1
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Kulicke CA, Swarbrick GM, Ladd NA, Cansler M, Null M, Worley A, Lemon C, Ahmed T, Bennett J, Lust TN, Heisler CM, Huber ME, Krawic JR, Ankley LM, McBride SK, Tafesse FG, Olive AJ, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Delivery of loaded MR1 monomer results in efficient ligand exchange to host MR1 and subsequent MR1T cell activation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:228. [PMID: 38402309 PMCID: PMC10894271 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T cells have been implicated in microbial infections, sterile inflammation, wound healing and cancer. Similar to other antigen presentation molecules, evidence supports multiple, complementary MR1 antigen presentation pathways. To investigate ligand exchange pathways for MR1, we used MR1 monomers and tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) to deliver the antigen. Using MR1-deficient cells reconstituted with wild-type MR1 or MR1 molecules that cannot bind 5-OP-RU, we show that presentation of monomer-delivered 5-OP-RU is dependent on cellular MR1 and requires the transfer of ligand from the soluble molecule onto MR1 expressed by the antigen presenting cell. This mode of antigen delivery strengthens the evidence for post-ER ligand exchange pathways for MR1, which could represent an important avenue by which MR1 acquires antigens derived from endocytosed pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aneta Worley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chance Lemon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tania Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joshua Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Taylor N Lust
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chelsea M Heisler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan E Huber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jason R Krawic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Laurisa M Ankley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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2
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Zheng Y, Han F, Ho A, Xue Y, Wu Z, Chen X, Sandberg JK, Ma S, Leeansyah E. Role of MAIT cells in gastrointestinal tract bacterial infections in humans: More than a gut feeling. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:740-752. [PMID: 37353006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the largest population of unconventional T cells in humans. These antimicrobial T cells are poised with rapid effector responses following recognition of the cognate riboflavin (vitamin B2)-like metabolite antigens derived from microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. Presentation of this unique class of small molecule metabolite antigens is mediated by the highly evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein. In humans, MAIT cells are widely found along the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts owing to their high expression of chemokine receptors and homing molecules directing them to these tissue sites. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the roles MAIT cells play in various gastrointestinal bacterial infections, and how their roles appear to differ depending on the etiological agents and the anatomical location. We further discuss the potential mechanisms by which MAIT cells contribute to pathogen control, orchestrate adaptive immunity, as well as their potential contribution to inflammation and tissue damage during gastrointestinal bacterial infections, and the ensuing tissue repair following resolution. Finally, we propose and discuss the use of the emerging three-dimensional organoid technology to test different hypotheses regarding the role of MAIT cells in gastrointestinal bacterial infections, inflammation, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amanda Ho
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiting Xue
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Li YR, Zhou K, Wilson M, Kramer A, Zhu Y, Dawson N, Yang L. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:631-646. [PMID: 36463401 PMCID: PMC10014234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by their expression of an invariant TCR α chain Vα7.2-Jα33/Jα20/Jα12 paired with a restricted TCR β chain. MAIT cells recognize microbial peptides presented by the highly conserved MHC class I-like molecule MR1 and bridge the innate and acquired immune systems to mediate augmented immune responses. Upon activation, MAIT cells rapidly proliferate, produce a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, and trigger efficient antitumor immunity. Administration of a representative MAIT cell ligand 5-OP-RU effectively activates MAIT cells and enhances their antitumor capacity. In this review, we introduce MAIT cell biology and their importance in antitumor immunity, summarize the current development of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived and stem cell-derived MAIT cell products for cancer treatment, and discuss the potential of genetic engineering of MAIT cells for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuangyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niels Dawson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Li YR, Wilson M, Yang L. Target tumor microenvironment by innate T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999549. [PMID: 36275727 PMCID: PMC9582148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains one of the most prevailing barriers obstructing the implementation of effective immunotherapy against solid-state cancers. Eminently composed of immunosuppressive tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) among others, the TME attenuates the effects of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies, mandating a novel therapy capable of TME remediation. In this review we explore the potential of three innate-like T cell subsets, invariant natural killer T (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and gamma delta T (γδT) cells, that display an intrinsic anti-TAM/MDSC capacity. Exhibiting both innate and adaptive properties, innate-like T cell types express a subset-specific TCR with distinct recombination, morphology, and target cell recognition, further supplemented by a variety of NK activating receptors. Both NK activating receptor and TCR activation result in effector cell cytotoxicity against targeted immunosuppressive cells for TME remediation. In addition, innate-like T cells showcase moderate levels of tumor cell killing, providing dual antitumor and anti-TAM/MDSC function. This latent antitumor capacity can be further bolstered by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering for recognition of tumor specific antigens to enhance antitumor targeting. In contrast with established CAR-T cell therapies, adoption of these innate-like cell types provides an enhanced safety profile without the risk of graft versus host disease (GvHD), due to their non-recognition of mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, for use as widely accessible, allogeneic “off-the-shelf” cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lili Yang,
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Hoogerland JA, Staels B, Dombrowicz D. Immune-metabolic interactions in homeostasis and the progression to NASH. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:690-709. [PMID: 35961913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased significantly over the past two decades. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and predisposes to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The importance of the immune system in hepatic physiology and in the progression of NAFLD is increasingly recognized. At homeostasis, the liver participates in immune defense against pathogens and in tolerance of gut-derived microbial compounds. Hepatic immune cells also respond to metabolic stimuli and have a role in NAFLD progression to NASH. In this review, we discuss how metabolic perturbations affect immune cell phenotype and function in NAFL and NASH, and then focus on the role of immune cells in liver homeostasis and in the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A Hoogerland
- Univeristy of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univeristy of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- Univeristy of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
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6
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Jensen O, Trivedi S, Li K, Aubé J, Hale JS, Ryan ET, Leung DT. Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of Vibrio cholerae O1 Vaccination. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:122-144. [PMID: 36072570 PMCID: PMC9438945 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B-cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT-activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae. Methods We utilized murine models of V. cholerae vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT-activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured V. cholerae-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT-cell and B-cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live V. cholerae O1 or a V. cholerae O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Results We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs (P < 0.001) and BALF (P < 0.001) of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and higher mucosal (BALF, P = 0.045) but not systemic (serum, P = 0.21) V. cholerae O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model when adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. In contrast, despite significant MAIT cell expansion, no significant differences in V. cholerae-specific humoral responses were found in our live V. cholerae vaccination model. Conclusions Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to mucosal cholera vaccines. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT-cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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7
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Gao MG, Zhao XS. Mining the multifunction of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in hematological malignancies and transplantation immunity: A promising hexagon soldier in immunomodulatory. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931764. [PMID: 36052080 PMCID: PMC9427077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved innate-like T cells capable of recognizing bacterial and fungal ligands derived from vitamin B biosynthesis. Under different stimulation conditions, MAIT cells can display different immune effector phenotypes, exerting immune regulation and anti-/protumor responses. Based on basic biological characteristics, including the enrichment of mucosal tissue, the secretion of mucosal repair protective factors (interleukin-17, etc.), and the activation of riboflavin metabolites by intestinal flora, MAIT cells may play an important role in the immune regulation effect of mucosal lesions or inflammation. At the same time, activated MAIT cells secrete granzyme B, perforin, interferon γ, and other toxic cytokines, which can mediate anti-tumor effects. In addition, since a variety of hematological malignancies express the targets of MAIT cell-specific effector molecules, MAIT cells are also a potentially attractive target for cell therapy or immunotherapy for hematological malignancies. In this review, we will provide an overview of MAIT research related to blood system diseases and discuss the possible immunomodulatory or anti-tumor roles that unique biological characteristics or effector phenotypes may play in hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ge Gao
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Su Zhao
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Su Zhao,
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8
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Fresnay S, Magder L, Darton TC, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cells exhibit distinct functional signatures associated with protection against typhoid fever. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104572. [PMID: 35772315 PMCID: PMC9377420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
First demonstration of cytokine-secreting MAIT cell kinetics after human challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. MAIT cell's functional signatures and association with typhoid fever protection. Predictive value of MAIT cell cytokine pattern. Lack of association between the number of cytokines expressed by MAIT cells and prevention against typhoid fever.
