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Liu H, Li Y, Zou Y, Zhang X, Shi X, Yin Z, Lin Y. Influence of miRNA-30a-5p on Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection through Regulation of Autophagy by Beclin-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9963700. [PMID: 34604389 PMCID: PMC8486528 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9963700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study is aimed at observing the influence of microribonucleic acid- (miRNA-) 30a-50p on the pulmonary fibrosis in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection through the regulation of autophagy by Beclin-1. Specific pathogen-free mice were instilled with Streptococcus pneumoniae through the trachea to establish the pulmonary fibrosis model. Then, they were divided into the miRNA-30a-50p mimics group (mimics group, n = 10) and miRNA-30a-5p inhibitors group (inhibitors group, n = 10), with the control group (n = 10) also set. Pulmonary tissue wet weight/dry weight (W/D) was detected. The content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, the changes in the pulmonary function index dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), plateau pressure (Pplat), and peak airway pressure (Ppeak) were monitored, and the gene and protein expression levels were measured via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. The expression level of miRNA-30a-5p was substantially raised in the mimics group (p < 0.05), but extremely low in the inhibitors group (p < 0.05). The mimics group had obviously raised levels of serum aminotransferase (AST), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and pulmonary tissue W/D (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MPO were notably elevated in the mimics group, while their expression levels showed the opposite conditions in the inhibitors group (p < 0.05). According to the HE staining results, the inhibitors group had arranged orderly cells, while the mimics group exhibited lung injury, pulmonary edema, severe inflammatory response, and alveolar congestion. In the inhibitors group, Cdyn was remarkably elevated, but Pplat and Ppeak declined considerably (p < 0.05). Besides, the inhibitors group exhibited elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Beclin-1 and LC3, lowered mRNA levels of α-SMA and p62, a raised protein level of Beclin-1, and a markedly decreased protein level of p62 (p < 0.05). Silencing miRNA-30a-5p expression can promote the expression of Beclin-1 to accelerate the occurrence of autophagy, thereby treating pulmonary fibrosis in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yabo Li
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yingdong Zou
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Xingzong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Xiongfei Shi
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Zhiping Yin
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
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Velappan N, Micheva-Viteva S, Adikari SH, Waldo GS, Lillo AM, Bradbury ARM. Selection and verification of antibodies against the cytoplasmic domain of M2 of influenza, a transmembrane protein. MAbs 2021; 12:1843754. [PMID: 33206590 PMCID: PMC7678940 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1843754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the cytoplasmic domains of viral transmembrane proteins and host machinery often determine the outcome of viral infection. The M2 protein of influenza A has been identified as a key player in autophagy-mediated viral replication. Here, we describe the engineering and validation of an antibody specific for the cytoplasmic domain of the M2 protein. Through phage and yeast display selection techniques, we obtained an antibody that recognizes: 1) the M2 cytoplasmic domain purified from bacterial inclusion bodies and refolded, 2) full-length M2 recombinant protein expressed in mammalian cells, and 3) native M2 protein in influenza A infected cells. This antibody can serve as a molecular tool to enhance our knowledge of protein–protein interactions between influenza A virus and the host cell machinery. We anticipate the methods described herein will further the development of antibodies specific to the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileena Velappan
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sofiya Micheva-Viteva
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Samantha H Adikari
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Waldo
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Antonietta M Lillo
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM, USA
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3
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Teo QW, van Leur SW, Sanyal S. Escaping the Lion's Den: redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses. FEBS J 2021; 288:3913-3927. [PMID: 33044763 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis during a range of internal and external stimuli. Conventionally, autophagy is known for coordinated degradation and recycling of intracellular components and removal of cytosolic pathogens. More recently, several lines of evidence have indicated an unconventional, nondegradative role of autophagy for secretion of cargo that lacks a signal peptide. This process referred to as secretory autophagy has also been implicated in the infection cycle of several virus species. This review focuses on the current evidence available on the nondegradative features of autophagy, emphasizing its potential role and unresolved questions in the release and spread of (-) and (+) RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sophie Wilhelmina van Leur
