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Nicolas A, Deplanche M, Commere PH, Diot A, Genthon C, Marques da Silva W, Azevedo V, Germon P, Jamme H, Guédon E, Le Loir Y, Laurent F, Bierne H, Berkova N. Transcriptome Architecture of Osteoblastic Cells Infected With Staphylococcus aureus Reveals Strong Inflammatory Responses and Signatures of Metabolic and Epigenetic Dysregulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854242. [PMID: 35531332 PMCID: PMC9067450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a range of devastating diseases including chronic osteomyelitis, which partially relies on the internalization and persistence of S. aureus in osteoblasts. The identification of the mechanisms of the osteoblast response to intracellular S. aureus is thus crucial to improve the knowledge of this infectious pathology. Since the signal from specifically infected bacteria-bearing cells is diluted and the results are confounded by bystander effects of uninfected cells, we developed a novel model of long-term infection. Using a flow cytometric approach we isolated only S. aureus-bearing cells from mixed populations that allows to identify signals specific to intracellular infection. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the effect of long-term S. aureus infection on the transcriptional program of human osteoblast-like cells. After RNA-seq and KEGG and Reactome pathway enrichment analysis, the remodeled transcriptomic profile of infected cells revealed exacerbated immune and inflammatory responses, as well as metabolic dysregulations that likely influence the intracellular life of bacteria. Numerous genes encoding epigenetic regulators were downregulated. The later included genes coding for components of chromatin-repressive complexes (e.g., NuRD, BAHD1 and PRC1) and epifactors involved in DNA methylation. Sets of genes encoding proteins of cell adhesion or neurotransmission were also deregulated. Our results suggest that intracellular S. aureus infection has a long-term impact on the genome and epigenome of host cells, which may exert patho-physiological dysfunctions additionally to the defense response during the infection process. Overall, these results not only improve our conceptual understanding of biological processes involved in the long-term S. aureus infections of osteoblast-like cells, but also provide an atlas of deregulated host genes and biological pathways and identify novel markers and potential candidates for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Nicolas
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
| | - Martine Deplanche
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Commere
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alan Diot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Universit´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Lyon, France
| | - Clemence Genthon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Unité Service 1426 (US1426), Transcriptome Plateforme Technologique (GeT-PlaGe), Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Wanderson Marques da Silva
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pierre Germon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université François Rabelais, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), Tours, France
| | - Hélène Jamme
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Biologie de la Reproduction, Environnement, Epigénétique et Développement (BREED), Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biologie de la Reproduction, Environnement, Epigénétique et Développement (BREED), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Guédon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
| | - Fréderic Laurent
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308 (UMR5308), Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Universit´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’OEuf (STLO), Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Nadia Berkova,
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Comish PB, Carlson D, Kang R, Tang D. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and the Systemic Immune Consequences of Severe Thermal Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1189-1197. [PMID: 32839211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thermal injury is often associated with a proinflammatory state resulting in serious complications. After a burn, the innate immune system is activated with subsequent immune cell infiltration and cytokine production. Although the innate immune response is typically beneficial, an excessive activation leads to cytokine storms, multiple organ failure, and even death. This overwhelming immune response is regulated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are endogenous molecules that are actively secreted by immune cells or passively released by dead or dying cells that can bind to pathogen recognition receptors in immune and nonimmune cells. Recent studies involving animal models along with human studies have drawn great attention to the possible pathological role of DAMPs as an immune consequence of thermal injury. In this review, we outline DAMPs and their function in thermal injury, shedding light on the mechanism of sterile inflammation during tissue injury and identifying new immune targets for treating thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Comish
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Deborah Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Liang H, Cheng R, Wang J, Xie H, Li R, Shimizu K, Zhang C. Mogrol, an aglycone of mogrosides, attenuates ulcerative colitis by promoting AMPK activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153427. [PMID: 33296813 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a non-specific chronic inflammatory disease. The incidence of UC in China has been increasing in recent years. Mogrol is an aglycone of mogrosides. Studies have shown that mogrosides have anti-oxygenation, anti-inflammatory, and laxative effects as well as other biological activities. PURPOSE To investigate the beneficial effects of mogrol on UC and identify its underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN We used the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced UC model in mice, TNF-α-damaged NCM460 colonic epithelial cells, macrophage cells THP-M stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) / adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) to confirm the key role of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activation. METHODS Histological evaluation, immunohistochemical staining, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assay and quantitative real time-PCR were used in the study. RESULTS Oral administration of mogrol (5 mg/kg/daily) in vivo significantly attenuated pathological colonic damage, inhibited inflammatory infiltration and improved the abnormal expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in colonic mucosa via the AMPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. In vitro, mogrol protected against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating AMPK in TNF-α-treated NCM460 cells and inhibited the production of inflammatory mediator in LPS-stimulated THP-M cells. Furthermore, mogrol's effects were reversed by compound C intervention in DSS-induced UC model. CONCLUSION Mogrol exerts protective effects in experimental UC and inhibits production of inflammatory mediators through activation of AMPK-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Renshi Li
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Harizaj A, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Physical transfection technologies for macrophages and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:229-247. [PMID: 32985919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, two important antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system, are being explored for the use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For this application, the therapeutic potential of patient-derived APCs is increased by delivering different types of functional macromolecules, such as mRNA and pDNA, into their cytosol. Compared to the use of viral and non-viral delivery vectors, physical intracellular delivery techniques are known to be more straightforward, more controllable, faster and generate high delivery efficiencies. AREAS COVERED This review starts with electroporation as the most traditional physical transfection method, before continuing with the more recent technologies such as sonoporation, nanowires and microfluidic cell squeezing. A description is provided of each of those intracellular delivery technologies with their strengths and weaknesses, especially paying attention to delivery efficiency and safety profile. EXPERT OPINION Given the common use of electroporation for the production of therapeutic APCs, it is recommended that more detailed studies are performed on the effect of electroporation on APC fitness, even down to the genetic level. Newer intracellular delivery technologies seem to have less impact on APC functionality but further work is needed to fully uncover their suitability to transfect APCs with different types of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hachim MY, Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Pyroptosis: The missing puzzle among innate and adaptive immunity crosstalk. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:323-338. [PMID: 32083338 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0120-625r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a newly discovered programmed cell death with inflammasome formation. Pattern recognition receptors that identify repetitive motifs of prospective pathogens such as LPS of gram-negative bacteria are crucial to pyroptosis. Upon stimulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns, proinflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1 family members IL-1β and IL-18, are released through pyroptosis specific pore-forming protein, gasdermin D. Even though IL-1 family members are mainly involved in innate immunity, they can be factors in adaptive immunity. Given the importance of IL-1 family members in health and diseases, deciphering the role of pyroptosis in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity is of great importance, especially with the recent progress in identifying the exact mechanism of such a pathway. In this review, we will focus on how the innate inflammatory mediators can regulate the adaptive immune system and vice versa via pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Hachim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bariaa A Khalil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha M Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Ahn MY, Kang JK, Kwon SM, Yoon HE, Yoon JH. Expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 and 2 in oral lichen planus. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:1-8. [PMID: 32256993 PMCID: PMC7109494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of oral mucosa. The present study investigated the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), a pivotal sensor protein of the innate immune system, in OLP. Materials and methods Oral mucosal biopsies were collected from 20 patients with OLP and 6 individuals with normal oral mucosa (NOM). The expression of NOD1 and NOD2 was determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in OLP and NOM samples. Results The mRNA expression of NOD1 and NOD2 was significantly higher in the OLP group than in the NOM group. The protein expression of NOD1 was marginally upregulated in all mucosal layers in the OLP group compared with that of the NOM group; however, the differences were not significant. The expression of NOD2 was elevated in infiltrating lymphocytes of the submucosal layer in the OLP group compared with the NOM group, but was undetected in other inflammatory disease, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH). This study revealed the upregulation of NOD2 mRNA and protein in the OLP group, but not in the NOM group. Conclusion These findings suggest that NOD2 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP and represents a new diagnostic and treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Ahn
- Major in Pharmaceutical Engineering, Division of Bio-industry, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, College of Dentistry, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kwon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Analysis of the Mechanism of Zhichuanling Oral Liquid in Treating Bronchial Asthma Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1875980. [PMID: 32015750 PMCID: PMC6988691 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1875980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zhichuanling oral liquid (ZOL) as a preparation of traditional Chinese medicine is widely used for the treatment of asthma in China; therefore, it is necessary to systematically clarify bioactive chemical ingredients and the mechanism of action of ZOL. Information on ZOL ingredients and asthma-related targets was collected, and we used the latest systematic pharmacological methods to construct protein-protein interaction network and compound-target network and then visualized them. Finally, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted through the clusterProfiler package in the R software. The results showed that 58 bioactive ingredients and 42 potential targets of ZOL related to asthma were identified, following six important components and nine hub genes screened. Further cluster and enrichment analysis suggested that NF-κB signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway might be core pathways of ZOL for asthma. Our work successfully predicted the active ingredients and potential targets of ZOL and provided the explanation for the mechanism of action of ZOL for asthma through the systematic analysis, which suggested that ZOL played a major role in many ways including reducing airway inflammation and inhibiting airway remodeling and mucus secretion. Moreover, ZOL combined with glucocorticoids may have some effects on severe asthma.
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Helou DG, Martin SF, Pallardy M, Chollet-Martin S, Kerdine-Römer S. Nrf2 Involvement in Chemical-Induced Skin Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1004. [PMID: 31134077 PMCID: PMC6514534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to certain chemicals disturbs skin homeostasis. In particular, protein-reactive chemical contact sensitizers trigger an inflammatory immune response resulting in eczema and allergic contact dermatitis. Chemical sensitizers activate innate immune cells which orchestrate the skin immune response. This involves oxidative and inflammatory pathways. In parallel, the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, a major ubiquitous regulator of cellular oxidative and electrophilic stress is activated in the different skin innate immune cells including epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, but also in keratinocytes. In this context, Nrf2 shows a strong protective capacity through the downregulation of both the oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. In this review we highlight the important role of Nrf2 in the control of the innate immune response of the skin to chemical sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doumet Georges Helou
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM UMR996, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM UMR996, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvie Chollet-Martin
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM UMR996, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,UF Auto-immunité et Hypersensibilités, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM UMR996, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Domínguez MA, Landi V, Morera L, Martínez A, Jiménez-Marín Á, Garrido JJ. Identification and functional characterization of polymorphisms in promoter sequences of porcine NOD1 and NOD2 genes. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:310-316. [PMID: 31030118 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) play a key role in the innate immune system, acting as a second line of surveillance against pathogens. NLRs detect particular bacteria that have gained access to the cytoplasm, evading recognition by other pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors. It has been demonstrated that coding sequence-single nucleotide polymorphisms may alter the ligand recognition ability of NLRs, affecting their pathogen-sensing function. However, there have been no data relating to the identification and functional analysis of SNPs in porcine NLR promoters. We examined the promoter sequences of the porcine NOD1 and NOD2 genes with the aim to identify and to evaluate the effect of genetic variations on promoter activity. Six SNPs in NOD1 and three SNPs in NOD2 were identified. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed significant differences in promoter activity between allele variants of NOD1 -920G>A (NC_010460.4:g.42431413G>A) and NOD2 -1670G>A (NC_010448.4:g.34169122T>C) SNPs. The results suggest that promoter polymorphisms could modify the expression levels of porcine NOD1 and NOD2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Zoonosis, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Mexico; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Morera
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Sarhan M, Land WG, Tonnus W, Hugo CP, Linkermann A. Origin and Consequences of Necroinflammation. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:727-780. [PMID: 29465288 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When cells undergo necrotic cell death in either physiological or pathophysiological settings in vivo, they release highly immunogenic intracellular molecules and organelles into the interstitium and thereby represent the strongest known trigger of the immune system. With our increasing understanding of necrosis as a regulated and genetically determined process (RN, regulated necrosis), necrosis and necroinflammation can be pharmacologically prevented. This review discusses our current knowledge about signaling pathways of necrotic cell death as the origin of necroinflammation. Multiple pathways of RN such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis have been evolutionary conserved most likely because of their differences in immunogenicity. As the consequence of necrosis, however, all necrotic cells release damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Analysis of necroinflammation allows characterizing specific signatures for each particular pathway of cell death. While all RN-pathways share the release of DAMPs in general, most of them actively regulate the immune system by the additional expression and/or maturation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, DAMPs have been demonstrated to modulate the process of regeneration. For the purpose of better understanding of necroinflammation, we introduce a novel classification of DAMPs in this review to help detect the relative contribution of each RN-pathway to certain physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Walter G Land
