Clinical features and metabolic complications for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in youth with obesity

Association of overweight/obesity and overweight/obesity-related metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in young adults with coronary artery calcification later in life

AIM

The association of overweight/obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in young adulthood with subclinical atherosclerosis [coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC)] by middle age is unknown.

METHOD

In total, 2274 participants aged 28-39 years from the coronary artery risk development in young adults study at year 10 (1995-1996) who were re-examined 15 years later were included. CAC and AAC were measured at year 25 using computed tomography. We examined the utility of three young adult phenotypes (lean group; overweight/obese group; overweight/obese MASLD group) at year 10 in predicting CAC or AAC by middle age. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between groups and CAC, and AAC. Independent determinates of CAC and AAC were determined with linear regression models.

RESULTS

Compared with individuals categorized as lean in young adulthood, the relative risk for CAC by middle age was 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 0.93-1.28) for those with overweight/obesity and 1.32 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.61) for those with overweight/obesity-related MASLD. For AAC, no difference was observed between these three groups. Group, systolic blood pressure and group × systolic blood pressure interaction were all the independent determinates for CAC.

CONCLUSION

In this study, young adults with overweight/obesity-related MASLD have a higher risk of developing CAC by middle age. These abnormalities are only partially explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and overweight/obesity-related MASLD has an independent impact on CAC. Our study provides evidence for identifying young adults at higher risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis.

Modelling and assessment of glucose-lactate kinetics in youth with overweight, obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A pilot study

AIM

In this study, we investigated glucose and lactate kinetics during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 23 overweight and obese adolescents and assessed putative differences among participants with and without metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

METHODS

We enrolled 23 young people (six girls) with obesity [body mass index 33 (29-37)]. Glucose-lactate kinetics parameters (disposal glucose insulin sensitivity, SID; fraction of glucose converted into lactate, fr; fractional lactate clearance rate, kL) and lactate production rate (LPR) were estimated using the oral glucose-lactate minimal model. MASLD presence was assessed using the proton density fat fraction. We analysed glucose, lactate and LPR time to peak, peak values and area under the curve and evaluated differences using the Wilcoxon test. MASLD and no-MASLD participants were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Correlations between parameters were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). We also tested the performance of two (4 or 3 h OGTT) protocols in estimating oral glucose-lactate minimal model and LPR parameters.

RESULTS

Glucose peaks 30 min earlier than lactate (p = .0019). This pattern was present in the no-MASLD group (p < .001). LPR peaks 30 min later in the MASLD group (p = .02). LPR and kL were higher in MASLD, suggesting higher glycolysis and lactate utilization. SID and fr correlate significantly (ρ = -0.55, p = .008). SID and fr were also correlated with the body mass index, (ρ = -0.45, p = .04; and ρ = 0.45; p = .03). The protocol duration did not influence the estimates of the parameters.

DISCUSSION

Youth with MASLD showed a delayed glucose metabolism, possibly because of greater utilization of the underlying substrates. A 3-h OGTT may be used to assess lactate metabolism effectively.

Waistline to thigh circumference ratio as a predictor of MAFLD: a health care worker study with 2-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine whether the waist-to-thigh ratio (WTTR) is associated with the incidence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in health care workers.

METHODS

There were 4517 health care workers with baseline data and results from 2 follow-up examinations. We divided the subjects into 3 groups according to baseline WTTR and used the Cox hazard regression model to estimate MAFLD risk.

RESULTS

The WTTRs were categorized by tertiles at baseline using the values 1.58 and 1.66. Patients with higher WTTR tended to have significantly greater values for the following factors, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FPG), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and neck circumference. The incidence of MAFLD significantly increased with increasing WTTR tertiles (5.74%, 12.75% and 22.25% for the first, second and third tertiles, respectively, P < 0.05 for trend). Kaplan-Meier(K-M) survival analysis revealed a significant tendency towards increased MAFLD risk with increasing WTTR tertile. In the fully adjusted model, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for MAFLD in the second, third WTTR tertiles compared with the first quartile were 2.17(1.58,2.98), 3.63(2.70,4.89), respectively, third neck circumference tertiles compared with the first quartile were 2.84(1.89,4.25), 8.95(6.00,13.35), respectively. Compared with those of individuals with a BMI > 23 kg/m2, the associations between WTTR and MAFLD incidence were more pronounced in subjects with a BMI < 23 kg/m2. Similarly, the difference in neck circumference was more pronounced in these patients with a BMI < 23 kg/m2.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that the WTTR is an independent risk factor for MAFLD, and there was a dose‒response relationship between the WTTR and MAFLD risk. The neck circumference was significantly different in subjects with a BMI < 23 kg/m2. This approach provides a new way to predict the incidence rate of MAFLD.