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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4
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Sheng T, Sun Y, Sun J, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. Role of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation in H5N1 influenza A virus-induced c-Jun terminal kinase activation and virus replication. Virology 2019; 537:263-271. [PMID: 31539775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) by the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of the H5N1 subtype of influenza A virus (IAV) plays an important role in inducing autophagy and virus replication. However, the mechanisms of NS1-induced JNK activation remain elusive. Here we first confirmed the ability of H5N1 (A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005) to activate JNK and to induce autophagy in 293T cells, a human embryonic kidney cell line. We further showed that TAK1, MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), and JNK were activated in 293T cells transfected with the NS1 gene of the H5N1 virus. JNK activation by the NS1 protein or by H5N1 virus was blocked by 5Z-7-Oxozeaenol (5Z), a TAK1-specific inhibitor, and by TAK1 siRNA. Further study showed that 5Z and TAK1 siRNA suppressed H5N1 virus-induced autophagy and inhibited virus replication. Our study unveiled a previously unrecognized role of TAK1 in IAV replication, IAV-induced JNK activation, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yuling Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL60612, USA.
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5
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Smith CA, Tyrell DJ, Kulkarni UA, Wood S, Leng L, Zemans RL, Bucala R, Goldstein DR. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor enhances influenza-associated mortality in mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128034. [PMID: 31292300 PMCID: PMC6629144 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza-associated mortality continues to occur annually despite available antiviral therapies. New therapies that improve host immunity could reduce influenza virus disease burden. Targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has improved the outcomes of certain inflammatory diseases, but its role in influenza viral infection is unclear. Here, we showed that, during influenza viral infection, Mif-deficient mice have less inflammation, viral load, and mortality compared with WT control mice; conversely, Tg mice, overexpressing Mif in alveolar epithelial cells, had higher inflammation, viral load, and mortality. Antibody-mediated blockade of MIF in WT mice during influenza viral infection improved their survival. Mif-deficient murine lungs showed reduced levels of parkin, a mitophagy protein that negatively regulates antiviral signaling, prior to infection and augmented antiviral type I/III IFN levels in the airspaces after infection as compared with WT lungs. Additionally, in vitro assays with human lung epithelial cells showed that treatment with recombinant human MIF increased the percentage of influenza virus-infected cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that MIF impairs antiviral host immunity and increases inflammation during influenza infection and suggests that targeting MIF could be therapeutically beneficial during influenza viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/virology
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/genetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/immunology
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Primary Cell Culture
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/immunology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice A. Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tyrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Upasana A. Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sherri Wood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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6
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Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. Influenza Virus Infections and Cellular Kinases. Viruses 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30791550 PMCID: PMC6410056 DOI: 10.3390/v11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of respiratory illness and are responsible for yearly epidemics associated with more than 500,000 annual deaths globally. Novel IAVs may cause pandemic outbreaks and zoonotic infections with, for example, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, which pose a threat to public health. Treatment options are limited and emergence of strains resistant to antiviral drugs jeopardize this even further. Like all viruses, IAVs depend on host factors for every step of the virus replication cycle. Host kinases link multiple signaling pathways in respond to a myriad of stimuli, including viral infections. Their regulation of multiple response networks has justified actively targeting cellular kinases for anti-cancer therapies and immune modulators for decades. There is a growing volume of research highlighting the significant role of cellular kinases in regulating IAV infections. Their functional role is illustrated by the required phosphorylation of several IAV proteins necessary for replication and/or evasion/suppression of the innate immune response. Identified in the majority of host factor screens, functional studies further support the important role of kinases and their potential as host restriction factors. PKC, ERK, PI3K and FAK, to name a few, are kinases that regulate viral entry and replication. Additionally, kinases such as IKK, JNK and p38 MAPK are essential in mediating viral sensor signaling cascades that regulate expression of antiviral chemokines and cytokines. The feasibility of targeting kinases is steadily moving from bench to clinic and already-approved cancer drugs could potentially be repurposed for treatments of severe IAV infections. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of cellular kinases to IAV infections and their value as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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7