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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12
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Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): the Derivatives and Triggers of Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 30267163 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergen is an umbrella term for irritants of diverse origin. Along with other offenders such as pathogens, mutagens, xenobiotics, and pollutants, allergens can be grouped as inflammatory agents. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are altered metabolism products of necrotic or stressed cells, which are deemed as alarm signals by the innate immune system. Like inflammation, DAMPs play a role in correcting the altered physiological state, but in excess, they can be lethal due to their signal transduction roles. In a vicious loop, inflammatory agents are DAMP generators and DAMPs create a pro-inflammatory state. Only a handful of DAMPs such as uric acid, mtDNA, extracellular ATP, HSPs, amyloid β, S100, HMGB1, and ECM proteins have been studied till now. A large number of DAMPs are still obscure, in need to be unveiled. The identification and functional characterization of those DAMPs in inflammation pathways can be insightful. RECENT FINDINGS As inflammation and immune activation have been implicated in almost all pathologies, studies on them have been intensified in recent times. Consequently, the pathologic mechanisms of various DAMPs have emerged. Following PRR ligation, the activation of inflammasome, MAPK, and NF-kB is some of the common pathways. The limited number of recognized DAMPs are only a fraction of the vast array of other DAMPs. In fact, any misplaced or abnormal level of metabolite can be a DAMP. Sophisticated analysis studies can reveal the full profile of the DAMPs. Lowering the level of DAMPs is useful therapeutic intervention but certainly not as effective as avoiding the DAMP generators, i.e., the inflammatory agents. So, rather than mitigating DAMPs, efforts should be focused on the elimination of inflammatory agents.
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13
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Afkham A, Eghbal-Fard S, Heydarlou H, Azizi R, Aghebati-Maleki L, Yousefi M. Toll-like receptors signaling network in pre-eclampsia: An updated review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2229-2240. [PMID: 30221394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune cells receptors. They are expressed on leukocytes, epithelial cells, and more particularly on placental immune cells and chorion trophoblast. Upregulation of innate immune response occurs during normal pregnancy, but its excessive activity is involved in the pathology of pregnancy complications including pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (PE). The recent studies about the overmuch inflammatory responses and aberrant placentation are associated with increased expression of TLRs in PE patients. This review has tried to focus on the relationship between some activities of TLRs and the risk of preeclampsia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afkham
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Eghbal-Fard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Heydarlou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramyar Azizi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Zeng Q, Hu C, Qi R, Lu D. PYNOD reduces microglial inflammation and consequent neurotoxicity upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5337-5343. [PMID: 29904414 PMCID: PMC5996706 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PYNOD, a nod-like receptors (NLR)-like protein, was indicated to inhibit NF-κB activation, caspase-1-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β release and cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Exogenous addition of recombinant PYNOD to mixed glial cultures may suppress caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion induced by Aβ. However, to the best of our knowledge, there no study has focused on the immunoregulatory effects of PYNOD specifically in microglia. The present study aimed to explore the roles of PYNOD involved in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced microglial inflammation and consequent neurotoxicity. Murine microglial BV-2 cells were transfected with pEGFP-C2-PYNOD (0–5.0 µg/ml) for 24 h and incubated with or without LPS (1 µg/ml) for a further 24 h. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay and the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), IL-1β and caspase-1 was measured using the Griess method or ELISA. Protein expression levels of NF-κB p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected by immunofluorescent staining and/or western blot analysis. Co-culture of BV-2 cells with human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH was performed in Transwell plates and the cell viability and apoptosis (using flow cytometry) of SK-N-SH cells were determined. Results indicated that PYNOD overexpression inhibited NO secretion and iNOS protein expression induced by LPS in BV-2 cells, with no detectable cytotoxicity. PYNOD overexpression also reduced the secretion of IL-1β and caspase-1 from BV-2 cells upon LPS stimulation. These effects were dose-dependent. Additionally, PYNOD overexpression prevented LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in BV-2 cells. The growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-promoting effects of BV-2 cells towards SK-N-SH cells were alleviated as a result of PYNOD overexpression. In conclusion, PYNOD may mitigate microglial inflammation and consequent neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of The People's Republic of China, Institute of Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Renbin Qi
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of The People's Republic of China, Institute of Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Daxiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of The People's Republic of China, Institute of Brain Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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15
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Feather CM, Hawdon JM, March JC. Ancylostoma ceylanicum infective third-stage larvae are activated by co-culture with HT-29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:606. [PMID: 29246169 PMCID: PMC5731058 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human hookworm larvae arrest development until they enter an appropriate host. This makes it difficult to access the larvae for studying larval development or host-parasite interactions. While there are in vivo and in vitro animal models of human hookworm infection, there is currently no human, in vitro model. While animal models have provided much insight into hookworm biology, there are limitations to how closely this can replicate human infection. Therefore, we have developed a human, in vitro model of the initial phase of hookworm infection using intestinal epithelial cell culture. Results Co-culture of the human hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum with the mucus-secreting, human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29-MTX resulted in activation of infective third-stage larvae, as measured by resumption of feeding. Larvae were maximally activated by direct contact with fully differentiated HT-29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells. HT-29-MTX cells treated with A. ceylanicum larvae showed differential gene expression of several immunity-related genes. Conclusions Co-culture with HT-29-MTX can be used to activate A. ceylanicum larvae. This provides an opportunity to study the interaction of activated larvae with the human intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Feather
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John M Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - John C March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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16
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Patel S. Inflammasomes, the cardinal pathology mediators are activated by pathogens, allergens and mutagens: A critical review with focus on NLRP3. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:819-825. [PMID: 28599247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a pivotal defense system of body. Unfortunately, when homeostasis falters, the same inflammatory mechanism acts as a double-edged sword, and turns offensive, paving the path for a broad array of pathologies. A multi-protein complex termed as inflammasome perceives the PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (danger associated molecular patterns), executing immune responses. This activation predominantly encompasses the elaboration of effector cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and the cysteine proteases (caspase 1 and 11). Extensive study on an inflammasome NLRP3 has revealed its role in the onset and progression of pathogenic, metabolic, autoimmune, neural, and geriatric diseases. In this regard, this inflammasome's immune activation mechanisms and inhibition strategies have been discussed. Through this rigorous literature analysis, the superficial diversity between pathogens/allergens and mutagens, and NLRP3 activity towards them has been emphasized. Though there is a scope for inhibition of aberrant inflammasomes, including that of NLRP3, given their complexity and unpredictability, prevention of their activation by lifestyle correction has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., 92182 San Diego, CA USA.