[Risk analysis of serum chemical residues for metabolic associated fatty liver disease based on exposome-lipidome wide association study]

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common liver disease with a prevalence of up to 25%; it not only adversely affects human health but also aggravates the economic burden of society. An increasing number of studies have suggested that the occurrence of chronic noncommunicable diseases is affected by both environmental exposures and genetic factors. Research has also shown that environmental pollution may increase the risk of MAFLD and promote its occurrence and development. However, the relationship between these concepts, as well as the underlying exposure effects and mechanism, remains incompletely understood. Lipidomics, a branch of metabolomics that studies lipid disorders, can help researchers investigate abnormal lipid metabolites in various disease states. Lipidome-exposome wide association studies are a promising paradigm for investigating the health effects of cumulative environmental exposures on biological responses, and could provide new ideas for determining the associations between metabolic and lipid changes and disease risk caused by chemical-pollutant exposure. Hence, in this study, targeted exposomics and nontargeted lipidomics studies based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were used to characterize exogenous chemical pollutants and endogenous lipid metabolites in the sera of patients with MAFLD and healthy subjects. The results demonstrated that fipronil sulfone, malathion dicarboxylic acid, and monocyclohexyl phthalate may be positively associated with the disease risk of patients diagnosed as simple fatty liver disease (hereafter referred to as MAFLD(0)). Moreover, fipronil sulfone, acesulfame potassium, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), 4-hydroxybenzophenone, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DBPOB) may be positively associated with the disease risk of patients diagnosed as fatty liver complicated by single or multiple metabolic disorders. Association analysis was carried out to explore the lipid metabolites induced by chemical residues. Triglyceride (TG) and diglyceride (DG) were significantly increased in MAFLD and MAFLD(0). The numbers of carbons of significantly changed DGs and TGs were mainly in the ranges of 32-40 and 35-60, respectively, and both were mainly characterized by changes in polyunsaturated lipids. Most of the lipid-effect markers were positively correlated with chemical residues and associated with increased disease risk. Our research provides a scientific basis for studies on the association and mechanism between serum chemical-pollutant residues and disease outcomes.

Clinical review: Guide to pharmacological management in pediatric obesity medicine

Introduction

Newer pharmacotherapy agents (anti-obesity medication [AOM]) are revolutionizing the management of children and adolescents with obesity. Previously, treatment based on intensive behavioral therapy involved many patient and family contact hours and yielded improvements in obesity status of 1-3 percent of the 95th percentile of the body mass index (BMI). Newer AOMs are yielding more clinically significant improvement of 5-18 percent. This review provides guidance for practitioners in the care of children and adolescents with obesity who frequently have complex medical and behavioral health care needs. Specifically, we discuss the use of newer AOMs in these complex patients.

Methods

This review details an approach to the care of the child and adolescent with obesity using AOMs. A shared decision-making process is presented in which the provider and the patient and family collaborate on care. Management of medical and behavioral components of the disease of obesity in the child are discussed.

Results

Early aggressive treatment is recommended, starting with an assessment of associated medical and behavioral complications, weight promoting medications, use of AOMs and ongoing care. Intensive behavioral therapy is foundational to treatment, but not a specific treatment. Patients and families deserve education on expected outcomes with each therapeutic option.

Conclusions

The use of new AOMs in children and adolescents has changed expected clinical outcomes in the field of pediatric obesity management. Clinically significant improvement in obesity status occurs when AOMs are used early and aggressively. Ongoing, chronic care is the model for optimizing outcomes using a shared decision-making between provider and patient/family. Depending on the experience and comfort level of the primary care practitioner, referral to an obesity medicine specialist may be appropriate, particularly when obesity related co-morbidities are present and pharmacotherapy and metabolic and bariatric surgery are considerations.