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Zhang J, Ruan T, Sheng T, Wang J, Sun J, Wang J, Prinz RA, Peng D, Liu X, Xu X. Role of c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) activation in influenza A virus-induced autophagy and replication. Virology 2019; 526:1-12. [PMID: 30316042 PMCID: PMC6424123 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of different influenza A virus (IAV) strains can differentially regulate the activity of c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) and PI-3 kinase (PI3K). Whether varying JNK and PI3K activation impacts autophagy and IAV replication differently remains uncertain. Here we report that H5N1 (A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005) influenza A virus induced functional autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3 lipidation and decreased p62 levels, and the presence of autolysosomes in chicken fibroblast cells. H9N2 (A/chicken/Shanghai/F/98) virus weakly induced autophagy, whereas H1N1 virus (A/PR/8/34, PR8) blocked autophagic flux. H5N1 virus activated JNK but inhibited the PI-3 kinase pathway. In contrast, N9N2 virus infection led to modest JNK activation and strong PI-3 kinase activation; whereas H1N1 virus activated the PI-3 kinase pathway but did not activate JNK. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, inhibited H5N1 virus-induced autophagy and virus replication in a DF-1 chicken fibroblast cell line. Our study uncovered a previously unrecognized role of JNK in IAV replication and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tao Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tianyu Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Center for Immunological Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston IL60201, USA
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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8
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Zhai N, Wang H, Chen Y, Li H, Viktor K, Huang K, Chen X. Taurine attenuates OTA-promoted PCV2 replication through blocking ROS-dependent autophagy via inhibiting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Chen R, Ji G, Xi L, Zhang T, Zheng D, Li X, Ren H. Role of autophagy in regulating the immune response of dendritic cells to Talaromyces marneffei infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:120-125. [PMID: 29964152 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy can regulate antimicrobial immunity. However, it is unknown whether autophagy mediates the immune response of dendritic cells (DCs) to Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) infection. Therefore, to explore the relationship between autophagy and multiplication of T. marneffei and investigate whether ERK1/2 signaling pathway regulates activation of autophagy and TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion by intracellular signaling mechanisms during T. marneffei infection in human DCs. DCs were infected with T. marneffei for different times. First, we found that T. marneffei induced activation of autophagy and ERK1/2 in human DCs. Second, the inhibition of ERK1/2 suppressed activation of autophagy in T. marneffei-infected human DCs. Third, the suppression of ERK1/2 and autophagy decreased TNF-α and IFN-γ production and increased the proliferation of T. marneffei. These data suggest that ERK pathway plays vital regulatory roles in activation of autophagy and subsequent cytokine production during T. marneffei infection. Our data further indicate that autophagy is important in the regulation of the DC immune response to T. marneffei infection, thereby extending our understanding of host immune responses to the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqiong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
| | - Guangquan Ji
- Department of Technology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Composition of Families, Lianyungang Blood Center, Lianyungang, 222002, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222002, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Jiang K, Zhang Q, Meng S, Ding C. Autophagy in Negative-Strand RNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29487586 PMCID: PMC5816943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homoeostatic process by which cytoplasmic material is targeted for degradation by the cell. Viruses have learned to manipulate the autophagic pathway to ensure their own replication and survival. Although much progress has been achieved in dissecting the interplay between viruses and cellular autophagic machinery, it is not well understood how the cellular autophagic pathway is utilized by viruses and manipulated to their own advantage. In this review, we briefly introduce autophagy, viral xenophagy and the interaction among autophagy, virus and immune response, then focus on the interplay between NS-RNA viruses and autophagy during virus infection. We have selected some exemplary NS-RNA viruses and will describe how these NS-RNA viruses regulate autophagy and the role of autophagy in NS-RNA viral replication and in immune responses to virus infection. We also review recent advances in understanding how NS-RNA viral proteins perturb autophagy and how autophagy-related proteins contribute to NS-RNA virus replication, pathogenesis and antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Songshu Meng
- Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zheng J, Perlman S. Immune responses in influenza A virus and human coronavirus infections: an ongoing battle between the virus and host. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:43-52. [PMID: 29172107 PMCID: PMC5835172 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, especially influenza A viruses and coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, represent continuing global threats to human health. Despite significant advances, much needs to be learned. Recent studies in virology and immunology have improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in protection and in the pathogenesis of these infections and of co-evolution of viruses and their hosts. These findings, together with sophisticated molecular structure analyses, omics tools and computer-based models, have helped delineate the interaction between respiratory viruses and the host immune system, which will facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies and vaccines with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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12
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Budida R, Stankov MV, Döhner K, Buch A, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Tappe KA, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B, Behrens GMN. Herpes simplex virus 1 interferes with autophagy of murine dendritic cells and impairs their ability to stimulate CD8 + T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1819-1834. [PMID: 28771693 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I presentation is responsible for the presentation of viral proteins to CD8+ T lymphocytes and mainly depends on the classical antigen processing pathway. Recently, a second pathway involving autophagy has been implicated in this process. Here, we show an increase in the capacity of murine dendritic cells (DCs) to present viral antigens on MHC class I after infection with a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1-Δ34.5), lacking infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), when compared to its parental HSV-1 strain. The ICP34.5 protein counteracts host cell translational arrest and suppresses macroautophagy, and the lack of this protein resulted in a low viral protein abundance, which was processed and presented in an efficient way. Our study demonstrates an important role of autophagy in processing endogenous viral proteins in HSV-1-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kim A Tappe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Wang X, Xu X, Wang W, Yu Z, Wen L, He K, Fan H. MicroRNA-30a-5p promotes replication of porcine circovirus type 2 through enhancing autophagy by targeting 14-3-3. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2643-2654. [PMID: 28530014 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy and microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating virus-host interactions and can restrict or facilitate viral replication. In the present study we examined whether a functional relationship exists between autophagy, miRNA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, using several approaches. We demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between PCV2 infection and autophagy in 3D4/21 cells and autophagy induced by PCV2 infection triggered PCV2 replication. Four miRNA were selected by real-time PCR and further studied, but only miR-30a-5p mimic had a significant effect on PCV2 replication. Overexpression of miR-30a-5p significantly enhanced PCV2 infection and autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Blockage of miR-30a-5p significantly decreased PCV2 replication. We provided further evidence that miR-30a-5p regulate the link between PCV2 infection and host immune system. Furthermore, miR-30a-5p targeted and regulated 14-3-3 gene, which is a regulator of autophagy. Flow cytometry data demonstrated that miR-30a-5p promotes cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase to regulate PCV2 replication and autophagy by interacting directly with 14-3-3, but not with the PCV2 genome. These data not only provide new insights into virus-host interactions during PCV2 infection but also suggest a potential new antiviral therapeutic strategy against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xianglan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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14
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Iyyathurai J, Decuypere JP, Leybaert L, D'hondt C, Bultynck G. Connexins: substrates and regulators of autophagy. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:20. [PMID: 27229147 PMCID: PMC4896244 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins mediate intercellular communication by assembling into hexameric channel complexes that act as hemichannels and gap junction channels. Most connexins are characterized by a very rapid turn-over in a variety of cell systems. The regulation of connexin turn-over by phosphorylation and ubiquitination events has been well documented. Moreover, different pathways have been implicated in connexin degradation, including proteasomal and lysosomal-based pathways. Only recently, autophagy emerged as an important connexin-degradation pathway for different connexin isoforms. As such, conditions well known to induce autophagy have an immediate impact on the connexin-expression levels. This is not only limited to experimental conditions but also several pathophysiological conditions associated with autophagy (dys)function affect connexin levels and their presence at the cell surface as gap junctions. Finally, connexins are not only substrates of autophagy but also emerge as regulators of the autophagy process. In particular, several connexin isoforms appear to recruit pre-autophagosomal autophagy-related proteins, including Atg16 and PI3K-complex components, to the plasma membrane, thereby limiting their availability and capacity for regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegan Iyyathurai