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17
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Cevallos VM, Díaz V, Sirois CM. Particulate matter air pollution from the city of Quito, Ecuador, activates inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro. Innate Immun 2017; 23:392-400. [PMID: 28409539 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917699864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Automobile traffic, industrial processes and natural phenomena cause notable air pollution, including gaseous and particulate contaminants, in urban centers. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution affects human health, and has been linked to respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The mechanisms underlying inflammation in these diverse diseases, and to what extent health effects are different for PM obtained from different sources or locations, are still unclear. This study investigated the in vitro toxicity of ambient course (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter collected at seven sites in the urban and periurban zones of Quito, Ecuador. Material from all sites was capable of activating TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways, with differences in the activation related to particle size. Additionally, airborne particulate matter from Quito is an effective activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Cevallos
- 1 Center for Translational Research, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Valeria Díaz
- 2 Secretariat of the Environment, Municipality of the Quito Metropolitan District, Quito, Ecuador.,3 School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cherilyn M Sirois
- 1 Center for Translational Research, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.,3 School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.,4 Center for Biomedical Research, Eugenio Espejo College of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
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18
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Neagu M, Piperigkou Z, Karamanou K, Engin AB, Docea AO, Constantin C, Negrei C, Nikitovic D, Tsatsakis A. Protein bio-corona: critical issue in immune nanotoxicology. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1031-1048. [PMID: 27438349 PMCID: PMC5316397 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the expansion of the nanomedicine field, the knowledge focusing on the behavior of nanoparticles in the biological milieu has rapidly escalated. Upon introduction to a complex biological system, nanomaterials dynamically interact with all the encountered biomolecules and form the protein "bio-corona." The decoration with these surface biomolecules endows nanoparticles with new properties. The present review will address updates of the protein bio-corona characteristics as influenced by nanoparticle's physicochemical properties and by the particularities of the encountered biological milieu. Undeniably, bio-corona generation influences the efficacy of the nanodrug and guides the actions of innate and adaptive immunity. Exploiting the dynamic process of protein bio-corona development in combination with the new engineered horizons of drugs linked to nanoparticles could lead to innovative functional nanotherapies. Therefore, bio-medical nanotechnologies should focus on the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system for both safety and efficacy reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Karamanou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Cellular de Glicoconjugados, Programa de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Negrei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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19
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Donor and recipient genetic variants in NLRP3 associate with early acute rejection following kidney transplantation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36315. [PMID: 27819323 PMCID: PMC5098240 DOI: 10.1038/srep36315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) is a member of the inflammasome family and is of special interest in renal disease. Experimental studies have shown that Nlrp3 plays a significant role in the induction of renal damage and dysfunction in acute and chronic renal injury. However, the role of NLRP3 in human renal disease is completely unknown. From a retrospective cohort study, we determined in 1271 matching donor and recipient samples if several NLRP3 single nucelotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with primary non-function (PNF), delayed graft function (DGF), biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and death-censored graft and patient survival. NLRP3 gain-of-function SNP (rs35829419) in donors was associated with an increased risk of BPAR while NLRP3 loss-of-function SNP (rs6672995) in the recipient was associated with a decreased risk of BPAR in the first year following renal transplantation (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.38–2.64, P < 0.001 and HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.97, P = 0.03 resp.). NLRP3 SNPs in both donor and recipient were not associated with PNF, DGF, graft survival or patient survival. We conclude that genetic variants in the NLRP3 gene affect the risk of acute rejection following kidney transplantation.