We have previously demonstrated that Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells secrete multiple cytokines after exposure to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans. However, whether cytokine secreting MAIT cells can enhance or attenuate the clinical severity of bacterial infections remain debatable. This study characterizes human MAIT cell functions in subjects participating in a wild-type S. Typhi human challenge model. Here, we found that MAIT cells exhibit distinct functional signatures associated with protection against typhoid fever. We also observed that the cytokine patterns of MAIT cell responses, rather than the average number of cytokines expressed, are more predictive of typhoid fever outcomes. These results might enable us to objectively, based on functional parameters, identify cytokine patterns that may serve as predictive biomarkers during natural infection and vaccination.
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9
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Kulicke CA, De Zan E, Hein Z, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Ghanwat S, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Klenerman P, Christianson JC, Springer S, Nijman SM, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The P5-type ATPase ATP13A1 modulates major histocompatibility complex I-related protein 1 (MR1)-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101542. [PMID: 34968463 PMCID: PMC8808182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex-I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents small-molecule metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The MR1-MAIT cell axis has been implicated in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable diseases, and recent studies have begun to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized antigen presentation pathway. However, proteins regulating MR1 folding, loading, stability, and surface expression remain to be identified. Here, we performed a gene trap screen to discover novel modulators of MR1 surface expression through insertional mutagenesis of an MR1-overexpressing clone derived from the near-haploid human cell line HAP1 (HAP1.MR1). The most significant positive regulators identified included β2-microglobulin, a known regulator of MR1 surface expression, and ATP13A1, a P5-type ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) not previously known to be associated with MR1-mediated antigen presentation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ATP13A1 in both HAP1.MR1 and THP-1 cell lines revealed a profound reduction in MR1 protein levels and a concomitant functional defect specific to MR1-mediated antigen presentation. Collectively, these data are consistent with the ER-resident ATP13A1 being a key posttranscriptional determinant of MR1 surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Erica De Zan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Lopez
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Ghanwat
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John C Christianson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Springer
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Nijman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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10
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Cooper AJR, Clegg J, Cassidy FC, Hogan AE, McLoughlin RM. Human MAIT Cells Respond to Staphylococcus aureus with Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010148. [PMID: 35056597 PMCID: PMC8778732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to play protective roles during infection with diverse pathogens through their propensity for rapid innate-like cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Among the potential applications for MAIT cells is to defend against Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of serious clinical significance. However, it is unknown how MAIT cell responses to S. aureus are elicited, nor has it been investigated whether MAIT cell cytotoxicity is mobilized against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human MAIT cells to respond directly to S. aureus. MAIT cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) infected with S. aureus rapidly upregulate CD69, express IFNγ and Granzyme B and degranulate. DC secretion of IL-12, but not IL-18, was implicated in this immune response, while TCR binding of MR1 is required to commence cytokine production. MAIT cell cytotoxicity resulted in apoptosis of S. aureus-infected cells, and reduced intracellular persistence of S. aureus. These findings implicate these unconventional T cells in important, rapid anti-S. aureus responses that may be of great relevance to the ongoing development of novel anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. R. Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Féaron C. Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2526
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11
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Rezwan T, Luo D, Tettelin H, Sztein MB. B Cells Control Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Responses to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Infection Through the CD85j HLA-G Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728685. [PMID: 34659215 PMCID: PMC8517411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like population of T cells that display a TCR Vα7.2+ CD161+ phenotype and are restricted by the nonclassical MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). Although B cells control MAIT cell development and function, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their interaction(s). Here, we report, for the first time, that during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) infection, HLA-G expression on B cells downregulates IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. In contrast, blocking HLA-G expression on S. Typhi-infected B cells increases IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. After interacting with MAIT cells, kinetic studies show that B cells upregulate HLA-G expression and downregulate the inhibitory HLA-G receptor CD85j on MAIT cells resulting in their loss. These results provide a new role for HLA-G as a negative feedback loop by which B cells control MAIT cell responses to antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tasmia Rezwan
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Schultz BM, Melo-Gonzalez F, Salazar GA, Porto BN, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. New Insights on the Early Interaction Between Typhoid and Non-typhoid Salmonella Serovars and the Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647044. [PMID: 34276584 PMCID: PMC8282409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common source of food and water-borne infections, causing a wide range of clinical ailments in both human and animal hosts. Immunity to Salmonella involves an interplay between different immune responses, which are rapidly initiated to control bacterial burden. However, Salmonella has developed several strategies to evade and modulate the host immune responses. In this sense, the main knowledge about the pathogenicity of this bacterium has been obtained by the study of mouse models with non-typhoidal serovars. However, this knowledge is not representative of all the pathologies caused by non-typhoidal serovars in the human. Here we review the most important features of typhoidal and non-typhoidal serovars and the diseases they cause in the human host, describing the virulence mechanisms used by these pathogens that have been identified in different models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara N Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Bister J, Crona Guterstam Y, Strunz B, Dumitrescu B, Haij Bhattarai K, Özenci V, Brännström M, Ivarsson MA, Gidlöf S, Björkström NK. Human endometrial MAIT cells are transiently tissue resident and respond to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:357-365. [PMID: 32759973 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are non-classical T cells important in the mucosal defense against microbes. Despite an increasing interest in the immunobiology of the endometrial mucosa, little is known regarding human MAIT cells in this compartment. The potential role of MAIT cells as a tissue-resident local defense against microbes in the endometrium is largely unexplored. Here, we performed a high-dimensional flow cytometry characterization of MAIT cells in endometrium from pre- and postmenopausal women, and in decidua from first-trimester pregnancies. Furthermore, we assessed MAIT cell function by stimulation with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae). Endometrial MAIT (eMAIT) cells represented a stable endometrial immune cell population as limited dynamic changes were observed during the menstrual cycle, post menopause, or in response to pregnancy. Furthermore, eMAIT cells exhibited an activated tissue-resident phenotype. Despite expressing CD69 and CD103, eMAIT cells were replenished over time by circulating MAIT cells, as assessed using human uterus transplantation as a model. Finally, functional experiments revealed the capability of MAIT cells to respond to the sexually transmitted and tissue-relevant pathogen, N. gonorrhoeae. In conclusion, our study provides novel insight into human MAIT cell dynamics and anti-microbial properties in the human uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Bister
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Crona Guterstam
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Haij Bhattarai
- Clinical microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volkan Özenci
- Clinical microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg and Stockholm IVF - Eugin, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin A Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Gidlöf
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Ioannidis M, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The Immune Modulating Properties of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1556. [PMID: 32903532 PMCID: PMC7438542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial vitamin B metabolites presented by the highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like molecule, MR1. The vitamin B metabolites are produced by several commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast, but not viruses. Nevertheless, viral infections can trigger MAIT cell activation in a TCR-independent manner, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). MAIT cells belong to the innate like T family of cells with a memory phenotype, which allows them to rapidly release Interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and in some circumstances Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10, exerting an immunomodulatory role on the ensuing immune response, akin to iNKT cells and γδ T cells. Recent studies implicate MAIT cells in a variety of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and in cancer. In addition, through the analysis of the transcriptome of MAIT cells activated in different experimental conditions, an important function in tissue repair and control of immune homeostasis has emerged, shared with other innate-like T cells. In this review, we discuss these recent findings, focussing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning MAIT cell activation and effector function in health and disease, which ultimately will aid in clinically harnessing this unique, not donor-restricted cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi exposure elicits ex vivo cell-type-specific epigenetic changes in human gut cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13581. [PMID: 32788681 PMCID: PMC7423951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among young children. Humans develop an array of mucosal immune responses following S. Typhi infection. Whereas the cellular mechanisms involved in S. Typhi infection have been intensively studied, very little is known about the early chromatin modifications occurring in the human gut microenvironment that influence downstream immune responses. To address this gap in knowledge, cells isolated from human terminal ileum exposed ex vivo to the wild-type S. Typhi strain were stained with a 33-metal-labeled antibody panel for mass cytometry analyses of the early chromatin modifications modulated by S. Typhi. We measured the cellular levels of 6 classes of histone modifications, and 1 histone variant in 11 major cell subsets (i.e., B, CD3 + T, CD4 + T, CD8 + T, NK, TCR-γδ, Mucosal associated invariant (MAIT), and NKT cells as well as monocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells). We found that arginine methylation might regulate the early-differentiation of effector-memory CD4+ T-cells following exposure to S. Typhi. We also found S. Typhi-induced post-translational modifications in histone methylation and acetylation associated with epithelial cells, NKT, MAIT, TCR-γδ, Monocytes, and CD8 + T-cells that are related to both gene activation and silencing.
