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Cortes-Selva D, Ready A, Gibbs L, Rajwa B, Fairfax KC. IL-4 promotes stromal cell expansion and is critical for development of a type-2, but not a type 1 immune response. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:428-442. [PMID: 30575951 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 is critical for differentiation of Th2 cells and antibody isotype switching, but our work demonstrated that it is produced in the peripheral LN under both Type 2, and Type 1 conditions, raising the possibility of other functions. We found that IL-4 is vital for proper positioning of hematopoietic and stromal cells in steady state, and the lack of IL-4 or IL-4Rα correlates with disarrangement of both follicular dendritic cells and CD31+ endothelial cells. We observed a marked disorganization of B cells in these mice, suggesting that the lymphocyte-stromal cell axis is maintained by the IL-4 signaling pathway. This study showed that absence of IL-4 correlates with significant downregulation of Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) and Lymphotoxin beta (LTβ), critical lymphokines for the development and maintenance of lymphoid organs. Moreover, immunization of IL-4 deficient mice with Type 2 antigens failed to induce lymphotoxin production, LN reorganization, or germinal center formation, while this process is IL-4 independent following Type 1 immunization. Additionally, we found that Type 1 antigen mediated LN reorganization is dependent on IFN-γ in the absence of IL-4. Our findings reveal a role of IL-4 in the maintenance of peripheral lymphoid organ microenvironments during homeostasis and antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes-Selva
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Ready
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, and Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Keke C Fairfax
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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2
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Mukherjee T, Chatterjee B, Dhar A, Bais SS, Chawla M, Roy P, George A, Bal V, Rath S, Basak S. A TNF-p100 pathway subverts noncanonical NF-κB signaling in inflamed secondary lymphoid organs. EMBO J 2017; 36:3501-3516. [PMID: 29061763 PMCID: PMC5709727 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) present on stromal cells engages the noncanonical NF-κB pathway to mediate RelB-dependent expressions of homeostatic chemokines, which direct steady-state ingress of naïve lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). In this pathway, NIK promotes partial proteolysis of p100 into p52 that induces nuclear translocation of the RelB NF-κB heterodimers. Microbial infections often deplete homeostatic chemokines; it is thought that infection-inflicted destruction of stromal cells results in the downregulation of these chemokines. Whether inflammation per se also regulates these processes remains unclear. We show that TNF accumulated upon non-infectious immunization of mice similarly downregulates the expressions of these chemokines and consequently diminishes the ingress of naïve lymphocytes in inflamed SLOs. Mechanistically, TNF inactivated NIK in LTβR-stimulated cells and induced the synthesis of Nfkb2 mRNA encoding p100; these together potently accumulated unprocessed p100, which attenuated the RelB activity as inhibitory IκBδ. Finally, a lack of p100 alleviated these TNF-mediated inhibitions in inflamed SLOs of immunized Nfkb2-/- mice. In sum, we reveal that an inhibitory TNF-p100 pathway modulates the adaptive compartment during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Mukherjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachendra S Bais
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Chawla
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Payel Roy
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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3
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Milićević NM, Nohroudi K, Schmidt F, Schmidt H, Ringer C, Sorensen GL, Milićević Ž, Westermann J. Growth of Murine Splenic Tissue Is Suppressed by Lymphotoxin β-Receptor Signaling (LTβR) Originating from Splenic and Non-Splenic Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166901. [PMID: 27936003 PMCID: PMC5147843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and maintenance of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen essentially depend on lymphotoxin β-receptor (LTβR) signaling. It is unclear, however, by which molecular mechanism their size is limited. Here, we investigate whether the LTβR pathway is also growth suppressing. By using splenic tissue transplantation it is possible to analyze a potential contribution of LTβR signaling inside and outside of the implanted tissue. We show that LTβR signaling within the endogenous spleen and within non-splenic tissues both significantly suppressed the regeneration of implanted splenic tissue. The suppressive activity positively correlated with the total number of LTβR expressing cells in the animal (regenerate weights of 115 ± 8 mg in LTβR deficient recipients and of 12 ± 9 mg in wild-type recipients), affected also developed splenic tissue, and was induced but not executed via LTβR signaling. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry of stromal splenic tissue was applied to screen for potential factors mediating the LTβR dependent suppressive activity. Thus, LTβR dependent growth suppression is involved in regulating the size of secondary lymphoid organs, and might be therapeutically used to eradicate tertiary lymphoid tissues during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M. Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Klaus Nohroudi
- Department I of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ringer
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Živana Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Westermann
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Kumar V, Dasoveanu DC, Chyou S, Tzeng TC, Rozo C, Liang Y, Stohl W, Fu YX, Ruddle NH, Lu TT. A dendritic-cell-stromal axis maintains immune responses in lymph nodes. Immunity 2015; 42:719-30. [PMID: 25902483 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Within secondary lymphoid tissues, stromal reticular cells support lymphocyte function, and targeting reticular cells is a potential strategy for controlling pathogenic lymphocytes in disease. However, the mechanisms that regulate reticular cell function are not well understood. Here we found that during an immune response in lymph nodes, dendritic cells (DCs) maintain reticular cell survival in multiple compartments. DC-derived lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) ligands were critical mediators, and LTβR signaling on reticular cells mediated cell survival by modulating podoplanin (PDPN). PDPN modulated integrin-mediated cell adhesion, which maintained cell survival. This DC-stromal axis maintained lymphocyte survival and the ongoing immune response. Our findings provide insight into the functions of DCs, LTβR, and PDPN and delineate a DC-stromal axis that can potentially be targeted in autoimmune or lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kumar
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Te-Chen Tzeng
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cristina Rozo
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Stohl