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Mann JK, Shen J, Park S. Enhancement of Muramyl Dipeptide-Dependent NOD2 Activity by a Self-Derived Peptide. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1227-1238. [PMID: 27791288 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain like receptors (NLR) are pattern recognition receptors used to provide rapid immune response by detecting intracellular pathogen-associated molecules. Loss of NLR activity is implicated in genetic disorders, disruption of adaptive immunity, and chronic inflammation. One NLR protein, NOD2, is frequently mutated in Crohn's disease (CD), which is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Three commonly occurring CD-associated NOD2 mutations, R702W, G908R, and L1007fs, are clustered near the regulatory domain, leucine rich region (LRR), and lowers the activity of NOD2 in response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). As LRR is also the ligand binding domain, this suggests that the mutations either affect the binding of MDP or how the molecule responds to ligand binding. To model the role of R702 in ligand-dependent activation of NOD2, we used homology modeling to map the residue R702 to the interface between the oligomerization domain and LRR. We show that a peptide derived from NOD2(697-718) binds LRR in vitro, and upon co-expressing or importing the peptide into HEK293 expressing NOD2, there is an increase in the MDP-dependent NOD2 activity. The study thus suggests that the R702W mutation interferes with the conformational changes needed for MDP binding and activation. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1227-1238, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep K Mann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260
| | - Jiaochen Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260
| | - Sheldon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260
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Nascimento MSL, Ferreira MD, Quirino GFS, Maruyama SR, Krishnaswamy JK, Liu D, Berlink J, Fonseca DM, Zamboni DS, Carregaro V, Almeida RP, Cunha TM, Eisenbarth SS, Silva JS. NOD2-RIP2–Mediated Signaling Helps Shape Adaptive Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1647-1657. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Damm A, Giebeler N, Zamek J, Zigrino P, Kufer TA. Epidermal NLRP10 contributes to contact hypersensitivity responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1959-69. [PMID: 27221772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) protein NLRP10 is highly expressed in the epidermis and contributes to cell-autonomous responses against invasive bacteria. To investigate the role of NLRP10 in inflammatory responses of the skin we analyzed the effect of full-body and keratinocyte-specific depletion of NLRP10 in croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice. Nlrp10(-/-) mice were phenotypically normal and skin repair after wounding was not affected by lack of NLRP10. Similarly, we did not detect a contribution of NLRP10 to the ICD response induced by croton oil. In contrast, Nlrp10(-/-) mice showed significantly reduced inflammation in the DNFB-induced CHS response as compared to control animals. Microscopic analysis revealed significantly reduced numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the infiltrates of animals lacking NLRP10 expression after CHS challenge. Epidermis-specific deletion of Nlrp10 by keratin-14 promotor driven Cre-recombinase was sufficient to account for this phenotype, although lymphocyte recruitment seemed to be unaltered in animals lacking NLRP10 expression in keratinocytes. Taken together, we provide evidence that NLRP10 contributes to T-cell-mediated inflammatory responses in the skin and highlight a physiological role of NLRP10 in epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nives Giebeler
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Zamek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Gibb DR, Calabro S, Liu D, Tormey CA, Spitalnik SL, Zimring JC, Hendrickson JE, Hod EA, Eisenbarth SC. The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Does Not Regulate Alloimmunization to Transfused Red Blood Cells in Mice. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:77-86. [PMID: 27345021 PMCID: PMC4972549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are essential for patients with hematological disorders and bone marrow failure syndromes. Despite ABO matching, RBC transfusions can lead to production of alloantibodies against “minor” blood group antigens. Non-ABO alloimmunization is a leading cause of transfusion-associated mortality in the U.S. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the immunological factors that promote alloimmunization. Prior studies indicate that inflammatory conditions place patients at higher risk for alloimmunization. Additionally, co-exposure to pro-inflammatory pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) promotes alloimmunization in animal models, suggesting that RBC alloimmunization depends on innate immune cell activation. However, the specific innate immune stimuli and sensors that induce a T cell-dependent alloantibody response to transfused RBCs have not been identified. The NLRP3 inflammasome senses chemically diverse PAMPs and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including extracellular ATP and iron-containing heme. We hypothesized that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by endogenous DAMPs from RBCs promotes the alloimmune response to a sterile RBC transfusion. Using genetically modified mice lacking either NLRP3 or multiple downstream inflammasome response elements, we ruled out a role for the NLRP3 inflammasome or any Caspase-1 or -11 dependent inflammasome in regulating RBC alloantibody production to a model antigen. Transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBCs) induces proinflammatory cytokine production and alloimmunization to an RBC antigen in mice. Transfusion of stored RBCs, regardless of alloantigen expression, activates conventional dendritic cells in the spleen. NOD-like receptor (NLR) inflammasomes, including NLRP3, do not regulate inflammation and alloimmunization induced by stored RBCs.