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Department of Human Genetics, and VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease, Campus Gasthuisberg, O/N-IV, 7.159, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Ghent University, Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catheleyne D'hondt
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Zang F, Chen Y, Lin Z, Cai Z, Yu L, Xu F, Wang J, Zhu W, Lu H. Autophagy is involved in regulating the immune response of dendritic cells to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. Immunology 2016; 148:56-69. [PMID: 26800655 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can mediate antiviral immunity. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy regulates the immune response of dendritic cells (DCs) to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. In this study, we found that infection with the H1N1 virus induced DC autophagy in an endocytosis-dependent manner. Compared with autophagy-deficient Beclin-1(+/-) mice, we found that bone-marrow-derived DCs from wild-type mice (WT BMDCs) presented a more mature phenotype on H1N1 infection. Wild-type BMDCs secreted higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), IL-12p70 and IFN-γ than did Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs. In contrast to Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs, H1N1-infected WT BMDCs exhibited increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and nuclear factor-κB as well as IFN regulatory factor 7 nuclear translocation. Blockade of autophagosomal and lysosomal fusion by bafilomycin A1 decreased the co-localization of H1N1 viruses, autophagosomes and lysosomes as well as the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β in H1N1-infected BMDCs. In contrast to Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs, H1N1-infected WT BMDCs were more efficient in inducing allogeneic CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and driving T helper type 1, 2 and 17 cell differentiation while inhibiting CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell differentiation. Moreover, WT BMDCs were more efficient at cross-presenting the ovalbumin antigen to CD8(+) T cells. We consistently found that Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs were inferior in their inhibition of H1N1 virus replication and their induction of H1N1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, which produced lower levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β in vivo. Our data indicate that autophagy is important in the regulation of the DC immune response to H1N1 infection, thereby extending our understanding of host immune responses to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farong Zang
- Department of Respiration, The People's Hospital of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
| | - Yinghu Chen
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Lin
- Departments of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoli Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huoquan Lu
- Department of Respiration, The People's Hospital of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
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16
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for recurrent outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis. Several studies analyzing the interactions of this pathogen with the autophagic pathway have reported opposite results with evidence for and against the upregulation of autophagy in infected cells. In this regard, we have recently reported that minimal genetic changes (single amino acid substitutions) in nonstructural proteins of WNV can modify the ability of the virus to induce autophagic features such as LC3 modification and aggregation in infected cells. We think that these results could help explain some of the previously reported discrepancies. These findings could also aid in deciphering the interactions of this pathogen with the autophagic pathway at the molecular level aimed to develop feasible antiviral strategies to combat this pathogen, and other related flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- a Department of Virology and Microbiology; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) ; Madrid , Spain
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17
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Zhu JD, Meng W, Wang XJ, Wang HCR. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:517. [PMID: 26052325 PMCID: PMC4440912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of highly effective, broad-spectrum antiviral agents is the major objective shared by the fields of virology and pharmaceutics. Antiviral drug development has focused on targeting viral entry and replication, as well as modulating cellular defense system. High throughput screening of molecules, genetic engineering of peptides, and functional screening of agents have identified promising candidates for development of optimal broad-spectrum antiviral agents to intervene in viral infection and control viral epidemics. This review discusses current knowledge, prospective applications, opportunities, and challenges in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Da Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Wen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Hwa-Chain R Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