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16
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are striking in their abundance and their strict conservation across 150 million years of mammalian evolution, implying they must fulfill critical immunological function(s). MAIT cells are defined by their expression of a semi-invariant αβ TCR which recognizes biosynthetic derivatives of riboflavin synthesis presented on MR1. Initial studies focused on their role in detecting predominantly intracellular bacterial and mycobacterial infections. However, it is now recognized that there are several modes of MAIT cell activation and these are related to activation of distinct transcriptional programmes, each associated with distinct functional roles. In this minireview, we summarize current knowledge from human and animal studies of MAIT cell activation induced (1) in an MR1-TCR dependent manner in the context of inflammatory danger signals and associated with antibacterial host defense; (2) in an MR1-TCR independent manner by the cytokines interleukin(IL)-12/-15/-18 and type I interferon, which is associated with antiviral responses; and (3) a recently-described TCR-dependent “tissue repair” programme which is associated with accelerated wound healing in the context of commensal microbiota. Because of this capability for diverse functional responses in diverse immunological contexts, these intriguing cells now appear to be multifunctional effectors central to the interface of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Xia-Wei Zhang
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Lukasik Z, Elewaut D, Venken K. MAIT Cells Come to the Rescue in Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020413. [PMID: 32053875 PMCID: PMC7072265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in immunobiology has led to the observation that, among cells classically categorized as the typical representatives of the adaptive immune system, i.e., T cells, some possess the phenotype of innate cells. Invariant T cells are characterized by T cell receptors recognizing a limited range of non-peptide antigens, presented only in the context of particular molecules. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are an example of such unconventional cells. In humans, they constitute between 1% and 8% of the peripheral blood T lymphocytes and are further enriched in mucosal tissues, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver, where they can account for even 40% of all the T cells. MAIT cells recognize antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein (MR1). Upon activation, they instantly release pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediate cytolytic function towards bacterially infected cells. As such, they have been a rapidly evolving research topic not only in the field of infectious diseases but also in the context of many chronic inflammatory diseases and, more recently, in immuno-oncology. Novel findings suggest that MAIT cells function could also be modulated by endogenous ligands and drugs, making them an attractive target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MAIT cell biology, their role in health and disease and discuss their future potential in cancer immunotherapy. This is discussed through the prism of knowledge and experiences with invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT)—another prominent unconventional T cell subset that shares many features with MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Lukasik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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18
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Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a newly described subset of T cells that are found in the blood and are enriched in many tissues, particularly in the liver. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor restricted by the MHC class I-related (MR1) molecule. MAIT cells are activated in a MR1-dependent manner in response to microbial-derived riboflavin metabolites which leads to rapid effector functions, but they can also be activated in a MR1-independent manner by cytokines and viruses. The use of mice models and MR1 tetramers, among other recent methodological advances, have provided more insight into the development, mode of activation, characterization in different diseases and tissues of MAIT cells. In this chapter, we provide an overview of MAIT cells and yet remaining questions about their potential therapeutic role.
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19
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Lamichhane R, Galvin H, Hannaway RF, de la Harpe SM, Munro F, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ, McCall JL, Husain M, Ussher JE. Type I interferons are important co-stimulatory signals during T cell receptor mediated human MAIT cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:178-191. [PMID: 31608441 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant unconventional T cells that can be stimulated either via their TCR or by innate cytokines. The MAIT cell TCR recognises a pyrimidine ligand, derived from riboflavin synthesising bacteria, bound to MR1. In infection, bacteria not only provide the pyrimidine ligand but also co-stimulatory signals, such as TLR agonists, that can modulate TCR-mediated activation. Recently, type I interferons (T1-IFNs) have been identified as contributing to cytokine-mediated MAIT cell activation. However, it is unknown whether T1-IFNs also have a role during TCR-mediated MAIT cell activation. In this study, we investigated the co-stimulatory role of T1-IFNs during TCR-mediated activation of MAIT cells by the MR1 ligand 5-amino-6-d-ribitylaminouracil/methylglyoxal. We found that T1-IFNs were able to boost interferon-γ and granzyme B production in 5-amino-6-d-ribitylaminouracil/methylglyoxal-stimulated MAIT cells. Similarly, influenza virus-induced T1-IFNs enhanced TCR-mediated MAIT cell activation. An essential role of T1-IFNs in regulating MAIT cell activation by riboflavin synthesising bacteria was also demonstrated. The co-stimulatory role of T1-IFNs was also evident in liver-derived MAIT cells. T1-IFNs acted directly on MAIT cells to enhance their response to TCR stimulation. Overall, our findings establish an important immunomodulatory role of T1-IFNs during TCR-mediated MAIT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Lamichhane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Henry Galvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel F Hannaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Fran Munro
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joel DA Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - John L McCall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Tettelin H, Luo D, Guo Q, Ardito MT, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Sztein MB. Differential functional patterns of memory CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells from volunteers immunized with Ty21a typhoid vaccine observed using a recombinant Escherichia coli system expressing S. Typhi proteins. Vaccine 2019; 38:258-270. [PMID: 31629569 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells play a significant role in protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of the typhoid fever. However, the antigen specificity of these T-cells remains largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of using a recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system to uncover the antigen specificity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here, we expanded these studies to include the evaluation of 12 additional S. Typhi proteins: 4 outer membrane proteins (OmpH, OmpL, OmpR, OmpX), 3 Vi-polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins (TviA, TviB, TviE), 3 cold shock proteins (CspA, CspB, CspC), and 2 conserved hypothetical proteins (Chp 1 and Chp2), all selected based on the bioinformatic analyses of the content of putative T-cell epitopes. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 15 adult volunteers, obtained before and 42 days after immunization with oral live attenuated Ty21a vaccine, were assessed for their functionality (i.e., production of cytokines and cytotoxic expression markers in response to stimulation with selected antigens) as measured by flow cytometry. Although volunteers differed on their T-cell antigen specificity, we observed T-cell immune responses against all S. Typhi proteins evaluated. These responses included 9 proteins, OmpH, OmpR, TviA, TviE, CspA, CspB, CspC, Chp 1 and Chp 2, which have not been previously reported to elicit T-cell responses. Interestingly, we also observed that, regardless of the protein, the functional patterns of the memory T-cells were different between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In sum, these studies demonstrated the feasibility of using bioinformatic analysis and the E. coli expressing system described here to uncover novel immunogenic T-cell proteins that could serve as potential targets for the production of protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew T Ardito
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William D Martin
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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21
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Godfrey DI, Koay HF, McCluskey J, Gherardin NA. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1110-1128. [PMID: 31406380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Kayastha D, Fasano A, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Crosstalk between leukocytes triggers differential immune responses against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007650. [PMID: 31412039 PMCID: PMC6709971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fevers, caused by the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (ST), Paratyphi A (PA) and Paratyphi B (PB), are life-threatening illnesses exhibiting very similar clinical symptoms but with distinct epidemiologies, geographical distributions and susceptibilities to antimicrobial treatment. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the host recognizes pathogens with high levels of homology, such as these bacterial serovars, remain poorly understood. Using a three-dimensional organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa and PA, PB, and ST, we observed significant differences in the secretion patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines elicited by these serovars. These cytokines/chemokines were likely to be co-regulated and influenced the function of epithelial cells, such as the production of IL-8. We also found differing levels of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration among various infection conditions that either included or excluded lymphocytes and macrophages (Mϕ), strongly suggesting feedback mechanisms among these cells. Blocking experiments showed that IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and CCL3 cytokines were involved in the differential regulation of migration patterns. We conclude that the crosstalk among the lymphocytes, Mϕ, PMN and epithelial cells is cytokine/chemokine-dependent and bacterial-serotype specific, and plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the functional efficiency of the innate cells and migratory characteristics of the leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Darpan Kayastha
