Flot-1), along with other exosome-carried proteins, into circulation. However, exosome isolation, characterization, and phenotyping methodology, as well as timing of sample recovery following exercise can influence the analysis and interpretation of findings. Moreover, a large number of exosome-carried microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-206, and miR-486, in response to exercise are involved in the modulation of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle tissue, although antigen-presenting cells, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets are the main sources of exosome release into the circulation. Collectively, with the physiological implications as evidenced by the ex vivo trials, the release of exercise-promoted exosomes and their cargo could provide the potential therapeutic applications via the role of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, MOVE-IT Research Group, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - María J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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22
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Insights into predicting diabetic nephropathy using urinary biomarkers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Li Z, Liu J, Wang W, Zhao Y, Yang D, Geng X. Investigation of hub genes involved in diabetic nephropathy using biological informatics methods. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1087. [PMID: 33145306 PMCID: PMC7575993 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to find genes with significantly aberrant expression in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and determine their underlying mechanisms. Methods GSE30528 and GSE1009 were obtained by querying the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The difference in target gene expression between normal renal tissues and kidney tissues in patients with DN was screened by using the GEO2R tool. Using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed by Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Then, the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of DEGs were analyzed by Cytoscape with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, and the hub genes in this PPI network were recognized by centrality analysis. Results There were 110 genes with significant expression differences between normal and DN tissues. The differences in gene expression involved many functions and expression pathways, such as the formation of the extracellular matrix and the construction of the extracellular domain. The correlation analysis and subgroup analysis of 14 hub genes and the clinical characteristics of DN showed that CTGF, ALB, PDPN, FLT1, IGF1, WT1, GJA1, IGFBP2, FGF9, BMP2, FGF1, BMP7, VEGFA, and TGFBR3 may be involved in the progression of DN. Conclusions We confirmed the differentially expressed hub genes and other genes which may be the novel biomarker and target candidates in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Physical Examination Section, Qinhuangdao Jungong Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dengfeng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mianxian Hospital, Mianxian, China
| | - Xiaodong Geng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Kidney Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of the Chinese PLA, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center of the Chinese PLA, Qinhuangdao, China
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24
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying molecular messages that reflect physiological and pathological conditions of the parent cells. EVs have been identified in all body fluids; and among them, urine stands out as a sample that is easy and inexpensive to obtain and can be collected over time to monitor changes. Various protocols have been established to study urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) and they have shown great potential as a biomarker source for clinical applications, not only for urological, but also non-urological diseases. Due to the high variability and low reproducibility of pre-analytical and analytical methods for UEVs, establishing a standardized protocol remains a challenge in the field of diagnosis. Here, we review UEV studies and present the techniques that are most commonly used, those that have been applied as new developments, and those that have the most potential for future applications. The workflow procedures from the sampling step to the qualitative and quantitative analysis steps are summarized along with advantages and disadvantages of the methodologies, in order to give consideration for choosing the most promising and suitable method to analyze human UEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Paisrisarn
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University.,Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
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25
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Park S, Lee K, Park IB, Kim NH, Cho S, Rhee WJ, Oh Y, Choi J, Nam S, Lee DH. The profiles of microRNAs from urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) prepared by various isolation methods and their correlation with serum EV microRNAs. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 160:108010. [PMID: 31987752 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that circulate in biological fluids are frequently enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, urinary EVs and their cargo miRNAs have not been systematically studied according to their EV isolation methods. METHODS In type 2 diabetes mellitus persons with diabetic nephropathy (n = 4), we compared miRNA species in urine EVs prepared by ultracentrifugation (UC), qEV original size exclusion column (qEV), ExoQuick-TC Plus (ExoQuick), and ultrafiltration using Amicon Ultra centrifugal filter devices (Amicons) 10 K and 100 K. EV miRNAs were profiled by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Additionally, we evaluated the correlations of EV miRNA expression between the urine and serum samples isolated by UC. RESULTS From each of 100 ml of urine, the UC method yielded the highest number of EV miRNA species (233 ± 37.3), with the ExoQuick yielded the lowest (103 ± 17.4). Urine EV miRNA profiles were highly correlated between UC, qEV, ExoQuick and Amicon 10 K methods. EV miRNA profiles between the urine and serum samples showed variable correlations between the patients (paired sample number = 3, r = 0.39-0.72). CONCLUSIONS UC, qEV, ExoQuick, and Amicon 10 K are acceptable for urinary EV isolation to profile miRNAs. Urine- and serum-derived EV miRNA profiles have variable correlations depending on specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ie Byung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongcheol Cho