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18
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Zhu HY, Han L, Shi XL, Wang BL, Huang H, Wang X, Chen DF, Ju DW, Feng MQ. Baicalin inhibits autophagy induced by influenza A virus H3N2. Antiviral Res 2014; 113:62-70. [PMID: 25446340 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin, a natural product isolated from Scutellariaradix, has been reported to have significant in vivo and in vitro anti-influenza virus activity, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that baicalin inhibited autophagy induced by influenza virus A3/Beijing/30/95 (H3N2) in both A549 and Ana-1 cells. The results showed that H3N2 induced autophagy by suppressing mTOR signaling pathway, which however could be significantly inhibited by baicalin. Baicalin could suppress the expression of Atg5-Atg12 complex and LC3-II, and attenuate autophagy induced by starvation. Thus, the inhibition of autophagy induced by virus may account for the antiviral activities of baicalin against H3N2. Autophagy may be a potential marker in developing novel anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-yan Zhu
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun-long Shi
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-long Wang
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dao-feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-wen Ju
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-qing Feng
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Hahn DR, Na CL, Weaver TE. Reserve autophagic capacity in alveolar epithelia provides a replicative niche for influenza A virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:400-12. [PMID: 24661119 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0437oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to cellular homeostasis through metabolite recycling and degradation of cytotoxic protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Although recent studies have established that the requirement for basal autophagy is largely tissue specific, the importance of autophagy for alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis remains an important knowledge gap. In the present study we generated two mouse models, with > 90% or > 50% recombination at the Atg5 locus in the distal respiratory epithelium, to assess the effect of dose-dependent decreases in autophagy on alveolar homeostasis. A 90% decrease in autophagy was well tolerated in young adult mice but resulted in alveolar septal thickening and altered lung mechanics in aged animals, consistent with accumulation of damage over time. By comparison, a 50% decrease in autophagy had no effect on alveolar structure or function throughout the murine life span, indicating that basal autophagy in this compartment exceeds that required for homeostasis. A 50% decrease in autophagy in the bronchoalveolar epithelium significantly attenuated influenza A/H3N2 viral replication, leading to improved lung structure and function and reduced morbidity and mortality after infection. The reserve of autophagic capacity in the alveolar epithelium may provide a niche for replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Hahn
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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20
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Dumit VI, Küttner V, Käppler J, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Uitto J, Dengjel J. Altered MCM protein levels and autophagic flux in aged and systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2321-2330. [PMID: 24496236 PMCID: PMC4121389 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a common risk factor of many disorders. With age, the level of insoluble extracellular matrix increases leading to increased stiffness of a number of tissues. Matrix accumulation can also be observed in fibrotic disorders, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). Although the intrinsic aging process in skin is phenotypically distinct from SSc, here we demonstrate similar behavior of aged and SSc skin fibroblasts in culture. We have used quantitative proteomics to characterize the phenotype of dermal fibroblasts from healthy subjects of various ages and from patients with SSc. Our results demonstrate that proteins involved in DNA and RNA processing decrease with age and in SSc, while those involved in mitochondrial and other metabolic processes behave the opposite. Specifically, mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase proteins are less abundant with age and SSc, and they exhibit an altered subcellular distribution. We observed that lower levels of MCM7 correlate with reduced cell proliferation, lower autophagic capacity and higher intracellular protein expression phenotypes of aged and SSc cells. Additionally, we show that SSc fibroblasts exhibit higher levels of senescence than their healthy counterparts, suggesting further similarities between the fibrotic disorder and the aging process. Hence, at the molecular level, SSc fibroblasts exhibit intrinsic characteristics of fibroblasts from aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica I Dumit
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), School of Life Science (LifeNet), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Victoria Küttner
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), School of Life Science (LifeNet), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Käppler