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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23
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Sundström P, Szeponik L, Ahlmanner F, Sundquist M, Wong JSB, Lindskog EB, Gustafsson B, Quiding-Järbrink M. Tumor-infiltrating mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells retain expression of cytotoxic effector molecules. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2810-2823. [PMID: 31073372 PMCID: PMC6497460 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells all express a semi-invariable T cell receptor recognizing microbial metabolites presented on the MHC class I-like molecule MR1. Upon activation, they rapidly secrete cytokines and increase their cytotoxic potential. We showed recently that MAIT cells with Th1 phenotype accumulate in human colon adenocarcinomas. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of tumor-infiltrating MAIT cells in colon adenocarcinomas, and to what extent it may be affected by the tumor microenvironment. Activation of MAIT cells from tumors induced increased Granzyme B, and to a lesser extent, perforin expression. Degranulation was assessed by surface expression of CD107a, and was also seen in response to cognate antigen recognition. The cytotoxic potential of tumor-associated MAIT cells was very similar to that of MAIT cells from unaffected colon. MAIT cells were also identified by immunofluorescence in direct contact with tumor cells in sections from colon cancer specimens. To summarize, tumor-associated MAIT cells from colon tumors have strong cytotoxic potential and are not compromised in this regard compared to MAIT cells from the unaffected colon. We conclude that MAIT cells may contribute significantly to the protective immune response to tumors, both by secretion of Th1-associated cytokines and by direct killing of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Sundström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Louis Szeponik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Filip Ahlmanner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Malin Sundquist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Justin S B Wong
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore and Department of Microbiology, National, University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elinor Bexe Lindskog
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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24
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Bánki Z, Krabbendam L, Klaver D, Leng T, Kruis S, Mehta H, Müllauer B, Orth-Höller D, Stoiber H, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Antibody opsonization enhances MAIT cell responsiveness to bacteria via a TNF-dependent mechanism. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:538-551. [PMID: 30695101 PMCID: PMC6767153 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant human T-cell subset with antimicrobial properties. They can respond to bacteria presented via antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, which present bacterially derived ligands from the riboflavin synthesis pathway on MR1. Moreover, MAIT cells are also highly responsive to cytokines which enhance and even substitute for T-cell receptor-mediated signaling. The mechanisms leading to an efficient presentation of bacteria to MAIT cells by APCs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that the monocytic cell line THP-1 and B cells activated MAIT cells differentially in response to Escherichia coli. THP-1 cells were generally more potent in inducing IFNγ and IFNγ/TNF production by MAIT cells. Furthermore, THP-1, but not B, cells produced TNF upon bacterial stimulation, which in turn supported IFNγ production by MAIT cells. Finally, we addressed the role of antibody-dependent opsonization of bacteria in the activation of MAIT cells using in vitro models. We found that opsonization had a substantial impact on downstream MAIT cell activation by monocytes. This was associated with enhanced activation of monocytes and increased TNF release. Importantly, this TNF acted in concert with other cytokines to drive MAIT cell activation. These data indicate both a significant interaction between adaptive and innate immunity in the response to bacteria, and an important role for TNF in MAIT cell triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisette Krabbendam
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Klaver
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tianqi Leng
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Kruis
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brigitte Müllauer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Galen JE, Levine MM, Fasano A, Sztein MB. Manipulation of Salmonella Typhi Gene Expression Impacts Innate Cell Responses in the Human Intestinal Mucosa. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2543. [PMID: 30443257 PMCID: PMC6221971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immunity induced by typhoid fever is moderated and short-lived, typhoid vaccination with the attenuated Ty21a oral vaccine generates long-lasting protection rates reaching up to 92%. Thus, there are important differences on how wild-type Salmonella and typhoid vaccine strains stimulate host immunity. We hypothesize that vaccine strains with different mutations might affect gut inflammation and intestinal permeability by different mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we used an in vitro organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa composed of human intestinal epithelial cells, lymphocytes/monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We also used six Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) strains: the licensed Ty21a oral vaccine, four typhoid vaccine candidates (i.e., CVD 908, CVD 909, CVD 910, and CVD 915) and the wild-type Ty2 strain. We found that genetically engineered S. Typhi vaccine strains elicit differential host changes not only in the intestinal permeability and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, but also in the phenotype and activation pathways of innate cells. These changes were distinct from those elicited by the parent wild-type S. Typhi and depended on the genetic manipulation. In sum, these results emphasize the importance of carefully selecting specific manipulations of the Salmonella genome in the development of typhoid vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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26
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Dias J, Boulouis C, Sobkowiak MJ, Lal KG, Emgård J, Buggert M, Parrot T, Gorin JB, Leeansyah E, Sandberg JK. Factors Influencing Functional Heterogeneity in Human Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1602. [PMID: 30050537 PMCID: PMC6052907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells that recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by the monomorphic MHC class I-related (MR1) molecule. Despite the high level of evolutionary conservation of MR1 and the limited diversity of known antigens, human MAIT cells and their responses may not be as homogeneous as previously thought. Here, we review recent findings indicating that MAIT cells display microbe-specific response patterns with multiple layers of heterogeneity. The natural killer cell receptor CD56 marks a MAIT cell subset with distinct response profile, and the T cell receptor β-chain diversity influences responsiveness at the single cell level. The MAIT cell tissue localization also influences their response profiles with higher IL-17 in tissue-resident MAIT cells. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that the type of antigen-presenting cells, and innate cytokines produced by such cells, influence the quality of the ensuing MAIT cell response. On the microbial side, the expression patterns of MR1-presented antigenic and non-antigenic compounds, expression of other bioactive microbial products, and of innate pattern recognition ligands all influence downstream MAIT cell responses. These recent findings deepen our understanding of MAIT cell functional diversity and adaptation to the type and location of microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Boulouis
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michał J Sobkowiak
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerri G Lal
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johanna Emgård
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gorin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Kjer-Nielsen L, Corbett AJ, Chen Z, Liu L, Mak JY, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Eckle SB. An overview on the identification of MAIT cell antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:573-587. [PMID: 29656544 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are restricted by the monomorphic MHC class I-like molecule, MHC-related protein-1 (MR1). Until 2012, the origin of the MAIT cell antigens (Ags) was unknown, although it was established that MAIT cells could be activated by a broad range of bacteria and yeasts, possibly suggesting a conserved Ag. Using a combination of protein chemistry, mass spectrometry, cellular biology, structural biology and small molecule chemistry, we discovered MR1 ligands derived from folic acid (vitamin B9) and from an intermediate in the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2). While the folate derivative 6-formylpterin generally inhibited MAIT cell activation, two riboflavin pathway derivatives, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil and 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil, were potent MAIT cell agonists. Other intermediates and derivatives of riboflavin synthesis displayed weak or no MAIT cell activation. Collectively, these studies revealed that in addition to peptide and lipid-based Ags, small molecule natural product metabolites are also ligands that can activate T cells expressing αβ T-cell receptors, and here we recount this discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Yw Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sidonia Bg Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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28