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Oh
- Gachon Biomedical & Convergence Institute, Gachon University Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Choi
- Gachon Biomedical & Convergence Institute, Gachon University Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Barreiro K, Huber TB, Holthofer H. Isolating Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Diabetic Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2067:175-188. [PMID: 31701453 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9841-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. Their cargo includes proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNA, which reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin. Recently, urinary extracellular vesicles have emerged as a valuable source of biomarkers for kidney and systemic disease.Unfortunately, all existing methods for extracellular vesicle isolation from urine are time consuming and/or expensive. Thus, they are not adaptable to large-scale studies and unsuitable for clinical use without special equipment in the laboratory. Recently, our group has devised a set of new, quick, simple, and inexpensive techniques, based on hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) of urine extremely suitable for diagnostic purposes. This novel approach represents a great potential for new diagnostics and understanding disease biology in general and brings the biomarker detection to the scope of all laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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27
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Bai L, Li J, Li H, Song J, Zhou Y, Lu R, Liu B, Pang Y, Zhang P, Chen J, Liu X, Wu J, Liang C, Zhou J. Renoprotective effects of artemisinin and hydroxychloroquine combination therapy on IgA nephropathy via suppressing NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by exosomes in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Wang S, Kojima K, Mobley JA, West AB. Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles reveal biomarkers for neurologic disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:351-361. [PMID: 31229437 PMCID: PMC6642358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) harbor thousands of proteins that hold promise for biomarker development. Usually difficult to purify, EVs in urine are relatively easily obtained and have demonstrated efficacy for kidney disease prediction. Herein, we further characterize the proteome of urinary EVs to explore the potential for biomarkers unrelated to kidney dysfunction, focusing on Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Using a quantitative mass spectrometry approach, we measured urinary EV proteins from a discovery cohort of 50 subjects. EVs in urine were classified into subgroups and EV proteins were ranked by abundance and variability over time. Enriched pathways and ontologies in stable EV proteins were identified and proteins that predict PD were further measured in a cohort of 108 subjects. Findings Hundreds of commonly expressed urinary EV proteins with stable expression over time were distinguished from proteins with high variability. Bioinformatic analyses reveal a striking enrichment of endolysosomal proteins linked to Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's disease. Tissue and biofluid enrichment analyses show broad representation of EVs from across the body without bias towards kidney or urine proteins. Among the proteins linked to neurological diseases, SNAP23 and calbindin were the most elevated in PD cases with 86% prediction success for disease diagnosis in the discovery cohort and 76% prediction success in the replication cohort. Interpretation Urinary EVs are an underutilized but highly accessible resource for biomarker discovery with particular promise for neurological diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew B West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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29
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Xiao Y, Zheng L, Zou X, Wang J, Zhong J, Zhong T. Extracellular vesicles in type 2 diabetes mellitus: key roles in pathogenesis, complications, and therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1625677. [PMID: 31258879 PMCID: PMC6586118 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1625677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic disease, is widely prevalent all over the world. In recent years, the roles of some extracellular vesicles (EVs) in T2DM have attracted much attention. EVs are bilayer membrane vesicles secreted from most cells and can participate in regulating various physiological and pathological processes in vivo by being transported between cells. Recently, it was discovered that some abnormal EVs can contribute to the occurrence of T2DM by inducing insulin resistance and can also participate in the complications of T2DM. In addition, some stem/progenitor cells-derived EVs have a potential application in the therapy of T2DM. This review introduces basic concepts of EVs and summarizes the roles of EVs in the pathogenesis, complications, and therapy of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Xiao
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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30
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Ku A, Ravi N, Yang M, Evander M, Laurell T, Lilja H, Ceder Y. A urinary extracellular vesicle microRNA biomarker discovery pipeline; from automated extracellular vesicle enrichment by acoustic trapping to microRNA sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217507. [PMID: 31141544 PMCID: PMC6541292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a robust automated platform for enrichment of extracellular vesicles from low sample volume that matches the needs for next-generation sequencing could remove major hurdles for genomic biomarker discovery. Here, we document a protocol for urinary EVs enrichment by utilizing an automated microfluidic system, termed acoustic trap, followed by next-generation sequencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) for biomarker discovery. Specifically, we compared the sequencing output from two small RNA library preparations, NEXTFlex and CATS, using only 130 pg of input total RNA. The samples prepared using NEXTflex was found to contain larger number of unique miRNAs that was the predominant RNA species whereas rRNA was the dominant RNA species in CATS prepared samples. A strong correlation was found between the miRNA expressions of the acoustic trap technical replicate in the NEXTFlex prepared samples, as well as between the acoustic trap and ultracentrifugation enrichment methods. Together, these results demonstrate a robust and automated strategy for biomarker discovery from small volumes of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Ku