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), School of Life Science (LifeNet), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), School of Life Science (LifeNet), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), School of Life Science (LifeNet), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Rigbolt KT, Zarei M, Sprenger A, Becker AC, Diedrich B, Huang X, Eiselein S, Kristensen AR, Gretzmeier C, Andersen JS, Zi Z, Dengjel J. Characterization of early autophagy signaling by quantitative phosphoproteomics. Autophagy 2013; 10:356-71. [PMID: 24275748 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of nutrient shortage autophagy is the primary cellular mechanism ensuring availability of substrates for continuous biosynthesis. Subjecting cells to starvation or rapamycin efficiently induces autophagy by inhibiting the MTOR signaling pathway triggering increased autophagic flux. To elucidate the regulation of early signaling events upon autophagy induction, we applied quantitative phosphoproteomics characterizing the temporal phosphorylation dynamics after starvation and rapamycin treatment. We obtained a comprehensive atlas of phosphorylation kinetics within the first 30 min upon induction of autophagy with both treatments affecting widely different cellular processes. The identification of dynamic phosphorylation already after 2 min demonstrates that the earliest events in autophagy signaling occur rapidly after induction. The data was subjected to extensive bioinformatics analysis revealing regulated phosphorylation sites on proteins involved in a wide range of cellular processes and an impact of the treatments on the kinome. To approach the potential function of the identified phosphorylation sites we performed a screen for MAP1LC3-interacting proteins and identified a group of binding partners exhibiting dynamic phosphorylation patterns. The data presented here provide a valuable resource on phosphorylation events underlying early autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Tg Rigbolt
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Sprenger
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology; University Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Becker
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Diedrich
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xun Huang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Eiselein
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anders R Kristensen
- Centre for High-throughput Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC CA
| | - Christine Gretzmeier
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens S Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Southern Denmark; Odense, Denmark
| | - Zhike Zi
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); School of Life Sciences-LifeNet; Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology; University Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Tripathi S, White MR, Hartshorn KL. The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection. Innate Immun 2013; 21:73-98. [PMID: 24217220 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a major health threat and a prime example of the significance of innate immunity. Our understanding of innate immunity to IAV has grown dramatically, yielding new concepts that change the way we view innate immunity as a whole. Examples include the role of p53, autophagy, microRNA, innate lymphocytes, endothelial cells and gut commensal bacteria in pulmonary innate immunity. Although the innate response is largely beneficial, it also contributes to major complications of IAV, including lung injury, bacterial super-infection and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. Research is beginning to dissect out which components of the innate response are helpful or harmful. IAV uses its limited genetic complement to maximum effect. Several viral proteins are dedicated to combating innate responses, while other viral structural or replication proteins multitask as host immune modulators. Many host innate immune proteins also multitask, having roles in cell cycle, signaling or normal lung biology. We summarize the plethora of new findings and attempt to integrate them into the larger picture of how humans have adapted to the threat posed by this remarkable virus. We explore how our expanded knowledge suggests ways to modulate helpful and harmful inflammatory responses, and develop novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Influenza A virus proteins NS1 and hemagglutinin along with M2 are involved in stimulation of autophagy in infected cells. J Virol 2013; 87:13107-14. [PMID: 24027311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02148-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NS1 protein of influenza A virus is known to downregulate apoptosis early in infection in order to support virus replication (O. P. Zhirnov, T. E. Konakova, T. Wolff, and H. D. Klenk, J. Virol. 76:1617-1625, 2002). In the present study, we analyzed the development of autophagy, another mechanism to protect cells from degradation that depends on NS1 expression. To this end, we compared autophagy in cells infected with wild-type (WT) influenza virus and virus lacking the NS1 gene (delNS1 virus). The results show that in WT-infected cells but not in delNS1 virus-infected cells, synthesis of the autophagy marker LC3-II, the lipidated form of microtubule light chain-associated protein LC3, is stimulated and that LC3-II accumulates in a perinuclear zone enriched with double-layered membrane vesicles characteristic of autophagosomes. Transfection experiments revealed that NS1 expressed alone was unable to upregulate autophagy, whereas hemagglutinin (HA) and M2 were. Proteolytic cleavage of HA increased autophagy. Taken together, these observations indicate that NS1 stimulates autophagy indirectly by upregulating the synthesis of HA and M2. Thus, it appears that NS1, besides downregulating apoptosis, is involved in upregulation of autophagy and that it supports the survival of infected cells by both mechanisms.