Following a blood transfusion, the immune system may produce antibodies that have detrimental effects. To understand how the immune system recognizes factors in transfused blood, we examined the immune response of mice lacking important inflammatory molecules, called inflammasomes. The results demonstrate that inflammasomes do not affect the production of potentially harmful antibodies that recognize transfused red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Samuele Calabro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, New York 10032, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eldad A Hod
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, New York 10032, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Wan X, Cheng C, Lin Z, Jiang R, Zhao W, Yan X, Tang J, Yao K, Sun B, Chen Y. The attenuated hepatocellular carcinoma-specific Listeria vaccine Lmdd-MPFG prevents tumor occurrence through immune regulation of dendritic cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8822-38. [PMID: 25826093 PMCID: PMC4496186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising treatment for liver cancer. Here, we tested the ability of the attenuated hepatocellular carcinoma-specific Listeria vaccine (Lmdd-MPFG) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a mouse model. Immunization with the vaccine caused a strong anti-tumor response, especially in mice reinfused with dendritic cells (DCs). In mice that were also administered DCs, tumor suppression was accompanied by the strongest cytotoxic T lymphocyte response of all treatment groups and by induced differentiation of CD4+ T cells, especially Th17 cells. Additionally, the Lmdd-MPFG vaccine caused maturation of DCs in vitro. We demonstrated the synergistic effect of TLR4 and NLRP3 or NOD1 signaling pathways in LM-induced DC activation. These results suggest that the Lmdd-MPFG vaccine is a feasible strategy for preventing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ci Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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25
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Kelly G, Hughes R, McGarry T, van den Born M, Adamzik K, Fitzgerald R, Lawlor C, Tobin AM, Sweeney CM, Kirby B. Dysregulated cytokine expression in lesional and nonlesional skin in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1431-9. [PMID: 26282467 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of information on the precise pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), but immune dysregulation is implicated. OBJECTIVES To determine the nature of the immune response in HS. METHODS Skin biopsies - lesional, perilesional (2 cm away) and uninvolved (10 cm away) - were obtained from patients with HS and healthy controls. The expression of various cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α was enhanced in lesional skin of patients with HS. In addition, IL17A and IL1B mRNA were enhanced in clinically normal perilesional skin. CD4(+) T cells produced IL-17 in HS, while CD11c(+) CD1a(-) CD14(+) cells were sources of IL-1β. Activated caspase-1 was detected in HS skin and was associated with enhanced expression of NLRP3 and IL18. Inhibition of caspase-1 decreased IL-1β and IL-18 production, suggesting that the caspase-1 pathway participates in IL-1β and IL-18 expression in HS. Abnormal cytokine expression was detected in perilesional and uninvolved skin, which may suggest that subclinical inflammation is present in HS skin prior to the formation of an active lesion. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CD4(+) T cells produce IL-17 in HS and that the IL-17 pathway may be important in HS pathogenesis. CD11c(+) CD1a(-) CD14(+) cells are a source of IL-1β in HS, the production of which was shown to be mediated, in part, via a caspase-1-dependent pathway. These results suggest that IL-17 and the caspase-1-associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kelly
- Dermatology Research, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Hughes
- Dermatology Research, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T McGarry
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M van den Born
- Dermatology Research, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - K Adamzik
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Fitzgerald
- Department of Dermatology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Lawlor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A M Tobin
- Department of Dermatology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C M Sweeney
- Dermatology Research, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B Kirby
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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26
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Marty-Roix R, Vladimer GI, Pouliot K, Weng D, Buglione-Corbett R, West K, MacMicking JD, Chee JD, Wang S, Lu S, Lien E. Identification of QS-21 as an Inflammasome-activating Molecular Component of Saponin Adjuvants. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1123-36. [PMID: 26555265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immunostimulants act as vaccine adjuvants via activation of the innate immune system, although in many cases it is unclear which specific molecules contribute to the stimulatory activity. QS-21 is a defined, highly purified, and soluble saponin adjuvant currently used in licensed and exploratory vaccines, including vaccines against malaria, cancer, and HIV-1. However, little is known about the mechanisms of cellular activation induced by QS-21. We observed QS-21 to elicit caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 release in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells when co-stimulated with the TLR4-agonist adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A. Furthermore, our data suggest that the ASC-NLRP3 inflammasome is responsible for QS-21-induced IL-1β/IL-18 release. At higher concentrations, QS-21 induced macrophage and dendritic cell death in a caspase-1-, ASC-, and NLRP3-independent manner, whereas the presence of cholesterol rescued cell viability. A nanoparticulate adjuvant that contains QS-21 as part of a heterogeneous mixture of saponins also induced IL-1β in an NLRP3-dependent manner. Interestingly, despite the role NLRP3 plays for cellular activation in vitro, NLRP3-deficient mice immunized with HIV-1 gp120 and QS-21 showed significantly higher levels of Th1 and Th2 antigen-specific T cell responses and increased IgG1 and IgG2c compared with wild type controls. Thus, we have identified QS-21 as a nonparticulate single molecular saponin that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, but this signaling pathway may contribute to decreased antigen-specific responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Marty-Roix
- From the Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and
| | - Gregory I Vladimer
- From the Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and
| | - Kimberly Pouliot
- From the Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and
| | - Dan Weng
- From the Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and
| | - Rachel Buglione-Corbett
- the Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Kim West
- the Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - John D MacMicking
- the Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, and
| | - Jonathan D Chee
- the Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, and
| | - Shixia Wang
- the Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Shan Lu
- the Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Egil Lien
- From the Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and the Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Immune Homeostasis in Epithelial Cells: Evidence and Role of Inflammasome Signaling Reviewed. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:828264. [PMID: 26355424 PMCID: PMC4556877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/828264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium regulates the interaction between the noxious xenogenous, as well as the microbial environment and the immune system, not only by providing a barrier but also by expressing a number of immunoregulatory membrane receptors, and intracellular danger sensors and their downstream effectors. Amongst these are a number of inflammasome sensor subtypes, which have been initially characterized in myeloid cells and described to be activated upon assembly into multiprotein complexes by microbial and environmental triggers. This review compiles a vast amount of literature that supports a pivotal role for inflammasomes in the various epithelial barriers of the human body as essential factors maintaining immune signaling and homeostasis.
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28
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Ardeljan CP, Ardeljan D, Abu-Asab M, Chan CC. Inflammation and Cell Death in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Immunopathological and Ultrastructural Model. J Clin Med 2015; 3:1542-60. [PMID: 25580276 PMCID: PMC4287551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) remains elusive despite the characterization of many factors contributing to the disease in its late-stage phenotypes. AMD features an immune system in flux, as shown by changes in macrophage polarization with age, expression of cytokines and complement, microglial accumulation with age, etc. These point to an allostatic overload, possibly due to a breakdown in self vs. non-self when endogenous compounds and structures acquire the appearance of non-self over time. The result is inflammation and inflammation-mediated cell death. While it is clear that these processes ultimately result in degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor, the prevalent type of cell death contributing to the various phenotypes is unknown. Both molecular studies as well as ultrastructural pathology suggest pyroptosis, and perhaps necroptosis, are the predominant mechanisms of cell death at play, with only minimal evidence for apoptosis. Herein, we attempt to reconcile those factors identified by experimental AMD models and integrate these data with pathology observed under the electron microscope—particularly observations of mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA leakage, autophagy, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Ardeljan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Daniel Ardeljan
- Human Genetics Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, MD, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-496-0417
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Simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 inhibits in vitro alloresponses but does not prevent allograft rejection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1227-31. [PMID: 26159289 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in host anti-donor responses to transplanted tissue. A key trigger of the host alloresponse involves recognition of foreign antigen presented on activated antigen presenting cells by the host T cells. Emerging data suggest that PRR blockade can abrogate host anti-donor responses by interfering with activation of antigen presenting cells, particularly activation of dendritic cells. Our study asked whether blockade of a well-characterized family of intracellular PRRs, the NOD family, interfered with alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection. We found that deletion of either NOD1 or NOD2 in antigen presenting cells (APCs) had no effect on induction of T cell proliferation to alloantigen, but that simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 significantly inhibited T cell responses. There was however no effect of the NOD deletion on skin graft rejection when NOD1×NOD2 skin was transplanted onto allogeneic hosts or when WT skin was transplanted onto NOD1×NOD2 deficient recipients. The conclusion of this study is that in vitro alloresponses are negatively impacted by the simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2, but that allograft rejection across a stringent allo barrier is not affected. Our results suggest that the NOD family members, NOD1 and NOD2, play a collaborative role in T cell activation by alloantigen and that their blockade in vitro can inhibit T cell responses.