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Ravi
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Minjun Yang
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Evander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Ceder
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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31
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Sun IO, Santelli A, Abumoawad A, Eirin A, Ferguson CM, Woollard JR, Lerman A, Textor SC, Puranik AS, Lerman LO. Loss of Renal Peritubular Capillaries in Hypertensive Patients Is Detectable by Urinary Endothelial Microparticle Levels. Hypertension 2019; 72:1180-1188. [PMID: 30354805 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, an important cause of chronic kidney disease, is characterized by peritubular capillary (PTC) loss. Circulating levels of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) reflect systemic endothelial injury. We hypothesized that systemic and urinary PTC-EMPs levels would reflect renal microvascular injury in hypertensive patients. We prospectively measured by flow cytometry renal vein, inferior vena cava, and urinary levels of EMPs in essential (n=14) and renovascular (RVH; n=24) hypertensive patients and compared them with peripheral blood and urinary levels in healthy volunteers (n=14). PTC-EMPs were identified as urinary exosomes positive for the PTC marker plasmalemmal-vesicle-associated protein. In 7 RVH patients, PTC and fibrosis were also quantified in renal biopsy, and in 18 RVH patients, PTC-EMPs were measured again 3 months after continued medical therapy with or without stenting (n=9 each). Renal vein and systemic PTC-EMPs levels were not different among the groups, whereas their urinary levels were elevated in both RVH and essential hypertension versus healthy volunteers (56.8%±12.7% and 62.8%±10.7% versus 34.0%±17.8%; both P≤0.001). Urinary PTC-EMPs levels correlated directly with blood pressure and inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Furthermore, in RVH, urinary PTC-EMPs levels correlated directly with stenotic kidney hypoxia, histological PTC count, and fibrosis and inversely with cortical perfusion. Three months after treatment, the change in urinary PTC-EMPs levels correlated inversely with a change in renal function ( r=-0.582; P=0.011). Therefore, urinary PTC-EMPs levels are increased in hypertensive patients and may reflect renal microcirculation injury, whereas systemic PTC-EMPs levels are unchanged. Urinary PTC-EMPs may be useful as novel biomarkers of intrarenal capillary loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- In O Sun
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.).,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea (I.O.S.)
| | - Adrian Santelli
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Abdelrhman Abumoawad
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Christopher M Ferguson
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - John R Woollard
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.L.)
| | - Stephen C Textor
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.O.S., A.S., A.A., A.E., C.M.F., J.R.W., S.C.T., A.S.P., L.O.L.)
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Ichii O, Ohta H, Horino T, Nakamura T, Hosotani M, Mizoguchi T, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M, Sato R, Oyamada K, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Urinary Exosome-Derived microRNAs Reflecting the Changes in Renal Function in Cats. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:289. [PMID: 30525049 PMCID: PMC6262179 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased incidence of kidney disease (KD) is a common concern in human and companion animals. Cats, in particular, are highly susceptible to KD. Novel KD biomarkers would help to address these problems. Therefore, we are focusing on microRNA, a highly conserved nucleic acid, as a KD biomarker for various animals. We previously reported that altered levels of urinary exosome (UExo)-derived microRNAs indicate renal pathologies in dogs. This study comprehensively examined UExo-derived microRNAs, which reflected the KD status in cats. The examined cats were divided into two groups: normal renal function (NR) and KD. Based on our previous data in dogs and cats, as well as the present data on UExo-derived microRNAs in cats by next-generation sequencing, let-7b, let-7f, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-21a, miR-22, miR-26a, miR-27b, miR-146a, miR-181a, miR-191, and miR-486a were identified as biomarker candidates. In summary, the levels of UExo-derived let-7b, miR-22, and miR-26a significantly decreased in cats with KD from the early stages of the disease. UExo-derived miRNA levels normalized to urinary creatinine or total RNA of miR-21a was significantly higher in the KD group. Importantly, the ratio of UExo-derived miR-21a to let-7b showed a significant and strongest correlation with serum creatinine (ρ = 0.751), blood urea nitrogen (ρ = 0.754), and urinary creatinine (ρ = −0.421) among all examined indices. Further, the ratio of miR-181a to let-7b or miR-10b significantly correlated with the progression of renal dysfunction in the KD group. Thus, we identified that UExo-derived microRNAs in cats, and their raw and normalized levels could indicate altered renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Matsubara Animal Hospital, Matsubara, Japan
| | | | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nooshabadi VT, Mardpour S, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Allahverdi A, Izadpanah M, Daneshimehr F, Ai J, Banafshe HR, Ebrahimi-Barough S. The extracellular vesicles-derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: A new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8048-8073. [PMID: 29377241 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells that due to their ability to homing to damaged tissues and differentiate into specialized cells, are remarkable cells in the field of regenerative medicine. It's suggested that the predominant mechanism of MSCs in tissue repair might be related to their paracrine activity. The utilization of MSCs for tissue repair is initially based on the differentiation ability of these cells; however now it has been revealed that only a small fraction of the transplanted MSCs actually fuse and survive in host tissues. Indeed, MSCs supply the microenvironment with the secretion of soluble trophic factors, survival signals and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosome. Also, the paracrine activity of EVs could mediate the cellular communication to induce cell-differentiation/self-renewal. Recent findings suggest that EVs released by MSCs may also be critical in the physiological function of these cells. This review provides an overview of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as a hopeful opportunity to advance novel cell-free therapy strategies that might prevail over the obstacles and risks associated with the use of native or engineered stem cells. EVs are very stable; they can pass the biological barriers without rejection and can shuttle bioactive molecules from one cell to another, causing the exchange of genetic information and reprogramming of the recipient cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles may provide therapeutic cargo for a wide range of diseases and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Yousefi-Ahmadipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Allahverdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Izadpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R Banafshe
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Xu WC, Qian G, Liu AQ, Li YQ, Zou HQ. Urinary Extracellular Vesicle: A Potential Source of Early Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1357-1364. [PMID: 29786051 PMCID: PMC5987509 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) contain rich biological information which could be the ideal source for noninvasive biomarkers of DKD. This review discussed the potential early diagnostic and therapeutic values of proteins and microRNAs in uEVs in DKD. DATA SOURCES This review was based articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases up to November 20, 2017, with the following keywords: "Diabetic kidney disease", "Extracellular vesicle", and "Urine". STUDY SELECTION Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to the study design and publication type. RESULTS There is no "gold standard" technology to separate and/or purify uEVs. The uEVs contain a variety of proteins and RNAs and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of the kidney. UEVs, especially urinary exosomes, may be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment to DKD. Furthermore, the uEVs has been used as a therapeutic target for DKD. CONCLUSION Proteins and nucleic acids in uEVs represent promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ge Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - He-Qun Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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Yamamoto CM, Murakami T, Oakes ML, Mitsuhashi M, Kelly C, Henry RR, Sharma K. Uromodulin mRNA from Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Correlate to Kidney Function Decline in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Nephrol 2018; 47:283-291. [PMID: 29779026 DOI: 10.1159/000489129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) enclose mRNA derived from their cell of origin and are considered a source of potential biomarkers. We examined urinary EV mRNA from individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and obese and healthy controls to determine if such biomarkers had the potential to classify kidney disease and predict patients at higher risk of renal function decline. METHODS A total of 242 participants enrolled in this study. Urinary EV mRNA from all subjects were isolated by a filter-based platform, and the expression of 8 target genes were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 161 T2DM patients were evaluated for 2 consecutive years and compared with EV RNA profiles at baseline. RESULTS We observe that mild and severe DKD groups show a significant 3.2- and -4.4-fold increase in UMOD compared to healthy controls and expression increases linearly from healthy, diabetic, and DKD subjects. UMOD expression is significantly correlated to albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), eGFR, and HbA1c. Using linear discriminant analyses with mRNA from severe DKD and T2DM as training data, a multi-gene signature classified DKD and -non-DKD with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 73% with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) = 0.90. Although 6% of T2DM were determined to have a > 80% posterior probability of developing DKD based on this mRNA profile, eGFR changes observed within the 2-year follow-up did not reveal a decline in kidney function. CONCLUSION Urinary EV UMOD mRNA levels are progressively elevated from T2DM to DKD groups and correlate with widely used eGFR and ACR diagnostic criteria. An EV mRNA signature could identify DKD with greater than 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Yamamoto
- Hitachi Chemical Co. America, Ltd., R and D Center, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Taku Murakami
- Hitachi Chemical Co. America, Ltd., R and D Center, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Melanie L Oakes
- Hitachi Chemical Co. America, Ltd., R and D Center, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Masato Mitsuhashi
- Hitachi Chemical Co. America, Ltd., R and D Center, Irvine, California, USA
- NanoSomiX, Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Colleen Kelly
- Kelly Statistical Consulting, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Robert R Henry
- Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Chen J, Chopp M. Exosome Therapy for Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1083-1090. [PMID: 29669873 PMCID: PMC6028936 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Chen
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (J.C., M.C.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China (J.C.)
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, China (J.C.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (J.C., M.C.)