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24
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Caminschi I, Münz C. Autophagy for Better or Worse during Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:205. [PMID: 23882271 PMCID: PMC3715739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Caminschi
- Centre for Immunology, Burnet Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Wang L, Chen M, Yang J, Zhang Z. LC3 fluorescent puncta in autophagosomes or in protein aggregates can be distinguished by FRAP analysis in living cells. Autophagy 2013; 9:756-69. [PMID: 23482084 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LC3 is a marker protein that is involved in the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, which are usually characterized and monitored by fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 probes (FP-LC3). FP-LC3 and even endogenous LC3 can also be incorporated into intracellular protein aggregates in an autophagy-independent manner. However, the dynamic process of LC3 associated with autophagosomes and autolysosomes or protein aggregates in living cells remains unclear. Here, we explored the dynamic properties of the two types of FP-LC3-containing puncta using fluorescence microscopy techniques, including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The FRAP data revealed that the fluorescent signals of FP-LC3 attached to phagophores or in mature autolysosomes showed either minimal or no recovery after photobleaching, indicating that the dissociation of LC3 from the autophagosome membranes may be very slow. In contrast, FP-LC3 in the protein aggregates exhibited nearly complete recovery (more than 80%) and rapid kinetics of association and dissociation (half-time < 1 sec), indicating a rapid exchange occurs between the aggregates and cytoplasmic pool, which is mainly due to the transient interaction of LC3 and SQSTM1/p62. Based on the distinct dynamic properties of FP-LC3 in the two types of punctate structures, we provide a convenient and useful FRAP approach to distinguish autophagosomes from LC3-involved protein aggregates in living cells. Using this approach, we find the FP-LC3 puncta that adjacently localized to the phagophore marker ATG16L1 were protein aggregate-associated LC3 puncta, which exhibited different kinetics compared with that of autophagic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Herpes simplex virus γ34.5 interferes with autophagosome maturation and antigen presentation in dendritic cells. mBio 2012; 3:e00267-12. [PMID: 23073763 PMCID: PMC3470650 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00267-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular autophagy response induced by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is countered by the viral γ34.5 protein. γ34.5 modulates autophagy by binding to the host autophagy protein Beclin-1 and through this binding inhibits the formation of autophagosomes in fibroblasts and neurons. In contrast, in this study dendritic cells (DCs) infected with HSV-1 showed an accumulation of autophagosomes and of the long-lived protein p62. No such accumulations were observed in DCs infected with a γ34.5-null virus or a virus lacking the Beclin-binding domain (BBD) of γ34.5. To explore this further, we established stably transduced DC lines to show that γ34.5 expression alone induced autophagosome accumulation yet prevented p62 degradation. In contrast, DCs expressing a BBD-deleted mutant of γ34.5 were unable to modulate autophagy. DCs expressing γ34.5 were less capable of stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation in response to intracellular antigens, demonstrating an immunological consequence of inhibiting autophagy. Taken together, these data show that in DCs, γ34.5 antagonizes the maturation of autophagosomes and T cell activation in a BBD-dependent manner, illustrating a unique interface between HSV and autophagy in antigen-presenting cells. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly prevalent pathogen causing widespread morbidity and some mortality. HSV infections are lifelong, and there are no vaccines or antivirals to cure HSV infections. The ability of HSV to modulate host immunity is critical for its virulence. HSV inhibits host autophagy, a pathway with importance in many areas of health and disease. Autophagy is triggered by many microbes, some of which harness autophagy for replication; others evade autophagy or prevent it from occurring. Autophagy is critical for host defense, either by directly degrading the invading pathogen (“xenophagy”) or by facilitating antigen presentation to T cells. In this study, we show that HSV manipulates autophagy through an unsuspected mechanism with a functional consequence of reducing T cell stimulation. These data further our understanding of how HSV evades host immunity to persist for the lifetime of its host, facilitating its spread in the human population.
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