- Department of Rheumatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nancy H Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Macho-Fernandez E, Koroleva EP, Spencer CM, Tighe M, Torrado E, Cooper AM, Fu YX, Tumanov AV. Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling limits mucosal damage through driving IL-23 production by epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:403-13. [PMID: 25183367 PMCID: PMC4364000 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms regulating epithelial cell repair after injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate here that lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) signaling in intestinal epithelial cells promotes self-repair after mucosal damage. Using a conditional gene-targeted approach, we demonstrate that LTβR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is essential for epithelial interleukin-23 (IL-23) production and protection against epithelial injury. We further show that epithelial-derived IL-23 promotes mucosal wound healing by inducing the IL-22-mediated proliferation and survival of epithelial cells and mucus production. Additionally, we identified CD4(-)CCR6(+)T-bet(-) RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)(+) lymphoid tissue inducer cells as the main producers of protective IL-22 after epithelial damage. Thus, our results reveal a novel role for LTβR signaling in epithelial cells in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis to limit mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C M Spencer
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - M Tighe
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - E Torrado
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - A M Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - Y-X Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
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Bao Y, Cao X. The immune potential and immunopathology of cytokine-producing B cell subsets: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:10-23. [PMID: 24794622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are generally recognized for their potential to mediate humoral immunity by producing different antibody isotypes and being involved in opsonization and complement fixation. Nevertheless, the non-classical, antibody-independent immune potential of B cell subsets has attracted much attention especially in the past decade. These B cells can release a broad variety of cytokines (such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, LT), and can be classified into distinct subsets depending on the particular cytokine profile, thus emerging the concept of cytokine-producing B cell subsets. Although there is still controversy surrounding the key cell surface markers, intracellular factors and cellular origins of cytokine-producing B cell subsets, accumulating evidence indicates that these B cells are endowed with great potential to regulate both innate and adaptive arms of immune system though releasing cytokines. On the one hand, they promote immune responses through mounting Th1/Th2/Th17 and neutrophil response, inducing DC maturation and formation of lymphoid structures, increasing NK cell and macrophage activation, enhancing development of themselves and sustaining antibody production. On the other hand, they can negatively regulate immune responses by suppressing Th cell responses, inhibiting Tr1 cell and Foxp3(+) Treg differentiation, impairing APC function and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by monocytes, and inducing CD8(+) T cell anergy and CD4(+) T cell apoptosis. Therefore, cytokine-producing B cell subsets have multifunctional functions in health and diseases, playing pathologic as well as protective roles in autoimmunity, infection, allergy, and even malignancy. In this review, we revisit the history of discovering cytokine-producing B cells, describe the identification of cytokine-producing B cell subsets, introduce the origins of cytokine-producing B cell subsets as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms for their differentiation, and summarize the recent progress made toward understanding the unexpectedly complex and potentially opposing roles of cytokine-producing B cells in immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Translational Medicine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Vitali C, Portararo P, Guarnotta C, Casalini P, Cappetti B, Miotti S, Pinciroli P, Fuligni F, Fais F, Piccaluga PP, Colombo MP. Defective stromal remodeling and neutrophil extracellular traps in lymphoid tissues favor the transition from autoimmunity to lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:110-29. [PMID: 24189145 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of matricellular proteins can become pathogenic in the presence of persistent perturbations in tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that autoimmunity associated with Fas mutation was exacerbated and transitioned to lymphomagenesis in the absence of SPARC (secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine). The absence of SPARC resulted in defective collagen assembly, with uneven compartmentalization of lymphoid and myeloid populations within secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), and faulty delivery of inhibitory signals from the extracellular matrix. These conditions promoted aberrant interactions between neutrophil extracellular traps and CD5(+) B cells, which underwent malignant transformation due to defective apoptosis under the pressure of neutrophil-derived trophic factors and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, this model of defective stromal remodeling during lymphomagenesis correlates with human lymphomas arising in a SPARC-defective environment, which is prototypical of CD5(+) B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sangaletti
- 1Molecular Immunology Unit, 2Molecular Targeting Unit, and 3Molecular Therapies Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan; 4Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo; 5Hematopathology Section, Department of Hematology and Oncology L. and A. Seràgnoli, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna; and 6Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Kain MJW, Owens BMJ. Stromal cell regulation of homeostatic and inflammatory lymphoid organogenesis. Immunology 2013; 140:12-21. [PMID: 23621403 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs function to increase the efficiency of interactions between rare, antigen-specific lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells, concentrating antigen and lymphocytes in a supportive environment that facilitates the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Homeostatic lymphoid tissue organogenesis proceeds via exquisitely controlled spatiotemporal interactions between haematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer populations and multiple subsets of non-haematopoietic stromal cells. However, it is becoming clear that in a range of inflammatory contexts, ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues can develop inappropriately under pathological stress. Here we summarize the role of stromal cells in the development of homeostatic lymphoid tissue, and assess emerging evidence that suggests a critical role for stromal involvement in the tertiary lymphoid tissue development associated with chronic infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J W Kain
- University of Oxford Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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