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
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Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8545347. [PMID: 29662902 PMCID: PMC5831698 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8545347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the communication between cells and transport of diagnostically significant molecules. A wide diversity of approaches utilizing different biochemical properties of EVs and a lack of accepted protocols make data interpretation very challenging. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review consolidates the data on the classical and state-of-the-art methods for isolation of EVs, including exosomes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Various characteristics of individual methods, including isolation efficiency, EV yield, properties of isolated EVs, and labor consumption are compared. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A mixed population of vesicles is obtained in most studies of EVs for all used isolation methods. The properties of an analyzed sample should be taken into account when planning an experiment aimed at studying and using these vesicles. The problem of adequate EVs isolation methods still remains; it might not be possible to develop a universal EV isolation method but the available protocols can be used towards solving particular types of problems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE With the wide use of EVs for diagnosis and therapy of various diseases the evaluation of existing methods for EV isolation is one of the key problems in modern biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu. Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A. Lekchnov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Meshalkin Siberian Federal Biomedical Research Center, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk 630055, Russia
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Isolation and characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles: implications for biomarker discovery. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017. [PMID: 29081510 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Urine is a valuable diagnostic medium and, with the discovery of urinary extracellular vesicles, is viewed as a dynamic bioactive fluid. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-enclosed structures that can be classified into three categories: exosomes, microvesicles (or ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. This classification is based on the mechanisms by which membrane vesicles are formed: fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membranes (exosomes), budding of vesicles directly from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or those shed from dying cells (apoptotic bodies). During their formation, urinary extracellular vesicles incorporate various cell-specific components (proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) that can be transferred to target cells. The rigour needed for comparative studies has fueled the search for optimal approaches for their isolation, purification, and characterization. RNA, the newest extracellular vesicle component to be discovered, has received substantial attention as an extracellular vesicle therapeutic, and compelling evidence suggests that ex vivo manipulation of microRNA composition may have uses in the treatment of kidney disorders. The results of these studies are building the case that urinary extracellular vesicles act as mediators of renal pathophysiology. As the field of extracellular vesicle studies is burgeoning, this Review focuses on primary data obtained from studies of human urine rather than on data from studies of laboratory animals or cultured immortalized cells.
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Genome-wide Profiling of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs Associated With Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 3:555-572. [PMID: 29854963 PMCID: PMC5976846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a form of progressive kidney disease that often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is initiated by microvascular complications due to diabetes. Although microalbuminuria (MA) is the earliest clinical indication of DN among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), it lacks the sensitivity and specificity to detect the early onset of DN. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in diabetes as well as various forms of kidney disease, including renal fibrosis, acute kidney injury, and progressive kidney disease. Additionally, circulating extracellular miRNAs, especially miRNAs packaged in extracellular vesicles (EVs), have garnered significant attention as potential noninvasive biomarkers for various diseases and health conditions. Methods As part of the University of Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study, urine was collected from individuals with T1D with various grades of DN or MA (normal, overt, intermittent, and persistent) over a decade at prespecified intervals. We isolated EVs from urine and analyzed the small-RNA using NextGen sequencing. Results We identified a set of miRNAs that are enriched in urinary EVs compared with EV-depleted samples, and identified a number of miRNAs showing concentration changes associated with DN occurrence, MA status, and other variables, such as hemoglobin A1c levels. Conclusion Many of the miRNAs associated with DN occurrence or MA status directly target pathways associated with renal fibrosis (including transforming growth factor-β and phosphatase and tensin homolog), which is one of the major contributors to the pathology of DN. These miRNAs are potential biomarkers for DN and MA.
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Newton WC, Kim JW, Luo JZQ, Luo L. Stem cell-derived exosomes: a novel vector for tissue repair and diabetic therapy. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R155-R165. [PMID: 28835418 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from a majority of cell types. Exosomes play a role in healthy and pathogenic intercellular interactions via the transfer of proteins, lipids and RNA. The contents and effects of exosomes vary depending on the properties of the originating cell. Exosomes secreted from some cell types, including stem cells, carry biological factors implicated in the protection, regeneration and angiogenesis of damaged tissues. Due to these properties, exosomes have attracted attention as a novel vector for regenerative therapies. Exosomes as a therapeutic tool could have applications for the treatment of many disorders characterized by chronic tissue damage. Exosomes derived from stem cells could be applied to repair or prevent damage from the complications of diabetes mellitus. The immunomodulatory and reparative properties of stem cell-derived exosomes could protect or even restore an early-stage type 1 diabetic patient's original islets from autoimmune destruction. Exosomes could also possibly suppress graft rejection of pancreatic islet transplants. Therefore, it is our recommendation that the treatment of diabetes mellitus using exosome-based therapies be further explored. Development of novel therapies using exosomes is slowed by a limited understanding of their mechanisms. This hurdle must be overcome to pave the way for clinical trials and ultimately the adaptation of exosomes as a therapeutic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Newton