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30
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Fritz JH, Kufer TA. Editorial: NLR-Protein Functions in Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:306. [PMID: 26124759 PMCID: PMC4464067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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31
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Wheat WH, Dhouib R, Angala SK, Larrouy-Maumus G, Dobos K, Nigou J, Spencer JS, Jackson M. The presence of a galactosamine substituent on the arabinogalactan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis abrogates full maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells and increases secretion of IL-10. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:476-89. [PMID: 26048627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Slow-growing and pathogenic Mycobacterium spp. are characterized by the presence of galactosamine (GalN) that modifies the interior branched arabinosyl residues of the arabinogalactan (AG) that is a major heteropolysaccharide cell wall component. The availability of null mutants of the polyprenyl-phospho-N-acetylgalactosaminyl synthase (Rv3631, PpgS) and the (N-acetyl-) galactosaminyl transferase (Rv3779) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has provided a means to elucidate the role of the GalN substituent of AG in terms of host-pathogen interactions. Comparisons of treating human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hPMC-DCs) with wild-type, Rv3631 and Rv3779 mutant strains of Mtb revealed increased expression of DC maturation markers, decreased affinity for a soluble DC-SIGN probe, reduced IL-10 secretion and increased TLR-2-mediated NF-κB activation among GalN-deficient Mtb strains compared to GalN-producing strains. Analysis of surface expression of a panel of defined or putative DC-SIGN ligands on both WT strains or either Rv3631 or Rv3779 mutant did not show significant differences suggesting that the role of the GalN substituent of AG may be to modulate access of the bacilli to immunologically-relevant receptor domains on DCs or contribute to higher ordered pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)/pattern recognition receptor (PRR) interactions rather than the GalN-AG components having a direct immunological effect per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Wheat
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
| | - Rabeb Dhouib
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Shiva K Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Karen Dobos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - John S Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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32
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The Potential Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Link between Mitochondrial Complex I Dysfunction and Inflammation in Bipolar Disorder. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:408136. [PMID: 26075098 PMCID: PMC4444590 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the inflammatory system are two of the most consistently reported findings in bipolar disorder (BD). More specifically, altered levels of inflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of mitochondrial complex I subunits have been found in the brain and periphery of patients with BD, which could lead to increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial production of ROS and inflammation may be closely linked through a redox sensor known as nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3). Upon sensing mitochondrial release of ROS, NLRP3 assembles the NLRP3 inflammasome, which releases caspase 1 to begin the inflammatory cascade. In this review, we discuss the potential role of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a link between complex I dysfunction and inflammation in BD and its therapeutic implications.
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33
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Honda S, Nagamune T, Kawahara M. Selection of cDNA candidates that induce oligomerization of NLRP3 using a chimeric receptor approach. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:223-30. [PMID: 25641579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since diverse cellular events are regulated by protein oligomerization, identification of molecules that affect oligomerization of a target protein is important for understanding cellular physiology and developing therapeutics. In this study, we aimed to screen cDNA candidates that induce oligomerization of NLRP3, which is one of the important inflammatory sensor proteins, in mammalian cytoplasm. In our screening method, the chimera composed of NLRP3 and the kinase domain of c-kit, one of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activated by oligomerization, is expressed in cytoplasm of an IL-3-dependent mammalian cell line. The cells are then transduced with a cDNA library, and cultured in the absence of IL-3. If the transduced cDNA is a NLRP3 activator, the kinase domain of the NLRP3-c-kit chimera is activated by oligomerization, which induces cell growth even in the absence of IL-3. Using this system, constitutive oligomers of two NLRP3 variants were clearly detected by cell growth. Furthermore, cDNA screening resulted in identification of three distinct cDNAs that are potential candidates of NLRP3 activators. These results demonstrate the utility of our chimeric receptor-based system for screening candidates that induce oligomerization of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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34
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Land WG. The Role of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Human Diseases: Part I - Promoting inflammation and immunity. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e9-e21. [PMID: 25685392 PMCID: PMC4318613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest by physicians in the impact of the innate immune system on human diseases. In particular, the role of the molecules that initiate and amplify innate immune pathways, namely damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), is of interest as these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of many human disorders. The first part of this review identifies five classes of cell stress/tissue injury-induced DAMPs that are sensed by various recognition receptor-bearing cells of the innate immune system, thereby mounting inflammation, promoting apoptosis and shaping adaptive immune responses. The DAMPs activate and orchestrate several innate immune machineries, including inflammasomes and the unfolded protein response that synergistically operates to induce inflammatory, metabolic and adaptive immune pathologies. Two examples of autoimmune diseases are discussed as they represent a typical paradigm of the intimate interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Land
- Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France, E-mail:
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35