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Riva A, Patel V, Kurioka A, Jeffery HC, Wright G, Tarff S, Shawcross D, Ryan JM, Evans A, Azarian S, Bajaj JS, Fagan A, Patel V, Mehta K, Lopez C, Simonova M, Katzarov K, Hadzhiolova T, Pavlova S, Wendon JA, Oo YH, Klenerman P, Williams R, Chokshi S. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells link intestinal immunity with antibacterial immune defects in alcoholic liver disease. Gut 2018; 67:918-930. [PMID: 29097439 PMCID: PMC5890654 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intestinal permeability with systemic distribution of bacterial products are central in the immunopathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), yet links with intestinal immunity remain elusive. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are found in liver, blood and intestinal mucosa and are a key component of antibacterial host defences. Their role in ALD is unknown. METHODS/DESIGN We analysed frequency, phenotype, transcriptional regulation and function of blood MAIT cells in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH), alcohol-related cirrhosis (ARC) and healthy controls (HC). We also examined direct impact of ethanol, bacterial products from faecal extracts and antigenic hyperstimulation on MAIT cell functionality. Presence of MAIT cells in colon and liver was assessed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry/gene expression respectively. RESULTS In ARC and SAH, blood MAIT cells were dramatically depleted, hyperactivated and displayed defective antibacterial cytokine/cytotoxic responses. These correlated with suppression of lineage-specific transcription factors and hyperexpression of homing receptors in the liver with intrahepatic preservation of MAIT cells in ALD. These alterations were stronger in SAH, where surrogate markers of bacterial infection and microbial translocation were higher than ARC. Ethanol exposure in vitro, in vivo alcohol withdrawal and treatment with Escherichia coli had no effect on MAIT cell frequencies, whereas exposure to faecal bacteria/antigens induced functional impairments comparable with blood MAIT cells from ALD and significant MAIT cell depletion, which was not observed in other T cell compartments. CONCLUSIONS In ALD, the antibacterial potency of MAIT cells is compromised as a consequence of contact with microbial products and microbiota, suggesting that the 'leaky' gut observed in ALD drives MAIT cell dysfunction and susceptibility to infection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Vishal Patel
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK,Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah C Jeffery
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRU in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, UK
| | - Sarah Tarff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basildon University Hospital, Basildon, UK
| | - Debbie Shawcross
- Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK,Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Ryan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Evans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah Azarian
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Vinood Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Kosha Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Carlos Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Marieta Simonova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krum Katzarov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Hadzhiolova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slava Pavlova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julia A Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRU in Liver Disease, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK,Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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29
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Shey MS, Balfour A, Wilkinson KA, Meintjes G. Contribution of APCs to mucosal-associated invariant T cell activation in infectious disease and cancer. Innate Immun 2018; 24:192-202. [PMID: 29631470 PMCID: PMC6139754 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
APCs such as monocytes and dendritic cells are among the first cells to recognize
invading pathogens and initiate an immune response. The innate response can
either eliminate the pathogen directly, or through presentation of Ags to T
cells, which can help to clear the infection. Mucosal-associated invariant T
(MAIT) cells are among the unconventional T cells whose activation does not
involve the classical co-stimulation during Ag presentation. MAIT cells can be
activated either via presentation of unconventional Ags (such as riboflavin
metabolites) through the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility class
I-like molecule, MR1, or directly by cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18. Given
that APCs produce cytokines and can express MR1, these cells can play an
important role in both pathways of MAIT cell activation. In this review, we
summarize evidence on the role of APCs in MAIT cell activation in infectious
disease and cancer. A better understanding of the interactions between APCs and
MAIT cells is important in further elucidating the role of MAIT cells in
infectious diseases, which may facilitate the design of novel interventions such
as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muki Shehu Shey
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Avuyonke Balfour
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Katalin Andrea Wilkinson
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,3 The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 2AT
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,2 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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30
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Berkson JD, Prlic M. The MAIT conundrum - how human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:7-11. [PMID: 28987476 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell literature to examine the signals that control MAIT cell activation. We discuss these signals in context of MAIT cell function in mucosal barrier tissues and address how MAIT cells avoid responding to commensal bacteria, while maintaining responsiveness to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Berkson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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31
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Use of a novel antigen expressing system to study the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi protein recognition by T cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005912. [PMID: 28873442 PMCID: PMC5600385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of the typhoid fever, is a pathogen of great public health importance. Typhoid vaccines have the potential to be cost-effective measures towards combating this disease, yet the antigens triggering host protective immune responses are largely unknown. Given the key role of cellular-mediated immunity in S. Typhi protection, it is crucial to identify S. Typhi proteins involved in T-cell responses. Here, cells from individuals immunized with Ty21a typhoid vaccine were collected before and after immunization and used as effectors. We also used an innovative antigen expressing system based on the infection of B-cells with recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) expressing one of four S. Typhi gene products (i.e., SifA, OmpC, FliC, GroEL) as targets. Using flow cytometry, we found that the pattern of response to specific S. Typhi proteins was variable. Some individuals responded to all four proteins while others responded to only one or two proteins. We next evaluated whether T-cells responding to recombinant E. coli also possess the ability to respond to purified proteins. We observed that CD4+ cell responses, but not CD8+ cell responses, to recombinant E. coli were significantly associated with the responses to purified proteins. Thus, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using an E. coli expressing system to uncover the antigen specificity of T-cells and highlight its applicability to vaccine studies. These results also emphasize the importance of selecting the stimuli appropriately when evaluating CD4+ and CD8+ cell responses. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of the life-threatening typhoid fever that affects 11.9–20.6 million individuals annually in low-income and middle-income countries. The T-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, play a significant role in protection against S. Typhi infection. Yet, the antigens triggering host protective immune responses recognized by these cells are largely unknown. To address this shortcoming, in this study we used an E. coli expression system methodology for identifying immunogenic proteins of S. Typhi. We found that although the pattern of response to individual S. Typhi proteins was variable among the typhoid vaccinees, the E. coli expressing system uncovered the antigen specificity of T-cells, and highlight its applicability to vaccine studies.
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IL-12 and IL-7 synergize to control mucosal-associated invariant T-cell cytotoxic responses to bacterial infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:2182-2195.e6. [PMID: 28870466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases are commonly caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Cell-mediated cytotoxicity might be key to controlling infection, but the responses of NTHi-specific T-cell populations are not well understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently discovered, innate-like subset of T cells with cytotoxic function, the role of which in lung immunity is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms behind conventional T-cell and MAIT cell cytotoxic responses to NTHi. METHODS Human ex vivo lung explants were infected with a clinical strain of NTHi. Monocyte-derived macrophages were also infected with NTHi in vitro and cocultured with autologous T cells. Cytotoxic responses of T-cell subsets were measured by using flow cytometry. RESULTS We found significant upregulation of the cytotoxic markers CD107a and granzyme B in lung CD4+, CD8+, and MAIT cell populations. We show that MAIT cell cytotoxic responses were upregulated by a combination of both time-dependent antigen presentation and a novel mechanism through which IL-12 and IL-7 synergistically control granzyme B through upregulation of the IL-12 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data provide evidence for a cytotoxic role of MAIT cells in the lung and highlight important differences in the control of adaptive and innate-like T-cell responses. Understanding these mechanisms might lead to new therapeutic opportunities to modulate the antibacterial response and improve clinical outcome.