- Department of MedicineThe Center of Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Hospital, Boston University, School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joseph W Kim
- Department of MedicineThe Center of Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Hospital, Boston University, School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - John Z Q Luo
- Department of MedicineThe Center of Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Hospital, Boston University, School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Insure HealthInc., Warwick, Rhode Island, USA
| | - LuGuang Luo
- Department of MedicineThe Center of Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Hospital, Boston University, School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Isolation and characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles: implications for biomarker discovery. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:731-749. [PMID: 29081510 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urine is a valuable diagnostic medium and, with the discovery of urinary extracellular vesicles, is viewed as a dynamic bioactive fluid. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-enclosed structures that can be classified into three categories: exosomes, microvesicles (or ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. This classification is based on the mechanisms by which membrane vesicles are formed: fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membranes (exosomes), budding of vesicles directly from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or those shed from dying cells (apoptotic bodies). During their formation, urinary extracellular vesicles incorporate various cell-specific components (proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) that can be transferred to target cells. The rigour needed for comparative studies has fueled the search for optimal approaches for their isolation, purification, and characterization. RNA, the newest extracellular vesicle component to be discovered, has received substantial attention as an extracellular vesicle therapeutic, and compelling evidence suggests that ex vivo manipulation of microRNA composition may have uses in the treatment of kidney disorders. The results of these studies are building the case that urinary extracellular vesicles act as mediators of renal pathophysiology. As the field of extracellular vesicle studies is burgeoning, this Review focuses on primary data obtained from studies of human urine rather than on data from studies of laboratory animals or cultured immortalized cells.
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42
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Wu CX, Liu ZF. Proteomic Profiling of Sweat Exosome Suggests its Involvement in Skin Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:89-97. [PMID: 28899687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Healthy human skin sustains an effective immune defense mechanism, formed by a complex physical and chemical epidermal barrier that coordinates with different cellular components of the skin immune system. However, the mechanism by which skin cells regulate local immune homeostasis in health and disease contexts is not well known. To investigate whether exosomes exist in sweat, sweat samples from healthy individuals were collected after aerobic exercise. Sweat exosome was isolated via differential ultracentrifugation, observed under transmission electron microscopy, measured by dynamic light scattering, and confirmed by immunoblot. Further, shotgun liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis was conducted to investigate the proteomic profiling of sweat exosome. Secreted exosome was detected in human sweat. A total of 1,062 proteins were identified in sweat exosome, including 997 different proteins compared with sweat proteomics and 896 unique proteins compared with urine, saliva, and plasma exosomes. Diverse antimicrobial peptides and immunological factors were found in sweat exosome, suggesting the involvement of exosome in skin immunity. This study provides direct evidence that secreted exosomes exist in human sweat. The proteomic profiling of sweat exosome provides insight into sweat features and the potential physiological significance of exosomes in immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Xu Y, Qin S, An T, Tang Y, Huang Y, Zheng L. MiR-145 detection in urinary extracellular vesicles increase diagnostic efficiency of prostate cancer based on hydrostatic filtration dialysis method. Prostate 2017; 77:1167-1175. [PMID: 28617988 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be detected in body fluids and may serve as disease biomarkers. Increasing evidence suggests that circulating miRNAs in serum and urine may be potential non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) is suitable for urinary EVs (UEVs) isolation and whether such reported PCa-related miRNAs can be detected in UEVs as PCa biomarkers. METHODS To analyze EVs miRNAs, we searched for an easy and economic method to enrich EVs from urine samples. We compared the efficiency of HFD method and conventional ultracentrifugation (UC) in isolating UEVs. Subsequently, UEVs were isolated from patients with PCa, patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy individuals. Differential expression of four PCa-related miRNAs (miR-572, miR-1290, miR-141, and miR-145) were measured in UEVs and paired serum EVs using SYBR Green-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The overall performance of HFD was similar to UC. In miRNA yield, both HFD and UC can meet the needs of further analysis. The level of miR-145 in UEVs was significantly increased in patients with PCa compared with the patients with BPH (P = 0.018). In addition, significant increase was observed in miR-145 levels when patients with Gleason score ≥8 tumors compared with Gleason score ≤7 (P = 0.020). Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) revealed that miR-145 in UEVs combined with serum PSA could differentiate PCa from BPH better than PSA alone (AUC 0.863 and AUC 0.805, respectively). In serum EVs, four miRNAs were significantly higher in patients with PCa than with BPH. CONCLUSION HFD is appropriate for UEVs isolation and miRNA analysis when compared with conventional UC. miR-145 in UEVs is upregulated from PCa patients compared BPH patients and healthy controls. We suggest the potential use of UEVs miR-145 as a biomarker of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihua Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taixue An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Campion CG, Sanchez-Ferras O, Batchu SN. Potential Role of Serum and Urinary Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Nephropathy. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2017; 4:2054358117705371. [PMID: 28616250 PMCID: PMC5461910 DOI: 10.1177/2054358117705371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease caused by alterations in kidney architecture and function, and constitutes one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The purpose of this review is to summarize the state of the art of the DN-biomarker field with a focus on the new strategies that enhance the sensitivity of biomarkers to predict patients who will develop DN or are at risk of progressing to ESRD. OBJECTIVE In this review, we provide a description of the pathophysiology of DN and propose a panel of novel putative biomarkers associated with DN pathophysiology that have been increasingly investigated for diagnosis, to predict disease progression or to provide efficient personal treatment. METHODS We performed a review of the literature with PubMed and Google Scholar to collect baseline data about the pathophysiology of DN and biomarkers associated. We focused our research on new and emerging biomarkers of DN. KEY FINDINGS In this review, we summarized the critical signaling pathways and biological processes involved in DN and highlighted the pathogenic mediators of this disease. We next proposed a large review of the major advances that have been made in identifying new biomarkers which are more sensitive and reliable compared with currently used biomarkers. This includes information about emergent biomarkers such as functional noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, exosomes, and microparticles. LIMITATIONS Despite intensive strategies and constant investigation, no current single treatment has been able to reverse or at least mitigate the progression of DN, or reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Major difficulties probably come from the renal disease being heterogeneous among the patients. IMPLICATIONS Expanding the proteomics screening, including oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, along with metabolomics approaches may further improve the prognostic value and help in identifying the patients with diabetes who are at high risk of developing kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole G. Campion
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sri N. Batchu
- St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kwon SH, Woollard JR, Saad A, Garovic VD, Zand L, Jordan KL, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Elevated urinary podocyte-derived extracellular microvesicles in renovascular hypertensive patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:800-807. [PMID: 27190371 PMCID: PMC5837786 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increased number of podocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) may reflect podocyte injury in renal disease. Elevated glomerular pressure and other insults may injure podocytes, yet it remains unclear whether the numbers of pEVs are altered in hypertensive patients. We tested the hypothesis that urinary pEV levels would be elevated in patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) compared with essential hypertension (EH) or healthy volunteers (HVs). METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients with EH ( n = 30) or RVH ( n = 31) to study renal blood flow (RBF) and cortical perfusion using multidetector computed tomography under controlled condition (regulated sodium intake and renin-angiotensin blockade). After isolation from urine samples, pEVs (nephrin and podocalyxin positive) were characterized by flow cytometry. Fourteen RVH patients were studied again 3 months after stenting or continued medical therapy. HVs ( n = 15) served as controls. RESULTS The fraction of pEV among urinary EVs was elevated in RVH compared with HVs and EH (11.4 ± 6.4, 6.8 ± 3.4 and 6.3 ± 3.7%, respectively; P < 0.001) and remained unchanged after 3 additional months of therapy and after controlling for clinical parameters. However, eGFR- and age-adjusted pEV levels did not correlate with any clinical or renal parameters. CONCLUSIONS In hypertensive patients under controlled conditions, urinary pEV levels are elevated in patients with RVH and low eGFR compared with patients with EH and relatively preserved renal function. These pEVs may reflect podocyte injury secondary to kidney damage, and their levels might represent a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - John R. Woollard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ahmed Saad
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vesna D. Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kyra L. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen C. Textor
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Barreiro K, Holthofer H. Urinary extracellular vesicles. A promising shortcut to novel biomarker discoveries. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:217-227. [PMID: 28429073 PMCID: PMC5487850 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic and genomic techniques have reached full maturity and are providing unforeseen details for the comprehensive understanding of disease pathologies at a fraction of previous costs. However, for kidney diseases, many gaps in such information remain to inhibit major advances in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of these devastating diseases, which have enormous global impact. The discovery of ubiquitous extracellular vesicles (EV) in all bodily fluids is rapidly increasing the fundamental knowledge of disease mechanisms and the ways in which cells communicate with distant locations in processes of cancer spread, immunological regulation, barrier functions and general modulation of cellular activity. In this review, we describe some of the most prominent research streams and findings utilizing urinary extracellular vesicles as highly versatile and dynamic tools with their extraordinary protein and small regulatory RNA species. While being a highly promising approach, the relatively young field of EV research suffers from a lack of adherence to strict standardization and carefully scrutinized methods for obtaining fully reproducible results. With the appropriate guidelines and standardization achieved, urine is foreseen as forming a unique, robust and easy route for determining accurate and personalized disease signatures and as providing highly useful early biomarkers of the disease pathology of the kidney and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gracia T, Wang X, Su Y, Norgett EE, Williams TL, Moreno P, Micklem G, Karet Frankl FE. Urinary Exosomes Contain MicroRNAs Capable of Paracrine Modulation of Tubular Transporters in Kidney. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40601. [PMID: 28094285 PMCID: PMC5240140 DOI: 10.1038/srep40601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes derived from all nephron segments are present in human urine, where their functionality is incompletely understood. Most studies have focused on biomarker discovery rather than exosome function. Through sequencing we identified the miRNA repertoire of urinary exosomes from healthy volunteers; 276 mature miRNAs and 345 pre-miRNAs were identified (43%/7% of reads). Among the most abundant were members of the miR-10, miR-30 and let-7 families. Targets for the identified miRNAs were predicted using five different databases; genes encoding membrane transporters and their regulators were enriched, highlighting the possibility that these miRNAs could modulate key renal tubular functions in a paracrine manner. As proof of concept, cultured renal epithelial cells were exposed to urinary exosomes and cellular exosomal uptake was confirmed; thereafter, reduced levels of the potassium channel ROMK and kinases SGK1 and WNK1 were observed in a human collecting duct cell line, while SPAK was unaltered. In proximal tubular cells, mRNA levels of the amino acid transporter gene SLC38A2 were diminished and reflected in a significant decrement of its encoded protein SNAT2. Protein levels of the kinase SGK1 did not change. Thus we demonstrated a novel potential function for miRNA in urinary exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannia Gracia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Norgett
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Moreno
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gos Micklem
- Departments of Genetic, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona E Karet Frankl
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lou NJ, Ni YH, Jia HY, Deng JT, Jiang L, Zheng FJ, Sun AL. Urinary Microvesicle-Bound Uromodulin: A Potential Molecular Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:3918681. [PMID: 28182086 PMCID: PMC5274657 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3918681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the changes of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin and total urinary uromodulin levels in human urine and the correlations with the severity of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). 31 healthy subjects without diabetes and 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in this study. The patients with T2DM were divided into three groups based on the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR): normoalbuminuria group (DM, n = 46); microalbuminuria group (DN1, n = 32); and macroalbuminuria group (DN2, n = 22). We use a specific monoclonal antibody AD-1 to capture the urinary microvesicles. Urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin and total urinary uromodulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that the levels of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin in DN1 and DN2 groups were significantly higher than those in control group and DM group (P < 0.01). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that UACR was independent determinant for urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin (P < 0.05) but not for total urinary uromodulin. These findings suggest that the levels of urinary microvesicle-bound uromodulin are associated with the severity of DKD. The uromodulin in urinary microvesicles may be a specific marker of DKD and potentially may be used to predict the onset and/or monitor the progression of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-jun Lou
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yi-hong Ni
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Hong-ying Jia
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Jing-ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Feng-jie Zheng
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Ai-li Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Ji'nan, Shandong 250033, China
- *Ai-li Sun:
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Huang-Doran I, Zhang CY, Vidal-Puig A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Mediators of Cell Communication In Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:3-18. [PMID: 27810172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis emerges from the complex, multidirectional crosstalk between key metabolic tissues including adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. This crosstalk, traditionally mediated by hormones and metabolites, becomes dysregulated in human diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs; including exosomes) are circulating, cell-derived nanoparticles containing proteins and nucleic acids that interact with and modify local and distant cellular targets. Accumulating evidence, reviewed herein, supports a role for extracellular vesicles in obesity-associated metabolic disturbance, particularly the local and systemic inflammation characteristic of adipose and hepatic stress. As the practical and conceptual challenges facing the field are tackled, this emerging and versatile mode of intercellular communication may afford valuable insights and therapeutic opportunities in combatting these major threats to modern human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huang-Doran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046 China
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Lannigan J, Erdbruegger U. Imaging flow cytometry for the characterization of extracellular vesicles. Methods 2016; 112:55-67. [PMID: 27721015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are potent bio-activators and inter-cellular communicators that play an important role in both health and disease. It is for this reason there is a strong interest in understanding their composition and origin, with the hope of using them as important biomarkers or therapeutics. Due to their very small size, heterogeneity, and large numbers there has been a need for better tools to measure them in an accurate and high throughput manner. While traditional flow cytometry has been widely used for this purpose, there are inherent problems with this approach, as these instruments have traditionally been developed to measure whole cells, which are orders of magnitude larger and express many more molecules of identifying epitopes. Imaging flow cytometry, as performed with the ImagestreamX MKII, with its combination of increased fluorescence sensitivity, low background, image confirmation ability and powerful data analysis tools, provides a great tool to accurately evaluate EVs. We present here a comprehensive approach in applying this technology to the study of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lannigan
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
| | - Uta Erdbruegger
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine/Nephrology Division, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0133, USA.
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