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Yang Q, Stevenson HL, Scott MJ, Ismail N. Type I interferon contributes to noncanonical inflammasome activation, mediates immunopathology, and impairs protective immunity during fatal infection with lipopolysaccharide-negative ehrlichiae. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:446-61. [PMID: 25481711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia species are intracellular bacteria that cause fatal ehrlichiosis, mimicking toxic shock syndrome in humans and mice. Virulent ehrlichiae induce inflammasome activation leading to caspase-1 cleavage and IL-18 secretion, which contribute to development of fatal ehrlichiosis. We show that fatal infection triggers expression of inflammasome components, activates caspase-1 and caspase-11, and induces host-cell death and secretion of IL-1β, IL-1α, and type I interferon (IFN-I). Wild-type and Casp1(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to fatal ehrlichiosis, had overwhelming infection, and developed extensive tissue injury. Nlrp3(-/-) mice effectively cleared ehrlichiae, but displayed acute mortality and developed liver injury similar to wild-type mice. By contrast, Ifnar1(-/-) mice were highly resistant to fatal disease and had lower bacterial burden, attenuated pathology, and prolonged survival. Ifnar1(-/-) mice also had improved protective immune responses mediated by IFN-γ and CD4(+) Th1 and natural killer T cells, with lower IL-10 secretion by T cells. Importantly, heightened resistance of Ifnar1(-/-) mice correlated with improved autophagosome processing, and attenuated noncanonical inflammasome activation indicated by decreased activation of caspase-11 and decreased IL-1β, compared with other groups. Our findings demonstrate that IFN-I signaling promotes host susceptibility to fatal ehrlichiosis, because it mediates ehrlichia-induced immunopathology and supports bacterial replication, perhaps via activation of noncanonical inflammasomes, reduced autophagy, and suppression of protective CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T-cell responses against ehrlichiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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36
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Trendelenburg G. Molecular regulation of cell fate in cerebral ischemia: role of the inflammasome and connected pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1857-67. [PMID: 25227604 PMCID: PMC4269743 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analogous to Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors represent a class of pattern recognition receptors, which are cytosolic and constitute part of different inflammasomes. These large protein complexes are activated not only by different pathogens, but also by sterile inflammation or by specific metabolic conditions. Mutations can cause hereditary autoinflammatory systemic diseases, and inflammasome activation has been linked to many multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Increasing data also support an important role in different central nervous diseases such as stroke. Thus, the current knowledge of the functional role of this intracellular 'master switch' of inflammation is discussed with a focus on its role in ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, and also with regard to the recent data which argues for a relevant role in other organs or biologic systems which influence stroke incidence or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Yoshino H, Saitoh T, Kozakai M, Kashiwakura I. Effects of ionizing radiation on retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:59-62. [PMID: 25469248 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors [RLRs; RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)] sense virus-derived RNA or a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] and are responsible for host defense against viruses. However, it remains unclear whether radiation affects RLRs. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on RIG-I and MDA5 expression and the response to poly(I:C) using THP1 (human monocytic cell line)-derived macrophages. Non- and X-irradiated (1-10 Gy) macrophages expressed RIG-I and MDA5 at mRNA and protein levels and there was no significant difference in the expression levels. Non- and X-irradiated macrophages expressed antiviral cytokine interferon (IFN)-β mRNA following poly(I:C)-low molecular weight/LyoVec™ and poly(I:C)-high molecular weight/LyoVec™ stimulation, the agonist of RIG-I and MDA5, respectively. In line with the results of the expression of RIG-I and MDA5, no significant difference in the expression of IFN-β mRNA was observed between non- and X-irradiation. These results indicate that ionizing radiation hardly affects RLR expression and the response to their agonist poly(I:C) in THP1-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Takahiro Saitoh
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Masataka Kozakai
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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Werner JL, Steele C. Innate receptors and cellular defense against pulmonary infections. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3842-50. [PMID: 25281754 PMCID: PMC4185409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, lung infections consistently rank in the top 10 leading causes of death, accounting for >50,000 deaths annually. Moreover, >140,000 deaths occur annually as a result of chronic lung diseases, some of which may be complicated by an infectious process. The lung is constantly exposed to the environment and is susceptible to infectious complications caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Indeed, we are continually faced with the threat of morbidity and mortality associated with annual influenza virus infections, new respiratory viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV), and lung infections caused by antibiotic-resistant "ESKAPE pathogens" (three of which target the lung). This review highlights innate immune receptors and cell types that function to protect against infectious challenges to the respiratory system yet also may be associated with exacerbations in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Yoshino H, Chiba K, Saitoh T, Kashiwakura I. Ionizing radiation affects the expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human monocytic cells through c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:876-84. [PMID: 24927726 PMCID: PMC4202298 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among these, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have well-characterized roles in antibacterial and antiviral immunity. In the present study, the effects of ionizing radiation on the expression of TLRs and cellular responses to ligands were investigated in THP1 monocytes (human monocytic leukemia cells) and THP1-derived macrophage cells (macrophage-like cells), which are induced by culturing in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. TLR2 and TLR4 expression was detected in THP1 and macrophage-like cells. X-irradiation caused increased expression of these TLRs in THP1 and decreased expression in macrophage-like cells. Responses to FSL-1 (TLR2 ligand) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4 ligand) were estimated by determining the induction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After FSL-1 or LPS stimulation, TNF-α induction was greater in X-irradiated THP1 monocytes than in non-irradiated cells. However, although TNF-α expression was not affected by X-irradiation in macrophage-like cells, the expression of LPS-inducible interferon-β was lower following X-irradiation of macrophage-like cells. To clarify the mechanisms of TLR2 and TLR4 regulation by X-irradiation, expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase was investigated. These experiments showed that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mediated increases in TLR expression in X-irradiated THP1 monocytes and decreases in TLR expression in X-irradiated macrophage-like cells. This study demonstrates that ionizing radiation modulates ligand-responsive TLR expression through the JNK pathway, depending on differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kanae Chiba
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Takahiro Saitoh
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiological Life Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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