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Bennett MS, Trivedi S, Iyer AS, Hale JS, Leung DT. Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells possess capacity for B cell help. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1261-1269. [PMID: 28807929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0317-116r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset, restricted by the nonclassic MHC class I-related protein MR1 and enriched at mucosal sites. Human studies have shown an association between MAIT cells and pathogen-specific antibody responses. In this study, we investigate the effect of human MAIT cells on B cells ex vivo. We found that supernatants from microbe- or cytokine-stimulated MAIT cells, when added to purified autologous B cells, increase frequencies of plasmablasts and promote IgA, IgG, and IgM production. We found effects to be mostly MR1-dependent and that the increases in plasmablasts are likely a result of increased differentiation from memory B cells. Furthermore, microbe-activated MAIT cell supernatant contains multiple cytokines known to stimulate B cells, including IL-6, -10, and -21. This study thus provides the first direct evidence of a newly identified role of MAIT cells in providing help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and
| | - Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and
| | - Anita S Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and
| | - J Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and .,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Franciszkiewicz K, Salou M, Legoux F, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Bessoles S, Lantz O. MHC class I-related molecule, MR1, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:120-38. [PMID: 27319347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MHC-related 1, MR1, molecule presents a new class of microbial antigens (derivatives of the riboflavin [Vitamin B2] biosynthesis pathway) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This raises many questions regarding antigens loading and intracellular trafficking of the MR1/ligand complexes. The MR1/MAIT field is also important because MAIT cells are very abundant in humans and their frequency is modified in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Both MR1 and the invariant TCRα chain expressed by MAIT cells are strikingly conserved among species, indicating important functions. Riboflavin is synthesized by plants and most bacteria and yeasts but not animals, and its precursor derivatives activating MAIT cells are short-lived unless bound to MR1. The recognition of MR1 loaded with these compounds is therefore an exquisite manner to detect invasive bacteria. Herein, we provide an historical perspective of the field before describing the main characteristics of MR1, its ligands, and the few available data regarding its cellular biology. We then summarize the current knowledge of MAIT cell differentiation and discuss the definition of MAIT cells in comparison to related subsets. Finally, we describe the phenotype and effector activities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Zhou
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | - Yue Cui
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Kurtz JR, Goggins JA, McLachlan JB. Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:42-50. [PMID: 28720334 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Additionally, Salmonella bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid or subvert immunity to its own benefit and often the anatomical location of infection plays a role in both the immune response and bacterial fate. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the immune system and Salmonella, while discussing how different host and bacterial factors influence the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - J Alan Goggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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Burcelin R. [Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 211:1-18. [PMID: 28682223 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2017008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the review is to discuss about the role played by the defence crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system, in the development of metabolic disease focusing on obesity and diabetes. Starting from physiological and pathological stand points and based on the latest published data, this review is addressing how the concept of the hologenome theory of evolution can drive the fate of metabolic disease. The notion of "metabolic infection" to explain the "metabolic inflammation" is discussed. This imply comments about the process of bacterial translocation and impaired intestinal immune defense against commensals. Eventually this review sets the soil for personalized medicine. The monthly increase in the number of publications on the gut microbiota to intestinal immune defense and the control of metabolism demonstrate the importance of this field of investigation. The notion of commensal as "self or non-self" has to be reevaluated in the light of the current data. Furthermore, data demonstrate the major role played by short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, LPS, peptidoglycans, indole derivatives, and other bacteria-related molecules on the shaping of cells involved in the intestinal protection against commensals is now becoming a central player in the incidence of metabolic diseases. The literature demonstrates that the onset of metabolic diseases and some specific co-morbidities can be explained by a gut microbiota to intestinal immune system crosstalk. Therefore, one should now consider this avenue of investigation as a putative source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets to personalize the treatment of metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, which induces inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic inflammation. Recent evidence in rodents allows us to conclude that an impaired intestinal immune system characterizes and could be causal in the development of metabolic disease. The fine understanding of the molecular mechanisms should allow for the development of a first line of treatment for metabolic disease and its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Hôpital Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France - Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Liu J, Brutkiewicz RR. The Toll-like receptor 9 signalling pathway regulates MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation in B cells. Immunology 2017; 152:232-242. [PMID: 28518215 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are conserved T cells that express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (Vα7.2 in humans and Vα19 in mice). The development of MAIT cells requires the antigen-presenting MHC-related protein 1 (MR1), as well as commensal bacteria. The mechanisms that regulate the functional expression of MR1 molecules and their loading with bacterial antigen in antigen-presenting cells are largely unknown. We have found that treating B cells with the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG increases MR1 surface expression. Interestingly, activation of TLR9 by CpG-A (but not CpG-B) enhances MR1 surface expression. This is limited to B cells and not other types of cells such as monocytes, T or natural killer cells. Knocking-down TLR9 expression by short hairpin RNA reduces MR1 surface expression and MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation. CpG-A triggers early endosomal TLR9 activation, whereas CpG-B is responsible for late endosomal/lysosomal activation of TLR9. Consistently, blocking endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi protein transport, rather than lysosomal acidification, suppressed MR1 antigen presentation. Overall, our results indicate that early endosomal TLR9 activation is important for MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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38
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Lamichhane R, Ussher JE. Expression and trafficking of MR1. Immunology 2017; 151:270-279. [PMID: 28419492 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-related gene protein (MR1) is a non-polymorphic MHC class IB antigen-presenting molecule that is the restricting molecule for mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a prominent population of innate-like antibacterial T cells. The MAIT cell-MR1 axis represents a new paradigm in antigen presentation, with the MR1 ligand derived from vitamin B compounds or their metabolic precursors. Many bacteria and some fungi produce the activating ligand for MR1. In evolution, MR1 is highly conserved in most, but not all, mammals. In humans and rodents it is expressed in a broad range of cell types, both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic, although cell surface expression has been difficult to detect. Although MR1 trafficking shares features with both the MHC class I and MHC class II pathways, it is distinct. Several strands of evidence suggest that the intracellular location where MR1 is loaded differs for soluble ligand and for ligand derived from intact bacteria. The regulation of MR1 surface expression may also vary between different cell types. This paper will review what is currently known about the expression and trafficking of MR1 and propose a model for the loading and trafficking of MR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Lamichhane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Luo D, Fresnay S, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Challenge of Humans with Wild-type Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Elicits Changes in the Activation and Homing Characteristics of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:398. [PMID: 28428786 PMCID: PMC5382150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) are rare in industrialized countries. However, they remain a major public health problem in the developing world with an estimated 26.9 million new cases annually and significant mortality when untreated. Recently, we provided the first direct evidence that CD8+ MAIT cells are activated and have the potential to kill cells exposed to S. Typhi, and that these responses are dependent on bacterial load. However, MAIT cell kinetics and function during bacterial infections in humans remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterize the human CD8+ MAIT cell immune response to S. Typhi infection in subjects participating in a challenge clinical trial who received a low- or high dose of wild-type S. Typhi. We define the kinetics of CD8+ MAIT cells as well as their levels of activation, proliferation, exhaustion/apoptosis, and homing potential. Regardless of the dose, in volunteers resistant to infection (NoTD), the levels of CD8+ MAIT cells after S. Typhi challenge fluctuated around their baseline values (day 0). In contrast, volunteers susceptible to the development of typhoid disease (TD) exhibited a sharp decline in circulating MAIT cells during the development of typhoid fever. Interestingly, MAIT cells from low-dose TD volunteers had higher levels of CD38 coexpressing CCR9, CCR6, and Ki67 during the development of typhoid fever than high-dose TD volunteers. No substantial perturbations on the levels of these markers were observed in NoTD volunteers irrespective of the dose. In sum, we describe, for the first time, that exposure to an enteric bacterium, in this case S. Typhi, results in changes in MAIT cell activation, proliferation, and homing characteristics, suggesting that MAIT cells are an important component of the human host response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian Angus
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fresnay S, McArthur MA, Magder LS, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Importance of Salmonella Typhi-Responsive CD8+ T Cell Immunity in a Human Typhoid Fever Challenge Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28303138 PMCID: PMC5332428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by the human-restricted organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), constitutes a major global health problem. The development of improved attenuated vaccines is pressing, but delayed by the lack of appropriate preclinical models. Herein, we report that high levels of S. Typhi-responsive CD8+ T cells at baseline significantly correlate with an increased risk of disease in humans challenged with a high dose (~104 CFU) wild-type S. Typhi. Typhoid fever development was associated with higher multifunctional S. Typhi-responsive CD8+ T effector memory cells at baseline. Early decreases of these cells in circulation following challenge were observed in both S. Typhi-responsive integrin α4β7− and integrin α4β7+ CD8+ T effector memory (TEM) cells, suggesting their potential to home to both mucosal and extra-intestinal sites. Participants with higher baseline levels of S. Typhi-responsive CD8+ T memory cells had a higher risk of acquiring disease, but among those who acquired disease, those with a higher baseline responses took longer to develop disease. In contrast, protection against disease was associated with low or absent S. Typhi-responsive T cells at baseline and no changes in circulation following challenge. These data highlight the importance of pre-existing S. Typhi-responsive immunity in predicting clinical outcome following infection with wild-type S. Typhi and provide novel insights into the complex mechanisms involved in protective immunity to natural infection in a stringent human model with a high challenge dose. They also contribute important information on the immunological responses to be assessed in the appraisal and selection of new generation typhoid vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Laurence S Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Khaitan A, Kilberg M, Kravietz A, Ilmet T, Tastan C, Mwamzuka M, Marshed F, Liu M, Ahmed A, Borkowsky W, Unutmaz D. HIV-Infected Children Have Lower Frequencies of CD8+ Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells that Correlate with Innate, Th17 and Th22 Cell Subsets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161786. [PMID: 27560150 PMCID: PMC4999196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate T cells restricted by major histocompatibility related molecule 1 (MR1) presenting riboflavin metabolite ligands derived from microbes. Specificity to riboflavin metabolites confers MAIT cells a broad array of host-protective activity against gram-negative and -positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungal pathogens. MAIT cells are present at low levels in the peripheral blood of neonates and gradually expand to relatively abundant levels during childhood. Despite no anti-viral activity, MAIT cells are depleted early and irreversibly in HIV infected adults. Such loss or impaired expansion of MAIT cells in HIV-positive children may render them more susceptible to common childhood illnesses and opportunistic infections. In this study we evaluated the frequency of MAIT cells in perinatally HIV-infected children, their response to antiretroviral treatment and their associations with HIV clinical status and related innate and adaptive immune cell subsets with potent antibacterial effector functions. We found HIV+ children between ages 3 to 18 years have significantly decreased CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies compared to uninfected healthy children. Remarkably, CD8 MAIT levels gradually increased with antiretroviral therapy, with greater recovery when treatment is initiated at a young age. Moreover, diminished CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies are associated with low CD4:CD8 ratios and elevated sCD14, suggesting a link with HIV disease progression. Last, CD8+ MAIT cell levels tightly correlate with other antibacterial and mucosa-protective immune subsets, namely, neutrophils, innate-like T cells, and Th17 and Th22 cells. Together these findings suggest that low frequencies of MAIT cells in HIV positive children are part of a concerted disruption to the innate and adaptive immune compartments specialized in sensing and responding to pathogenic or commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Khaitan
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Max Kilberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Adam Kravietz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tiina Ilmet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cihan Tastan
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mengling Liu
- New York University, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - William Borkowsky
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
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Wang JJ, Macardle C, Weedon H, Beroukas D, Banovic T. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2444-2453. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Wang
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Cindy Macardle
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Helen Weedon
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Repatriation General Hospital; Daw Park Adelaide South Australia
| | - Dimitra Beroukas
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; IMVS; Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia
- Discipline of Pediatrics; School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
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Darton TC, Jones C, Blohmke CJ, Waddington CS, Zhou L, Peters A, Haworth K, Sie R, Green CA, Jeppesen CA, Moore M, Thompson BAV, John T, Kingsley RA, Yu LM, Voysey M, Hindle Z, Lockhart S, Sztein MB, Dougan G, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ. Using a Human Challenge Model of Infection to Measure Vaccine Efficacy: A Randomised, Controlled Trial Comparing the Typhoid Vaccines M01ZH09 with Placebo and Ty21a. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004926. [PMID: 27533046 PMCID: PMC4988630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid persists as a major cause of global morbidity. While several licensed vaccines to prevent typhoid are available, they are of only moderate efficacy and unsuitable for use in children less than two years of age. Development of new efficacious vaccines is complicated by the human host-restriction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and lack of clear correlates of protection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of a single dose of the oral vaccine candidate, M01ZH09, in susceptible volunteers by direct typhoid challenge. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adult participants at a single centre in Oxford (UK). Participants were allocated to receive one dose of double-blinded M01ZH09 or placebo or 3-doses of open-label Ty21a. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, participants were challenged with 104CFU S. Typhi Quailes strain. The efficacy of M01ZH09 compared with placebo (primary outcome) was assessed as the percentage of participants reaching pre-defined endpoints constituting typhoid diagnosis (fever and/or bacteraemia) during the 14 days after challenge. Ninety-nine participants were randomised to receive M01ZH09 (n = 33), placebo (n = 33) or 3-doses of Ty21a (n = 33). After challenge, typhoid was diagnosed in 18/31 (58.1% [95% CI 39.1 to 75.5]) M01ZH09, 20/30 (66.7% [47.2 to 87.2]) placebo, and 13/30 (43.3% [25.5 to 62.6]) Ty21a vaccine recipients. Vaccine efficacy (VE) for one dose of M01ZH09 was 13% [95% CI -29 to 41] and 35% [-5 to 60] for 3-doses of Ty21a. Retrospective multivariable analyses demonstrated that pre-existing anti-Vi antibody significantly reduced susceptibility to infection after challenge; a 1 log increase in anti-Vi IgG resulting in a 71% decrease in the hazard ratio of typhoid diagnosis ([95% CI 30 to 88%], p = 0.006) during the 14 day challenge period. Limitations to the study included the requirement to limit the challenge period prior to treatment to 2 weeks, the intensity of the study procedures and the high challenge dose used resulting in a stringent model. CONCLUSIONS Despite successfully demonstrating the use of a human challenge study to directly evaluate vaccine efficacy, a single-dose M01ZH09 failed to demonstrate significant protection after challenge with virulent Salmonella Typhi in this model. Anti-Vi antibody detected prior to vaccination played a major role in outcome after challenge. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01405521) and EudraCT (number 2011-000381-35).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire S. Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Peters
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Haworth
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sie
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Jeppesen
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Moore
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. V. Thompson
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa John
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ly-Mee Yu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Hindle
- Emergent Product Development UK Ltd, Emergent BioSolutions, Wokingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Lockhart
- Emergent Product Development UK Ltd, Emergent BioSolutions, Wokingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Microbial Pathogenesis Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Safavie F, Fasano A, Sztein MB. Free and complexed-secretory immunoglobulin A triggers distinct intestinal epithelial cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:338-47. [PMID: 27084834 PMCID: PMC4991520 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies play an important role in protecting the mucosal surfaces against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis with the commensal microbiota. Because a substantial portion of the gut microbiota is coated with SIgA, we hypothesized that microbiota–SIgA complexes are important for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Here we investigated the relationship between microbiota–SIgA complexes and inflammatory epithelial cell responses. We used a multi‐cellular three‐dimensional (3D) organotypical model of the human intestinal mucosa composed of an intestinal epithelial cell line and primary human lymphocytes/monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. We also used human SIgA from human colostrum, and a prominent bacterial member of the first colonizers, Escherichia coli, as a surrogate commensal. We found that free and microbiota‐complexed SIgA triggered different epithelial responses. While free SIgA up‐regulated mucus production, expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and secretion of interleukin‐8 and tumoir necrosis factor‐α, microbiota‐complexed SIgA mitigated these responses. These results suggest that free and complexed SIgA have different functions as immunoregulatory agents in the gut and that an imbalance between the two may affect gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Safavie
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Structure and function of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex molecule MR1. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:549-59. [PMID: 27448212 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the vertebrate adaptive immune system. By presenting short peptides derived from pathogen-derived proteins, these "classical" MHC molecules can alert the T cell branch of the immune system of infected cells and clear the pathogen. There exist other "non-classical" MHC molecules, which while similar in structure to classical MHC proteins, are contrasted by their limited polymorphism. While the functions of many class Ib MHC molecules have still to be elucidated, the nature and diversity of antigens (if any) that some of them might present to the immune system is expected to be more restricted and might function as another approach to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a member of this family of non-classical MHC proteins. It was recently shown to present unique antigens in the form of vitamin metabolites found in certain microbes. MR1 is strongly conserved genetically, structurally, and functionally through mammalian evolution, indicating its necessity in ensuring an effective immune system for members of this class. Although MR1 will be celebrating 21 years this year since its discovery, most of our understanding of how this molecule functions has only been uncovered in the past decade. Herein, we discuss where MR1 is expressed, how it selectively is able to bind to its appropriate antigens and how it, then, is able to specifically activate a distinct population of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA.
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Burcelin R. Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2016; 5:771-81. [PMID: 27617200 PMCID: PMC5004167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, inducing inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. Scope of review This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic inflammation. Major conclusions Recent evidence in rodents allows us to conclude that an impaired intestinal immune system characterizes and could be causal in the development of metabolic disease. The fine understanding of the molecular mechanisms should allow for the development of a first line of treatment for metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Inserm 1048, Hôpital Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France. Tel.: +33 561 32 56 14; fax: +33 561 32 56 21.Inserm 1048Hôpital RangueilToulouse31400France
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Slichter CK, McDavid A, Miller HW, Finak G, Seymour BJ, McNevin JP, Diaz G, Czartoski JL, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Prlic M. Distinct activation thresholds of human conventional and innate-like memory T cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27331143 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional memory CD8+ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are found in blood, liver, and mucosal tissues and have similar effector potential following activation, specifically expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B. To better understand each subset's unique contributions to immunity and pathology, we interrogated inflammation- and TCR-driven activation requirements using human memory CD8+ T and MAIT cells isolated from blood and mucosal tissue biopsies in ex vivo functional assays and single cell gene expression experiments. We found that MAIT cells had a robust IFN-γ and granzyme B response to inflammatory signals but limited responsiveness when stimulated directly via their TCR. Importantly, this is not due to an overall hyporesponsiveness to TCR signals. When delivered together, TCR and inflammatory signals synergize to elicit potent effector function in MAIT cells. This unique control of effector function allows MAIT cells to respond to the same TCR signal in a dichotomous and situation-specific manner. We propose that this could serve to prevent responses to antigen in noninflamed healthy mucosal tissue, while maintaining responsiveness and great sensitivity to inflammation-eliciting infections. We discuss the implications of these findings in context of inflammation-inducing damage to tissues such as BM transplant conditioning or HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe K Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew McDavid
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah W Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda J Seymour
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John P McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie L Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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48
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Biliary epithelium and liver B cells exposed to bacteria activate intrahepatic MAIT cells through MR1. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1118-1127. [PMID: 26743076 PMCID: PMC4822535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells characterised by the invariant TCR-chain, Vα7.2-Jα33, and are restricted by MR1, which presents bacterial vitamin B metabolites. They are important for antibacterial immunity at mucosal sites; however, detailed characteristics of liver-infiltrating MAIT (LI-MAIT) and their role in biliary immune surveillance remain unexplored. METHODS The phenotype and intrahepatic localisation of human LI-MAIT cells was examined in diseased and normal livers. MAIT cell activation in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and liver B cells was assessed with/without anti-MR1. RESULTS Intrahepatic MAIT cells predominantly localised to bile ducts in the portal tracts. Consistent with this distribution, they expressed biliary tropic chemokine receptors CCR6, CXCR6, and integrin αEβ7. LI-MAIT cells were also present in the hepatic sinusoids and possessed tissue-homing chemokine receptor CXCR3 and integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4, suggesting their recruitment via hepatic sinusoids. LI-MAIT cells were enriched in the parenchyma of acute liver failure livers compared to chronic diseased livers. LI-MAIT cells had an activated, effector memory phenotype, expressed α4β7 and receptors for IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23. Importantly, in response to E. coli-exposed macrophages, liver B cells and BEC, MAIT cells upregulated IFN-γ and CD40 Ligand and degranulated in an MR1-dependent, cytokine-independent manner. In addition, diseased liver MAIT cells expressed T-bet and RORγt and the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence of an immune surveillance effector response for MAIT cells towards BEC in human liver; thus they could be manipulated for treatment of biliary disease in the future.
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49
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Baron D, Michel L, Elong-Ngono A, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Jacq-Foucher M, Le Frère F, Jousset N, Bourreille A, Wiertlewski S, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicot AB, Degauque N, Laplaud DA. Neuropathologic, phenotypic and functional analyses of Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:1-11. [PMID: 27050759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are anti-microbial semi-invariant T cells, remains elusive in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Deciphering the potential involvement of MAIT cells in the MS inflammatory process. METHODS By flow cytometry, blood MAIT cells from similar cohorts of MS patients and healthy volunteers (HV) were compared for frequency, phenotype, activation potential after in vitro TCR engagement by bacterial ligands and transmigration abilities through an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier. MS CNS samples were also studied by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Blood MAIT cells from relapsing-remitting MS patients and HV presented similar frequency, ex vivo effector phenotype and activation abilities. MAIT cells represented 0.5% of the total infiltrating T cells on 39 MS CNS lesions. This is low as compared to blood frequency (p<0.001), but consistent with their low transmigration rate. Finally, transcriptional over-expression of MR1 - which presents cognate antigens to MAIT cells - and of the activating cytokines IL-18 and IL-23 was evidenced in MS lesions, suggesting that the CNS microenvironment is suited to activate the few infiltrating MAIT cells. Taken together, these data place MAIT cells from MS patients as minor components of the inflammatory pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Laure Michel
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong-Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Nantes Hospital, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC-04 Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Wiertlewski
- Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France.
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50
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Fresnay S, McArthur MA, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Salmonella Typhi-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection from typhoid fever in humans. J Transl Med 2016; 14:62. [PMID: 26928826 PMCID: PMC4772330 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, caused by the human-restricted organism Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), is a major public health problem worldwide. Development of novel vaccines remains imperative, but is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the immune responses that correlate with protection. METHODS Recently, a controlled human infection model was re-established in which volunteers received ~10(3) cfu wild-type S. Typhi (Quailes strain) orally. Twenty-one volunteers were evaluated for their cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Ex vivo PBMC isolated before and up to 1 year after challenge were exposed to three S. Typhi-infected targets, i.e., autologous B lymphoblastoid cell-lines (B-LCL), autologous blasts and HLA-E restricted AEH B-LCL cells. CMI responses were evaluated using 14-color multiparametric flow cytometry to detect simultaneously five intracellular cytokines/chemokines (i.e., IL-17A, IL-2, IFN-g, TNF-a and MIP-1b) and a marker of degranulation/cytotoxic activity (CD107a). RESULTS Herein we provide the first evidence that S. Typhi-specific CD8+ responses correlate with clinical outcome in humans challenged with wild-type S. Typhi. Higher multifunctional S. Typhi-specific CD8+ baseline responses were associated with protection against typhoid and delayed disease onset. Moreover, following challenge, development of typhoid fever was accompanied by decreases in circulating S. Typhi-specific CD8+ T effector/memory (TEM) with gut homing potential, suggesting migration to the site(s) of infection. In contrast, protection against disease was associated with low or no changes in circulating S. Typhi-specific TEM. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide novel insights into the protective immune responses against typhoid disease that will aid in selection and development of new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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